Nghiên cứu so sánh biểu hiện từ chối trong tiếng hàn của người hàn quốc và phiên dịch viên tiếng hàn người việt nam
연구 목적 및 필요성
When learning a foreign language in any country, there are various purposes, whether for academic pursuits or employment opportunities.
The primary positive objective is to communicate fluently with native speakers of the target language.
The ultimate goal for Korean language learners is to achieve natural communication skills akin to those of native speakers The concept of 'communicative competence' was introduced by Hymes in 1972, emphasizing the importance of effective communication in language learning.
Effective communication skills encompass not only knowledge of grammatical and syntactic rules but also pragmatic and sociocultural understanding (Yoon Eun-mi, 2004) Therefore, Korean language learners must study Korean grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation while also acquiring sociocultural knowledge that reflects the characteristics of Korea and pragmatic knowledge To achieve smooth communication, it is essential to understand the principles of language use and the messages conveyed by the speaker.
Để hiểu mối quan hệ giữa ý định và hình thức ngôn ngữ, cần phải nghiên cứu một cách hệ thống về ngữ dụng học (Park Young-soon, 2007, tr 19) Giao tiếp là một phần quan trọng trong cuộc sống con người, thể hiện sự tương tác giữa các cá nhân.
The process involves not only performing tasks within the workplace but also establishing and maintaining interpersonal relationships among employees.
Effective communication is crucial in the workplace, as employees spend a significant amount of their time engaging in interactions related to their tasks.
Effective communication is crucial in the workplace, as it accounts for approximately 89% of tasks performed According to Jeon Eun-joo (2013), successful job performance and interpersonal relationships among employees are impossible without effective communication Therefore, Vietnamese learners of Korean must recognize the importance of pragmatic knowledge and sociocultural understanding to enhance their Korean communication skills.
Lack of pragmatic competence and sociocultural knowledge in a target language can hinder effective communication with native speakers, potentially leading to misunderstandings and conflicts According to Wolf Son (1989), native speakers often notice errors in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary made by foreign learners.
Cultural norms and conventions associated with a language can lead to pragmatic errors, which are often viewed as less tolerant and impolite This perception can result in communication failures.
Gass and Selinker (1999) highlight that when communication breakdowns occur, native speakers often respond to learners' linguistic errors.
Rather than identifying causes from resource deficiencies, it is often easier to judge learners as rude and uncooperative based on personal traits (Kim Hana, 2014) Han Sang-mi (2005) analyzed conversations between Korean learners in English-speaking contexts and native Korean speakers, revealing that communication breakdowns occur more frequently due to pragmatic failures (232 instances, 92.8%) than grammatical errors (18 instances, 5.2%) Therefore, as highlighted by previous researchers, enhancing pragmatic and sociocultural knowledge is essential.
것이 외국어를 학습할 데 있어 매우 중요하다는 것을 알 수 있다
The purpose of human expression is not merely the act of using language itself, but rather to convey intentions such as gratitude, requests, or compliments through language In essence, using language serves to perform actions, encapsulated in the idea that "saying something is doing something." This concept is known as speech acts According to Park Young-soon (2007, p.27), a 'sentence' is a linguistic unit and a syntactic unit, while an 'utterance' is a pragmatic unit and the basis for pragmatic analysis An utterance can be seen as the communication unit between the speaker and the listener To truly interpret the meaning of an utterance, it is essential to consider the speaker, the listener, and the context of the utterance, including the time and place.
The speaker's performative acts, such as apologies, compliments, invitations, promises, requests, and refusals, reflect their communicative intentions According to Brown & Levinson (1987, p 24), certain speech acts are inherently face-threatening, with refusals being particularly significant as they convey an inability to accept the other party's demands, requests, or suggestions, thereby posing a substantial risk to the interlocutor's face Additionally, refusal acts impact the interaction between the parties involved.
Sự từ chối có thể gây ra xung đột hoặc hiểu lầm, làm tổn hại đến các mối quan hệ tích cực hiện có (Jo Yong-gil, 2005, tr 291) Do đó, việc từ chối cần được thực hiện trên cơ sở lịch sự.
3 화행에 대한 정의 및 특징은 제2장에서 언급되었다
4 Brown & Levinson(1987)은 체면위협행위는 상대방과의 관계를 위협하면서 체면을
선행 연구 검토
Recent studies have increasingly focused on the speech acts of refusal in the Korean language This research explores the nuances and implications of how refusals are communicated in Korean culture.
Research on refusal speech acts in South Korea has been conducted by various scholars, including Kang Hyun-hwa (2007), Kim Hana (2014), Seo Hee-jung (2001), Choi Hye-min (2013), Lee Hae-young (2003), Choi Yeon-sun (2013), Heo Sang-hee (2010), and Yoon Eun-mi (2004).
The analysis of Korean refusal speech acts focuses on their manifestation in the workplace This article summarizes existing research on the topic.
Research on refusal speech acts in Korean focuses on the interactions between Korean language learners and native speakers It examines how refusals are expressed and understood within the context of Korean culture, highlighting the differences in communication styles Understanding these nuances is essential for effective language acquisition and intercultural communication.
The study of refusal speech acts can be divided into contrastive analysis research, focusing on the patterns of usage in the workplace.
Research on refusal speech acts in Korea primarily focuses on linguistic perspectives, revealing the unique characteristics of refusal in the Korean language Studies analyze the usage patterns of native Korean speakers and examine how these refusal speech acts are represented in Korean language textbooks.
거절 화행의 문제점 및 개선방안 제시하는 연구가 있다
Research identifying the characteristics of refusal speech acts in Korean has been conducted by scholars such as Heo Sang-hee (2002), Jeon Jeong-mi (2006), and Lee Soo-yeon (2008).
Heo Sang-hee (2002) analyzed Korean drama scripts to examine the characteristics and types of refusal speech acts The study categorized refusals into direct and indirect types, with direct refusals being analyzed from pragmatic, morphological, and syntactic perspectives In contrast, indirect refusals were explored solely from a pragmatic viewpoint, presenting 12 strategies such as re-requesting, re-suggesting, and scene changes While this research provides a detailed analysis of refusal speech acts from morphological, syntactic, and pragmatic aspects, the reliance on drama scripts raises concerns about the realism of the findings.
Jeon Jeong-mi (2006) utilized television drama scripts as data to analyze how dialogue participants resolve conflicts.
The article categorizes strategic approaches to problem-solving and relationship improvement into three types: confrontational, evasive, and conciliatory Notably, this study distinguishes itself from others by classifying refusal speech acts based on the speaker's psychological state However, it is limited by its analysis, which primarily focuses on everyday conversations and discussions, leaving a gap in understanding the characteristics of refusal in workplace Korean.
Lee Soo-yeon (2008) categorized the forms associated with the function of refusal, highlighting their characteristics from phonetic, morphological, semantic, and pragmatic perspectives Unlike previous studies, this research distinguishes between fixed and non-fixed expressions of refusal While it is significant for classifying refusal speech acts based on the nature of expressions using scripts from broadcast programs or actual conversations, it has limitations in that it does not adequately present the specific sub-strategies commonly used by Koreans.
Research analyzing the refusal strategies of native Korean speakers has highlighted issues and proposed improvements in Korean language textbooks Notable studies in this area include those by Seo Hee-jung (2001), Kim Yoo-hyang (2008), Jeong Mi-jin (2009), Choi Hye-min (2013), Lee Se-in (2019), Sung Ah-young (2011), and Ra Chang (2017).
Heo Hee-jung (2001) conducted a comparative analysis of refusal speech acts in Korean language textbooks and among native Korean speakers, focusing on elicited speech acts, status relationships, and gender as variables By comparing the refusal speech acts of native speakers and advanced Korean learners through a discourse completion questionnaire, the study revealed that the textbooks do not accurately reflect real-life situations, failing to provide learners with precise input It emphasized the need to address the use of refusal strategies based on elicited speech acts and sociolinguistic variables in the textbooks This research highlights the importance of collecting actual data from native speakers and offers suggestions for improving the textbooks.
Kim Yoo-hyang (2008) conducted a comparative analysis of the refusal strategies between Chinese learners of Korean and native Korean speakers This study investigated the issues related to refusals presented in Korean language textbooks and proposed educational solutions It highlighted the importance of providing reasons and justifications in refusals, as well as the use of expressions like "I'm sorry" and "I apologize."
The strategy of "acceptance of the present and future" is commonly utilized, with a notable distinction being that Koreans emphasize capability.
연구 방법
This study employs discourse analysis methods and technical approaches to achieve the objectives outlined in the previously mentioned research.
통계 방법, 대조 분석 방법을 활용하여 연구를 진행할 것이다
Before discussing the patterns of refusal by native Korean speakers in the workplace, it is essential to examine and describe the concept and characteristics of refusal speech acts in general.
Secondly, after examining the characteristics of refusal speech acts, the study aims to collect practical discourse data from the workplace This research utilizes discourse completion tests and closed-ended questionnaires as measurement tools Through the DCT questionnaire, a qualitative analysis will be conducted to understand how the perceived burden of refusal and the psychological state after refusal vary depending on the relationship with the other party.
통해 양적으로 분석하였다
Based on the results of the survey, discourse analysis methods, technical approaches, and statistical techniques will be utilized together.
Both studies by Choi Yeon-seon (2013) and Nguyen Thi Thanh Phuong (2021) have a relatively small sample size, which may impact the objectivity of their findings.
The analysis examines the patterns of rejection behaviors among different groups using the DCT questionnaire It directly identifies the speech acts of rejection found within the survey responses.
This article categorizes rejection, indirect rejection, and supplementary expressions by type, detailing the characteristics of rejection within different groups It will also clearly illustrate the usage rates of rejection strategies and the preferred rejection strategies among these groups using statistical methods.
Finally, by analyzing the rejection characteristics of different groups using a comparative method, this study aims to identify the differences and similarities in the rejection strategies employed by native Korean speakers and Vietnamese learners of Korean in the workplace.
연구 대상과 범위
This study focuses on the refusal strategies employed by native Korean speakers in the workplace, examining the types and characteristics of Korean refusal speech acts It aims to investigate how these refusal strategies vary based on social variables among Koreans Additionally, the research will identify the similarities and differences in refusal strategies between Vietnamese learners of Korean and native Korean speakers, specifically through the lens of Vietnamese interpreters working in Korea.
사용 양상도 같이 분석할 것이다
Rejection can be expressed through both verbal and non-verbal communication, conveying the intent to refuse in various ways This study focuses specifically on verbal expressions of rejection, including silence and simple responses.
Non-verbal refusals, such as facial expressions and hand gestures, were excluded from the scope of this study Additionally, the speech acts that induce refusals were limited to 'requests' and 'proposals,' while social variables were confined to the social status and intimacy between the speaker and listener.
논문의 의미
This study aims to contribute to the field of linguistic behavior research between Korea and Vietnam.
This study examines the characteristics of refusal speech acts in Korean and the specific refusal behaviors of Koreans in the workplace, providing valuable resources for teaching refusal speech acts in Korean to Vietnamese learners.
Secondly, this study examines the specific patterns of refusal realization between native Korean speakers and Vietnamese learners of Korean.
Identifying commonalities and differences is essential not only for Korean language learners but also for researchers in the field of speech acts.
The detailed information regarding the social variables of the 13 induced behaviors is found in the rejection variables of the theoretical background in Chapter 2.
언급된 것이다
The study of language acts is expected to provide significant insights and valuable data.
This study analyzes the characteristics of rejection and preferred rejection strategies in Korean workplaces It is anticipated that Vietnamese learners of Korean will reference these characteristics to effectively adapt and communicate fluently in Korean work environments.
논문 구성
본 논문에서는 서론과 결론을 포함하여 총 5 장으로 구성된다
Chapter 1 introduces the research objectives of this paper, highlighting the study's relevance to both South Korea and Vietnam.
This study will review existing research on refusal speech acts in South Korea, outlining the research methods, subjects, and scope, as well as the significance of the study.
Chapter 2 examines the research topic and its theoretical background It provides a comprehensive description of the concept of refusal speech acts and highlights the characteristics of refusal among Koreans, along with the politeness associated with refusals.
This article will analyze the concept of face, the variables influencing refusal speech acts, and present a framework for refusal strategies.
Chapter 3 presents a research experiment focused on the refusal strategies employed by Korean and Vietnamese learners of the Korean language.
This section outlines the design and procedures of the study, detailing the research subjects, experimental tools, and the methods employed throughout the research process.
자료 분석 방법의 측면에서 살펴볼 것이다
Chapter 4 analyzes the data collected from the DCT questionnaire, focusing on the refusal strategies employed by native Korean speakers and Vietnamese learners of Korean The study examines how these strategies vary based on group dynamics, social power, and intimacy between the speaker and the listener.
두 집단의 사용하는 거절 전략 개수와 전략 양상을 대조 분석할 것이다
Chapter 5 will briefly summarize the discussions of this study, outlining its limitations and providing recommendations.
제 2 장 이론적 배경
화행 이론
Hành động ngôn ngữ được phát triển lần đầu tiên bởi Austin (1962, tr 2), người đã nói rằng "nói điều gì đó là làm điều gì đó Hoặc bằng cách nói hoặc thông qua việc nói, chúng ta đang thực hiện một hành động nào đó." Điều này có nghĩa là việc sử dụng ngôn ngữ của chúng ta không chỉ đơn thuần là để mô tả một tình huống.
Language serves as a means to perform actions According to Seo Kyung-hee (2000, p.26), the fundamental unit of human communication is not linguistic expression but rather the act of stating or expressing gratitude.
Theo lý thuyết hành động, hành động được thực hiện có thể được hiểu là một hành động cụ thể Pulilong (2014, tr 357) đã chỉ ra rằng trong lý thuyết hành vi, các hành động này có ý nghĩa quan trọng trong việc giao tiếp.
The act of communication is defined as the smallest unit of interaction through language use This means that actions such as making requests or refusals can be considered fundamental components of communication.
According to Austin (1962, p 108), speech acts can be categorized into three types: locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts Locutionary acts refer to the actual utterance or expression of words.
A sentence that carries specific meaning and refers to a particular subject is defined by its utterance.
An illocutionary act refers to the speaker's intention behind utterances such as informing, commanding, or warning the listener In contrast, a perlocutionary act denotes the specific effects or influences that the utterance and its accompanying actions have on the listener's emotions, thoughts, or behaviors According to Bach & Harnish (1979, p.3), the relationship between utterance acts, accompanying actions, and their effects illustrates that when a speaker communicates with a listener, they simultaneously perform actions that impact the listener Additionally, Clyne (1996, p.11) discusses the composition of utterances as presented by Austin (1962).
A locutionary act refers to the actual form of an utterance, while an illocutionary act represents its communicative intent, and a perlocutionary act pertains to the effect of the utterance According to Austin (1962), the illocutionary act is the most crucial element of utterance, determined by its illocutionary force Furthermore, utterances can be classified into direct speech acts and indirect speech acts based on whether the literal meaning aligns with the context of the illocutionary act Although indirect speech acts are generally considered more polite, their perception can vary across different cultures and contexts, highlighting the importance of contextual characteristics in understanding utterances.
According to Austin (1962, p.150), speech acts can be classified based on performative verbs into five categories: verdictives, exercitives, commissives, behavitives, and expositives.
Verdictives involve actions such as pronouncing, determining, and declaring judgments by jurors, arbitrators, or judges Exercitives refer to acts of exercising power, rights, or influence, including voting, warning, and appointing Commissives encompass promises, contracts, and oaths Behavitives relate to social behaviors and attitudes, such as apologizing, praising, and congratulating Expositives describe how our utterances function in discussions or arguments, including actions like describing and acknowledging (Austin, 1962, pp.150-152).
Searle (1976) advanced and reclassified Austin's (1962) theory of speech acts According to Searle (1976, pp 1-5), for a speaker's intended utterance to be effectively communicated and understood by the listener, certain conditions must be met.
적정 조건 felicity conditions 14 를 중점을 두고 Austin(1962)과 달리 발화 수반
The speech act has been reclassified based on key criteria such as the illocutionary point, direction of fit, and expressed psychological state This reclassification of speech acts highlights the various dimensions of communicative intent and the underlying psychological factors involved in utterances.
‘표본 화행(representatives)’, ‘지시 화행(directives)’, ‘위임 화행(commissives)‟, ‘표현
행위(expressives)’, ‘선언 화행(declarations)’ 5 가지로 분류하였다( Searle, 1976, pp.10-14)
① ‘단언 화행(representatives)’은 화자가 표현된 명제가 사실(true)이나 거짓(false)이라고
The act of expressing beliefs involves various forms of communication, including asserting, claiming, concluding, and stating.
Directives are speech acts where the speaker instructs the listener to perform a specific action This includes various forms such as advice, commands, orders, and questions.
③ ‘언약 화행(commissives)’은 화자가 미래의 어떤 행동에 대해 자신의 책임을 부과하여
Actions such as offering and pledging represent the act of expressing an intention to perform a specific behavior.