18041218 越中北方春节习俗比较 (以 “过年” 与“ 12 个月的想念”为语料) = so sánh văn hóa Đón tết miền bắc việt nam và trung quốc ( nghiên cứu qua ngữ liệu 2 tác phẩm “Đón tết” và “thương nhớ 12”)
论文框架 第二章 研究理论基础
越南过年的习俗
2.1.1 越南过年的习俗综观
Vietnamese New Year, celebrated on the first day of the lunar calendar, is one of the most important and grand traditional festivals in Vietnam Known by various names such as Tet, the Great Festival, the Lunar Festival, the Ancient Festival, and the New Year, it marks the beginning of the lunar new year The holiday begins on the 23rd day of the twelfth lunar month, which is dedicated to worshipping the Kitchen Gods According to Vietnamese beliefs, the Kitchen Gods oversee every household’s kitchen and serve as close advisors to the emperor, reporting on the family’s activities over the past year To send the Kitchen Gods on their journey and ensure they report favorably, people release carp into rivers and temples’ small ponds as the horses of the Kitchen Gods.
Văn hóa và nhiều khía cạnh khác của Việt Nam chịu ảnh hưởng lớn từ Trung Quốc, đặc biệt rõ nét qua các phong tục đón Tết truyền thống Tuy nhiên, trong tổng thể, phong tục đón Tết của hai quốc gia có những điểm giống và khác nhau rõ rệt Tết Nguyên Đán của người Trung Quốc bắt đầu từ mồng Một đến rằm tháng Giêng, trong khi Việt Nam cũng đón Tết Nguyên Đán vào ngày mồng Một tháng Giêng, nhưng thời gian kéo dài đến mùng 7 tháng Giêng Ngày nay, người Việt xem tháng Giêng là tháng để ăn chơi, vui vẻ, thậm chí kéo dài đến cuối tháng, theo quan niệm cổ truyền là tháng dành cho ăn chơi Chính phủ Việt Nam hiện nay cũng xác định thời gian chính thức đón Tết từ mồng Một đến mồng Ba tháng Giêng âm lịch để tạo điều kiện cho người dân vui chơi, nghỉ ngơi trong dịp lễ này.
During the Vietnamese Lunar New Year, it is a traditional custom to display spring flowers, which has a history of over a thousand years and carries rich cultural significance Flowers during the New Year are regarded as symbols of nobility and purity in Vietnamese culture In the northern regions, peach blossoms are popular, while in the south, plum blossoms are favored, both representing blessings and prosperity for every household at the beginning of spring The practice of arranging floral baskets during Tet has become a charming and enduring tradition of the Vietnamese people, with peach and plum blossoms embodying hope, renewal, and good fortune for the new year.
During Chinese New Year, the blooming of peach blossoms and plum blossoms symbolizes family happiness and prosperity in the new year The red color of peach blossoms and the yellow hue of plum blossoms represent warmth and positive energy, with peach blossoms often blooming in late winter to early spring during cool, drizzly weather suitable for northern Vietnam’s climate In contrast, plum blossoms bloom fully in the hot, sunny weather, making them ideal for southern Vietnam’s climate These climate differences have led to the tradition of displaying peach blossoms in the North and plum blossoms in the South during the Spring Festival Viewing plum blossoms during this period is not just about appreciating their beauty but also signifies cultural symbolism associated with good fortune and seasonal customs.
Trong văn hóa truyền thống, “mai” (梅) đọc là “may” để thể hiện sự may mắn, tượng trưng cho vận may trong năm mới Hoa mai thay thế tranh tết trong tranh vẽ các mùa, biểu tượng cho nhân cách cao quý của những người xinh đẹp trong bốn quý Về phần hoa đào, nguồn gốc xuất phát từ truyền thuyết dân gian kể về hai vị thần sống ở phía Bắc, trong đó có thần trà và thần lỳ Người dân sợ quỷ và lo lắng chúng quay lại quấy rối nên họ thường cắm một nhánh đào trong nhà vào dịp Tết để trừ tà ma, tạo nên phong tục trang trí hoa đào trong dịp lễ hội này.
Traditional flavors vary across different ethnic groups in China, with zongzi and rice cakes (cí jīa) historically serving as primary offerings for ancestral sacrifices during Spring Festival The round rice cake symbolizes heaven, while the square rice cake represents Earth, embodying profound cosmological and life meanings During the New Year, Vietnamese families gather to make sticky rice cakes and glutinous rice balls, utilizing glutinous rice, pork, and green bean fillings wrapped in banana leaves Legend has it that zongzi symbolizes the land, with banana leaves representing vitality, while pork and green beans symbolize prosperity in livestock and agriculture Historically, the Vietnamese king’s eldest son created zongzi to prove his cooking skills, leading to its cultural significance During Tet, offerings like zongzi and sticky rice balls are essential, symbolizing the bounty of agriculture and serving as expressions of cultural heritage In ancient Vietnamese society, round rice cakes were used in祭天 (offering to heaven) and祭神 (offering to gods), representing purity, while square rice cakes expressed maternal love Preparing these foods during the New Year fosters family warmth and has evolved into an enduring traditional custom, passed down through generations and increasingly popular today.
The tradition of "Chung Nian Xi," or the first visitor to pay New Year greetings, marks the beginning of the lunar new year in Vietnam This person’s success, talent, morality, and health are believed to predict the household’s luck for the upcoming year The custom of "Chung Nian Xi" embodies people's aspirations for wealth and well-being, serving as a sign of the year’s overall fortune With a history spanning over a thousand years, the Vietnamese "Chung Nian Xi" tradition reflects deep cultural values and hopes for prosperity and health in the new year.
The first day of the lunar new year, known as "Chu Yi," is highly significant as a smooth and auspicious start is believed to bring good fortune and prosperity throughout the year Inviting a cheerful, virtuous, and accomplished relative or neighbor to "Chong Nian Xi," a traditional custom, is an important part of the celebration On the morning of the first day, the "Chong Nian Xi" guest visits the host's home, carrying fruits and gifts, along with red envelopes for children, symbolizing blessings and good luck The host warmly welcomes the guest, who typically stays only a few minutes to wish good health, success, and happiness to the family, reflecting hopes for a prosperous year Both the guest and host feel a sense of joy and honor—one from bringing blessings and the other from believing in a year of great luck—embodying the festive spirit and cultural significance of the Lunar New Year.
2.1.2 羽凭的“ 12 个月的想念” 作品中的过年习俗
《12 个月的想念》是羽凭的回忆录，开始于 1960 年，1971 年完成并在西贡 出版。完成作品的时间持续了十多年，足够长的时间让大家欣赏。爱，渴望， 而怜惜，总是默默地储存在作者的心里，并有机会在情感的页面上传播开来。 整本书是一个怀念和向往北方 - 河内的人，在国家被战争分裂的背景下被迫远 离家乡。这些是北方越南人在农历十二月期间对自然、人民、风俗习惯的美好 回忆，每个月都有自己的北方文化特色。在河内出生、长大，到了 40 岁才与这 个出生地彻底分开，羽凭的头脑几乎习惯了河内的文化环境。审美文化书滋养 了他的灵魂。离开那个熟悉的文化环境，生活在一个完全不同的环境——南方， 他的精神人总是想通过怀旧，找到一个熟悉的文化空间。关于过去写下《12 个 月的想念》，或许羽凭是想满足自己心灵的渴望，以民族的传统习俗、信仰和 观念，重振古老的文化空间，尤其是春节假期。
For every Vietnamese person, the Lunar New Year is a sacred and important time that evokes a deep longing for family reunions The warmth, peace, and happiness associated with celebrating at home highlight the significance of this holiday Even those who have left home, like Wu Yupuing, often experience nostalgia, especially when far from Hanoi for extended periods Through his diary, "12 Months of Missing," he expresses these feelings of longing and attachment to his hometown Despite celebrating the New Year abroad, he cannot shake his memories of Hanoi and the vibrant Year-end atmosphere in the North, demonstrating the deep emotional connection Vietnamese people have with this special holiday.
Trong Võng Pinh's nostalgic narration, the festive atmosphere of the Spring Festival is first reflected in the family space, where everyone is busy preparing for the holiday In the chapter "Lunar December – Nostalgia for the Spring Festival Market," the author vividly depicts the bustling scene of Hanoi and northern areas getting ready for the holiday, with preparations starting as early as December The narrative highlights the diligent and resourceful wife, who is busy with various tasks such as changing curtains, cleaning the altar, tidying the tea cabinet, putting up red banners, arranging tables and tea sets, hanging paintings, and renovating the house Completing cleaning and sanitation is an important traditional practice that cannot be overlooked, reflecting the cultural significance of thorough preparation for the Spring Festival.
The tradition of “sending Spring gifts” involves family branches bringing offerings to the clan leader’s house to honor the Lunar New Year, symbolizing respect and gratitude It is also a custom to give Spring presents to friends, relatives, and those who have shown kindness, which is not viewed as bribery but as an expression of love and openness This practice reflects the Vietnamese cultural values of fostering friendships, reducing conflicts, and allowing people to convey feelings and thoughts they might not communicate in daily life Amid busy work schedules, these customs embody the beauty of Vietnamese social relationships and strengthen community bonds during the New Year.
During the Chinese New Year, regional differences in customs highlight unique characteristics alongside common traditions from north to south For example, the tradition of sending the Kitchen God to heaven on the 23rd day of the twelfth lunar month varies: in central China, the Kitchen God rides a strong saddle to ascend, while in the south, a simpler approach involves giving him a pair of shoes and a hat for swift ascent In the north, the Kitchen God is said to ride a carp to heaven Despite these differences, the custom of sending the Kitchen God to heaven symbolizes the unity of familial and societal organization, emphasizing that the kitchen, as the family's and society's symbol, is the smallest social unit—highlighting that the concept of family and community is consistent throughout China, regardless of regional distinctions.
Honoring ancestors through rituals like offerings, burning incense, and revisiting ancestral graves reflects the Vietnamese tradition of "drinking water and remembering the source," emphasizing respect for roots and family lineage During the Lunar New Year, families gather to perform these customs together, creating meaningful bonds across generations In northern Vietnam, additional customs such as house cleaning, groundbreaking ceremonies, and market offerings are observed to usher in a new year with freshness and prosperity These traditions aim to broaden the mind, foster intelligence, and bring clarity to the past year Practices like visiting relatives to exchange greetings, planning for the year ahead, and ensuring spiritual protection from negative influences are also vital On the first morning of the first day of the week, people pour water into jars as a symbol of hope for abundant wealth, highlighting the community's desire for prosperity and good fortune in the new year.
The festive atmosphere of Spring Festival is reflected throughout village life, with celebrations permeating both the village and its surroundings Singing performances are an essential tradition during Northern China's New Year festivities, adding joy and unity to the celebrations In several northern villages, residents invite each other to showcase performances, bringing items like peaches, ancient musical instruments, and water chestnuts to entertain the community These customs foster a sense of camaraderie among young men and women, enhancing the vibrant holiday spirit.
能随意玩耍、开玩笑和调情。他们自由地带对方去玩，吹小号，抱团唱歌，找
“一个安静的地方来表达他们的热情之爱”。
中国过年的习俗
2.2.1 中国过年的习俗综观
中国民间最隆重，最热闹的传统节日无疑是春节，定在农历正月初一。春 节的历史十分悠久， 三王时代，夏朝喜爱黑色将元旦节定为正月(虎月)。商朝 喜爱白色并选择了腊月，也就是丑月定做元旦节。至周朝由于喜爱红色的习俗 又选择十一月作为元旦(鼠月)。根据帝王认定“造天立地”时日的观念如下： 鼠刻具有天，丑刻具有地，虎刻生出人类。由此，选择举行元旦节时期也有所 不同。至东周时代，孔子将元旦节定为固定岁月就是虎月(正月)。公元前弟三 世纪，秦始皇又换成猪月即十月定为元旦节。直到汉朝，汉武帝又将元旦节改 回虎月。从此，元旦节就如此定在农历正月一日。
According to legend, Emperor Wu of Han had a kind and witty minister named Dongfang Shuo, who believed that the creation of the world process unfolded over seven days He described how chickens appeared on the first day, dogs on the second, pigs on the third, domestic animals on the fourth, water buffalo on the fifth, horses on the sixth, and humans on the seventh, with grains being born on the final day As a result, the traditional New Year’s celebration spans from the first to the seventh day of the lunar new year, symbolizing the divine process of creation.
春节与年的概念，最早的含义来自农业，古时人们把谷的生长周期叫做
The concept of a “year” in China dates back to the Xia and Shang dynasties, where the lunar calendar was developed based on the moon's cycles, dividing the year into twelve months The first day of each lunar month, known as "Shuo," marked the new moon, while the first day of the first lunar month, called "Chu Ri" or "Rizhu," signified the start of the new year The term “year” originates from the Zhou Dynasty and was officially fixed during the Western Han Dynasty, a practice that continues today In ancient times, the first day of the lunar new year was called "Yuan Dan," or New Year’s Day After China’s modern revolution, the Nanjing Provisional Government adopted the Gregorian calendar for official purposes, designating January 1st as the New Year’s Day in the solar calendar, while the lunar New Year remains known as Spring Festival Celebrated from the eighth or twenty-third day of the twelfth lunar month to the fifteenth, the Lantern Festival, Chinese New Year involves various traditional festivities These celebrations primarily focus on ancestor worship, honoring deities, praying for a bountiful harvest, and welcoming spring, featuring a rich array of unique and culturally distinctive activities that highlight China’s ethnic heritage.
During the Spring Festival, the Chinese nation hosts various celebrations that focus on honoring ancestors, respecting the elderly, expressing gratitude and good wishes, family gatherings, welcoming spring and new luck, bidding farewell to the old year, and praying for a prosperous new year These activities highlight rich cultural traditions and embody strong Chinese民族特色 (national characteristics), making the festival a meaningful expression of cultural heritage and seasonal renewal.
During the festive Chinese New Year, it is a long-standing tradition for households to decorate their doors, door panels, and walls with various-sized "Fu" characters, symbolizing good fortune Placing the "Fu" character upside down during Spring Festival is a common folk custom that signifies the arrival of happiness and prosperity This tradition reflects the deep cultural significance of wishing for good luck and blessing the family in the new year.
“福”字就是“幸福”的意思，而以前是指“福气”、“福运”。新年倒贴
The character "福" (fortune) is traditionally used to symbolize happiness and prosperity in life People often paste "福" upside down, which is a visual pun meaning "good fortune has arrived," since "倒" (upside down) sounds like "到" (arrive) According to folk legend, Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang once used the "福" character as a secret sign for a planned attack Queen Ma, a kind-hearted figure, instructed citizens to paste "福" on their doors before dawn to ward off the danger When the emperor's officials inspected the city and found a house with the "福" character pasted upside down, the emperor, furious, ordered the house's execution Queen Ma intervened, explaining that the house's owner intentionally pasted the character upside down to symbolize "fortune arriving," leading the emperor to pardon them Since then, during the Lunar New Year, people paste "福" upside down as a symbol of good luck and as a homage to Queen Ma.
“舞春牛”是广西浦北县、邕宁县等地春节期间的一种传统游艺活动。
“牛身用竹片编织而成，黑布或灰布做套；绵纸做头和角，画上中眼。两人一
During traditional celebrations, performers début by entering the cloth cover, singing and dancing, while others wear towels over their heads and mimic plowing, symbolizing agricultural prosperity Festivities include young people carrying lanterns, beating drums, and singing Spring Ox Songs, creating a lively atmosphere that marks the Lunar New Year The performance typically begins at the local land temple with a ritual called "Tiger Entering the Village to Worship the Land," followed by visits to each household to celebrate a bountiful year and hopes for favorable weather, bumper crops, and livestock prosperity The highlight is the Dance of the Spring Ox, which involves drumming and singing, with performers mimicking oxen—one holding an ox head and another bending backward with a tail—accompanied by a man with a plow frame These vibrant performances, seen from the first day of the new year through Lantern Festival, bring festive joy and symbolize good harvests and harmony Today, this tradition has expanded from rural villages into urban streets, preserving and promoting a unique Chinese New Year custom and cultural heritage The local artists use the folk art of "Dancing the Spring Ox" to enrich the festive atmosphere and celebrate Hakka culture, making it an integral part of the Spring Festival celebrations across communities.
2.2.2 老舍的“ 过年”作品中的过年习俗
According to Lao She, "In Beijing, as per ancient customs, the Lunar New Year (Spring Festival) preparations start as early as the beginning of the twelfth lunar month." This tradition is not limited to Beijing; many rural areas also begin celebrating the New Year in the early days of the twelfth lunar month Despite the cold winter, the festive atmosphere hustles forward, with people already busy cutting paper window decorations and preparing shoe inserts on warm Kang beds The arrival of the New Year seems to come infused with the chill from outside, and marketplaces reflect this change, with stalls now filled with New Year paintings, festive goods, and essential items for the celebrations, creating a joyful anticipation of the holiday.
Lao She’s depiction of Beijing’s Spring Festival was written in the 1930s, during a turbulent period in Chinese history, making it rare to enjoy a joyful celebration amidst chaos In his work, Lao She vividly portrays the festive scenes and joyful atmosphere as Beijing residents bid farewell to the old year and welcome the new one The article highlights that Spring Festival is China’s most grand and lively traditional celebration, with unique customs varying across regions and ethnic groups Using his signature style of colloquial language, Beijing dialect, and expressive storytelling, Lao She masterfully captures the folk customs and warmth of Beijing’s Spring Festival, expressing his deep appreciation and love for traditional Chinese culture.
In Lao She’s writings, Beijing’s Spring Festival is portrayed as a lively celebration filled with joy and tradition from that era Starting from Laba Festival, merchants begin stocking up on New Year goods, and the streets become crowded with festive stalls selling spring couplets, New Year paintings, honey offerings, and narcissus flowers—items that are exclusively available during this season These seasonal vendors create a vibrant atmosphere that immerses children and residents alike in the spirit of the New Year’s festivities.
During the Lunar New Year, the sense of excitement is heightened with bustling sounds of market vendors selling traditional goods such as paper-cuts, pine branches, coix seed rice, and rice cakes, which are unique to this festive season Although many feel that the festive atmosphere has diminished over time, the traditional customs—like couplets and lanterns—still remain an integral part of daily life, preserving the cultural essence of the holiday.
As the 23rd day of the twelfth lunar month approaches, families begin preparing for the Lunar New Year, marking it as a countdown to the holiday During this time, people traditionally eat sticky foods like rice cakes to symbolize sealing the mouth of the Kitchen God, preventing him from reporting family misdeeds to the Jade Emperor Lao She described the traditional Beijing customs for celebrating the Little New Year as a kind of "dress rehearsal" for the Lunar New Year, highlighting that every household would perform a Kitchen God sacrifice at night, with firecrackers announcing the farewell to the deity In the days leading up to this, vendors sell maltose and glutinous rice candies shaped as rectangular blocks or small melons, which are believed to stick to the Kitchen God's mouth, ensuring he doesn't reveal family secrets to heaven Today, candies are still enjoyed during this period, but they are no longer used to "stick" the Kitchen God’s mouth, reflecting modern changes in traditional customs.
Lao She vividly describes traditional New Year customs and the lively atmosphere of Lantern Festival celebrations, including lit lantern displays He highlights that in folk tradition, the full lunar New Year spans from the first to the fifteenth day, with notable locations like the Dagong Temple outside Beicheng, Baiyun Temple outside Xicheng, and the Fire God Temple (Chandian) in Nancheng hosting festive activities Besides temple fairs, competitions such as donkey and sedan chair races are common during this period While crowds are smaller on the first three days, the temples and festivities become bustling with visitors celebrating the New Year by the sixth and seventh days.
As times progress, the way we celebrate the Spring Festival may change, but the joy of the holiday remains eternal Reading authors' writings about the Lunar New Year allows us to understand traditional customs and appreciate that the festival's enduring popularity is rooted in rich Chinese culture Their words, writings, and expressions vividly depict the unique aspects of the Spring Festival, showcasing its deep historical and cultural significance that has been passed down through generations.
越南北方过年的习俗通过羽凭“12 个月的想念”作品中
祭祀灶君风俗
In "12 Months of Longing" by Yu Ping, the twelfth chapter titled "February, Nostalgia for the Spring Festival Market" highlights the traditional worship of the Kitchen God, especially on the 23rd day of the lunar month On this day, families clean their homes and prepare offerings, including clothes, hats, shoes, and three carp, to send the Kitchen God to heaven to report on the household’s affairs to the Jade Emperor The bustling fish markets and the ritual of worship reflect the deep cultural significance and family warmth associated with this tradition in Vietnam.
3.1.1 越南人对灶王升天节的观念
The last week of the lunar month marks the beginning of the Chinese New Year celebrations, starting with traditional small festivals like the Kitchen God Festival Worshiping the Kitchen God is a cherished part of Vietnamese cultural heritage, reflecting deep-rooted customs Despite busy holiday schedules, Vietnamese families universally prioritize cleaning the altar and kitchen, considering it both a mandatory and voluntary act to honor tradition During this time, family members engage in sincere offerings and rituals, emphasizing the importance of family unity and cultural continuity.
The tradition of offering sacrifices to the Kitchen God on the twenty-third day of the twelfth lunar month has ancient origins, dating back to our grandparents' era, though its exact origins remain unproven Some believe it is rooted in superstition, depicting the Kitchen God riding a carp to ascend to heaven, while others see it as a means for officials to manipulate public beliefs Despite differing explanations, the ritual continues because people find comfort in performing it before the New Year, as it fosters a sense of peace This practice symbolizes more than just a myth; it reflects societal cohesion, showing that through rituals like cooking, cleaning, and celebrating, communities demonstrate unity and shared cultural values Offering the Kitchen God signifies the organization of families as social units—a small community where the kitchen, as a familial symbol, binds households together, regardless of regional differences Even if viewed as superstition, this tradition embodies collective solidarity, helping the nation maintain unity amid diverse beliefs.
3.1.2 祭灶节的事迹
Trong tháng Mười, chúng ta kỷ niệm ngày Quốc Khánh hay còn gọi là lễ Nguyên Thượng, theo truyền thuyết, vào ngày này, Ngọc Hoàng phân phái các tướng ba xanh xuống trần để khảo sát những điều tốt đẹp và xấu xa của năm qua, báo cáo với Ngọc Hoàng Trong ngày này, người dân tổ chức lễ cúng, thắp hương để đón chào điềm lành và chuẩn bị tiệc cúng để kính cẩn cúng tổ tiên, cầu xin chúa trời và Phật спас şơn và sức khỏe Đặc biệt, từ hai tháng trước ngày ông Táo lên trời, các đoàn kiểm tra đã xuống trần để kiểm tra tình hình Ông Táo, còn gọi là Trương Đan hoặc Tử Quách, chỉ chịu trách nhiệm trong bếp, trong khi Thổ Công lo việc nhà, và Thổ Tứ giám sát chợ và thúc đẩy sản lượng của phụ nữ.
Trong câu chuyện truyền thuyết dân gian về Thổ Công, Thổ Địa và Thổ Kỳ, có ba nhân vật chính gồm hai người đàn ông là Trọng Cao và Phạm Lãng, cùng một người phụ nữ là Thị Nhi Cả ba đều chết trong đống rơm, nhằm mục đích tưởng nhớ ngày chết cùng lúc gần Dịp Tết Nguyên Đán Người ta xây dựng một bếp than bằng ba viên gạch đều đặn, với một viên đá ở giữa để tưởng nhớ người giúp việc đã xông vào lửa cứu chủ nhân nhưng cũng hy sinh Thường mọi người nghĩ rằng lễ tiễn biệt của ông Tào là kỳ nghỉ cuối cùng trong năm, tuy nhiên, chỉ sau đó hai ngày, lễ tiễn biệt của ông Tào mới chính thức diễn ra.
春日市场
During the Vietnamese Lunar New Year, the market atmosphere transforms into a vibrant celebration, with people flocking to春节市场 for festive shopping Unlike regular markets,春节市场 spans large open spaces, often set up in familiar daily market locations but enhanced with festive decorations and a wide variety of exotic foods Visiting the春节市场 for three days is more than just shopping; it’s a cherished tradition that awakens the holiday spirit The sight of shoppers carrying baskets laden with diverse delicacies truly immerses visitors in the joyful and lively atmosphere of the lunar new year celebration.
During the spring festival, markets offer a variety of colorful paper bags filled with traditional snacks, including tiered cakes and glutinous rice desserts, as well as offerings for altars The markets also sell essential non-edible items such as red envelopes and decorative paper cuttings, which are necessary for the celebration Regardless of a family's wealth, purchasing festive goods is an indispensable part of preparing for the Lunar New Year People visit these markets not only to shop but also to enjoy the lively atmosphere, view vibrant fruit displays, and buy souvenirs for friends In essence, the spring festival market has become a beloved spring tradition that embodies the festive spirit.
3.2.1 北方春节活动体现在作品之中
As spring approaches in Vietnam, families undertake numerous detailed preparations that may seem overwhelming to outsiders Starting from the beginning of the lunar month, women begin sewing and embroidery for the upcoming Lunar New Year, ensuring everyone has new clothes to wear on the first day of the new year This month is dedicated to homemakers creating fruit cakes and decorating homes to welcome the festival Vietnamese tradition holds that wearing colorful new clothes during spring symbolizes good luck and hopes for a fresh and prosperous year Historically, shops closed as the New Year approached, prompting early market visits by wives to buy fresh foods before prices rose and supplies dwindled after the fifteenth of the lunar month Regardless of socioeconomic status, families decorate their homes with folk paintings of chickens and pigs, and engage in various tasks like buying copper sprays, purchasing narrows for cutting flowers, and preparing ingredients for spring rolls These meticulous preparations reflect deep-rooted cultural beliefs and collective efforts to welcome the new year with hope and joy.
During Lunar New Year, traditional folk paintings of pigs and chickens are essential to celebrating the festival Every year, my mother would buy a large bamboo scroll featuring these images, usually containing nine or ten illustrations, which became a treasured part of our celebrations Siblings often competed to have the best chicken or pig picture, sometimes even arguing over them, but ultimately, we would agree to display the entire scroll on the wall and enjoy it together These simple folk paintings symbolize the spirit of our southern Vietnamese culture and add a joyous, festive atmosphere to the holiday Without these images, Lunar New Year feels incomplete and nostalgic, as these decorations embody the true essence of the celebratory spirit.
每逢春节，在北越任何家庭中至少均有一盆桃花或一盆金橘，因为在他们 的心目中，桃花是避邪之物，也是幸运的象征，金橘是取吉利之意。但有一个 河内人过年时必不可少的就是一盆蟹腿兰花。“在河内，春节时，每家每户都 必须有一棵桃树或一颗梅花，一盆菊花，或一对杜鹃花，以便给家庭里增添心 年的气氛；但也有特殊人士认为，春节没有两盆蟹腿兰花，年味就少了几份。 大理石制成的茶柜、红木家具和红木沙发不能用抛光剂打磨，必须用干香蕉叶 打磨；用灰烬和稻壳制成的青铜器，清洁后涂上古铜色；瓷砖地板只要倒花生 油一晚再擦，等到二十九、三十用水刷一下就亮了。祭台上的窗帘大概都换了， 还有五果盘要记得洗干净。整天都在忙来忙去做这样的家务，日末却做不完的 工作。正是如此妻子说“想起来了一定要马上做，不要留到最后一天，怎么做 也来不及”。可见从腊月起，越南人总是从一大早到深夜忙着准备过年，此时 大家都陷入了沉睡。在羽凭笔下出现的妻子勤劳形象代表着越南家庭中的女性 的形象。“春日不给家庭装潢一下，心就不安”。
Vietnamese customs during the Lunar New Year emphasize that both women and men have their own responsibilities; women often handle household chores, while men participate in traditional rituals One important tradition is the “sending of Spring,” where branches and offerings are brought to the clan leader’s house to make sacrifices, symbolizing gratitude and social harmony This act is often seen as a way to express love and openness, embodying the philosophy of “the more friends, the fewer enemies,” helping to resolve conflicts and foster positive relationships Despite busy work and study schedules throughout the year, these customs highlight the cultural beauty of maintaining social bonds in Vietnam Preparing for the New Year involves tasks like buying agarwood for burning and selecting fireworks for the celebration, with men typically responsible for these activities Celebrating the Lunar New Year also means visiting ancestral graves to rebuild and pay respects, emphasizing the importance of family traditions and continuity during festive times.
Preparing for the Lunar New Year is a cherished tradition deeply rooted in Vietnamese culture Farmers hope to produce more, while city residents aspire to become wiser, wealthier, and more mature During this festive season, old grudges are put aside to foster unity and remove worries People communicate openly, avoiding negative remarks about animals or careless speech, and refrain from sweeping away important items, symbolizing respect and hope Ultimately, the celebration reflects a collective wish for a better year ahead—stronger, healthier, smarter, and prosperous for individuals, families, and the community.
3.2.2 春节市场在羽凭中的记忆
Chợ Tết là một phần không thể thiếu trong đời sống tinh thần dân tộc và là biểu tượng của truyền thống văn hóa sâu sắc Việc đi chợ Tết không chỉ là nhu cầu cá nhân mà còn là sự thúc giục nội tâm của mỗi người, đặc biệt là phụ nữ Chợ Tết thường được xem là nơi phụ nữ thể hiện tài năng và nghề nghiệp của mình Trong tâm trí của Vũ Phụng, đi chợ Tết cùng vợ không chỉ là niềm đam mê mà còn mang lại hạnh phúc, bởi vì thời gian gần Tết khiến vợ ông trở nên nhanh nhẹn hơn, mắt sáng hơn và khuôn mặt trở nên hồng hào Thật rõ ràng cảm nhận được niềm vui của người chồng khi cùng vợ đi chợ, như đi chợ Mo Mo hay chợ Bang, trước thềm năm mới.
O Cau Den，cho Dan, cho Ngam，cho Dong Xuan 铜春市场……太拥挤了，然而 该妻子一直走路灵活，没有任何疲倦的迹象，停下来买一件东西，转身又买一 件东西，包揽数百件东西仍然像往常一样心旷神怡。
Chợ Tết luôn có sức hút đặc biệt, thể hiện nét đặc sắc văn hóa độc đáo khiến không khí đón xuân trở nên sôi động và hấp dẫn hơn Không chỉ vậy, không khí nhộn nhịp của chợ Tết phản ánh khát vọng về cuộc sống giàu có, thịnh vượng của người dân Người xưa có câu: “Cứ đi chợ ngày Tết, cả năm cứ yên ổn,” thể hiện giá trị nhân văn và tầm quan trọng của Tết trong nhận thức văn hóa dân tộc Sức hút của chợ Tết xuất phát từ sự chân thành, tình cảm đậm đà của cộng đồng Theo nhà nghiên cứu, chợ Tết là nơi để cảm nhận hương vị ngày Tết, bởi nếu thiếu đi không khí này, không khí năm mới sẽ trở nên nhạt nhòa hơn Hình dung một ngày Tết mà không có chợ, không khí đón xuân sẽ trở nên buồn tẻ biết bao Chợ Tết còn là biểu tượng của giá trị truyền thống tốt đẹp của dân tộc, mang vẻ đẹp như một bài thơ đồng quê, vừa trong sáng vừa thú vị Những hình ảnh như người đàn ông cưỡi trâu, những cô gái bán hàng vui vẻ, và không khí rộn ràng quanh các mái nhà lợp tranh, tạo nên một bức tranh sinh động, đầy sắc màu và cảm xúc, như thể bàn tay của thiên nhiên đang khoe sắc thắm.
According to Yu Ping, the Spring Festival market possesses a unique charm rooted in the beauty of simple, rural life This charm is characterized by natural, unembellished scenes that lack vibrant colors, elaborate poses, or modern urban influences It evokes nostalgic memories of traditional festivities, where the warmth and innocence of rural settings create a genuine sense of friendliness and joy The market’s simplicity and rustic atmosphere deeply resonate with people, making it a beloved part of cultural tradition that embodies authenticity and heartfelt warmth.
羽凭的“12 个月的想念”中的河内春天气息
3.3.1 人们对春气的喜爱是必然规律
Spring has long been an endless theme in poetry, inspiring countless writers to express their deep emotions While many have beautifully depicted spring, such as Qinghai's "Little Spring," capturing the essence of spring in northern regions remains a challenge Hanoi's spring is filled with poignant feelings, yet few authors, like Yu Ping, have succeeded in capturing its unique charm with the same depth and artistry.
Trong văn học của Yu Peng, Tết Nguyên Đán không chỉ là thời khắc chuyển mùa, là sự thay đổi của thời tiết theo tự nhiên vũ trụ, mà còn là một ký ức văn hóa gắn liền với truyền thống, phong tục và lễ nghi Tết là biểu tượng của tình yêu thiên nhiên, như tình cảm không thể tách rời giữa con người và mùa xuân, từ tâm hồn của mẹ đến tình yêu đôi lứa, tất cả đều hòa quyện trong vẻ đẹp của mùa xuân Nhà văn Yu Peng, sống lâu ở miền Nam, quen với phong tục đón Tết nơi đây, cảm nhận cái nắng chói chang nhưng vẫn mát mẻ, cùng với những trái cây đặc trưng như dưa hấu, măng cụt, sầu riêng, trái sữa, và các loại bánh truyền thống như bánh tét, bánh xèo, bánh u Ngoài ra, ông còn thưởng thức nhiều loại hoa mai như kim liên mộc và bạch mộc, nhưng dù mùa xuân ở miền Nam rực rỡ thế nào, nỗi nhớ quê Bắc vẫn luôn dấy lên trong lòng ông.
3.3.2 人们心中的春色
Spring is a personal season for everyone—"my spring"—evoking the joy of a child's celebration or the deep nostalgia for one's homeland It encompasses the unique climate of northern and Hanoi springtime, characterized by gentle drizzles, soft breezes, the melody of swallows under the blue night sky, distant village drum echoes, and charming girls singing love songs This harmonious blend of nature and emotion reflects the peaceful and poetic essence of spring across regions.
Trong đó, 羽凭 mang lại cho độc giả những trải nghiệm đẳng cấp tại thành phố 河城, như việc tản bộ dọc bờ hồ Thuy Ta thơ mộng, khi hoàng hôn buông xuống để ngắm nhìn những cô gái xinh đẹp như tiên nữ trong những chiếc váy nhiều màu sắc phản chiếu lung linh trên mặt nước Mùa xuân tại đây làm say đắm lòng người, đem lại cảm giác tươi mới và ngọt ngào, khiến ai cũng đều yêu thích mùa xuân này.
Tết is the most beautiful and culturally rich tradition for the Vietnamese people, symbolizing a time of change and longing for roots The festive atmosphere begins at home, where families are busy preparing for the holiday The description highlights the responsible and resourceful wife, who tirelessly handles various chores such as cleaning, setting up altars, arranging tea utensils, and displaying bottles of aqua red and green wine She also sun-dries fruit jars outside, arranges jewelry under glass cups, and decorates the yard with lights and water cups, ensuring everything is in order These cleaning rituals are essential customs that reflect the beauty of Vietnamese traditional beliefs and customs, especially among the northern Hanoi residents.
The article emphasizes not only outdoor scenes but also highlights the vitality of spring within nature and the human spirit Spring’s energy is likened to the blood in deer buds or the tiny leaves sprouting from tender tree shoots, symbolizing renewal and growth It describes how, like animals hiding in cold weather and emerging when the sun returns to dance and find food, spring symbolizes revival and a longing for true love This season possesses a magical spiritual power that awakens the vitality of all living things, bringing joy and warmth to everyone and strengthening the bonds among people.
3.3.3 正月十五日之后的春色奇景
In northern Vietnam, spring transforms the landscape with vibrant energy, inspiring foreigners' children and rejuvenating those feeling down Although spring is beautiful, the most cherished time is after the fifteenth day of the lunar new year when the festive atmosphere remains strong During this period, peach blossoms fade slightly, but their tips still resemble maple leaves; grasses are not as green as late winter or early spring, yet they emit a fragrant aroma The skies become clearer with less fog and clouds, and gentle spring rains begin to fall, bringing a refreshing coolness Sitting by the window, gazing at the green stripes in the sky, one might suddenly feel a deep, excited joy Only after the fifteenth day of the lunar new year can one truly appreciate the subtle beauty of everyday life From these simple daily moments, far from grand feasts or high mountains, Yan Ping finds the genuine beauty in life's honest, innocent, and rustic details.
北越春节的活动
农历新年对越南人民来说是一个重要而有意义的传统仪式。在传统春节期 间，越南人民举行多项传统风俗活动，祈求新年平安、幸运、安康、兴旺。这 个时候，远离家乡的亲人也回家团聚，探亲访友，派红包和举行祈求仪式。每 年农历腊月 23 至 30，家家户户都要祭扫祖坟。把水果鲜花献到祖先坟前，请 祖先灵魂回家过年。这是一种普遍习俗，体现了后人对前辈和逝者的孝顺和尊 敬，同时也体现越南民族的饮水思源道理。
3.4.1 越南农历春节的意义
Why is the Spring Festival celebrated on the last day of the lunar year and the first day of the new year, rather than during warmer festivals like the Dragon Boat Festival or Qixi Festival? The timing of the Spring Festival holds deep cultural significance, symbolizing the conclusion of an old year and the welcoming of new beginnings It is traditionally associated with family reunions, customs, and rituals that mark the transition between years, reflecting a desire for renewal and prosperity Unlike summer festivals that celebrate specific seasons or myths, the Spring Festival's placement at the turn of the lunar year emphasizes themes of rebirth, hope, and cultural continuity This unique timing underscores its importance as the most significant and widely celebrated festival in Chinese culture, promoting family unity and cultural heritage.
The term "Tet" in Vietnamese originates from the ancient Chinese pronunciation of the word for "festival." In modern Vietnamese, "Tet" is pronounced as a single syllable Unlike the Western New Year, the Vietnamese Lunar New Year, known as "Tet Nguyen Dan," is based on the lunar calendar's 24 solar terms and does not coincide with the Gregorian New Year The character "元" in "元旦节" (New Year's Day) signifies the beginning, emphasizing the start of a new year.
“旦” 又是黎明的意思所以元旦节的本义是“农历新年的第一天”
Our ancestors selected the date of the Lunar New Year to align with national activities, choosing the most leisurely and meaningful days of the year This tradition allows for honoring ancestors, conducting ancestral worship, and fostering rest and renewal, reflecting the cultural significance of the holiday.
越南春节置于冬末立春，有更深层次的意义：在祠元看来，春天意味着
Mùa xuân tượng trưng cho sự thoát khỏi mùa đông, những sương giá tan chảy và mọi thứ bắt đầu hồi sinh Người xưa tin rằng để thờ cúng các vị thần đất đai là cách thể hiện lòng thành kính đối với Trâu Thần, giúp mùa màng phát triển thuận lợi Trọng tâm của lễ hội Tết chính là chờ đợi sự quay trở lại của các thần linh đất đai, mong mùa màng phát triển, cuộc sống trở lại bình thường, đồng thời ngăn chặn những điều bí ẩn gây cản trở may mắn và khả năng sản xuất Họ cho rằng, nếu không có những cấm kỵ, thần đất sẽ ban phước lành cho con người, cây cối, động vật và của cải ngày càng phong phú Từ khi người dân định cư và sống dựa vào nông nghiệp, lòng tin vào các vị thần đất đai đã tồn tại mấy nghìn năm, như một phần tất yếu trong đời sống tâm linh của họ Điều này giúp mọi người đoàn kết và có chung khát vọng tiến bộ trong năm mới, thể hiện mối liên kết thiêng liêng giữa con người và tự nhiên.
To achieve progress, it is essential to approach the New Year with a positive attitude from day one Believing in this mindset can help individuals discover a more beautiful and lovable life, inspiring continuous growth and personal improvement throughout the year.
3.4.2 腊月三十与大年初一的活动
Eating zongzi during the Vietnamese Lunar New Year is a cherished tradition that reflects the rich rice cultivation culture passed down through generations Each year, families prepare zongzi to celebrate the holiday and honor their ancestors, symbolizing unity and reverence In Vietnamese belief, zongzi and sticky rice cakes embody the harmony of heaven and earth, representing the desire for prosperity, health, and happiness throughout the year Typically made with 200 grams of glutinous rice, filled with 200 grams of pork and 150 grams of mung bean paste, and wrapped in banana leaves, zongzi symbolize the earth with their green color signifying vitality The pork and mung bean filling also symbolize the abundance of wildlife and lush vegetation, highlighting the cultural significance of this traditional delicacy during the Lunar New Year celebrations.
Spring Festival is a time when people take a break from their busy work routines to relax and enjoy themselves The author expresses a deep love for the festival, especially on the 29th and 30th of the lunar month, describing festive nights filled with drunken revelry and lively excitement Despite staying out until dawn, they often find their wife still awake, together reviewing dishes like red-braised fish, slicing radishes, stirring mung bean soup, and watching a pot of cooked zongzi in the courtyard.
On New Year's Eve, people hold flag-raising ceremonies to celebrate the upcoming year; they plant a bamboo tree in front of their houses, which serves as a sign to deities about their offerings and is believed to ward off evil spirits with charms hanging from its top After planting the flagpole, families participate in rituals welcoming ancestors home and celebrating with relatives, including offerings at the altar They prepare a plate of five fruits and peach branches, burning incense to show respect to their ancestors The "five-fruit bowl" typically contains fruits like lychee, coconut, water apple, mango, among others, each symbolizing wishes for prosperity and abundance—such as "surplus year after year" and "wealth overflowing"—thanks to their names' meanings in Vietnamese.
During the Vietnamese Lunar New Year holiday, people enjoy writing Spring Festival couplets, a tradition that vividly expresses their thoughts and feelings These couplets are crafted with calligraphy on red paper, symbolizing good luck and prosperity As a form of dualist poetic expression, they consist of two contrasting lines that convey the author’s sentiments about social phenomena or events Traditionally, Spring Festival couplets are pasted on homes, doors, and temples to celebrate the lunar New Year and bring positive energy for the coming year.
The tradition of hanging couplets during the Spring Festival has a long history, serving as a source of positive energy that encourages optimism for the new year These creatively written phrases on paper symbolize the arrival of spring and evoke hopes for good fortune and happiness in the year ahead Embracing this cultural practice enhances a sense of renewal and confidence, making people believe that the upcoming year will bring numerous wonderful opportunities.
Tuhu Four Springs is celebrated on Thursdays A person skilled in couplets must possess an extensive vocabulary and knowledge to fully understand the meaning behind each pairing.
腊月 30 日，人们举行庆祝活动，称其为年终晚会。晚上十二点是除夕庆祝 活动，标志着两个旧的新年相逢送别，鞭炮一响，人山人海。过年了，越南人 会不远千里万里往家赶，就为了全家人围坐在一起，吃年夜饭，一起守岁。在 旧年将过，新年来临之际，摆上香案，迎接新年，称为“年发”。除夕夜，越 南人还有“求禄”的风俗。一般有两种：一种称为“采禄”，通常从寺庙祭祖 返回时，随手采摘一根带有绿叶的树枝回家，寓意为采集天地神灵赐给的福禄。 这根树枝拿回去后，插在家里的神金前，直到树叶枯残为止。另一种是带一些 果品回来，也称之为“禄”，可以分发给朋友亲戚，看作是在散福。“祭拜天 地后，妻子抹了少许粉笔，在脸颊上滴了一滴粉色，然后和丈夫与孩子穿上一 件桃金娘色的丝绒衬衫，去玉山寺烧香许愿”。去寺庙采禄之后，还有众多要 做的工作“从屋顶上拿了电光鞭炮来烧运气；妻子还忙着祭拜天地仪式；之后， 一家人聚在一起吃团圆饭， 各尝一点”。所以“平日，早上五点，街上就有人 走来走去，但大年初一的早上，人们却睡得很晚，不怕有人打扰他们的睡眠。 七点，有时甚至超过七点还没醒”。
On the morning of the first day of the lunar new year, families in Vietnam perform ancestral worship, offering sacrifices to land gods, kitchen gods, and cultural ancestors, typically including sticky rice dumplings, braised fish, meat buns, beef, and preserved foods After the prayers, children pay New Year's greetings to elders, while adults give them lucky money One of the most distinctive traditions is the “Chuong Nian Xi,” where a fortunate person is chosen to be the first visitor of the year to bring good luck During Tết, colorful activities such as singing, dancing, theater performances, dragon and lion dances, and the unique human chess game (where participants act as chess pieces on a painted ground) take place, attracting many locals There are also strict taboos on the first day—no arguing, swearing, borrowing items, debt collection, or farming—to avoid disturbing land spirits and damaging crops; even sweeping and taking out the trash are avoided until after three days These customs, well understood by husbands and children, are repeatedly emphasized by women each year to ensure good fortune in the new year.
Taboos are not mere superstitions; they represent a deep-rooted faith and trust in our ancestors' wisdom They reflect a collective belief passed down through generations, fostering mutual trust among people Ultimately, these cultural beliefs embody a shared confidence in the future, strengthening societal bonds and guiding human behavior.
小结
During the continuous cycle of the Spring Festival, the ways and customs of celebrating have evolved, but its core spiritual values have been passed down through generations These values can be summarized as: a grateful heart, the joy of family reunions, and hopeful dreams Through rituals honoring gods and ancestors, we express gratitude for the protection of heaven and earth and seek ancestral blessings, which enrich our lives in food, clothing, shelter, and daily needs Family reunions allow us to enjoy the happiness of kinship and fulfill emotional needs rooted in Confucian virtues such as benevolence, righteousness, propriety, filial piety, and harmony Celebrations of the New Year inspire us to joyfully pursue ideals related to happiness, prosperity, longevity, and good fortune.
For all Vietnamese people, returning home for Tet symbolizes reconnecting with their roots and expressing love for ancestors, relatives, and fellow countrymen Celebrating Tet at home fosters optimism and allows individuals to relax after hard work, enjoying the beauty of flowers and fruits, and sharing joyful moments of reunion with loved ones Despite changing times, the Vietnamese Lunar New Year retains its soul, remaining the most important, warmest, and most complete festival nationwide Every Spring and New Year’s arrival provides a perfect opportunity to revive, promote, and pass down traditional values to future generations.