A comparison of passive voice in japanese and vietnamese = so sánh sự tương Đồng và khác nhau trong câu bị Động tiếng nhật và tiếng việt

A comparison of passive voice in japanese and vietnamese = so sánh sự tương Đồng và khác nhau trong câu bị Động tiếng nhật và tiếng việt

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF JAPANESE LANGUAGE AND CULTURE

GRADUATION THESIS TITLE:

A COMPARISON OF PASSIVE VOICE IN

JAPANESE AND VIETNAMESE

Instructor: Ms Pham Thi Thu Ha

Ms Tran Kieu Hanh Student: Nguyen Hai Yen

Class: 18J1

Course: QH 2018 F1

Ha Noi, 2022 April 29

ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ

KHOA NGÔN NGỮ VÀ VĂN HÓA NHẬT BẢN

KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP CHỦ ĐỀ:

SO SÁNH SỰ TƯƠNG ĐỒNG VÀ KHÁC NHAU TRONG CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG TIẾNG NHẬT

VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT

Giáo viên hướng dẫn: Cô Phạm Thị Thu Hà

Cô Trần Kiều Hạnh Sinh viên thực hiện: Nguyễn Hải Yến

Lớp: 18J1

Khóa: QH 2018 F1

Hà Nội, ngày 29 tháng 4 năm 2022

THANKS

In order to form this research topic, in addition to my own efforts, I also received

enthusiastic support from my teachers, and friends who created favorable conditions for me during the research process

With deep gratitude, I would like to thank:

- The management board of university of language & international studies, faculty of Japan language and culturehas created all the best conditions for me to study, practice and research during the past four years

- The Japanese teachers, have enthusiastically imparted valuable knowledge and

experiences to me during my study at the school

- Especially, I would like to express my sincere thanks to Ms Pham Thi Thu Ha and Ms Tran Kieu Hanh They guided and helped me a lot in completing this research project In addition, they gave me many valuable ideas to help me understand the limitations of my research topic so that I could complete the topic better

- Finally, I would like to express my deep gratitude to the concern, encouragement, as well

as the enthusiastic support from family, friends who helped me to complete my studies well as well as complete this graduation thesis

With gratitude,

Yen

Nguyen Hai Yen

TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

1 Research problem and rationale……… 1

2 Research objectives………2

3 Significance of the study………3

4 Scope of the study……… 3

5 Design of the study………3

CHAPTER II: CONTENT 1 Passive sentences in Japanese and Vietnamese……….4

2 The differences and similarities in passive voice between Japanese and Vietnamese………13

3 Conclusion………34

INTRODUCTION Research problem and rationale

Vietnam and Japan are two Asian countries with a long history of cooperation Numerous Japanese citizens came to live and trade in Vietnam from the 16th century to 17th century and left many positive impressions such as Japanese alleys in Hoi An, Pho Hien, and so on Nowadays, in order to absorb and acquire technologies and experiences in Japanese

manufacturing, training human resources in general and Japanese human resources in

particular become important factors in order to absorb and acquire technologies and

experiences in Japanese manufacturing

Through the topic "Comparison of similarities and differences in passive sentences in Japanese and Vietnamese", the writer wants to research about the problem of passive

sentences in communication between Japanese and Vietnamese in order to add a specific way

of knowing about passive sentences in the grammatical structures of both languages And this

is a time that the writer understands more about characteristics of the cultural diversity and humans of two countries through the language system Furthermore, the writer hopes that this study will help Japanese learners avoid confusion when using passive sentences in

communication

In fact, with Vietnamese learning Japanese, the problem of "passive sentences" is not only difficult but also complicated, so when using Japanese to communicate, passive sentences are limited and there is almost no response

Many individuals are interested in passive sentences, and various studies have been undertaken on the subject Nowadays, passive sentences in Japanese and Vietnamese are a contentious topic in linguistics It continues being considered and interpreted in a variety of ways In reality, numerous studies on this topic have been published by a variety of

researchers

- “A comparison of passive voice in Japanese and Vietnamese” by Pham Thi Thu Ha in

Proceedings of an international scientific conference on studying and teaching Japanese (2007), National University It describes and generalizes the criteria for identifying passive sentences in Japanese and Vietnamese, thereby finding and showing the similarities and differences in the passive voice of the two languages (Japanese and Vietnamese)

- "Passive sentences in Japanese and equivalent structures in Vietnamese" by Nguyen Thi

Thu Thuong, Scientific Research Report at the Faculty of Oriental Studies, Lac Hong

University (2010) It compares and contrasts passive sentences between two languages,

thereby giving an overview of the characteristics and basic elements in using passive

sentences in Japanese and Vietnamese Besides, it also draws out the similarities and

differences in the passive speech of the two languages and the factors affecting the

development of the language in general, thereby helping learners to understand and interpret reasons for these similarities and differences

- “ 日本語の受動文とベトナム語の “bị” 受動文との対照 ” by Lê Bích Diệp It compares and

contrasts the Japanese passive sentence with the Vietnamese "bi" passive sentence, thereby giving an overview and the similarities and differences in the two passive sentences in the two languages At the same time, it illustrates the meaning of the passive sentence "bi" in

Vietnamese is damage, harm and the indirect passive sentence in Japanese is unpleasant

Research objectives

In this topic, with the aim of finding out "The similarities and differences in passive voice

in Japanese and Vietnamese", the writer uses the following methods:

- Collecting documentaries: It's done by searching Google Scholar, Cinii Article, J-STAGE Home, and the Hanoi National University Library for articles and references in Vietnamese and Japanese, as well as research works by Japanese and Vietnamese writers In addition, the writer also collects materials through textbooks from teachers and previous researchers

- Statistics: The writer will create a statistics table and examine the current situation of

employing passive sentences in Vietnamese and Japanese based on the stage of gathering documents from newspapers such as Yomiuri or NHK

- Comparison: The writer compares the similarities and differences in the use of passive

sentences in Vietnamese and Japanese after completing the aforementioned approaches

- Analysis: After collecting documents and conducting comparison, the writer continues to move to the document analysis step, looking up a dictionary to understand the content of the article Analyzing the basic content related to the topic

Significance of the study

The phrase "language is the means of transmission and preservation of national cultural heritage" is frequently heard, so the research topic "Comparison about similarities and differences in passive voice between Japanese and Vietnamese" will provide readers with an opportunity to learn more about aspects of passive sentences in two different languages Furthermore, with the present trend of trade and globalization - where cultural values are being ignored, this topic allows Vietnamese and Japanese people to reflect on their country's traditional culture once again At the same time, this topic will provide papers on usage, communication settings, and common faults in passive speech in two languages, allowing learners to utilize it fluently and prevent communication errors

Scope of the study

The writer uses 25 articles from Yomiuri and NHK newspaper with 50 passive sentences

Design of the study

*Addendum

*Introduction

*Content

Chapter I: Passive sentences in Japanese and Vietnamese

Chapter II: The differences and similarities in passive voice between Japanese and

Vietnamese

Conclusion

*References

CHAPTER I PASSIVE SENTENCES IN

JAPANESE AND VIETNAMESE

Passive sentences are seen to be typical grammar of European languages In terms of function, this concept directly refers to the grammatical relationship between the verb and the core grammatical elements such as the subject and the complement, but the traditional

European grammar relies on the expression method It's the passive form of the verb's

morphological category However, the difference in form (morphology-syntax) of passive sentences in languages does not go against the general rule of reflecting the typological

characteristics of that language Passive meanings are mainly expressed by word morphology,

so the passive form is often considered a purely morphological category

1 Passive sentences in Japanese

1.1) Overview of the Japanese

Japan is not a multi-ethnic country, so of course nearly one hundred - twenty million people speak a single language - Japanese However, in Japan, there is a diverse dialect system

of different regions There are two main dialect lines: the Kanto dialect (Tokyo and

surrounding areas) and the Kansai dialect (Osaka)

Nowadays, Japanese people use four types of writing: Hiragana, Kanji (Chinese

characters) imported from China from the 3rd to 4th centuries, and Katakana (foreign

characters) created by the Japanese in the 7th century to the ninth century, and Romaji (Latin word) was transmitted by Portuguese - Spanish missionaries in the sixteenth to seventeenth centuries In Japanese, syllables play a very important position It is both a smallest phonetic unit and a basic unit of pronunciation, and mostly makes no sense Japanese has five vowels: /a, i, u, e, o/ and twelve consonants: /b, c, d, g, h, l, m, p, r, s, t, z/ - one relatively small

number compared to other languages In addition, there are two special reading sounds named the nasal sound /n/ and the break sound /q/ The word order in Japanese is completely reversed compared to other languages such as Vietnamese, English, Russian Most of the grammatical meaning is shown by the auxiliary, not the word order in the sentence Verbs and adjectives in Japanese have a change in form by adding suffixes to form the form, state, etc but do not show the number person

1.2) Passive sentences in Japanese

The Japanese passive form is called Ukemi (受け身)

a) The concept of passive sentences

The basic passive is a passive sentence used to express meaning: receiving an action from

another person, presented with the subject being the recipient of the action but not the doer of the action

I was forced to drink by the director

In the scope of this research, passive sentences are studied according to 2 types of direct passive sentences and indirect passive sentences

b) Verb conjugation forms in the passive form

For verbs in group two, we just need to drop the sound る (Ru) at the end of the verb

(dictionary form), then combine it with られる (Rareru)

いる (Iru)/ える (Eru) + られる (Rareru): Bi / Duoc

Example:

たべる (Taberu) =>

ねる (Neru) =>

たべられる (Taberareru) ねられる (Nerareru)

Group III:

The verbs in group III have only two verbs with the following conjugation

My mother woke me up I was woken up by my mother

The receiver of the action +が・は＋ the doer of the action+ に＋ verbs are conjugated into the passive

- In case the person doing the action is not a person but an organization, a company or a school, people usually use からwithout using に

Example:

私は借りた本を早く返すようにと図書館から注意されました 。

I was reminded by the library to try to return books early

- In case the person doing the action is a first-person title, do not use the passive voice

Example:

弟は私に起こされました 。 [False]

私は弟を起こしました 。 [True]

I called my brother up

- In case you want to express joy and happiness, use the passive sentence in the following form: て /で +くれる /もらう

Example:

好きな人がずっとそばにいてくれて 、うれしかったです 。

I always have loved ones by my side, so I am very happy

c) Types of Passive Sentences in Japanese

c.1) Direct passive sentence

- The direct passive is a sentence in which the subject is something that someone else does directly

c.1.1) The direct passive sentence has the subject of the action as a common noun or an indefinite subject

c.1.1.1) Neutral passive sentence

An expression is used when talking about a publicly announced fact, a social fact, or presenting an objectively non-emotional event Since the performer of the behavior is not a pre-determined person, in this case the performer is not shown

Example:

試験は３月１５日に行われます 。合格者の名前は新聞で発表されます 。

The exam will be held on March 15 The list of passers will be published in the newspaper

C1.1.2) Passive sentence means to detect

It is an expression used when talking about an object or event discovered by someone Example:

アメリカはコロンブスによって発見された。

America was discovered by Columbus

c.1.2) The direct passive sentence has the subject of the action

An expression is used when talking about someone else's order that there is no other way

to do that action The subject of the sentence is the person who feels compelled to do the action

Example:

私は社長に叱られました。

I was scolded by the director

c.2) Indirect passive sentence

- Indirect passive is a sentence where the subject is done indirectly by someone else

- The indirect passive has two definitions:

+ There is no corresponding active sentence

+ Having an unpleasant connotation

c.2.1) Indirect passive sentences with transitive verbs

A way of saying that is used to describe an object (thing or event) that is affected by

another object, including using transitive verbs

Example:

（私は）ほかの客にエレベーターを閉められた。

I had the elevator closed by another customer

c.2.2) Indirect passive sentences with intransitive verbs

It is a way of saying that is used to describe an object (thing or event) that is affected by

an unclear object, including using intransitive verbs

Example:

ドアが開かれます。

The door is opened

c.3) Possessive passive sentence

The possessive passive is a way of saying that an object is related, a property or a part of one's body that receives a certain behavior from another person Most of this expression is used in cases where people feel inconvenienced or damaged The subject in this expression is the person who feels that the behavior is troubling

Possessor + が・は＋performer + に+ part + を + verb change to passive voice

Example:

私は誰かに足を踏まれました 。

I was stepped on by someone

In the case that people themselves do not accept that behavior directly, but depending on the work of others that people feel troubled about it, in this case the subject is the person who suffers the trouble and the verb is used in two types named intransitive and transitive verbs Example:

かわいがっていた猫に死なれて 、とても寂しかったです 。

Because I lost my cute cat, I am very sad

会議の間に隣の人にタバコを吸われて 、気分が悪くなりました。

During the meeting, I was smoked by the person sitting next to me, so I felt very

uncomfortable

2 Passive sentences in Vietnamese

2.1) Overview of the Vietnamese

Vietnamese is the language of the Vietnamese people and the official language in

Vietnam Vietnamese is also the second language of ethnic minorities in Vietnam Although Vietnamese has some vocabulary borrowed from Chinese and was formerly written in

Chinese, it was later modified into Nom script Vietnamese is considered one of the languages

of the South Asian language family with the largest number of speakers Nowadays,

Vietnamese use the Latin alphabet called Quoc Ngu script and accent marks to write it

Vietnamese is the language used in the communication activities of ordinary people since the founding of the country There are six main timbres: non-sharp, sharp, profound, question mark, tilde, and dot below Because of Chinese influence, Vietnamese has a lot of sounds that Chinese doesn't have During the development process, more ancient Chinese words such as head, liver, chair, grandpa, grandma, etc were introduced, thereby forming the Han-

Vietnamese system in Vietnamese The Vietnamese have a way of reading Han characters according to the existing sounds of the Vietnamese language, similar to the Japanese applying kanji to Han characters and Katakana to other foreign languages In general, the percentage of Han borrowing in Vietnamese is very large, but the vast majority of those words are converted into Vietnamese to suit the perception of Vietnamese people Therefore, Vietnamese language both retains its own identity against the influence of Han culture and has absorbed all the linguistic achievements in Han language to improve itself

2.2) Passive sentences in Vietnamese

a) Different conceptions of passive sentences in Vietnamese

Up to now, the problem of passive sentences in Vietnamese is a controversial issue and has the most opinions in the world of Vietnamese linguistics These different opinions can be combined into two concepts as follows: denying and admitting the presence of passive

sentences in Vietnamese

a.1) The concept that Vietnamese does not have a passive sentence

Linguist Tran Trong Kim said that Vietnamese is a type of language that belongs to the type of isolation, analysis, and verbs Vietnamese does not have the markers of subject's

position, form so it does not exist in passive sentences such as inflectional languages

(English, French, etc.)

Nguyen Kim Than (1977) argues that the verbs “Bi/Duoc” are independent verbs that play the main role in the predicate part of the sentence, not the participle expressing the passive form of the verb, and this point of view is supported by Nguyen Minh Thuyet However, although they do not admit that Vietnamese has a passive form like European languages, both authors believe that Vietnamese has its own way of expressing passive meaning that is

expressed by syntactic structures or lexical means

a.2) The concept that Vietnamese has passive sentences

Contrary to the above concept, some other researchers believe that in Vietnamese,

although there is no passive category as a morphological category, it still has a passive

structure or a passive sentence

Nguyen Phu Phong recognizes the passive sentence as a separate grammatical category in Vietnamese He thinks that it is possible to establish a pair of active - passive sentences in Vietnamese that corresponds to the translation of the active-passive pairs of sentences in French, and indicates the formal relationship between the parts of each pair of sentences in common terms He also said that “Duoc” and “Bi” are two passive particles

Diep Quang Ban and Nguyen Thi Thuan also argue that the passive form in Vietnamese is not a verb form but a form of a particular structure with definite grammatical and semantic features

In general, there are many different conceptions of passive sentences in Vietnamese Even among the authors who admit that Vietnamese has passive sentences, their criteria for

identifying passive sentences are also different The writer believes that, like other languages, passive sentences in Vietnamese are considered as modified relations with corresponding active sentences, although not all active sentences can be converted into passive sentences Of course, such syntactic transformations must satisfy the semantic and pragmatic conditions of the passive sentence From that perspective, the writer believes that although there is no passive form in Vietnamese as a purely morphological category, the passive meaning as a grammatical meaning is still expressed Expressed by certain grammatical means, that is vanity and word order, so Vietnamese still has passive sentences

b.1) General structure of passive sentences

As mentioned above, Vietnamese also has a regular way of expressing passive ideas like grammar rules, by two grammatical methods: expletive and word order The general syntactic structure of Vietnamese passive sentences can be visualized as follows:

Subject

(Passive)

Passive sentences contain a syntactic structure, not a word-morphing form, so any

sentences that satisfy the conditions of the above-mentioned passive syntactic structure are all passive sentences

Example:

1 Giáp gửi thư cho Tị => Thư được Giáp gửi cho Tị

Tị được Giáp gửi thư cho

2 Chủ nhà treo tranh đầy tường => Tranh được chủ nhà treo đầy tường

Tường được chủ nhà treo đầy tranh

b.2) Criteria to identify and distinguish passive sentences from active sentences

Subject: In Vietnamese, the subject of a passive sentence is the complement of the

corresponding active sentence Depending on the case, it can be a complement of the subject, destination or position (Diep Quang Ban and Nguyen Thi Thuan, 2000)

Predicate: In a Vietnamese passive sentence, the predicate is formed directly from the

predicate of the corresponding active sentence by adding the auxiliary verb subject “Bi/Duoc” before the verb

Complement: The complement in the passive sentence is the subject in the corresponding

active sentence This complement is usually cleared, if not, can be moved to before the verb or after the verb with the condition that the word “Boi” is added

As described in the research objectives, the writer will base on the passive sentences appearing in Yomiuri and NHK newspapers translated into Vietnamese to make comparison documents about the difference of passive sentences in Vietnamese and Japanese By

collecting 25 articles with 50 passive sentences, the writer provides a summary table of passive sentences as evidence

Direct passive Indirect passive

Intransitive verbs

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