This code outlines the requirements for designing, constructing, and testing pressure vessels, including the selection of appropriate materials, the determination of design parameters, a
INTRODUCTION
Project Overview
Hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) is a colorless, toxic gas with a strong odor, commonly present in natural gas and crude oil It plays a crucial role in the production of sulfuric acid, elemental sulfur, and other chemicals However, its corrosive, toxic, and flammable properties make safe storage of H₂S a complex challenge that necessitates specialized equipment and processes.
Figure 1: Chemical formula of Hydrogen Sulphide 𝐻 2 𝑆
Cylindrical pressure vessels play a crucial role in the chemical industry for the safe storage of hazardous and corrosive substances Their design must account for essential factors including pressure, temperature, material selection, corrosion resistance, and safety protocols This project will specifically address the design considerations for a cylindrical pressure vessel intended for the secure storage of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S).
Designing a pressure vessel for storing hydrogen sulfide (𝐻₂𝑆) necessitates a comprehensive understanding of its physical and chemical properties, along with adherence to relevant pressure vessel design codes and standards By creating a safe and efficient storage solution for 𝐻₂𝑆, we can promote its sustainable use in the chemical industry while reducing the associated storage and handling risks.
1.1.2 Overview of Designing Cylindrical Pressure Vessels According to
Pressure vessels, utilized since ancient times for storing liquids and gases, saw significant advancements in design during the 19th century with the advent of steam engines and boilers The early catastrophic failures of these vessels prompted the establishment of industry standards and codes to enhance safety and reliability in pressure vessel design.
In 1914, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) published the first Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, which set standards for the design, construction,
The ASME Code has undergone continuous updates and revisions to incorporate advancements in technology and industry standards since its inception, as detailed in "Chemistry of the Elements" by Greenwood and Earnshaw (1997).
Designing pressure vessels in accordance with international standards requires a meticulous approach that encompasses several key steps This process begins with assessing the operating conditions, followed by the selection of suitable materials Additionally, it involves the design of end closures and supports, as well as the verification of the design through comprehensive stress analysis and testing.
The ASME Code Sec VIII is a key international standard for pressure vessel design, detailing essential requirements for their construction and testing It emphasizes the selection of suitable materials, the establishment of design parameters, and the calculation of minimum thickness necessary to endure the specified design pressure.
The design of pressure vessels in accordance with ASME Code Sec VIII requires a thorough process that encompasses design verification through stress analysis, testing, and inspection A key method employed in this evaluation is finite element analysis (FEA), which assesses the structural integrity and stress levels of pressure vessels.
The design of pressure vessels for hazardous gases and liquids is vital in the chemical industry Adhering to international standards like the ASME Code Sec VIII guarantees that these vessels are designed safely and efficiently This section will explore the principles of pressure vessel design in accordance with global standards, along with a historical perspective on the evolution of pressure vessel design.
The design process starts by identifying the vessel's operating conditions, such as pressure, temperature, and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) concentration Using these parameters, the maximum pressure the vessel will experience is calculated according to relevant standards and codes Subsequently, the minimum wall thickness is determined using Barlow's formula while accounting for corrosion effects.
The selection of construction materials will focus on their corrosion resistance and strength properties End closures, nozzles, and supports for the vessel will be designed in accordance with relevant design codes and standards To assess the structural integrity and stress levels of the vessel, finite element analysis (FEA) will be conducted Additionally, the design will be validated against the requirements of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.
Risk assessment and failure mode analysis will be conducted to ensure the safety and reliability of the design This process will identify potential hazards and risks related to the storage and handling of 𝐻₂𝑆, allowing for the integration of suitable safety measures into the design.
The main goal of this project is to create a safe and efficient cylindrical pressure vessel for the storage of hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) that complies with international standards, particularly the ASME Code Sec VIII 2 To accomplish this, several specific objectives have been established.
Figure 1.2: Model of ASME Pressure Vessel Code ( Section VII,Division 1)
The design parameters for the pressure vessel will be established, focusing on design pressure, operating temperature, and material selection We will calculate the minimum thickness necessary to endure the design pressure and operating conditions, while also designing end closures and supports to guarantee structural integrity and stability.
Stress analysis through finite element analysis (FEA) will be performed to confirm the design and ensure stress levels remain within acceptable limits The corrosion resistance of the chosen material will be assessed, and suitable corrosion protection measures will be implemented Additionally, the pressure vessel design will be validated to meet relevant international standards, including the ASME Code Sec VIII.
Problem Statement
Pressure vessels are essential for safely storing fluids and chemicals in various settings, including homes, workplaces, and industries Their importance cannot be overstated, as a failure can lead to severe consequences, including financial losses, environmental damage, and threats to human life Therefore, it is crucial to minimize the causes of pressure vessel failures to ensure safety and prevent tragic outcomes.
Material selection errors, neglecting external factors such as temperature and pressure, overlooking the type of fluid contained, and improper design procedures are key contributors to failures Additionally, corrosion and fatigue significantly impact the integrity of materials, highlighting the importance of comprehensive considerations in material selection and design.
Corrosion fatigue refers to the mechanical failure of materials due to the combined impact of corrosion and cyclic loading Engineering structures often encounter hazardous conditions and alternating stress throughout their lifespan, which can lead to the failure of pressure vessels.
This report discusses hydrogen sulphide, a colorless yet toxic, corrosive, and flammable chemical that travels through pressure vessels Due to its hazardous nature, the design process for these vessels must be meticulous to ensure the safe handling of hydrogen sulphide.
1 Which component is most critical in terms of integrity of the pressure vessel?
The integrity of a pressure vessel is influenced by various factors, including design, operating conditions, and application Key components include the shell, end closures, nozzles, and supports The shell serves as the primary load-bearing element, and its failure can result in severe consequences End closures and nozzles experience high stresses and require careful design to maintain their integrity Additionally, supports are essential for providing stability and must be engineered to avoid overloading and buckling.
For a cylindrical pressure vessel intended for hydrogen sulphide storage, with a capacity of 1500 cubic meters and a maximum operating pressure of 4 MPa, the shell is identified as the most critical component To ensure the integrity of the vessel, a thorough stress analysis utilizing finite element analysis is essential to identify all critical components.
Pressure vessels hold gases or liquids at pressures different than what’s found in our normal environment This pressure differential creates constant stress in the internal system (our pressure vessel)
Physical and chemical systems naturally strive for equilibrium and the lowest energy states In the context of a pressure vessel, the contents aim to escape to achieve this balance Once released, the stress is alleviated, and the system reaches its lowest energy state This concept parallels the potential energy of water at a height, which seeks to fall and, upon doing so, attains a lower energy state.
The failure of pressure vessels often stems from the "urge to normalize" the pressure and attain equilibrium, as the contents and vapors continuously seek an escape This can occur at various points, including the main body of the vessel, its supports, attachments, and nozzles Additionally, weld joints are frequently identified as critical points of potential failure.
Materials can fail under high pressures and extreme temperatures, which are common in industrial and petrochemical environments Engineers also evaluate material performance at room temperature, as various physical changes and chemical reactions can occur due to temperature fluctuations.
Neglecting to address potential issues can lead to leaks and the gradual release of contents into the environment While safety features are designed to allow for controlled release rather than catastrophic explosions, it remains crucial to prevent leaks and failures proactively In addition to avoiding accidents and health risks, maximizing the asset's lifespan is vital for maintaining its integrity, which ultimately leads to reduced downtime and lower maintenance, repair, and replacement costs.
Managing stress within a pressure vessel is an ongoing challenge that requires continuous action to mitigate potential issues It is essential to implement strategies that effectively remove stress to ensure the safe operation of the vessel.
2 What is known (or has already been decided) about the physical requirements for the new product?
The new cylindrical pressure vessel for storing hydrogen sulphide has specific physical requirements: it must have a volume of 1500 cubic meters and be oriented vertically The maximum operating pressure is set at 4 MPa, and material selection should prioritize strength and corrosion resistance to ensure safety and integrity Compliance with international design standards, including the ASME Code Sec VIII, is essential The vessel must maintain structural integrity and stability, with appropriate corrosion protection measures implemented for longevity Additionally, a comprehensive testing and inspection plan is necessary to verify the vessel's integrity and safety before and after installation.
By establishing these physical requirements, the project team can proceed with the design process and ensure that the final product meets the required standards and specifications
Design variable values that are known or fixed prior to the conceptual design process (e.g., external dimensions)
Constraints that determine known boundaries on some design variables (e.g., upper limit on acceptable weight)
3 What are the assumptions of the firm about the economics of the product and its development? What are the corporate criteria on profitability?
Firms often make several key assumptions regarding the economics of a new product Firstly, they believe the product will generate revenue and enhance overall profitability Secondly, they consider the development costs justifiable, expecting that the potential return on investment will exceed these costs Additionally, firms assume there is adequate market demand for the product, anticipating customer acceptance They also expect the product to be cost-effective, allowing for competitive manufacturing and pricing Lastly, firms assume the product is scalable, enabling large-scale production to meet market demand and drive significant revenue.
Most firms establish specific financial targets to assess the profitability of new products Key criteria include Return on Investment (ROI), expected gross margin, and the timeline for reaching the break-even point Additionally, firms aim for a defined market share and maintain Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) within acceptable limits By setting these benchmarks, companies can evaluate the feasibility of new products and make informed decisions regarding their development and commercialization Other considerations include pricing policies throughout the product life cycle, warranty policies, anticipated financial performance, and required capital investment.
4 What are the most up-to-date recycling policies of the corporation and how can this product’s design reflect those policies?
Sustainability and environmental responsibility become increasingly important, many corporations are adopting recycling policies that promote the circular economy and reduce waste
To design a cylindrical pressure vessel for storing hydrogen sulphide in alignment with corporate recycling policies, several key measures can be implemented First, selecting materials that are recyclable or contain a high percentage of recycled content is essential Additionally, designing the vessel for easy disassembly facilitates the separation and recycling of components at the end of its lifecycle End-of-life considerations should focus on minimizing waste through reuse, recycling, and remanufacturing, alongside implementing a take-back program and an upgrade policy Compliance with sustainability certifications, such as Cradle-to-Cradle Certified™ and LEED, is also crucial Furthermore, integrating the pressure vessel into a closed-loop system allows for the reuse or recycling of materials within the same process Finally, factors such as shelf life, useful life, setup and maintenance costs, and maintenance logistics should be carefully evaluated to ensure efficiency and sustainability.
By incorporating these design considerations, the pressure vessel can reflect the corporation's recycling policies and contribute to a more sustainable and environmentally responsible product
Determine the important components and set specific reliability goals for them in terms of reliability (mean time to failure)
5 Are there opportunities to patent the product or some of its subsystems?
Objectives
The project objectives are: i To design a PV using ASME Code Sec VIII
The primary objective of this project is to design a pressure vessel in accordance with ASME code, specifically tailored for hydrogen sulfide as the working fluid at a temperature of 25 °C and a volume of 1,500,000 m³ The vessel will be engineered to withstand a maximum operating pressure of 4 MPa and will be oriented vertically Additionally, we aim to create working drawings that comply with international standards and design codes.
Following our course standard and design codes we using ASME The following
(Figure 4) , showing the overview of a horizontal pressure vessel for storing any fluid.
Figure 1.4: Specific components of Horizontal Pressure Vessel
The vessel specifications, illustrated in Figure 1.5, adhere to ASME Section VIII, Division 1 standards This ensures that all necessary details regarding the design and specifications are thoroughly addressed.
Figure 1.4: Pressure Vessel Chart August 2011 by JWN | Trusted energy intelligence
The design of the vessel, illustrated in Figure 1, adheres to ASME Section VIII, Division 1 standards, ensuring comprehensive specifications and design details It is crucial to evaluate the impact of multiple material options on the design outcome, as selecting the appropriate material is essential for safety and preventing part failure Additionally, this choice significantly influences the life-cycle cost of the equipment being designed.
To investigate the effect of material choice or choosing the material for making the vessel we using 4 types of material checking:
We can use some typical chart for room temperature for choosing material, such as (Figure 1.5)
Figure 1.5: Mechanical Properties of Selected Materials
For comparing material selection during conceptual design We using some type of chart that are create on a large computerized material property database Ashby’s chart consist of three chart
Young's modulus is a critical factor in determining a material's resistance to deformation under load, while density reflects the mass per unit volume of the material For pressure vessels, selecting a material with a high Young's modulus is essential to withstand pressure without significant deformation Additionally, the material should possess a low density to reduce the vessel's overall weight, ensuring it maintains the necessary strength and stiffness.
Pressure vessels are typically made from materials such as carbon steel, stainless steel, aluminum, and titanium Carbon steel is favored for high-pressure applications due to its high Young's modulus and cost-effectiveness Stainless steel is popular for its strength, corrosion resistance, and low density Although aluminum and titanium are pricier, they provide lower densities and greater strengths, making them ideal for aerospace and other applications where weight is critical.
When designing a pressure vessel, it is crucial to balance the material's Young's modulus and density alongside factors like cost, corrosion resistance, and manufacturability Ultimately, the selection of material will be guided by the specific needs of the application.
• Strength density:Strength density is a term used to describe the ratio of a material's strength to its density In the context of designing pressure vessels,
In the design of pressure vessels, the strength density is a crucial factor as it aids in identifying materials that provide the optimal strength-to-weight ratio This consideration is essential for ensuring the efficiency and safety of pressure vessel designs.
High strength density materials are essential for pressure vessel applications, as they provide significant strength and stiffness while reducing the vessel's overall weight This characteristic is especially crucial in industries like aerospace and transportation, where weight plays a vital role.
Materials with high strength densities possess both high strength—such as tensile, yield, or ultimate strength—and low density A prime example is carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), a composite material that offers an exceptional strength-to-weight ratio, making it perfect for lightweight pressure vessels.
When selecting a material for a pressure vessel, it is crucial to consider not only strength density but also factors like corrosion resistance, cost, and manufacturability.
Strength density plays a crucial role in pressure vessel design, as it aids in selecting materials that provide high strength and stiffness while reducing the vessel's overall weight Nonetheless, it is essential to consider strength density alongside other material properties and design requirements for optimal performance.
Fracture toughness and modulus are critical material properties in pressure vessel design, significantly influencing the vessel's capacity to withstand crack initiation and propagation.
Fracture toughness quantifies a material's ability to resist cracking under stress, typically assessed through standard methods like ASTM E399 and expressed in stress intensity factor (K) units Materials exhibiting higher fracture toughness values demonstrate greater resistance to crack initiation and propagation, a crucial characteristic for pressure vessels exposed to high stresses and cyclic loading.
Modulus is a key indicator of a material's stiffness and its ability to resist deformation when subjected to load It is commonly quantified as either Young's modulus or shear modulus, measured in units of stress over strain, such as GPa or psi Materials with higher moduli exhibit greater stiffness and resistance to deformation, which is crucial for pressure vessels that must preserve their shape and structural integrity under significant pressures and loads.
When designing a pressure vessel, selecting the right material involves balancing fracture toughness and modulus A high modulus material helps maintain the vessel's shape and resist deformation under load, but low fracture toughness can lead to crack initiation and propagation On the other hand, materials with high fracture toughness resist cracks but may deform more easily if they have a low modulus.
Scope of study
Pressure vessels play a crucial role in numerous industries, serving applications like distillation towers and hydraulic reservoirs This study focuses on a literature review of pressure vessels, specifically examining boilers in accordance with ASME Code Section VIII and Division 2.
This project focuses on selecting the appropriate type and nature of fluid for storage, as well as determining the necessary pressure and temperature to ensure the effective application of the pressure vessel discussed in this report Key characteristics of the pressure vessels are outlined within the report.
• Utilizing in pressure containment for liquid and gas
• Constructed of carbon steel at temperatures, low-alloy steel and austenitic steel
• Temperature for operating process in the range from 380–420◦C (715– 790◦F), for low-alloy steel at higher than 470–500◦C (880–930◦F), and for austenitic steel at higher than 500◦C (930◦F)
The pressure vessels used in this scope of study has a specific design so that not all the main applications wil not be covered in this report:
• Used in the condition having high temperature procedures or very low and cryogenic temperature
• Storage tank conducting at theoretical atmospheric pressure
• Using the instruments such as piping, pipelines, etc
• Safety and pressure relief valves
LITERATURE REVIEW
Overview
The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) is the authoritative standard governing the design and construction of boilers and pressure vessels, as outlined in Ian Sutton's "Plant Design and Operations."
Mission: Material selection, operating temperature and pressure, design stress, corrosion allowance, minimum thickness, welded joint efficiency, factor of safety are criteria included in design selection 5
Key safety factors to consider include the yield stress and tensile strength of materials at elevated temperatures, ensuring they are appropriate for the design conditions Additionally, the available reinforcement area must exceed the required area for adequate support For optimal design, a factor of safety greater than 5 is essential.
M Javed Hyder's research on optimizing the location and size of openings in a pressure vessel cylinder using ANSYS reveals that the ideal placement is at the point where the von Mises stress is minimized.
Spherical, horizontal, and vertical pressure vessels are the most prevalent types, each necessitating specialized ASME heads at both ends There are three main types of these heads.
In the study "Interaction study of factors on the effect of explosion on vertical and horizontal pressure vessels using response surface method" by Seyed Hamed Khalilpour, Rouhollah Amirabadi, and Mehdi Adjami, it was concluded that vertical reservoirs are more vulnerable to lateral loads and exhibit a stronger reaction to explosive interactions Additionally, the research found that the displacement at the vertex of vertical reservoirs under explosion loads is significantly greater than that of horizontal reservoirs.
Research by Russell D Kane highlights the significant impact of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on the corrosion damage and sulfide stress cracking (SSC) in high-strength steels and high-hardness weldments These materials are commonly utilized in oil and gas production, petroleum refining, and petrochemical processing, where H2S poses a critical challenge to their integrity.
M Jeyakumar's research on the "Impact of Residual Stresses on the Failure Pressure of Cylindrical Pressure Vessels" highlights the significance of residual stresses in pressure vessel integrity The findings indicate that negative residual stresses lead to a reduction in failure pressure, emphasizing the importance of managing these stresses in design and safety assessments.
4 Author, I S., 2017 Plant Design and Operations 2nd ed.
5 T.Bailey, 2021 Types of pressure vessels
6 Author, I S., 2017 Plant Design and Operations 2nd ed.
7 Khalilpour, S H., 2021 Interaction study of factors on the effect of explosion on vertical and horizontal pressure vessels using response surface method
8 Russell D Kane, 1988 Roles of H2S in the Behavior of Engineering Alloys: A Review of Literature and Experience
9 M Jeyakumar, Influence of residual stresses on failure pressure of cylindrical pressure vessel, 2013
Z Modi A J, Jadav C.S concluded that the radial stresses in case of hemispherical head pressure vessel are low compared to other types of head; in this paper, the author studies the comparative structural behavior of various types of geometry of pressure vessel; the head is under internal uniform pressure; the analytical and finite element method are used to find stresses in pressure vessel; the aim is to find the best head for a specific parameter with finite element analysis 10 a) Vertical Pressure Vessel Illutrastion b) Horizontal Pressure Vessel Illustration c) Spherical Pressure Vessel Illustration
Figure 2.1: Illustration of Pressure Vessels
Review of Past Designs
2.2.1 Design #1: Authors – M.A Al Khaled; I Barsoum
The Autocad drawing FF-LAM-A1-0120 illustrates a pressure vessel designed to hold carbon dioxide, created by Ferrofab 11, a UAE-based company Published in 2007 at a scale of 1:15, the design adheres to the ASME SEC VII Div1 standards established in 2001, with revisions made in 2002.
10 Z Modi A J, Structural Analysis of Different Geometry Heads For Pressure Vessel using Ansys Multi physics, 2012
11 M.A Al Khaled and I Barsoum (2010) Design and Construction of a Carbon Dioxide Pressure Vessel Based on ASME SEC VII Div1 Standards Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, 132(3),
To guarantee the quality of materials in the vessel's construction, two certifications were obtained: BS EN10204 Type 3.1.B for pressure parts and BS EN10204 Type 2.2 for the bolts These certifications confirm that the materials meet stringent standards and have undergone thorough testing, ensuring their quality and safety.
Figure 2.2: Autocad drawing FF-LAM-A1-0120
Pressure vessels play a crucial role in various industrial processes by safely storing and transporting gases and liquids under pressure Their design and construction must prioritize safety and reliability, adhering to recognized standards The pressure vessel illustrated in the Autocad drawing FF-LAM-A1-0120 complies with ASME SEC VII Div1 standards, regarded as the industry benchmark Designed by Ferrofab, a company renowned for its expertise in pressure vessel design and fabrication, the use of Autocad ensures precise measurements and accurate scaling for safe operation The drawing's publication in 2007 confirms that the design has undergone thorough review and approval for use.
The quality of materials used in a vessel's construction is crucial, as evidenced by the certifications obtained: BS EN10204 Type 3.1.B for pressure parts and BS EN10204 Type 2.2 for bolts These certifications confirm that the materials meet stringent standards and have undergone thorough testing for safety and quality It is vital for pressure vessels to be made from materials capable of withstanding the high pressures and temperatures experienced during operation.
Overall, the information provided in the scientific paragraph indicates that the design and construction of the pressure vessel depicted in the Autocad drawing FF-LAM-A1-
The construction of 0120 was executed with meticulous attention to detail, utilizing industry-standard design codes and premium materials to guarantee the vessel's safety and reliability for industrial applications.
2.2.2 Design #2: Chilled water Buffer Tank by Roy E Hanson JR MFC
Figure 2.3: Chilled water buffer tank
The WL-932-B 400 Gallon Carbon Steel tank features a vertical design specifically for storing chilled water as a buffer tank, operating at 150 psig in accordance with ASME Section VIII, Div 1 Typically, chilled water storage tanks are installed in parallel with one or more chillers on the supply side of a primary chilled water loop The operation of the chiller and storage tank is controlled through setpoints and plant operation methods, with a Scheduled SPM on the chiller output node commonly utilized to manage the distribution of the cooling load and the timing of storage charging.
The SICC 6000L pressure vessel is engineered with high-quality materials to guarantee outstanding performance and longevity Its vertical design facilitates easy installation in diverse environments, while multiple input/output ports enhance connectivity options This versatile vessel is ideal for various applications, including the oil and gas sector, chemical processing, and food and beverage production.
The PED 2014/68/EU certification confirms that the SICC 6000L adheres to rigorous European standards for pressure equipment, ensuring its safety and reliability This certification makes the SICC 6000L a dependable option for engineers, technicians, and manufacturers.
The SICC 6000L pressure vessel features strategically placed side input/output ports for efficient gas and liquid transfer, while top and lower ports accommodate gauges and sensors for monitoring Additionally, the front hole allows for the installation of valves or pressure relief devices Built to endure heavy use and harsh conditions, the SICC 6000L is a durable and versatile investment, ensuring reliable performance in any facility or production line.
Figure 2.4: Design Drawing of SICC 6000L Pressure Vessel with Multiple
Figure 2.5: Design Drawing of Multi- SICC Pressure Vessel with Multiple Input/Output Ports (A4)
The SICC 6000L, designed by Mariatta V from Sicctech Corporation, is a vertical pressure vessel with a capacity of 6000 cubic meters, capable of containing air, nitrogen, water, and similar substances It operates within a pressure range of 0-11.5 bar and is certified under PED 2014/68/EU The vessel features four 3-inch side input/output ports, a 5/4-inch top input/output port, and a lower port of the same size, along with a front hole for accessories measuring 3/8 inches and 3/4 inches.
The SICC 6000L pressure vessel, with a capacity of 6000 liters, features a powder-coated surface that significantly improves its resistance to corrosion, abrasion, and weathering This durable finish not only enhances the vessel's longevity but also provides an appealing look, making it suitable for use in visible or public environments.
The SICC 6000L pressure vessel has a pressure rating of 11 bars, enabling it to endure high-pressure conditions This capability makes it ideal for diverse industrial applications such as chemical processing, oil and gas production, and water treatment The corporation showcases different types of pressure vessels.
The SICC 6000L pressure vessel is engineered to comply with international pressure equipment standards and has been thoroughly tested for safety and reliability Its durable construction ensures longevity and low maintenance requirements, making it a cost-effective and practical choice for businesses and organizations in need of dependable pressure vessels for their operations.
2.2.4 Design #4: Vertical XXHP Vessel – TimmsVille
Figure 2.7 Mechanical drawing of Vertical XXHP Pressure vessel
Vertical pressure vessels are one of the fundamental orientations in vessel design While both horizontal and vertical pressure vessels share similarities in being constructed with two heads and shells, they differ in their support structures The support system for vertical pressure vessels is specifically designed to accommodate their orientation.
“skirt” and the horizontal called “saddles.”
The XXHP pressure vessel is designed and constructed in accordance with general codes and standards, including ASME SEC VIII DIV 1&2 and PD 5500 This pressure vessel effectively separates well fluids produced from oil and gas wells into gaseous and liquid components.
2.2.4 Design #5: Vertical pressre vessel AH-900-B by Roy E Hanson Jr MFG
Safety and Environmental Issues
2.3.1 Analysis of risks of pressure vessels
Advancements in science and technology have led to the widespread use of pressure vessels in various applications, including industrial sectors and everyday items like gas bottles and pressure cookers Consequently, the construction and fabrication of pressure vessels and piping systems are essential to ensure high levels of structural integrity However, failures in these systems can have serious consequences, making safety and maintenance critical concerns.
Risks = Probability of Failure x Consequences of Failure
○ Natural occurrences such as earthquake loadings
○ Operator errors: fail to function properly since it has some problems with time-related degradation or else improper installation or also can have maintenance factors
■ Control and performance at temperature within brittle fracture range limits
■ Uniform corrosion in which the electrochemical reactions proceed uniformly over the whole area of exposed metal surface
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■ Improper or degraded overpressure protection
■ Improper design and fabrication, etc
● Failure Modes may lead to fatalities because of containing toxic or flammable materials in small leaks of vessels These below lists may result in higher consequences including 13
○ Leaking through the wall crack
○ Through-wall corrosion/wall thinning
Failure frequency estimation relies on historical data from past service experiences, emphasizing system-level insights over individual component analysis This approach provides a significant advantage by leveraging experience-based service data, particularly when evaluating frequent failure modes associated with minor leaks.
2.3.2 Safety assessment and environmental issues
The rise of green energy technologies, coupled with growing concerns about climate change, has made pressure vessel-industrial reactors a preferred option for many countries aiming for energy security and sustainable development However, key risks associated with these pressure vessels include potential explosions from ruptured enclosures and leaks of confined fluid products A comprehensive review of scientific literature and various accident reports helps identify and address the diverse causes of these incidents.
Pressure vessel design failures often necessitate two main repair options: damage evaluation and welding repair These guidelines are essential when in-service inspections reveal significant deterioration or cracks, ensuring the pressure vessels operate effectively and maintain structural integrity Damage evaluation is recommended for large-scale cracking, where cracks less than the corrosion allowance can be carefully removed and blended with the surrounding material Conversely, if the crack depth exceeds the corrosion allowance, a detailed engineering analysis is required to assess the damage and consider alternatives for continued operation Welding repair serves as another technical evaluation option to address necessary repairs.
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To restore structural integrity, weld repairs must comply with two codes: NBIC and API Both codes require that the repair and restoration plan be reviewed and qualified by a registered or experienced engineer beforehand It is essential to consider all aspects of the welding process to prevent conditions that could lead to further damage and deterioration.
When operating pressurized systems in both small-scale and large-scale laboratory setups, it is crucial to adhere to specific safety guidelines For small-scale laboratories, the maximum allowable working pressure and temperature should not exceed the lowest rated component in the system Additionally, minimizing the system size and employing pressure relief instruments set below the maximum allowable pressure are essential to reduce energy storage Special care must be taken with glass equipment under pressure, ensuring it is either specially constructed for such use or adequately shielded In large-scale laboratories, all pressure vessels and piping must comply with the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, with components rated at or above the maximum allowable pressure Installing pressure-relieving devices that vent to a safe location is necessary, and valves should not be placed between safety devices and the protected vessel Regular checks of safety valves and ensuring the capacity of pressure-relieving devices can handle maximum liquid or gas quantities are vital to prevent pressure increases beyond safe limits.
To ensure proper system functionality, maintain pressure levels at no more than 10 percent above the maximum allowable working pressure It is essential to position pressure equipment exclusively in designated areas designed for such use Avoid exceeding the maximum allowable working pressure as specified by the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code or the manufacturer's guidelines Additionally, adhere to the manufacturer's recommended maintenance and inspection procedures for optimal safety and performance.
Relevant Design Codes and Standards
Building design, construction, and operation are regulated by codes and standards that establish a uniform vocabulary and set of requirements Since their inception, these codes have become increasingly stringent, primarily focusing on minimizing loss of life and property.
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High-performance buildings now prioritize not only health and safety standards but also social objectives such as accessibility, energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and sustainability Additionally, these buildings must adapt to a variety of new technologies and design concepts Many features of high-performance buildings are often governed by minimum requirements established by codes and standards, including stretch codes.
"Green codes" establish criteria that exceed basic requirements, ensuring consistency while guiding designers and code officials These codes aim to gain acceptance as standards for building design, construction, or usage within a jurisdiction While they may initially serve as regulatory guidelines, once accepted by a jurisdiction, they become part of local law.
Some relevant design codes and standards for pressure vessels are:
The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) establishes essential guidelines for the design, fabrication, and inspection of boilers and pressure vessels, making it a globally recognized standard in the industry.
API 510 is a recommended standard for the inspection, repair, alteration, and maintenance of pressure vessels, applicable to those designed for internal, external, or both types of pressure.
• PED (Pressure Equipment Directive) - This is a European standard that sets out the requirements for the design, manufacture, and testing of pressure vessels It is mandatory in the European Union
• EN 13445 - This is also a European standard which provides guidelines for the design, manufacture, and inspection of pressure vessels
• AS 1210 - This is an Australian standard that sets out the requirements for the design, manufacture, and inspection of pressure vessels
• CSA B51 - This is a Canadian standard that provides guidelines for the design, manufacture, and installation of pressure vessels
• NR13 - This is a Brazilian regulation that sets out the requirements for the design, manufacture, and inspection of pressure vessels
• API 620 - This code sets the design and construction requirements for large, welded, low-pressure storage tanks
• API 650 - This code outlines the requirements for the design, construction, and repair of large above-ground storage tanks
• JIS B 8243 - This Japanese standard outlines the technical requirements for the design, manufacturing, and inspection of pressure vessels
• GOST R 52857 - This Russian standard outlines the technical requirements for the design and manufacturing of pressure vessels
• BS 5500: This standard sets out requirements for the design, construction, and inspection of pressure vessels used in the UK
• It is important to note that the specific design codes and standards that apply to pressure vessels will vary depending on the location and intended use of the vessel.
Design Selection and Appraisal Criteria
Section II: A, D permits the use of codes for components with diverse constructions, guiding the selection of materials with comprehensive specifications Most vessels consist of metal shells with varying diameters at the bottom, top, and walls The design of vessels, as outlined in ASME Section VIII, Div 1, ensures that vertical tanks meet minimum design standards to prevent component failure Vessels operating within a pressure range of 0.1 MPa to 20 MPa adhere to specific codes, with many vertical vessels falling within this category A cylindrical pressure vessel is composed of the shell, head, nozzles, and base support.
The applicant must not alter the original boiler type or design drawing numbers for any modifications to boiler design documents that have passed assessment Any revised sections of the design documents must be evaluated according to the established procedure under specific circumstances.
1 Any modification to boiler pressure parts, components, primary supporting parts, and suspending parts in design papers
2 To use low strength material in place of high strength material
3 Using thinner materials in place of thicker ones (apart from heat piping for boilers with rated steam pressures no higher than 1.6MPa)
4 The replacement steel pipes and tubes have a different nominal outside diameter than the original
5 The design papers must be updated in accordance with new or modified applied safety technical regulations and standards.
Summary
Pressure vessels are specialized containers designed to hold fluids or gases at significantly higher pressures than the surrounding environment They are widely utilized across various industries, including chemical, storage, semiconductor manufacturing, and food processing The design, manufacturing, and operation of these vessels are crucial for ensuring safety, efficiency, and reliability Common types of pressure vessels include boilers, tanks, and distillation towers Strict regulations and inspection standards are implemented to guarantee their safety and prevent accidents Regular maintenance and inspections are essential to maintain the integrity of pressure vessels, preventing leaks, ruptures, or explosions.
METHODOLOGY
Introduction
To determine the most suitable methods for pressure vessel design and analysis, it is essential to understand that a pressure vessel is a container that maintains a pressure difference from atmospheric pressure Operating under high-pressure conditions poses significant risks, necessitating careful consideration in their design The lifespan of a pressure vessel under cyclic loading is influenced by the number of cycles and the intensity of stress experienced Additionally, the conical nozzle must be connected independently, which can lead to geometric discontinuities at the attachment point To evaluate the components of pressure vessels, finite element analysis is employed using specialized workbench tools.
This article explores various modeling techniques for fractured pressure vessels and offers guidelines for utilizing finite element methods (FEM) in analysis It emphasizes the importance of beginning with a simple design and incorporating closed-form analyses to enhance the modeling process.
"Maximum allowable stress" defines the highest force that can be safely applied to a vessel, incorporating a protection line and a stress limit for areas exposed to numerous stress cycles that may lead to failure The maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) indicates the highest pressure the vessel can handle during normal operations at a specific temperature A comprehensive fatigue analysis of the pressure vessel confirms that its fatigue life exceeds the required duration Consequently, the performance analysis methodology consists of several key stages.
Figure 3.1: Overall Project Block Diagram for the Design Methodology
David Heckman explored three-dimensional, symmetric, and axisymmetric models, concluding that finite element analysis can be a powerful tool when applied correctly He identified various techniques that enhance run times and reduce errors based on the desired outcomes The recommended methods include using axisymmetric models with solid elements and symmetric models with shell elements Additionally, contact components were tested to simulate the interaction between the walls of pressure vessel cylinders and their end caps.
A J Dureli (1973) investigated stress concentration in ribbed cylindrical shells with reinforced circular holes under internal pressure using various experimental techniques The study compared results from reinforced holes in ribbed shells to those with non-reinforced holes in both ribbed and unribbed shells Findings indicated that maximum longitudinal and hoop stress values typically occurred at 0° and 90° angles along the edge of the hole, measured counterclockwise from the hole's longitudinal axis R.
J Belzunce, M.A Guerrer, and C Betego A pressure vessel (PV) made of high strength steel (P500) was subjected to design loads and assumed to have the "worst case" crack permitted by European standards This behavior was calculated using a finite element analysis (FEM) to show the safety of using these steels and the current, overly conservative design rules used by PV manufacture codes Wide Plate Test simulation was used to validate the analysis With the experimental values established using strain gauges and the analytical KI expression available for this particular shape, a good agreement was attained It was shown that, from the perspective of fracture mechanics, the presence of cracks on pressure vessels made of P500 high strength steel that are not detected during non-destructive tests does not jeopardize the safety of the vessel because the maximum values of the stress intensity factor along the crack tip are always much lower than the material's room temperature fracture toughness (coarse grain heat affected zone) Because high strength P500 steel has a yield strength higher than 460MPa, it is prohibited by EN 13445 Part 2, Annex B from being used to make pressure vessels Despite this, its application can be fully successful and safe even under the worst permitted conditions, leading to significant reductions in wall thickness, weight, and cost
Yarrapragada highlights that the outer shells of pressure vessels are made from common metals used in various applications, where the vessel's weight significantly influences its performance, speed, and operating range Lower weight is associated with improved performance, and the use of composite materials can enhance performance while reducing weight To identify the optimal fiber orientation for a pressure vessel based on layer thicknesses, the author conducted a graphical analysis Additionally, a 3-D finite element analysis of the pressure vessel's static and buckling behavior was performed using ANSYS-12.0.
Grandt, Axel developed a catheter featuring an elongated main body with distinct proximal and distal sections This innovative design incorporates two guidewire lumens, each equipped with a proximal and a distal port that connect to the external environment.
Praneeth conducted a finite element analysis on pressure vessel and piping design, highlighting the benefits of multilayered high-pressure vessels compared to monoblock vessels The study adheres to the specifications set by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (A.S.M.E) Using ANSYS, the research examined the stress distribution in both solid-walled and multilayered pressure vessels, comparing numerical results with theoretical values.
Kleber, Richard M discusses the construction of layers in a composite pressure vessel assembly The assembly features an outer tubular part with a first layer made of composite material A second layer, composed of a different composite material, is placed on top of the first layer, with a portion inserted into the annular groove Adjacent to the second layer, a third layer is formed, consisting of a third composite material reinforced with fibers.
System Decomposition (Physical and Functional)
The standard code is essential for designing vertical tanks or vessels, ensuring compliance with minimum design requirements to prevent part failure It specifically applies to vessels operating within a pressure range of 0.1 MPa to 20 MPa, making it the preferred guideline for most vertical vessels Key components of a cylindrical pressure vessel include the shell, head, nozzles, and base support, all of which are crucial for maintaining the vessel's integrity and safety This standard code provides guidelines for the precise design and fabrication of these components, ensuring that the pressure vessel adheres to necessary safety and performance standards.
The major components of pressure vessel
Designing shells according to ASME codes is essential for ensuring safety and structural integrity A key factor in this process is the thickness of the shells, which must be determined using equations provided by the ASME codes These equations consider material properties, operating conditions, and safety factors to establish an optimal thickness for pressure vessels Additionally, welding operations must adhere to relevant standards to ensure proper fabrication By following these guidelines, designers and fabricators can create shells that meet necessary safety and performance standards.
- In case of circumference stresses (longtitudinal welding)
- In case of longitudinal stresses (circumference welding)
R: Internal Radius S: Maximum allowable stress E: Coefficient of connection of welding Note that: E = 1.0 if radiated test is used, meanwhile E = 0.7 is used if non-radiated tests are used
17 M Dennis, “PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN MANUAL,” Third edition, USA, 2004
Working fluid: H2S; Temperature: 25 o C ; Volume (V): 1500× 10 3 𝑚 3 ; 𝑃 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4 𝑀𝑃𝑎 P= 𝑃 𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 10% × 𝑃 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4 + 10% × 4 = 4.4 MPa
Assume L00 m, we have internal diameter R= 40 m
Curved closing heads in pressure vessels are essential for effectively resisting internal pressure, which allows for a reduction in head thickness and overall fabrication costs Among the various types of closing heads, the semi-elliptical head is particularly popular due to its elliptical shape, which offers excellent pressure resistance while minimizing material usage Understanding the advantages and disadvantages of different closing head designs enables designers and fabricators to make informed choices for specific pressure vessel applications.
The head cover will consist of two main parts are shown in Figure 3.2 :
𝑃 ℎ : Maximum pressure D: Internal diameter of tank body Calculation:
The design of pressure vessels requires careful consideration of nozzle integration, as proper support is essential to prevent failure or damage Different nozzle types offer unique advantages and limitations, necessitating a tailored approach based on the vessel's characteristics and intended application Designers must select suitable support structures or incorporate nozzles into the vessel's design to ensure stability and reliability Figure 3.3 illustrates a commonly used nozzle type, serving as a reference for effective selection and support By ensuring proper nozzle support, the safety and performance of pressure vessels can be optimized.
𝑑 𝑆 = Diameter of nozzle on tank wall
Designing high-pressure vessels involves a complex process that necessitates careful consideration of factors such as support bases, size, volume, weight, and resistance to wind and earthquakes To ensure structural integrity, designers must evaluate the vessel's dimensions and the properties of the stored material In this context, support legs play a crucial role in providing stability and support for the pressure vessel, as illustrated in Figure 3.4 The number of support legs required varies based on the tank's size and the material being stored.
The dimensions of the legs and the related stresses can be determined through various mathematical equations and modeling techniques Proper design and support of the pressure vessel are essential for ensuring compliance with safety and performance standards, enabling it to function reliably as intended.
In pressure vessel design, longitudinal stress values (k2, k4, k6, k8) are always positive, while compressional strain values (k1, k3, k5, k7) are consistently negative This distinction arises because longitudinal stresses align with the direction of the applied internal pressure, indicating that the vessel is being pulled longitudinally In contrast, compressional strains act perpendicular to this force, resulting in negative values as the vessel is compressed inward Understanding the interplay between these stress and strain values enables designers and fabricators to accurately model pressure vessel behavior under various loading conditions, facilitating informed design and construction decisions.
3.2.1.1 Useful life and shelf life
The estimated service life of the container is referred to as the design life The
The "Regulations on the Safety Technical Supervision of Fixed Pressure Vessels" stipulate that the design of a pressure vessel must account for its intended design life, which includes specifying the number of cycles for vessels subjected to fatigue analysis This design life is an estimate based on expected usage conditions and does not necessarily reflect the actual service life of the vessel It serves as a crucial reminder for users to implement necessary maintenance actions, such as regular thickness monitoring and adjusting inspection intervals, once the design life has been exceeded.
In typical scenarios, the design client is expected to provide the estimated service life of the equipment in writing to the design unit The designer then calculates the corrosion allowance based on this service life and the corrosion rate of the medium However, it is common for the designer to determine the design life themselves, which influences the corrosion allowance.
= annual corrosion rate × design life
Generally speaking, the following elements should be taken into account when determining a container's design life:
1 Choosing the right materials and structural design; 2 Allowing for reasonable amounts of corrosion; 3 Reducing the likelihood of fatigue or creep deformation; 4 Construction costs of containers; 5 Replacement cycles for the loading capacity, etc Pressure vessels with thick walls, such as ammonia synthesis converters and hydrogenation reactors, are advised to have a 30-year design life
3.2.1.2 Cost of installation and operation
18 E Megyesy “Pressure vessel hand book,” , Oklahoma 2001
Cost estimates for each stage of the manufacturing process are available upon request The production and delivery of larger pressure vessels, commonly utilized in oil and gas refineries, can range from $100,000 to $1,000,000 In contrast, smaller pressure vessels, such as knock-out pots, knock-out drums, or vapor-liquid separators, typically have lower costs.
Inspections are an essential component of pressure vessel maintenance
This section outlines the frequency of pressure vessel inspections, the various tests that can be conducted during these inspections, and provides a comprehensive checklist of typical items covered in a pressure vessel inspection.
Most pressure vessel regulations specify that inspections should occur at least once every five years Additionally, a pressure vessel must be inspected after installation and prior to being put into service.
• WHAT IS DONE DURING AN INSPECTION
Inspections of pressure vessels may involve looking at the vessel's inside, outside, or both
When conducting these inspections, inspectors may
Get visual information on the vessel's condition, such as the insulation, welds, joints, or structural connections
Get thickness information to assess whether the vessel has altered as a result of use
To assess whether the vessel is still suitable for use, perform a stress study
Do a hydrostatic pressure test to ensure the vessel's pressure release valves are operating properly
Before undertaking repairs or modifications to vessels, it is essential to comprehend the materials and heat treatment specifications The repair company should either acquire the original manufacturer's data report or identify the material type through testing Typically, the vessel owner can access the data report, which is also obtainable through the National Board if the vessel is registered with them.
Repair businesses and inspectors should familiarize themselves with the additional code requirements for safety before undertaking or approving repairs or modifications on these types of vessels.
3.2.1.5 What targets should be set for the performance of the product over time?
Concept Synthesis and Evaluation
➢ Description of target market of the vertical pressure vessel containing H2S and its size
The primary market for vertical pressure vessels designed for H2S containment includes the oil and gas production, refining, and petrochemical industries This is due to the presence of H2S, a highly toxic gas commonly found in oil and gas deposits, which presents considerable safety hazards for workers in these sectors.
Industries such as oil and gas companies, chemical manufacturers, and other businesses utilizing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in their production processes rely on vertical pressure vessels for storage and transportation These vessels serve multiple functions, including storing H2S prior to its transport to processing facilities and facilitating chemical reaction processes.
Due to the inherent dangers of handling H2S, the ideal market for a vertical pressure vessel containing this substance consists of well-resourced companies that possess extensive safety and risk management expertise These organizations are often governed by stringent regulations and safety standards, necessitating specialized training and equipment for their personnel.
The primary target market for vertical pressure vessels designed for H2S storage includes industries that need to safely store and transport this highly toxic gas, along with possessing the necessary expertise and resources to effectively manage the associated risks.
In 2019, the global pressure vessels market was valued at approximately USD 166.7 billion and is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.2% from 2020 to 2027 This growth is driven by the expansion of the chemical and petrochemical industries, along with the rising adoption of supercritical power generation technology.
Pressure Vessels Market Report Scope
Market size value in 2020 USD 175.0 billion
Revenue forecast in 2027 USD 250.6 billion
Growth Rate CAGR of 5.2% from 2020 to 2027
Quantitative units Revenue in USD million and CAGR from 2020 to 2027
Report coverage Revenue forecast, company ranking, competitive landscape, growth factors, and trends Segments covered Material, product, end use, region
Regional scope North America; Europe; Asia Pacific; Central & South America; Middle
Country scope U.S.; Canada; Mexico; Germany; France; Italy; China; India; Japan; Brazil;
UAE; Saudi Arabia; South Africa; Turkey; Nigeria
IHI Corp., Babcock & Wilcox Enterprises, Inc., and Pressure Vessels (India) are key players in the power and energy sector, alongside Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd and Samuel, Son & Co Notable companies such as Alloy Products Corp., Abbott & Co (Newark) Ltd., and Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction contribute significantly to the industry Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd and Larsen & Toubro Ltd are also prominent, while Mersen, Xylem Inc., Tinita Engineering Pvt Ltd., and WCR Inc further enhance the landscape of this vital market.
With your purchase, you will receive a complimentary report customization, equivalent to the work of up to 8 analysts over several days This includes the option to add or modify the country, regional, and segment scope to better align with your specific research requirements Explore our flexible pricing and purchase options designed to meet your exact needs.
According to IMARC Group, the global pressure vessel market had a value of US$ 23.4 billion in 2022 The market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 4.4% during 2023-
The pressure vessel market is expected to reach a value of US$ 30.2 billion by 2028 These containers are designed for storing high-pressure gases or liquids and consist of components like distributor trays, catalyst support grids, baffles, and de-mister pads The manufacturing process is regulated by the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, which aims to enhance quality control, improve traceability and inspection, reduce fabrication duplication, and minimize costs.
The medical and pharmaceutical industry is rapidly expanding, driven by increased drug spending, enhanced healthcare infrastructure, and a rise in chronic health conditions Hydrogen sulfide plays a crucial role in the development of various therapeutic drugs and medical treatments For instance, the Indian pharmaceuticals sector is projected to grow from US$65 billion in 2024 to US$120-US$130 billion by 2030 Additionally, the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA) reported a significant increase in the pharmaceutical market value for EU member nations, rising from US$147,686 million in 2019 to US$253,027 million in 2020 The global pharmaceutical market is also expected to grow from US$1 trillion in 2015 to US$1.3 trillion by 2020, leading to a heightened demand for hydrogen sulfide gas in therapeutics and general medication, thereby propelling the hydrogen sulfide industry forward.
Hydrogen sulfide plays a crucial role in the agriculture industry, being utilized in fertilizers, pesticides, and disinfectants It reacts with sulfur dioxide to produce elemental sulfur, essential for fertilizer manufacturing The agriculture sector is witnessing substantial growth, driven by rising demand for grains and crops, alongside government initiatives to enhance agricultural development For instance, India's agriculture sector is projected to reach US$24 billion by 2025 In the UK, agricultural output rose by 2.6% in 2021, with cereals output surging by 23% and crop products by 24% As the demand for agricultural products escalates, the use of hydrogen sulfide in pesticides and fertilizers is also on the rise, propelling the hydrogen sulfide industry forward.
Vertical pressure vessels for H2S are essential in industries like oil and gas, chemical processing, and petrochemical manufacturing These vessels safely store and transport hazardous materials, including hydrogen sulfide, which poses significant risks if mishandled The market offers various competing products, each presenting unique advantages and disadvantages.
Steel pressure vessels are widely used for their strength, durability, and corrosion resistance, although their weight and manufacturing costs can limit their competitiveness In contrast, fiberglass pressure vessels offer advantages such as being lightweight, cost-effective, and easy to manufacture, along with excellent insulation properties However, they may not be ideal for all applications due to their susceptibility to cracking and damage if not properly installed and maintained.
Composite pressure vessels, constructed from materials like carbon fiber or fiberglass combined with a resin matrix, offer advantages such as lightweight design, strength, and corrosion resistance While they are suitable for various applications, their higher cost and the need for specialized manufacturing processes may be drawbacks compared to other options.
Lined pressure vessels, constructed from materials like steel or fiberglass combined with a lining of rubber or plastic, provide exceptional resistance to corrosion and chemical attack This makes them ideal for applications involving corrosive substances such as H2S However, it's important to note that lined vessels can be more costly than alternative options and may necessitate increased maintenance to keep the lining in good condition.
In summary, the market offers various competing products for vertical pressure vessels designed for H2S containment, each with distinct advantages and disadvantages The optimal selection hinges on the specific application requirements, taking into account factors like cost, durability, corrosion resistance, and manufacturing ease.
Conceptual Design 2-4 weeks 04/15/2023 04/29/2023 Embodiment Design 4-6 weeks 05/02/2023 06/09/2023 Detail Design and Analysis 6-8 weeks 06/12/2023 08/04/2023
Fabrication and Manufacturing 8-10 weeks 08/07/2023 10/13/2023 Testing and Commissioning 2-4 weeks 10/16/2023 10/27/2023
• Name of product: Hydrogen sulfide storage pressure vessel
Embodiment Design
Designing a pressure vessel is a complex process that requires careful consideration of various factors It must be engineered to endure high pressures and temperatures, along with potential external impacts and stresses.
To achieve our goals, we meticulously analyzed and designed each aspect of the vessel, identifying four key components that constitute the structure of our pressure vessel.
The shell is the primary structure of the vessel, engineered with a specific thickness to endure the pressure and temperature it will face This thickness is influenced by various factors, such as the vessel's size, the materials used in its construction, and the particular requirements of its intended application.
The heads are the two end pieces of a pressure vessel, designed to cover both sides and endure high pressure and temperature conditions Their thickness and shape are meticulously calculated to ensure they can withstand the stresses imposed during operation, similar to the vessel's shell.
The nozzle is a crucial element of the pressure vessel, facilitating the transfer of hydrogen sulfide in and out Its design must be meticulously planned to withstand the vessel's pressure and temperature conditions while ensuring compatibility with the construction materials.
We will create a robust support structure to securely hold the pressure vessel in a vertical position, ensuring it can withstand external forces The design will involve precise calculations of dimensions and materials, tailored to the vessel's size, weight, and application requirements.
In summary, designing a pressure vessel is a complex and specialized process that demands meticulous attention at every phase By analyzing the vessel's components—such as the shell, heads, nozzle, and support structure—we can guarantee that each part is engineered to endure the necessary pressures and stresses, ensuring the entire vessel operates safely and efficiently.
When designing a vertical pressure vessel, selecting the right shape is crucial after analyzing its components A cylindrical shape with a circular base is typically preferred, as it effectively withstands high pressure conditions This design not only allows for greater pressure capacity but also enhances the vessel's stability compared to alternative shapes.
The thickness of the shell may differ from that of the semi-elliptical head, which is typically used to seal the ends of a pressure vessel This head's curved design effectively reduces pressure and minimizes thickness, ultimately lowering overall manufacturing costs.
Choosing the right shape for a vertical pressure vessel is crucial in the design process The cylindrical design is favored for its strength under high pressure, while semi-elliptical heads are typically used to seal the vessel ends Properly designing the vessel shape enhances its performance, stability, and cost-effectiveness.
The conventional nozzle shape, as illustrated in figure 2, is a standard choice for connecting piping or equipment to pressure vessels, making it widely used in modern applications In the design of vertical pressure vessels, a robust support structure is essential for ensuring stability and safety, often achieved through the use of a rectangular support base.
The support legs, illustrated in Figure 3, are crucial for maintaining the vessel's vertical stability and preventing tipping These legs must be meticulously designed and constructed to ensure they can endure the weight of both the vessel and its contents.
The support structure is essential in designing a vertical pressure vessel, as selecting the right shape and construction method ensures the vessel's stability and safety, thereby minimizing the risk of accidents or damage.
The specified parameters for the vertical vessel are a shell thickness of 15 mm, an inner diameter of 800 mm, a length of 3000 mm, a total mass of 890 kg, and a liquid mass of 2.05 kg.
The 15 mm shell thickness is engineered to endure the operational pressure and temperature conditions of the vessel This measurement is determined by the application's specific requirements and the materials utilized in the vessel's construction.