00051000946 the representation of love and marriage in some disney animated movies from the perspective of critical metaphor analysis

The thesis concentrated on developing its own framework based on the theory of Critical Metaphor Analysis of Charteris-Black 2004 to indicate the purpose of Disney through the conceptual

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI

UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF POST - GRADUATE STUDIES

PHẠM QUỲNH CHI

THE REPRESENTATION OF LOVE AND MARRIAGE IN SOME DISNEY ANIMATED MOVIES FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CRITICAL METAPHOR ANALYSIS

Hình tượng tình yêu và hôn nhân trong một số bộ phim hoạt hình của Disney dưới góc độ ẩn dụ phê phán

M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS

Field: English Linguistics Code: 8220201.01

HÀ NỘI – 2024

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI

UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF POST - GRADUATE STUDIES

PHẠM QUỲNH CHI

THE REPRESENTATION OF LOVE AND MARRIAGE IN SOME DISNEY ANIMATED MOVIES FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CRITICAL METAPHOR ANALYSIS

Hình tượng tình yêu và hôn nhân trong một số bộ phim hoạt hình của Disney dưới góc độ ẩn dụ phê phán

M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS

Field: English Linguistics Code: 8220201.01

Supervisor: Professor Nguyễn Hòa

HÀ NỘI – 2024

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale of the study

Language, throughout history, always plays an important role in the development of human beings Language exists in different forms that helped people communicate with each other despite their culture, origin, gender and so on Language has a close relation to different fields of life such as society, culture, politics, history or economy Since those fields have been motivating day by day, language has also been developed and widened to serve the human’s requirement It leads to the diversity of language with multiple expressions From the first purpose

of being easy to communicate, people keep enriching the way they use language, so that metaphor, which is one of the most interesting rhetorical expressions, appeared Metaphor is not simply a rhetoric; it is a huge category with a great influence According to Lakoff & Johnson (1980), metaphor is existent from some simple words

or images to more complicated ones, from prose and verse to daily life Metaphor has embodied in different performances and people could use them so naturally that they rarely realized Metaphor has existed in people’s cognition through which belongs to their culture and community both in verbal and non-verbal forms The concepts of metaphor are based on what is familiar with people Then people relate the concept

to another notion so that they could easily understand the meaning of that metaphor

In Metaphor We Live By (1980), Lakoff cited that people could understand conceptual metaphors without considering the context Their examples did not put in particular contexts

However, Charteris-Black (2004) did not totally agree with Lakoff He framed that their examples were not convincing enough Without a context, a conceptual metaphor or a metaphorical expression used in an example might not imply appropriate meaning On the other hand, the metaphor, as Charteris-Black cited, was used to persuade the others, which meant the speakers or the writers could employ conceptual metaphor as an effective tool to convince the hearers of the readers to

keys of Love and Marriage that Disney utilized in their movies; therefore, the study will explore the ideology of Disney through their movies

1.3 Scope of the study

The study focused on analyzing the features of Disney animations By following the framework of CMA of Charteris-Black (2004), there were five Disney animated movies that were chosen as the corpus of the study

The study was the writer’s own work and there were not any other partners participating in the collecting and analyzing process The thesis was conducted by the supervisor in two years and it has not been published or submitted in any means of communication before The thesis concentrated on developing its own framework based on the theory of Critical Metaphor Analysis of Charteris-Black (2004) to indicate the purpose of Disney through the conceptual metaphors they used in the chosen animated movies

1.4 Significance of the study

The result of the study is expected to become a helpful source of reference for the further research of the CMA in general and Disney in particular Although the topic about Disney is not new as a lot of researchers have been studying and dissecting their movies to uncover different aspects of the society, according to them, the approach from the CMA perspective of Charteris-Black (2004) profoundly reviews the aspect of Love and Marriage that is not widely used

1.5 Research question

The study is expected to light on these following questions:

Question 1: Which domains did Disney use to correspond to Love and Marriage? Question 2: According to the conceptual metaphors of Love and Marriage, which

conceptual keys were determined?

Question 3: What was the hidden communicating purpose of Disney cited in their

animated movies?

For the first question, by the aim of identifying the domains that map to Love and Marriage, all the expressions relating to Love and Marriage will be collected, and

TABLE OF CONTENT

DECLARATION i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii

LIST OF TABLES v

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Rationale of the study 1

1.2 Aims of the study 2

1.3 Scope of the study 3

1.4 Significance of the study 3

1.5 Research question 3

1.6 Methods of the study 4

1.7 Structure of the thesis 5

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 Metaphor 6

2.2 Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) 8

2.3 Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) 10

2.4 Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) 12

2.5 Love and Marriage in Disney animated movies 18

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 21

3.1 Data Corpus 21

3.2 Data Collection Method 24

CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS 27

4.1 Results of Data Gathering 27

4.2 Findings 37

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 46

5.1 Expanded Discussion of the Findings 46

5.2 Limitations of the research 47

5.3 Suggestion for further study 47

REFERENCE 49

ABSTRACT

Throughout history, there have been numerous stories, songs, movies, etc., of love and marriage composed by people from different cultures in different stages of history According to those stories, songs, movies and so on, Love and Marriage was represented in various ways One of the most popular producers of movies that developed this topic well was Disney Company They mentioned Love and Marriage

in different aspects, even though they were not in the main line of some stories However, Love and Marriage still played a role in the development of their characters and their tales The writer tended to explore how Love and Marriage influenced the storylines in those movies and how the value of Love and Marriage in the movies could be inferred, so this research aimed to investigate their representation in Disney’s movies This research focused on analyzing some famous Disney animated movies from the critical metaphor perspective

Key words: Love and Marriage, Disney, animated movies, concept, critical metaphor analysis

TABLE OF CONTENT

DECLARATION i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii

LIST OF TABLES v

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Rationale of the study 1

1.2 Aims of the study 2

1.3 Scope of the study 3

1.4 Significance of the study 3

1.5 Research question 3

1.6 Methods of the study 4

1.7 Structure of the thesis 5

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 Metaphor 6

2.2 Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) 8

2.3 Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) 10

2.4 Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) 12

2.5 Love and Marriage in Disney animated movies 18

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 21

3.1 Data Corpus 21

3.2 Data Collection Method 24

CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS 27

4.1 Results of Data Gathering 27

4.2 Findings 37

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 46

5.1 Expanded Discussion of the Findings 46

5.2 Limitations of the research 47

5.3 Suggestion for further study 47

REFERENCE 49

believe in and follow their thinking If they put a proper metaphorical expression in

a correct context, it might involve the real aim of them, which they really wanted to let people know about and think about Charteris-Black (2004) believed that the metaphor could be viewed from different aspects to understand and explain it comprehensively He developed a theory which was the combination of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) of Lakoff & Johnson and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) The theory was called Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) Charteris-Black (2004) constructed a corpus which included articles, reports and research of each major and collected data from them By this way, in each major, he could collect and classify the exact data he needed, so that he had an intense qualifier process based on the correspondence or differences on a standard of the same field

Disney could be seen as a cultural symbol of cinema with a number of famous animations that stated their position That is the reason why a lot of movies impressed generations of people in the world by their scripts, lyrics and characters The impression shall show an imprint of their audience to their film distribution Disney animated movies in the age of the 50s to 90s typically adapted from famous and popular stories Because of the familiar storylines, people responded to those movies quite easily and rapidly, and the audience’s thinking might be partly affected by the development of the raw ones However, this familiarity might distract their attention from some of the real messages that Disney wanted to refer to Therefore, the study would like to approach those movies from another perspective, in order to investigate

if those love stories covered some profound meanings, or Disney just simply activated the imagination of their audience

1.2 Aims of the study

The study aims at investigating the hidden communicating purpose of the representation of Love and Marriage in some famous animated movies of Disney from the perspective of Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) The concept of Love and Marriage might perform an implication of Disney that could affect their audience’s thinking The study is hoped to indicate the conceptual metaphors and the conceptual

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

While I was completing my thesis, I received a lot of helpful support

from many people The first person that I would like to express my thankfulness

to is my supervisor, Professor Nguyen Hoa He sent me lots of valuable

documents in the field of my study and gave me useful advice to improve my

writing style better His explanation of my queries during the process of

studying the framework for my paper was clear and easy to understand It

helped me define the right perspectives with appropriate approaches I also

thanked my subject teachers for supporting me with their great knowledge and

inspiration, so I could save a lot of time and effort to complete my thesis

Thanks to the support of the teachers in the faculty office, I could solve

my paperwork efficiently as well as having enough time to complete the

procedure Finally, for my graceful friends and my beloved family, I would like

to show my appreciation because of their encouragement and enthusiasm

Without their understanding and maintaining, I did not have enough motivation

to accomplish the paper This study was not only my effort, but also the effort

of all the people who spent their time and patience for me

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Frequency and POS of words in Aladdin corpus 28

Table 2 Frequency of phrases in Aladdin corpus 29

Table 3 Frequency and POS of words in Little Mermaid corpus 30

Table 4 Frequency of phrases in Little Mermaid corpus 31

Table 5 Frequency and POS of words in Sleeping Beauty corpus 32

Table 6 Frequency of phrases in Sleeping Beauty corpus 32

Table 7 Frequency and POS of words in Cinderella corpus 33

Table 8 Frequency of phrases in Cinderella corpus 34

Table 9 Frequency and POS of words in Beauty and The Beast corpus 35

Table 10 Frequency of phrases in Beauty and The Beast corpus 36

TABLE OF CONTENT

DECLARATION i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii

LIST OF TABLES v

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Rationale of the study 1

1.2 Aims of the study 2

1.3 Scope of the study 3

1.4 Significance of the study 3

1.5 Research question 3

1.6 Methods of the study 4

1.7 Structure of the thesis 5

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 Metaphor 6

2.2 Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) 8

2.3 Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) 10

2.4 Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) 12

2.5 Love and Marriage in Disney animated movies 18

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 21

3.1 Data Corpus 21

3.2 Data Collection Method 24

CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS 27

4.1 Results of Data Gathering 27

4.2 Findings 37

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 46

5.1 Expanded Discussion of the Findings 46

5.2 Limitations of the research 47

5.3 Suggestion for further study 47

REFERENCE 49

ABSTRACT

Throughout history, there have been numerous stories, songs, movies, etc., of love and marriage composed by people from different cultures in different stages of history According to those stories, songs, movies and so on, Love and Marriage was represented in various ways One of the most popular producers of movies that developed this topic well was Disney Company They mentioned Love and Marriage

in different aspects, even though they were not in the main line of some stories However, Love and Marriage still played a role in the development of their characters and their tales The writer tended to explore how Love and Marriage influenced the storylines in those movies and how the value of Love and Marriage in the movies could be inferred, so this research aimed to investigate their representation in Disney’s movies This research focused on analyzing some famous Disney animated movies from the critical metaphor perspective

Key words: Love and Marriage, Disney, animated movies, concept, critical metaphor analysis

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

While I was completing my thesis, I received a lot of helpful support

from many people The first person that I would like to express my thankfulness

to is my supervisor, Professor Nguyen Hoa He sent me lots of valuable

documents in the field of my study and gave me useful advice to improve my

writing style better His explanation of my queries during the process of

studying the framework for my paper was clear and easy to understand It

helped me define the right perspectives with appropriate approaches I also

thanked my subject teachers for supporting me with their great knowledge and

inspiration, so I could save a lot of time and effort to complete my thesis

Thanks to the support of the teachers in the faculty office, I could solve

my paperwork efficiently as well as having enough time to complete the

procedure Finally, for my graceful friends and my beloved family, I would like

to show my appreciation because of their encouragement and enthusiasm

Without their understanding and maintaining, I did not have enough motivation

to accomplish the paper This study was not only my effort, but also the effort

of all the people who spent their time and patience for me

believe in and follow their thinking If they put a proper metaphorical expression in

a correct context, it might involve the real aim of them, which they really wanted to let people know about and think about Charteris-Black (2004) believed that the metaphor could be viewed from different aspects to understand and explain it comprehensively He developed a theory which was the combination of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) of Lakoff & Johnson and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) The theory was called Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) Charteris-Black (2004) constructed a corpus which included articles, reports and research of each major and collected data from them By this way, in each major, he could collect and classify the exact data he needed, so that he had an intense qualifier process based on the correspondence or differences on a standard of the same field

Disney could be seen as a cultural symbol of cinema with a number of famous animations that stated their position That is the reason why a lot of movies impressed generations of people in the world by their scripts, lyrics and characters The impression shall show an imprint of their audience to their film distribution Disney animated movies in the age of the 50s to 90s typically adapted from famous and popular stories Because of the familiar storylines, people responded to those movies quite easily and rapidly, and the audience’s thinking might be partly affected by the development of the raw ones However, this familiarity might distract their attention from some of the real messages that Disney wanted to refer to Therefore, the study would like to approach those movies from another perspective, in order to investigate

if those love stories covered some profound meanings, or Disney just simply activated the imagination of their audience

1.2 Aims of the study

The study aims at investigating the hidden communicating purpose of the representation of Love and Marriage in some famous animated movies of Disney from the perspective of Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) The concept of Love and Marriage might perform an implication of Disney that could affect their audience’s thinking The study is hoped to indicate the conceptual metaphors and the conceptual

believe in and follow their thinking If they put a proper metaphorical expression in

a correct context, it might involve the real aim of them, which they really wanted to let people know about and think about Charteris-Black (2004) believed that the metaphor could be viewed from different aspects to understand and explain it comprehensively He developed a theory which was the combination of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) of Lakoff & Johnson and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) The theory was called Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) Charteris-Black (2004) constructed a corpus which included articles, reports and research of each major and collected data from them By this way, in each major, he could collect and classify the exact data he needed, so that he had an intense qualifier process based on the correspondence or differences on a standard of the same field

Disney could be seen as a cultural symbol of cinema with a number of famous animations that stated their position That is the reason why a lot of movies impressed generations of people in the world by their scripts, lyrics and characters The impression shall show an imprint of their audience to their film distribution Disney animated movies in the age of the 50s to 90s typically adapted from famous and popular stories Because of the familiar storylines, people responded to those movies quite easily and rapidly, and the audience’s thinking might be partly affected by the development of the raw ones However, this familiarity might distract their attention from some of the real messages that Disney wanted to refer to Therefore, the study would like to approach those movies from another perspective, in order to investigate

if those love stories covered some profound meanings, or Disney just simply activated the imagination of their audience

1.2 Aims of the study

The study aims at investigating the hidden communicating purpose of the representation of Love and Marriage in some famous animated movies of Disney from the perspective of Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) The concept of Love and Marriage might perform an implication of Disney that could affect their audience’s thinking The study is hoped to indicate the conceptual metaphors and the conceptual

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Frequency and POS of words in Aladdin corpus 28

Table 2 Frequency of phrases in Aladdin corpus 29

Table 3 Frequency and POS of words in Little Mermaid corpus 30

Table 4 Frequency of phrases in Little Mermaid corpus 31

Table 5 Frequency and POS of words in Sleeping Beauty corpus 32

Table 6 Frequency of phrases in Sleeping Beauty corpus 32

Table 7 Frequency and POS of words in Cinderella corpus 33

Table 8 Frequency of phrases in Cinderella corpus 34

Table 9 Frequency and POS of words in Beauty and The Beast corpus 35

Table 10 Frequency of phrases in Beauty and The Beast corpus 36

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Frequency and POS of words in Aladdin corpus 28

Table 2 Frequency of phrases in Aladdin corpus 29

Table 3 Frequency and POS of words in Little Mermaid corpus 30

Table 4 Frequency of phrases in Little Mermaid corpus 31

Table 5 Frequency and POS of words in Sleeping Beauty corpus 32

Table 6 Frequency of phrases in Sleeping Beauty corpus 32

Table 7 Frequency and POS of words in Cinderella corpus 33

Table 8 Frequency of phrases in Cinderella corpus 34

Table 9 Frequency and POS of words in Beauty and The Beast corpus 35

Table 10 Frequency of phrases in Beauty and The Beast corpus 36

believe in and follow their thinking If they put a proper metaphorical expression in

a correct context, it might involve the real aim of them, which they really wanted to let people know about and think about Charteris-Black (2004) believed that the metaphor could be viewed from different aspects to understand and explain it comprehensively He developed a theory which was the combination of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) of Lakoff & Johnson and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) The theory was called Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) Charteris-Black (2004) constructed a corpus which included articles, reports and research of each major and collected data from them By this way, in each major, he could collect and classify the exact data he needed, so that he had an intense qualifier process based on the correspondence or differences on a standard of the same field

Disney could be seen as a cultural symbol of cinema with a number of famous animations that stated their position That is the reason why a lot of movies impressed generations of people in the world by their scripts, lyrics and characters The impression shall show an imprint of their audience to their film distribution Disney animated movies in the age of the 50s to 90s typically adapted from famous and popular stories Because of the familiar storylines, people responded to those movies quite easily and rapidly, and the audience’s thinking might be partly affected by the development of the raw ones However, this familiarity might distract their attention from some of the real messages that Disney wanted to refer to Therefore, the study would like to approach those movies from another perspective, in order to investigate

if those love stories covered some profound meanings, or Disney just simply activated the imagination of their audience

1.2 Aims of the study

The study aims at investigating the hidden communicating purpose of the representation of Love and Marriage in some famous animated movies of Disney from the perspective of Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) The concept of Love and Marriage might perform an implication of Disney that could affect their audience’s thinking The study is hoped to indicate the conceptual metaphors and the conceptual

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale of the study

Language, throughout history, always plays an important role in the development of human beings Language exists in different forms that helped people communicate with each other despite their culture, origin, gender and so on Language has a close relation to different fields of life such as society, culture, politics, history or economy Since those fields have been motivating day by day, language has also been developed and widened to serve the human’s requirement It leads to the diversity of language with multiple expressions From the first purpose

of being easy to communicate, people keep enriching the way they use language, so that metaphor, which is one of the most interesting rhetorical expressions, appeared Metaphor is not simply a rhetoric; it is a huge category with a great influence According to Lakoff & Johnson (1980), metaphor is existent from some simple words

or images to more complicated ones, from prose and verse to daily life Metaphor has embodied in different performances and people could use them so naturally that they rarely realized Metaphor has existed in people’s cognition through which belongs to their culture and community both in verbal and non-verbal forms The concepts of metaphor are based on what is familiar with people Then people relate the concept

to another notion so that they could easily understand the meaning of that metaphor

In Metaphor We Live By (1980), Lakoff cited that people could understand conceptual metaphors without considering the context Their examples did not put in particular contexts

However, Charteris-Black (2004) did not totally agree with Lakoff He framed that their examples were not convincing enough Without a context, a conceptual metaphor or a metaphorical expression used in an example might not imply appropriate meaning On the other hand, the metaphor, as Charteris-Black cited, was used to persuade the others, which meant the speakers or the writers could employ conceptual metaphor as an effective tool to convince the hearers of the readers to

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

While I was completing my thesis, I received a lot of helpful support

from many people The first person that I would like to express my thankfulness

to is my supervisor, Professor Nguyen Hoa He sent me lots of valuable

documents in the field of my study and gave me useful advice to improve my

writing style better His explanation of my queries during the process of

studying the framework for my paper was clear and easy to understand It

helped me define the right perspectives with appropriate approaches I also

thanked my subject teachers for supporting me with their great knowledge and

inspiration, so I could save a lot of time and effort to complete my thesis

Thanks to the support of the teachers in the faculty office, I could solve

my paperwork efficiently as well as having enough time to complete the

procedure Finally, for my graceful friends and my beloved family, I would like

to show my appreciation because of their encouragement and enthusiasm

Without their understanding and maintaining, I did not have enough motivation

to accomplish the paper This study was not only my effort, but also the effort

of all the people who spent their time and patience for me

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale of the study

Language, throughout history, always plays an important role in the development of human beings Language exists in different forms that helped people communicate with each other despite their culture, origin, gender and so on Language has a close relation to different fields of life such as society, culture, politics, history or economy Since those fields have been motivating day by day, language has also been developed and widened to serve the human’s requirement It leads to the diversity of language with multiple expressions From the first purpose

of being easy to communicate, people keep enriching the way they use language, so that metaphor, which is one of the most interesting rhetorical expressions, appeared Metaphor is not simply a rhetoric; it is a huge category with a great influence According to Lakoff & Johnson (1980), metaphor is existent from some simple words

or images to more complicated ones, from prose and verse to daily life Metaphor has embodied in different performances and people could use them so naturally that they rarely realized Metaphor has existed in people’s cognition through which belongs to their culture and community both in verbal and non-verbal forms The concepts of metaphor are based on what is familiar with people Then people relate the concept

to another notion so that they could easily understand the meaning of that metaphor

In Metaphor We Live By (1980), Lakoff cited that people could understand conceptual metaphors without considering the context Their examples did not put in particular contexts

However, Charteris-Black (2004) did not totally agree with Lakoff He framed that their examples were not convincing enough Without a context, a conceptual metaphor or a metaphorical expression used in an example might not imply appropriate meaning On the other hand, the metaphor, as Charteris-Black cited, was used to persuade the others, which meant the speakers or the writers could employ conceptual metaphor as an effective tool to convince the hearers of the readers to

keys of Love and Marriage that Disney utilized in their movies; therefore, the study will explore the ideology of Disney through their movies

1.3 Scope of the study

The study focused on analyzing the features of Disney animations By following the framework of CMA of Charteris-Black (2004), there were five Disney animated movies that were chosen as the corpus of the study

The study was the writer’s own work and there were not any other partners participating in the collecting and analyzing process The thesis was conducted by the supervisor in two years and it has not been published or submitted in any means of communication before The thesis concentrated on developing its own framework based on the theory of Critical Metaphor Analysis of Charteris-Black (2004) to indicate the purpose of Disney through the conceptual metaphors they used in the chosen animated movies

1.4 Significance of the study

The result of the study is expected to become a helpful source of reference for the further research of the CMA in general and Disney in particular Although the topic about Disney is not new as a lot of researchers have been studying and dissecting their movies to uncover different aspects of the society, according to them, the approach from the CMA perspective of Charteris-Black (2004) profoundly reviews the aspect of Love and Marriage that is not widely used

1.5 Research question

The study is expected to light on these following questions:

Question 1: Which domains did Disney use to correspond to Love and Marriage? Question 2: According to the conceptual metaphors of Love and Marriage, which

conceptual keys were determined?

Question 3: What was the hidden communicating purpose of Disney cited in their

animated movies?

For the first question, by the aim of identifying the domains that map to Love and Marriage, all the expressions relating to Love and Marriage will be collected, and

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

While I was completing my thesis, I received a lot of helpful support

from many people The first person that I would like to express my thankfulness

to is my supervisor, Professor Nguyen Hoa He sent me lots of valuable

documents in the field of my study and gave me useful advice to improve my

writing style better His explanation of my queries during the process of

studying the framework for my paper was clear and easy to understand It

helped me define the right perspectives with appropriate approaches I also

thanked my subject teachers for supporting me with their great knowledge and

inspiration, so I could save a lot of time and effort to complete my thesis

Thanks to the support of the teachers in the faculty office, I could solve

my paperwork efficiently as well as having enough time to complete the

procedure Finally, for my graceful friends and my beloved family, I would like

to show my appreciation because of their encouragement and enthusiasm

Without their understanding and maintaining, I did not have enough motivation

to accomplish the paper This study was not only my effort, but also the effort

of all the people who spent their time and patience for me

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale of the study

Language, throughout history, always plays an important role in the development of human beings Language exists in different forms that helped people communicate with each other despite their culture, origin, gender and so on Language has a close relation to different fields of life such as society, culture, politics, history or economy Since those fields have been motivating day by day, language has also been developed and widened to serve the human’s requirement It leads to the diversity of language with multiple expressions From the first purpose

of being easy to communicate, people keep enriching the way they use language, so that metaphor, which is one of the most interesting rhetorical expressions, appeared Metaphor is not simply a rhetoric; it is a huge category with a great influence According to Lakoff & Johnson (1980), metaphor is existent from some simple words

or images to more complicated ones, from prose and verse to daily life Metaphor has embodied in different performances and people could use them so naturally that they rarely realized Metaphor has existed in people’s cognition through which belongs to their culture and community both in verbal and non-verbal forms The concepts of metaphor are based on what is familiar with people Then people relate the concept

to another notion so that they could easily understand the meaning of that metaphor

In Metaphor We Live By (1980), Lakoff cited that people could understand conceptual metaphors without considering the context Their examples did not put in particular contexts

However, Charteris-Black (2004) did not totally agree with Lakoff He framed that their examples were not convincing enough Without a context, a conceptual metaphor or a metaphorical expression used in an example might not imply appropriate meaning On the other hand, the metaphor, as Charteris-Black cited, was used to persuade the others, which meant the speakers or the writers could employ conceptual metaphor as an effective tool to convince the hearers of the readers to

keys of Love and Marriage that Disney utilized in their movies; therefore, the study will explore the ideology of Disney through their movies

1.3 Scope of the study

The study focused on analyzing the features of Disney animations By following the framework of CMA of Charteris-Black (2004), there were five Disney animated movies that were chosen as the corpus of the study

The study was the writer’s own work and there were not any other partners participating in the collecting and analyzing process The thesis was conducted by the supervisor in two years and it has not been published or submitted in any means of communication before The thesis concentrated on developing its own framework based on the theory of Critical Metaphor Analysis of Charteris-Black (2004) to indicate the purpose of Disney through the conceptual metaphors they used in the chosen animated movies

1.4 Significance of the study

The result of the study is expected to become a helpful source of reference for the further research of the CMA in general and Disney in particular Although the topic about Disney is not new as a lot of researchers have been studying and dissecting their movies to uncover different aspects of the society, according to them, the approach from the CMA perspective of Charteris-Black (2004) profoundly reviews the aspect of Love and Marriage that is not widely used

1.5 Research question

The study is expected to light on these following questions:

Question 1: Which domains did Disney use to correspond to Love and Marriage? Question 2: According to the conceptual metaphors of Love and Marriage, which

conceptual keys were determined?

Question 3: What was the hidden communicating purpose of Disney cited in their

animated movies?

For the first question, by the aim of identifying the domains that map to Love and Marriage, all the expressions relating to Love and Marriage will be collected, and

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale of the study

Language, throughout history, always plays an important role in the development of human beings Language exists in different forms that helped people communicate with each other despite their culture, origin, gender and so on Language has a close relation to different fields of life such as society, culture, politics, history or economy Since those fields have been motivating day by day, language has also been developed and widened to serve the human’s requirement It leads to the diversity of language with multiple expressions From the first purpose

of being easy to communicate, people keep enriching the way they use language, so that metaphor, which is one of the most interesting rhetorical expressions, appeared Metaphor is not simply a rhetoric; it is a huge category with a great influence According to Lakoff & Johnson (1980), metaphor is existent from some simple words

or images to more complicated ones, from prose and verse to daily life Metaphor has embodied in different performances and people could use them so naturally that they rarely realized Metaphor has existed in people’s cognition through which belongs to their culture and community both in verbal and non-verbal forms The concepts of metaphor are based on what is familiar with people Then people relate the concept

to another notion so that they could easily understand the meaning of that metaphor

In Metaphor We Live By (1980), Lakoff cited that people could understand conceptual metaphors without considering the context Their examples did not put in particular contexts

However, Charteris-Black (2004) did not totally agree with Lakoff He framed that their examples were not convincing enough Without a context, a conceptual metaphor or a metaphorical expression used in an example might not imply appropriate meaning On the other hand, the metaphor, as Charteris-Black cited, was used to persuade the others, which meant the speakers or the writers could employ conceptual metaphor as an effective tool to convince the hearers of the readers to

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Frequency and POS of words in Aladdin corpus 28 Table 2 Frequency of phrases in Aladdin corpus 29 Table 3 Frequency and POS of words in Little Mermaid corpus 30 Table 4 Frequency of phrases in Little Mermaid corpus 31 Table 5 Frequency and POS of words in Sleeping Beauty corpus 32 Table 6 Frequency of phrases in Sleeping Beauty corpus 32 Table 7 Frequency and POS of words in Cinderella corpus 33 Table 8 Frequency of phrases in Cinderella corpus 34 Table 9 Frequency and POS of words in Beauty and The Beast corpus 35 Table 10 Frequency of phrases in Beauty and The Beast corpus 36

ABSTRACT

Throughout history, there have been numerous stories, songs, movies, etc., of love and marriage composed by people from different cultures in different stages of history According to those stories, songs, movies and so on, Love and Marriage was represented in various ways One of the most popular producers of movies that developed this topic well was Disney Company They mentioned Love and Marriage

in different aspects, even though they were not in the main line of some stories However, Love and Marriage still played a role in the development of their characters and their tales The writer tended to explore how Love and Marriage influenced the storylines in those movies and how the value of Love and Marriage in the movies could be inferred, so this research aimed to investigate their representation in Disney’s movies This research focused on analyzing some famous Disney animated movies from the critical metaphor perspective

Key words: Love and Marriage, Disney, animated movies, concept, critical metaphor analysis

ABSTRACT

Throughout history, there have been numerous stories, songs, movies, etc., of love and marriage composed by people from different cultures in different stages of history According to those stories, songs, movies and so on, Love and Marriage was represented in various ways One of the most popular producers of movies that developed this topic well was Disney Company They mentioned Love and Marriage

in different aspects, even though they were not in the main line of some stories However, Love and Marriage still played a role in the development of their characters and their tales The writer tended to explore how Love and Marriage influenced the storylines in those movies and how the value of Love and Marriage in the movies could be inferred, so this research aimed to investigate their representation in Disney’s movies This research focused on analyzing some famous Disney animated movies from the critical metaphor perspective

Key words: Love and Marriage, Disney, animated movies, concept, critical metaphor analysis

believe in and follow their thinking If they put a proper metaphorical expression in

a correct context, it might involve the real aim of them, which they really wanted to let people know about and think about Charteris-Black (2004) believed that the metaphor could be viewed from different aspects to understand and explain it comprehensively He developed a theory which was the combination of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) of Lakoff & Johnson and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) The theory was called Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) Charteris-Black (2004) constructed a corpus which included articles, reports and research of each major and collected data from them By this way, in each major, he could collect and classify the exact data he needed, so that he had an intense qualifier process based on the correspondence or differences on a standard of the same field

Disney could be seen as a cultural symbol of cinema with a number of famous animations that stated their position That is the reason why a lot of movies impressed generations of people in the world by their scripts, lyrics and characters The impression shall show an imprint of their audience to their film distribution Disney animated movies in the age of the 50s to 90s typically adapted from famous and popular stories Because of the familiar storylines, people responded to those movies quite easily and rapidly, and the audience’s thinking might be partly affected by the development of the raw ones However, this familiarity might distract their attention from some of the real messages that Disney wanted to refer to Therefore, the study would like to approach those movies from another perspective, in order to investigate

if those love stories covered some profound meanings, or Disney just simply activated the imagination of their audience

1.2 Aims of the study

The study aims at investigating the hidden communicating purpose of the representation of Love and Marriage in some famous animated movies of Disney from the perspective of Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) The concept of Love and Marriage might perform an implication of Disney that could affect their audience’s thinking The study is hoped to indicate the conceptual metaphors and the conceptual

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale of the study

Language, throughout history, always plays an important role in the development of human beings Language exists in different forms that helped people communicate with each other despite their culture, origin, gender and so on Language has a close relation to different fields of life such as society, culture, politics, history or economy Since those fields have been motivating day by day, language has also been developed and widened to serve the human’s requirement It leads to the diversity of language with multiple expressions From the first purpose

of being easy to communicate, people keep enriching the way they use language, so that metaphor, which is one of the most interesting rhetorical expressions, appeared Metaphor is not simply a rhetoric; it is a huge category with a great influence According to Lakoff & Johnson (1980), metaphor is existent from some simple words

or images to more complicated ones, from prose and verse to daily life Metaphor has embodied in different performances and people could use them so naturally that they rarely realized Metaphor has existed in people’s cognition through which belongs to their culture and community both in verbal and non-verbal forms The concepts of metaphor are based on what is familiar with people Then people relate the concept

to another notion so that they could easily understand the meaning of that metaphor

In Metaphor We Live By (1980), Lakoff cited that people could understand conceptual metaphors without considering the context Their examples did not put in particular contexts

However, Charteris-Black (2004) did not totally agree with Lakoff He framed that their examples were not convincing enough Without a context, a conceptual metaphor or a metaphorical expression used in an example might not imply appropriate meaning On the other hand, the metaphor, as Charteris-Black cited, was used to persuade the others, which meant the speakers or the writers could employ conceptual metaphor as an effective tool to convince the hearers of the readers to

ABSTRACT

Throughout history, there have been numerous stories, songs, movies, etc., of love and marriage composed by people from different cultures in different stages of history According to those stories, songs, movies and so on, Love and Marriage was represented in various ways One of the most popular producers of movies that developed this topic well was Disney Company They mentioned Love and Marriage

in different aspects, even though they were not in the main line of some stories However, Love and Marriage still played a role in the development of their characters and their tales The writer tended to explore how Love and Marriage influenced the storylines in those movies and how the value of Love and Marriage in the movies could be inferred, so this research aimed to investigate their representation in Disney’s movies This research focused on analyzing some famous Disney animated movies from the critical metaphor perspective

Key words: Love and Marriage, Disney, animated movies, concept, critical metaphor analysis

TABLE OF CONTENT

DECLARATION i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii LIST OF TABLES v CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Rationale of the study 1 1.2 Aims of the study 2 1.3 Scope of the study 3 1.4 Significance of the study 3 1.5 Research question 3 1.6 Methods of the study 4 1.7 Structure of the thesis 5

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 Metaphor 6 2.2 Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) 8 2.3 Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) 10 2.4 Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) 12 2.5 Love and Marriage in Disney animated movies 18

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 21

3.1 Data Corpus 21 3.2 Data Collection Method 24

CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS 27

4.1 Results of Data Gathering 27 4.2 Findings 37

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 46

5.1 Expanded Discussion of the Findings 46 5.2 Limitations of the research 47 5.3 Suggestion for further study 47

REFERENCE 49

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

While I was completing my thesis, I received a lot of helpful support

from many people The first person that I would like to express my thankfulness

to is my supervisor, Professor Nguyen Hoa He sent me lots of valuable

documents in the field of my study and gave me useful advice to improve my

writing style better His explanation of my queries during the process of

studying the framework for my paper was clear and easy to understand It

helped me define the right perspectives with appropriate approaches I also

thanked my subject teachers for supporting me with their great knowledge and

inspiration, so I could save a lot of time and effort to complete my thesis

Thanks to the support of the teachers in the faculty office, I could solve

my paperwork efficiently as well as having enough time to complete the

procedure Finally, for my graceful friends and my beloved family, I would like

to show my appreciation because of their encouragement and enthusiasm

Without their understanding and maintaining, I did not have enough motivation

to accomplish the paper This study was not only my effort, but also the effort

of all the people who spent their time and patience for me

keys of Love and Marriage that Disney utilized in their movies; therefore, the study will explore the ideology of Disney through their movies

1.3 Scope of the study

The study focused on analyzing the features of Disney animations By following the framework of CMA of Charteris-Black (2004), there were five Disney animated movies that were chosen as the corpus of the study

The study was the writer’s own work and there were not any other partners participating in the collecting and analyzing process The thesis was conducted by the supervisor in two years and it has not been published or submitted in any means of communication before The thesis concentrated on developing its own framework based on the theory of Critical Metaphor Analysis of Charteris-Black (2004) to indicate the purpose of Disney through the conceptual metaphors they used in the chosen animated movies

1.4 Significance of the study

The result of the study is expected to become a helpful source of reference for the further research of the CMA in general and Disney in particular Although the topic about Disney is not new as a lot of researchers have been studying and dissecting their movies to uncover different aspects of the society, according to them, the approach from the CMA perspective of Charteris-Black (2004) profoundly reviews the aspect of Love and Marriage that is not widely used

1.5 Research question

The study is expected to light on these following questions:

Question 1: Which domains did Disney use to correspond to Love and Marriage? Question 2: According to the conceptual metaphors of Love and Marriage, which

conceptual keys were determined?

Question 3: What was the hidden communicating purpose of Disney cited in their

animated movies?

For the first question, by the aim of identifying the domains that map to Love and Marriage, all the expressions relating to Love and Marriage will be collected, and

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Frequency and POS of words in Aladdin corpus 28 Table 2 Frequency of phrases in Aladdin corpus 29 Table 3 Frequency and POS of words in Little Mermaid corpus 30 Table 4 Frequency of phrases in Little Mermaid corpus 31 Table 5 Frequency and POS of words in Sleeping Beauty corpus 32 Table 6 Frequency of phrases in Sleeping Beauty corpus 32 Table 7 Frequency and POS of words in Cinderella corpus 33 Table 8 Frequency of phrases in Cinderella corpus 34 Table 9 Frequency and POS of words in Beauty and The Beast corpus 35 Table 10 Frequency of phrases in Beauty and The Beast corpus 36