영화를 통한 한국의 소프트파워 및 베트남을 위한 경험에 관한 연구 = sức mạnh mềm của hàn quốc trong lĩnh vực Điện Ảnh và bài học kinh nghiệm cho việt nam
주제를 선택한 이유
In today's world, globalization and transnational issues have led to challenges that even superpowers cannot resolve solely through military and economic strength The failures of the Vietnam War and the events of September 11 serve as prime examples of this reality Joseph Nye highlights that the distribution of power resources varies depending on the issue at hand He emphasizes that while military and economic power were once the primary means of problem-solving, contemporary challenges require the importance of soft power, including culture, political values, and international cooperation.
South Korea is surrounded by major powers such as the United States, China, Russia, and Japan, all of which have vested interests in the Korean Peninsula Historically, South Korea has focused on enhancing its hard power capabilities However, there are inherent limitations to strengthening its hard power in the face of competing great powers.
South Korea must seek strategies to enhance its soft power The country possesses a valuable resource in its cultural development experience, which has been advanced ahead of other nations Over the past few decades, the world has witnessed the rapid and powerful spread of the "Korean Wave" through films, dramas, and other forms of popular culture, confirming the nation's cultural soft power Generally, South Korea's experience in expanding cultural soft power, particularly through the development of its film industry, offers significant insights for Asian countries within the context of globalization and international integration.
"Soft power" is increasingly asserting its role in the current socio-economic development process.
An essential factor in enhancing a nation's reputation, status, competitiveness, and influence is the development of 'soft power.' In this context, the South Korean government recognizes that its development strategy focuses on building and solidifying this soft power, reflecting the trends of the times and the current circumstances and strengths of Korea in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.
In the early years, South Korea focused on developing its culture, economy, and foreign policy while actively participating in international organizations to promote its "soft power." This strategic approach not only led to remarkable economic transformation but also established South Korea as a "rising power" in the region, recognized globally for its cultural influence.
In his 2013 doctoral dissertation, "Soft Power: Korea's International Cooperation in Informatization," Shin Jeong-ryeol explores the concept of soft power in the context of South Korea's efforts in global information cooperation The research, conducted at Korea University, highlights the significance of information technology in enhancing Korea's international influence and collaboration.
The key to this transformation lies in a strategy that involves repositioning the national brand by converting cultural resources into cultural "soft power," which includes industrial development strategies.
Korean cinema is considered a vital channel for enhancing the 'soft power' of Korean culture The 'Korean Film Renaissance' emerged after the 1998 financial crisis, driven by a sense of patriotism among Koreans The most appealing products are those that embody the most authentic cultural identity of Korea If a film is merely a product for popular entertainment without incorporating the typical cultural foundations of Korea, it is merely imitation and lacks sustainability Furthermore, it is argued that learning and absorbing the essence of human culture must go hand in hand with preserving traditional culture Based on this, many Korean films are being created that combine content infused with love for Korea and the attractive blockbuster style of Hollywood.
The recent success of the film "Parasite" (2019) has made history as the first Asian film to win four Academy Awards, including major categories This remarkable achievement highlights the global impact of the Korean Wave and reaffirms the expanding influence of the film industry worldwide.
통해 한국 문화의 '소프트파워'가 성공했다는 증거이기도 하다
Over the past two decades, the South Korean film industry has experienced significant growth, achieving a remarkable market share in ticket sales by 2018.
Korean films exported to Asian countries received a positive response, accounting for 50.9% of the market share.
Art films have won significant awards at international film festivals, highlighting the transformation of the South Korean film industry from a "lowland" in global cinema to one of the "hottest" markets in Asia Reflecting on the recent successes of the South Korean film industry at film festivals, many experts believe that this upward trend is continuing.
The active establishment of diplomatic relations and normalization of ties with communist countries has contributed to global peace, demonstrating a significant enhancement of soft power across cultural, political, and diplomatic dimensions.
연구의 필요성 및 목적
In South Korea today, the influence of both hard power and soft power is prominent According to the hard power ranking index released in 2021, South Korea ranks 6th in military strength and demonstrates significant economic power through its gross domestic product.
2 “Renaissance of Korean National Cinema” as a Terrain of Negotiation and Contention between the Global and the Local: Analysing two Korean Blockbusters, Shiri (1999) and JSA (2000)
3 Global Firepower, “2021 Military Strength Ranking” https://www.globalfirepower.com/countries-listing.php
The country ranks 10th in global GDP, indicating a high level of economic output Additionally, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) suggests that its elevation to developed nation status reflects an enhancement in hard power In terms of soft power, the "Global Soft Power Index 2021" released in 2021 highlights its growing influence on the global stage.
From May 14, 2020, to June 11, 2021, there was a notable three-step increase in rankings Soft power can be directly felt through the achievements of popular culture A prime example is the globally beloved artist BTS, who has significantly spread the appeal of K-POP and positively influenced the national image of South Korea, including the promotion of the Korean language On September 24, 2021, the President of South Korea's special envoy, representing the world's youth, addressed the United Nations General Assembly.
Tại phiên khai mạc "Khoảnh khắc Mục tiêu Phát triển Bền vững (SDGs)", đã có những bài phát biểu và biểu diễn nghệ thuật hướng tới thế hệ tương lai và văn hóa Hoạt động quốc tế đặc biệt thông qua 7 tổ chức quốc tế đã tạo ra một cú sốc mới mẻ trên toàn cầu, mang lại ảnh hưởng tích cực không chỉ cho các nghệ sĩ mà còn cho sự nổi tiếng của quốc gia Tiếp theo đó, sự thành công của các tác phẩm như "Ký sinh trùng" và "Trò chơi con mực" trên thị trường quốc tế đã tạo nên cơn sốt Hàn Quốc, bao gồm phim, drama, webtoon và ẩm thực Điều này cho thấy sức mạnh cứng và sức mạnh mềm của Hàn Quốc ngày càng trở nên quan trọng, và cần có nhiều nghiên cứu hơn về vấn đề này.
This article focuses on films that fulfill all forms of soft power resources Movies serve as a key element in developing the influence of soft power, and research has been conducted on this aspect to date The goal is to advance our understanding of the impact of films in the context of soft power.
This paper aims to explore the potential application of soft power development in Vietnam.
연구 질문
This study is conducted based on the following inquiries: What is soft power? What is the current state of South Korea's soft power? Additionally, the second question explores the relationship between film and South Korean soft power.
4 STATISTICS TIMES, “Projected GDP Ranking” https://statisticstimes.com/economy/projected-world-gdp- ranking.php
5 Brand Finance, “Global Soft Power Index 2020” https://brandirectory.com/globalsoftpower/download/brand- finance-global-soft-power-index-2020.pdf
6 Brand Finance, “Global Soft Power Index 2020” https://brandirectory.com/globalsoftpower/download/brand- finance-global-soft-power-index-2020.pdf
I don't know!
The relationship of power is a key focus, particularly in the context of how Vietnam can enhance its soft power through film The article explores the experiences and lessons that Vietnam can learn to effectively develop its soft power in the cinematic realm.
연구의 범위
The core of this study examines whether films are enhancing South Korea's soft power as part of its cultural diplomacy.
This study focuses on how Korean films that meet certain criteria influence the perceptions of Vietnamese audiences As Korean cinema continues to gain popularity in Vietnam, attracting a growing number of viewers, a comprehensive approach is necessary to understand this phenomenon.
수 없고 제한적이어야 한다.
연구의 구조
본 논문의 구성은 다음과 같다
Chapter 1 outlines the rationale behind selecting the research topic, the objectives of the study, the research questions, and the overall structure of the research.
함께 내용을 제시한다
제 2장에서는 선행연구를 분석한다
제 3장에서는 연구 방법을 제시한다
Chapter 4 explores South Korea's soft power through film and its implications for Vietnam.
Chapter 5 presents the conclusion, summarizing the key points of the paper and highlighting the findings derived from the research.
제 2 장 연구의 근거
과학적 근거
Research on soft power is gradually increasing, yet the body of work remains limited The study of soft power is still in its early stages.
There is a lack of in-depth research on the soft power of cultural spheres, particularly in the context of the Korean-Vietnamese film industry.
Focused research on this topic is rare The primary research trend presents issues surrounding film as a significant aspect of South Korea's soft power This paper will explore the theoretical foundations derived from a review of previous studies, examining South Korea's soft power through film and its implications for Vietnam.
선행 연구 검토
In 1990, Harvard University professor Joseph S Nye first established the concept of soft power, which has since become a crucial objective in contemporary foreign policy, particularly in cultural and public diplomacy South Korea is increasingly emerging as a cultural powerhouse on the global stage, indicating a shift in focus from hard power to soft power in recent years Concurrently, there has been a significant rise in research related to soft power.
In Vietnam, the influence of soft power through cinema is frequently highlighted in various books, newspapers, and magazines.
In the process of reviewing prior research, the following theses and studies were referenced.
우선, 21 세기 아시아의 한류 열풍 연구에서는 Vu Thi Thu (2005)는 한류 열풍을 통한
The article highlights South Korea's cultural development strategy, suggesting that Vietnam has the potential to create a similar cultural wave and gain valuable experience in the process.
The study lacks the ability to present the influencing factors The research methodology includes interviews, qualitative techniques, and an integrated approach.
Luận văn thạc sĩ của Nguyễn Thái Giao Thủy (2015) nghiên cứu về "ngoại giao văn hóa" tại Việt Nam, nhấn mạnh rằng mọi quốc gia nên sử dụng ngoại giao văn hóa như một công cụ hiệu quả của sức mạnh mềm để nâng cao hình ảnh quốc gia trên trường quốc tế Tuy nhiên, nghiên cứu này chỉ phân tích sức mạnh mềm của Việt Nam mà không so sánh với các quốc gia khác có sức mạnh mềm mạnh mẽ hơn.
Nguyen Vo Hai Trieu (2015) trong nghiên cứu về chiến lược phát triển văn hóa Hàn Quốc thông qua các trường hợp của làn sóng Hàn Quốc đã đặt ra câu hỏi nghiên cứu quan trọng Một trong những câu hỏi chính là: Tại sao làn sóng Hàn Quốc lại trở nên phổ biến đến vậy?
Is the Korean Wave easily accepted and welcomed in other countries? What policies is the Korean government implementing to promote the development of Hallyu? What experiences can Vietnam gain to create its own wave?
연구 방법은 설문 조사, 질적 기술, 면접이다
The topics mentioned above primarily focus on the concept of soft power, particularly in relation to film.
There is currently no research topic that explores soft power In fact, the sources of documents and information remain very limited and require further expansion.
제 3 장 연구방법
연구 배경
In the 1950s and 60s, South Korea was considered an underdeveloped nation, but it has since emerged as a cultural powerhouse in Asia through the export of cultural products such as films and electronics The Korean film industry has gained international recognition, producing films that compete with European cinema, featuring relatable family and social themes, and showcasing stylish young actors Additionally, the entertainment sector, including music, talk shows, and game shows, has thrived due to effective promotional strategies, leading to the rise of numerous K-pop idols and influencing teenagers in countries like China and Vietnam This evolution highlights the significant role of soft power in developing and establishing global brands and images since the end of the Cold War.
Currently, soft power is a fundamental factor in enhancing national competitiveness and expanding a country's influence both regionally and globally.
연구 도구
A study involving 120 Vietnamese participants examined their perceptions and interest in Korean and Vietnamese films.
An online survey focused on key questions was conducted over the course of a week The results of the survey serve as a foundation for understanding the current state of the film industry and presenting experiences related to Vietnam.
연구 대상
This study aims to gather reference materials and prior research in Vietnamese and Korean, focusing on soft power theory and its relation to film Based on this information, the paper will establish a theoretical foundation for understanding how Korean cinema influences soft power, utilizing the most relevant knowledge available.
자료 수집 방법
This study aims to gather information on translation theories and patterns of mistranslation by identifying reference materials and prior research in Vietnamese and Korean Based on this foundation, the paper will utilize optimal knowledge to analyze types of mistranslation.
관한 이론적 배경을 수립하고 작성한다
자료 분석 방법
This article quantitatively analyzes interest in Korean cinema by creating statistical charts and identifying key trends It also assesses the level of interest among Vietnamese audiences through visual data representation, aiming to understand the current landscape and develop optimal strategies to enhance Vietnam's soft power.
제 4 장 연구 내용 및 조사 결과
소프트 파워에 대 개괄
소프트 파워의 개념
Soft power, a concept developed by Joseph Nye at Harvard University, refers to the ability to influence others through attraction rather than coercion, such as money or power A key characteristic of soft power is its non-coercive nature Joseph Nye introduced this idea in the late 1980s.
The concept of "Soft Power" was introduced by Nye, who defines power as the ability to achieve desired outcomes without coercion.
The ability to influence the behavior of others is crucial for achieving desired outcomes This can be accomplished through various methods, such as coercion, financial incentives, or by enticing individuals to adopt your goals as their own This concept, known as soft power, focuses on persuading others to willingly embrace the results you seek, rather than forcing them into compliance.
4.1.1.1 소프트 파워의 등장배경
In 1990, Americans were deeply concerned about the decline of the United States, a sentiment largely influenced by the aftermath of the Vietnam War.
The roots of the discussion can be traced back to the 1970s, when American theorists analyzed the implications of the Vietnam War in the context of World War II.
The end of the era of the United States as the world's leading power led to a questioning of the superiority of American democracy Following the shattering of the "American myth," people began to doubt the effectiveness of the U.S democratic system During this period, the United States found itself in a relatively weak position in the strategic arms competition against the Soviet Union, compounded by worsening inflation.
The dissolution of the Bretton Woods system in 1971 and the oil crisis in 1973 significantly impacted the United States' position as a global economic leader This led to a decline in American confidence and heightened fears of national decline, which became a persistent nightmare Although the U.S economy showed signs of recovery in the 1980s, new concerns emerged During this period, Japan experienced remarkable economic growth, while the Soviet Union, a nuclear power, began to decline Consequently, some experts predicted that geopolitics would give way to geoeconomics, with Germany and Japan emerging as new challengers to the United States, raising fears that America might face a decline similar to that of the Soviet Union.
8 조지프 S.나이 지음, 홍수원 옮김, 소프트 파워, 세종연구원, 2004, pp8-9
In his book "The Rise and Fall of Great Powers," historian Paul Kennedy warned that a hegemonic state could lose its dominance due to excessive political, economic, and military expansion Published in 1988, the book sparked significant debate in the U.S and beyond Joseph Nye challenged the notion of American decline, arguing that the perspective was flawed because the U.S possesses other power resources beyond military capabilities He emphasized the importance of both hard power and its counterpart, soft power In 1998, Nye and Robert Keohane further elaborated on soft power in their article "Power and Interdependence in the Information Age," published in the journal "Foreign Affairs."
In 2002, Joseph Nye advanced the concept of soft power in his book "The Paradox of American Power: Why the World’s Only Superpower Can’t Go It Alone." He further elaborated on this idea in 2004 with his work "Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics."
The article systematically organizes the concept of soft power in politics, explaining the transition of power dynamics.
The article discusses soft power from various perspectives, linking it to U.S foreign policy It highlights how Joseph Nye theorized soft power before implementing it in practice In 2005, Nye published "Hard Power and Soft Power," aiming to emphasize the distinct mechanisms of soft power through a comparison with hard power According to Nye, global political power is shifting from hard power, characterized by military and economic coercion, to soft power, which operates through persuasion and consensus based on culture, ideology, and diplomacy.
In the 21st century, modern soft power is closely linked to information technology, playing an increasingly vital role in national diplomatic policies.
4.1.1.2 소프트 파워의 자원
Age is likened to power, much like the weather Everyone relies on and discusses this power, making it a common topic of conversation.
Few truly understand the essence of power dynamics, much like how farmers and meteorologists strive to predict the weather Political leaders and analysts work diligently to explain and forecast changes in these power relations According to Ten, a nation's soft power primarily depends on three types of resources.
The first factor is the culture of the country that is appealing to the region, the second is the political values that are upheld both domestically and internationally, and the third is the possession of just and moral authority.
9 김상배, 소프트 파워와 21 세기 권력: 네트워크 권력론의 모색, 한울아카데미,2009, p16
10 조지프 S.나이 지음, 홍수원 옮김, 소프트 파워, 세종연구원, 2004, p24
한국의 소프트 파워의 상황
Despite its limitations, Nye's soft power theory has significantly inspired the development of South Korea's soft power The South Korean government has actively incorporated Nye's perspectives to promote cultural Hallyu and international aid initiatives.
15 Todd H.Hall, "An Unclear Attraction: A Critical Examination of Soft Power asan Analytical Category, "The Chinese Journal of International Politics, Vol.3, 2010, p200
The country is actively promoting its soft power through a rebranding strategy that emphasizes its multicultural identity.
4.1.2.1 한국의 소프트 파워의 필요성
Throughout history, Korea was forcibly integrated into modern international politics, experiencing national crises and loss Although it established itself as a sovereign state during the Cold War, it struggled to formulate a coherent national strategy due to its entanglement in the politics of great powers This situation arose because modern international relations were defined by hard power, emphasizing military strength and economic prowess Consequently, Korea remained relatively weak among the Northeast Asian powers However, following the end of the Cold War, Korea's economic strength rapidly recovered.
Despite being ranked around 10th globally, the country aims to transcend its status as a relatively weaker nation in Northeast Asia.
위해 한국의 소프트 파워 증진의 필요성이 대두되었다
In the 1990s, South Korea experienced significant growth in various cultural and entertainment sectors, including film, television dramas, music, gaming, information technology products, software, and content creation.
As cultural products gain global recognition, the potential for South Korea's soft power is increasingly highlighted.
Despite the increasing expectations and efforts within South Korea, the nation has faced significant challenges in the post-Cold War international political landscape, particularly amid the diplomatic policies of Northeast Asian powers As a relatively weaker state in Northeast Asia, South Korea continues to navigate a regional international politics that is largely driven by the principle of power balance.
South Korea faces significant challenges in strategic choices within Northeast Asia For instance, during the Roh Moo-hyun administration, the pursuit of a strategy as a balancer encountered severe criticism both domestically and internationally due to the relatively weak hard power capabilities, which hindered its ability to fulfill the role of a balancer effectively.
South Korea aims to establish itself as a middle power in the international system Throughout its history, it has been forcibly integrated into modern international politics, experiencing national crises and losses Despite establishing itself as a sovereign state during the Cold War, South Korea struggled to formulate a coherent national strategy due to its entanglement in the politics of great powers.
Eliminating war entirely in the 21st century is a challenging task; however, achieving peace and development remains a crucial objective of this era Advanced scientific technologies, cutting-edge weaponry, and state-of-the-art communication systems are pivotal in shaping the new age.
16 Lain Watson, South Korea's State-led Soft Power Strategies: Limitson Inter-Korean Relations, Asian Journalof Politica lScience, 2012, p1
Bài viết "Chiến lược ngoại giao thông minh của Hàn Quốc" của các tác giả Jeon Jae-sung, Jo Yoon-young, Han Seok-hee, Park Young-jun, Shin Beom-sik và Yoo Hyun-seok, được xuất bản bởi Hanul Academy vào năm 2009, trang 22, trình bày những khía cạnh quan trọng của chiến lược ngoại giao hiện đại của Hàn Quốc.
The article discusses the smart power diplomatic strategies of South Korea, as explored by authors Jeon Jae-sung, Jo Yoon-young, Han Seok-hee, Park Young-jun, Shin Beom-sik, and Yoo Hyun-seok, published by Hanul Academy.
The article discusses the smart power diplomatic strategies of South Korea, as explored by authors Jeon Jae-sung, Jo Yoon-young, Han Seok-hee, Park Young-jun, Shin Beom-sik, and Yoo Hyun-seok, published by Hanul Academy.
In today's global landscape, a nation must develop hard power and secure strong soft power support to establish a significant position Additionally, in Northeast Asian international politics, countries like China and Japan exhibit trends in their national diplomacy and engage in regional power competition.
As both hard and soft power initiatives are actively pursued, a competitive landscape for soft power has emerged In light of China's regional hegemony and charm offensive, Japan's transformation into a normal nation and military power, along with its promotion of a Japanese-style East Asian liberalism and development model, South Korea must urgently strengthen its soft power and strive to establish itself as a cultural powerhouse.
4.1.2.2 한국의 소프트 파워의 자원