A
absolute deictic relation 485, 490
absolute deictic time-specifying
adver-bial 112, 591⫺592, 629
Absolute Future System 519, 527, 531,
535⫺557, 560⫺565, 567⫺570, 638,
676, 692, 701, 703, 706, 725⫺726,
737, 746, 754, 756⫺757
absolute past tense 153, 155⫺156,
193⫺208, 373⫺374, 383⫺424,
435⫺438, 444, 446, 449⫺450, 502,
573, 655, 665, 694⫺697, 707, 716,
746, 754⫺755
absolute present tense 171⫺191, 466,
486, 682
absolute preterite see absolute past
tense
absolute relation 443
absolute-relative tense 25⫺26, 156⫺
157, 345, 374, 503, 531⫺532, 727⫺
728
absolute tense 16, 25, 117, 120, 153⫺
154, 207, 171⫺360, 378, 381, 383⫺
424, 468, 479⫺480, 485⫺487, 529⫺
570, 573, 675⫺682, 692⫺717, 721⫺
725, 732, 746
absolute time-zone 150, 169, 371⫺372,
377, 381, 427⫺428, 501, 575, 593,
629
absolute zone see absolute time-zone
abstract situation type 41, 49⫺71
accomplishment 70⫺71
achievement 70⫺71
action 57, 66⫺69
action verb 68
activity 69⫺71
actualization 12, 40
actualization adverbial 622⫺623, 632
actualization aspect 30, 72⫺81
actualization focus 204⫺206, 299,
319⫺322, 326, 331, 604⫺605
actualization-explaining
because-clause 552⫺553 actualize 12, 40 adjectival clause 14 adverbial see absolute deictic
time-specifying adverbial, actualization ad-verbial, bifunctional adad-verbial, deictic time-specifying adverbial, duration adverbial, durative time-specifying adverbial, inclusive duration bial, multiple-orientation-time adver-bial, multi-zone adveradver-bial, nondeic-tic time-specifying adverbial, nonin-clusive adverbial, orientation-time adverbial, past zone adverbial, pre-present zone adverbial, punctual time-specifying adverbial, pure dura-tion adverbial, relative-absolute deic-tic time-specifying adverbial, relative deictic time-specifying adverbial, sin-gle-zone adverbial, situation-time ad-verbial, temporal adad-verbial, time-specifying adverbial, zone-independ-ent adverbial
adverbial clause 14 (see also
after-clause,because-clause, before-clause,
bounded clause, conditional clause, free relative clause, heterogeneous, homogeneous, nonbounded,
since-clause, subsince-clause,until-clause,
when-clause,while-clause)
Adv-time 119, 122, 132⫺144, 173,
367⫺368, 612, 644 Adv-time adverbial see time-specifying
adverbial Adv-time of the head clause 642⫺643,
651⫺652 Adv-time of thewhen-clause 642⫺645,
650, 654 Adv-time-relation 122, 134
Trang 2Adv-time-simultaneity 134⫺135, 139⫺
140, 145
after-clause 446, 523, 741⫺753
agent 48, 53, 67, 186, 191
agentive 50⫺54, 61, 66⫺70, 281, 290,
342⫺343, 346, 356 Aktionsart see ontological aspect
Anchor time 195, 197, 202, 289, 320,
352, 562, 591, 629, 688⫺692, 706⫺
718, 722⫺728, 738⫺751 anchored time-specifying adverbial see
deictic time-specifying adverbial anteriority 17⫺18, 25, 161 (see also
T-anteriority, W-anteriority) argument (NP) 20⫺21, 79, 123, 295,
541 aspect see actualization aspect,
gram-matical aspect, ontological aspect aspect auxiliary 19
aspectualizer 31⫺32
assertive clause 606
atelic 60⫺65, 68, 70⫺71, 75⫺77, 115,
306, 366⫺367, 595 atemporalwhen-clause 672
attributive definite noun phrase 204,
247, 574, 592 auxiliary 18⫺20
auxiliary verb see auxiliary
B
background 177, 430
background situation 220, 225, 274,
284⫺286, 470 backgrounding 430
backshifted 384, 390, 394, 396, 471,
698, 719 backshifting 391
basic orientation time 474, 537⫺538,
543⫺548, 554
because-clause 552⫺554
before-clause 406⫺408, 446, 523,
562⫺563, 607, 685⫺741, 754⫺755
‘before now’ interpretation 215, 219
bifunctional adverbial 133⫺134, 233,
591, 612⫺613, 738⫺739
bifunctional temporal adverbial see
bifunctional adverbial binding see direct binding, indirect
binding, temporal binding binding time 118, 158, 375 bound time 118, 158, 369 bounded 30, 61, 72⫺82, 114⫺115,
121⫺125, 140⫺143, 145⫺146, 190 (see also L-bounded, W-bounded)
bounding constituent 79⫺80 bygone 196 (see also T-bygone,
W-by-gone)
C
case-specifyingwhen-clause 671
central orientation time 154, 159, 169,
376⫺377 central time of orientation see central
orientation time clause 13⫺14 (see also head clause,
matrix, subclause) cleft 260, 265⫺267, 545, 631, 733⫺
734 (see also since-cleft)
cleft construction see cleft
cleft sentence see cleft
closed condition 103⫺104, 354⫺355,
520, 536, 545⫺546, 556, 566⫺567 code 20, 720
co-extensive interpretation 215⫺216,
445⫺446, 459⫺460 coincidence 122⫺126, 132⫺136, 369⫺
370, 494 common Adv-time 644, 646⫺650,
654, 667 complement 20⫺21 (see also
comple-ment clause) complement clause 393, 401, 475, 495,
521, 548⫺550 complex relative tense 26 complex relation see complex
T-rela-tion complex sentence 14, 539 complex T-relation 457, 664 conditional clause 129, 352, 359, 455⫺
456, 495, 540, 566⫺568
Trang 3conditional connotation 540, 545, 556,
565⫺566, 674
conditional perfect (tense) 22, 24,
457⫺458, 520, 523⫺524, 673, 715,
735
conditional sentence 129, 166, 354,
497, 556
conditional tense 22, 24, 158, 166,
341⫺342, 387, 405⫺408, 421⫺424,
436, 450, 520, 523, 735
conjugation 18
constitution interpretation (of a clause in
the present perfect) see constitution
reading
constitution reading 229, 256, 255⫺
269, 279⫺286, 288, 290, 292⫺293,
324, 326, 331⫺332, 613, 618⫺622
contain 122, 132, 134, 212, 640, 644
contained orientation time 134, 640⫺
642, 644⫺662, 664, 667, 670, 677⫺
678, 687⫺691, 723, 727⫺728, 731,
734, 739, 741, 744, 747, 750⫺753
containment 122⫺123, 132, 134, 137,
139, 214⫺215, 643, 645, 650⫺651,
687, 691, 750
continuative habit 228, 237, 240,
271⫺273
continuative interpretation see
contin-uative reading
continuative perfect 226, 460
continuative reading (of clause in the
present perfect) 216, 219, 222,
225⫺228, 230⫺243, 245⫺246, 260⫺
263, 265⫺267, 271⫺274, 287⫺291,
323⫺325, 350, 364, 460, 470, 478⫺
484, 600, 606, 608⫺610, 613⫺615,
617, 622
continuous form see progressive form
copula 21
core meaning of a tense 214, 216
counterfactual 128⫺129, 568, 673⫺
674, 710⫺713, 715⫺718, 735⫺736
counterfactualbefore-clause 735⫺736
counterfactualwhen-clause 673⫺674
counterfactual world 42, 674
D
de dicto interpretation see intensional
interpretation deictic adverbial see deictic
time-speci-fying adverbial deictic time-specifying adverbial 591⫺ 592
denotation 40⫺49, 55⫺59, 70, 136⫺
138 dependent clause see subclause
de re interpretation see transparent
in-terpretation direct binding 393, 407, 516⫺522,
660⫺666 direct result 248, 280⫺281, 302⫺306 direct speech 390
dissective 594 domain see temporal domain do-support 20
double pluperfect 27 duration adverbial 59, 75⫺76, 133,
143, 227, 235, 243, 287, 364, 366⫺
367, 739 (see also pure duration
ad-verbial, bifunctional adverbial) duration-quantifying constitution read-ing 229, 248, 255, 258⫺259, 261⫺
263, 265, 282⫺283 durative situation 45, 47, 49, 51, 55,
57⫺58, 67, 70⫺71, 74, 113, 131,
140⫺141, 167⫺168, 173⫺175, 413⫺
415, 508 durative situation verb 45⫺46, 59 durative situation verb phrase 57, 62 durative time-specifying adver-bial 132⫺133, 138⫺139 durative verb phrase see durative
situa-tion verb phrase dynamic 51⫺52, 67⫺71 dynamic verb phrase 52, 68
E
effected noun phrase 298⫺300 egressive aspect see terminative
embedded clause see subclause
Trang 4enriched situation-template 40⫺41
epistemic modal adverbs 187
epistemic modality 39, 103⫺105, 453
establish a domain indirectly 488, 500,
681, 720, 725 evaluation time 105, 138, 163, 547,
583⫺585 event 46, 48, 66⫺67, 68⫺69
event verb 68
evidentialbecause-clause 553⫺554
evolving 65, 68⫺70
expand (a temporal domain) 121,
123⫺125, 158 expanded domain 123⫺125, 158
experiential indefinite perfect see
per-fect of experience experiential perfect see perfect of
ex-perience explanatory-resultative (use of the
pres-ent perfect) 253⫺255, 277⫺279, 293 extensional interpretation see
transpar-ent interpretation
F
factual see factual at t0
factual at t0 235, 606, 689, 693⫺697,
699, 707, 710⫺719, 722, 725⫺726,
730⫺737, 739, 747⫺748, 750, 754⫺
756 factual full situation 144, 235, 364, 612
finite clause 42⫺44
finite verb form 15, 98, 485
focalizingwhen-clause 671
foreground 177, 430
foregrounding 430
free indirect speech 390, 452, 583,
452⫺453, 583, 747⫺748, 753 free relative clause 637, 642
full situation 113⫺116, 122⫺125, 127,
133, 135⫺136, 138⫺146, 164⫺168,
173⫺175, 189⫺190, 196⫺199, 207,
213, 216⫺229, 233⫺238, 253, 256,
267, 290⫺292, 364⫺366, 368⫺369,
377⫺378, 413⫺414, 459⫺461, 474,
478⫺483, 573, 586⫺587, 612⫺614
(see also factual full situation,
poten-tial full situation) full verb 18⫺19, 31 future 120 (see also post-present zone)
future continuous form see progressive
form future perfect (tense) 25, 97, 108, 493,
503⫺504, 518⫺520, 532, 558, 725⫺
726, 749⫺750, 755 future tense 22, 24⫺25, 78, 96⫺97,
101⫺108, 162⫺163, 337⫺340,
342⫺345, 499⫺500, 519⫺520, 531⫺
532, 537⫺569, 675⫺676, 700⫺703,
749⫺750 futurish tense form 106⫺108, 268,
337⫺340, 345⫺346, 356⫺360, 392,
451⫺456 futurity see posteriority
G
generic sentence 131 gerund 18, 99 gnomic sentence 130⫺131 grammatical aspect 28⫺31, 35, 56, 77, 81
grammatical auxiliary 19 Gricean Maxim 32, 63, 73, 88, 133,
136, 185, 198, 271, 349, 454, 577,
599, 617, 649, 672, 737
H
habit 28⫺29, 34⫺35, 37, 52⫺54, 131,
271⫺273, 277, 288⫺290, 402⫺405,
436, 619, 676⫺678, 680⫺682, 701,
704⫺706, 729 head (of a phrase) 12 head clause 14, 380, 687 headless relative clause 559, 637 (see also free relative clause)
heterogeneous 45⫺46, 49⫺50, 55⫺56,
74⫺75, 77⫺78, 114⫺115, 145, 165,
235, 253, 366, 394, 396⫺397, 413⫺
414, 551 heterogeneous Adv-time 594⫺595,
599⫺600, 629
Trang 5historic(al) present 28, 176⫺178, 382,
398, 424⫺425, 704⫺705, 729
homogeneous 35, 45⫺47, 49⫺51, 55⫺
57, 74⫺75, 77, 114⫺115, 123⫺125,
131, 136, 138⫺142, 174⫺175, 190,
222, 235, 365⫺366, 392, 413⫺415,
470, 551, 576
homogeneous Adv-time 593⫺594,
601⫺602, 629⫺630, 669
hot news reading (of the present
per-fect) 246⫺247, 249⫺250, 297, 301,
460, 463⫺464
hypersituation 28, 36⫺37, 58, 76, 79⫺
80, 225, 229, 231⫺232, 238, 258⫺
259, 267⫺269, 272⫺273, 279⫺280,
283⫺285, 291⫺292, 462, 470⫺473,
475⫺476, 483, 487, 595, 613⫺614,
677, 704
I
iconic sequencing 428, 431
imperfective 28, 31⫺35, 38
implicature 32, 54, 62⫺63, 73, 197⫺
199, 247⫺248, 254, 273, 280⫺281,
301⫺306, 349⫺351, 431, 454, 577,
644, 647⫺648, 654, 713, 737 (see also
Gricean Maxim)
implicature of discontinuation 197⫺
199, 365
implicit condition 342, 347, 353, 453,
676, 715, 717
implicit orientation time 119, 161,
367⫺368, 406⫺408, 436, 508, 524,
561⫺562, 638, 640, 642, 644, 646⫺
649, 650, 652, 670, 689⫺691, 695⫺
696, 706⫺709, 715, 718⫺719, 722,
725, 728, 734, 738, 740, 742⫺744,
748⫺750, 755⫺757
implicit pre-present (time-zone) 214,
255, 258, 295, 298⫺300, 305, 474
inceptive see inchoative
inchoative 28, 31⫺32, 75⫺76, 140⫺
141, 401, 430, 470, 608⫺609, 669
inclusion 122, 132⫺144, 148, 213⫺
229, 233⫺235, 241⫺242, 252⫺253,
267⫺271, 280, 290⫺291, 350, 364⫺
365, 370, 379⫺380, 430⫺431, 649⫺
651, 658, 688⫺690, 744 inclusive adverbial 75⫺76, 595, 602⫺
603 incurable habit 54 indefinite interpretation see indefinite
reading indefinite perfect 226, 460 indefinite reading (of clause in the pres-ent perfect) 216, 219⫺ 234, 236⫺
237, 239⫺250, 261⫺266, 273⫺276,
280⫺282, 287⫺294, 303⫺305, 317⫺
319, 321⫺322, 326, 331⫺332, 459⫺
474, 480, 484, 501, 504, 607⫺608,
614⫺615, 618⫺619, 623⫺625, 681,
704, 730, 749 independent clause 14, 199, 349, 380⫺
381, 495, 520, 535, 673 indirect binding 378⫺379, 393⫺395,
404, 407, 516⫺522, 660⫺666, 696⫺
698, 708, 740, 748, 757 indirect reported speech 349, 388, 390,
395, 411 indirect result 254, 293, 302⫺306 indirect speech see indirect reported
speech, free indirect speech ingressive see inchoative
intensional context see intensional
do-main intensional domain 349⫺350, 388⫺
389, 406⫺407, 541⫺544, 554⫺555,
560⫺561, 693, 695⫺697, 707⫺710,
719, 737, 739⫺740 intensional interpretation 388⫺389,
469, 407, 541⫺544, 554, 693, 695 intensional verb 396, 407, 542, 693,
695 (see also strong intensional verb,
weak intensional verb) intensional world see intensional
do-main intentionality 54, 186, 191, 342⫺343, 351
interpretive unit 540, 547, 553 intransitive verb 20⫺21, 36, 40, 65 inversion 20
Trang 6inverted pseudo-cleft 260
irrealis 128⫺129, 568, 673⫺675, 710⫺
713, 715⫺718, 735⫺736 irregular verb 23⫺24
it-cleft see cleft
iterative see repetitive
iterative verb 50
K
kind of situation see situation type
L
L-bounded 73, 79⫺82, 140, 142, 198,
226, 235, 237, 272, 366⫺367, 429⫺
431 (see also bounded)
L-bounding consituent see bounding
constituent lexical aspect see ontological aspect
lexical meaning 18⫺20, 40, 47
lexical verb 18⫺19, 31
linking verb see copula
L-nonbounded 73, 77, 79⫺82, 227,
239, 268, 291, 366, 429, 431 (see also
nonbounded)
M
main clause see head clause, matrix
main verb 15, 20, 23, 96, 99
marked interpretation 576, 647, 649,
661, 667 marked temporal focus 576⫺581,
583⫺584 marked tense 501, 675
matrix (clause) 14, 381, 393, 516⫺517,
660, 666, 695⫺697, 757 Maxim of Quantity 133, 136, 599
Maxim of Relation 185, 198, 323, 349,
454, 577, 617, 672 Maxim of Relevance see Maxim of
Re-lation
measure (a period or situation) 62⫺64,
75⫺76, 79⫺80, 142, 223, 229, 259,
269, 282⫺283, 595, 620, 703, 735, 745
measure phrase 265, 447, 606, 711,
715⫺717, 719, 728, 731, 734, 736,
745, 751 metalinguistic negation 244 metaphorical uses 27⫺28, 337, 382,
424⫺425, 438, 501⫺502, 711, 731 modal auxiliary 19, 34
modality 22, 27, 38⫺39, 102⫺103,
105⫺106, 116, 128⫺129, 147, 162,
166, 187, 200, 340⫺342, 348, 356,
453, 541, 583, 587, 636, 702, 715, 721 momentary see punctual
mood 39 multi-zone adverbial 593, 603⫺605,
629⫺630 multi-zone time-specifying adver-bial see multi-zone adverbial
multiple-orientation-time adverbial 137
N
narrativebefore-clause 730⫺733
narrative clause 177, 275, 446 narrative text 430, 452, 455, 587, 670 narrativewhen-clause 275, 638
neutral prediction 342, 359 (see also
pure future) NICE-properties 20 nominal clause 14, 540⫺541, 550⫺
552, 559, 637 nominal relative clause see free
rela-tive clause nonassertive clause 606 nonbounded 72⫺82, 121⫺125, 145,
190 (see also L-nonbounded,
W-non-bounded) nondeictic adverbial see nondeictic
time-specifying adverbial nondeictic time-specifying adver-bial 591⫺592, 596 (see also
unan-chored time-specifying adverbial) nondurative see punctual
nonepistemic modality 39, 147 nonevent 289
Trang 7nonfactual 42 (see also intensional
in-terpretation, intensional domain,
not-yet-factual at t, not-not-yet-factual at t0)
nonfinite clause 13, 44, 98, 162
nonfinite verb form 16⫺17, 98⫺99,
121, 162
nonhomogeneous see heterogeneous
noninclusive adverbial 75, 595, 599⫺
602
nonpast time-sphere see present
time-sphere
nonprogressive form 22, 29⫺30, 34⫺
36, 49, 57, 81, 99, 115, 122, 141, 174,
180⫺186, 191, 199, 224, 228, 269,
271⫺272, 276⫺277, 281, 284⫺285,
287⫺288, 290, 337, 343, 348, 357,
360, 369, 401, 412⫺413, 454, 551
nonprogressive meaning 29, 49, 72,
81⫺82, 85, 271, 366⫺367
nonquantificational constitution
inter-pretation see nonquantificational
constitution reading
nonquantificational constitution
read-ing 229, 248, 253⫺254, 256⫺258,
261, 279⫺282, 290, 293, 303, 311⫺
312, 317, 324, 445, 478, 613, 618
nonrepetitive 36, 75, 474, 485
nonstatic see dynamic
not … until 740⫺741
not-yet-factual see not-yet-factual at t
not-yet-factual at t 120, 406⫺407, 694,
709, 712, 717⫺718, 726, 755
not-yet-factual at t0 162, 340, 541, 695,
712, 719
not-yet-factual at the binding time see
not-yet-factual at t
not-yet-factualbefore-clause 706,
710⫺711, 735⫺738
noun clause see nominal clause
number-quantifying constitution
inter-pretation see number-quantifying
constitution reading
number-quantifying constitution
read-ing 223, 229, 232, 248, 256⫺258,
283⫺286, 303, 317, 322, 326, 329,
331⫺332
O
ontological aspect 29⫺30, 49⫺71, 81 opaque domain see intensional domain
opaque interpretation see intensional
interpretation opaque world see intensional domain
open condition 103, 352, 495, 500,
536, 540, 543⫺546, 548, 556, 559⫺
561, 568, 649, 676 operator auxiliary 23⫺24 orientation time 16⫺17, 22, 25⫺27,
38, 94⫺96, 105, 117⫺121, 123,
125⫺126, 132, 134⫺135, 137, 139,
143⫺144, 153⫺159, 289, 339, 365⫺
370, 372⫺378, 383⫺384, 386⫺388,
392, 399, 402⫺408, 414⫺416, 420⫺
424, 444⫺457, 459, 461⫺464, 474,
485, 487⫺494, 498⫺515, 523⫺526,
531⫺534, 537⫺538, 543⫺548, 558,
561⫺564, 568⫺569, 573, 575, 579⫺
580, 585, 606⫺607, 616, 637⫺668,
670, 677⫺678, 687⫺691, 694, 700,
706, 719, 722⫺723, 725⫺728, 731,
733⫺735, 738⫺741, 743⫺753 orientation-time adverbial 137, 639,
652, 655, 658, 662⫺663, 687⫺688,
690, 723, 727⫺728, 747, 750⫺753
P
participial clause 3 participle 15⫺18, 24, 96, 98⫺99, 162, 497
past (N) see past time-sphere
past continuous form see progressive
form past domain 121, 154⫺156, 158⫺159,
195, 370, 373⫺374, 383, 385⫺388,
392⫺398, 401⫺404, 420⫺423, 444⫺
458, 460⫺463, 492⫺494, 502⫺505,
516, 519⫺520, 681, 720, 722, 725⫺
726, 730⫺731, 748, 754⫺757 past participle 17, 24, 96, 98, 162 past perfect (tense) 17, 22, 24, 27, 38,
95, 97, 117⫺118, 120⫺121, 126,