Luận văn in situ growth of nioh2 nanostructures on substrate for glucose measurement

The properties of the synthesized malorial were characlerised by fieldemission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron m

HANOL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

MASTER THESIS

In situ growth of Ni(OH); nanostructures

on substate for glucose measurement

VU THỊ OANH Oanh VT 202682Mi@sis hust.cduvn

Major of Matcrials Science

Signature of Supervisor

Tnstitute Tuternational Training Tuslilute for Materials

Science (ITIMS

HANOI, 05/2022

SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM Independence — Freedom - Happiness

CONFIRMATION OF MASTER’S THESIS ADJUSTMENT

Full name of author: Vu Thi Oanh

Thesis topic: In situ growth of Ni(OH), nanostructures on substate for glucose measurement

Major: Materials Science

Student ID: 20202682M

The author, the supervisor, and the Commuttce confirmed that the

author has adjusted and implemented the thesis aecording to the report of the

Committee on May 19", 2022 with the following contents

The thesis has been corrected for typographical errors and printing according

to the opinions of the committees members,

THESIS TOPIC

In situ growth of Ni(OH); nanostructures on substrate for glucose measurement

Abstract Glucose sensor has attracted the attention of academic and industrial restarchers because of its broad applications in diabetes management, food quality control and bioprosess inspection Compared with enzymatic glucose sensors, non-enzymatic glucose sensors are more relevant because of their stable,

ast synthesis of advanced

sensitive, and low-cusl process The simple and low-

nanomaterials for non-enzymalic glucose sensor is vital in practical application

Here, we introduce a facile chemical method for the synthesis of nickel(1l) hhydroxide nanostructures on porous nickcl foam (NF) for electrochemical

glucose sensor The properties of the synthesized malorial were characlerised by

fieldemission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray

spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, selected area elootro diffraction, and Raman speolroscopy The fabricated materials were

apphed for glucose concentraliou measurement m 0.1 M NaOH by cyclic

voltammetry and chronoamperemetry The Ni(OH),/NF sensor is stable and has excellent scnsitivity with low detection limit based on the signal-to-noise ratio of

3 and high sclectivity for glucose detection im the presence of common

interfering species The Ni(OH),/Ni electrode was successfully tested in

measuring glucose concentration in real serum samples The fabricated

Ni(OM),/NF electrode can be used as « low-cost, sensitive, slable and selective

platform for non-enzymatic glucose sensor.

LIST OF TABLES

‘Table 1.1: Unit cell parameters for the two fundamental phases of Ni(OH), 12 Table 1.2: X-ray diffraction parameters of J-Ni(OH)z Diffraction angles are listed for CuKa (A 1.542 A)and CoKu.(A 1.789 A) X-ray sources - 12 Table 1.3: X-ray diffraction parameters of a-Ni(OA)2 calculated using the unil cell shown in figure 1.8 Diffraction angles are listed for Cu Ka (A = 1.542 A)

and Co Kq (A = 1.789 Â) Ä-ray sOUFG€S ¬ 13

‘Table 3.1: Comparison of the performance of the e synthesized NHOH)/NE and other nickel-based materials for non-cnzymatic gÏueose seItsors 45

1.1 Overview of glucose, blood sugar, and diabetes mellitus 3

1.2.2 Introduction of electrochemical glucose seDSOT 2

1.3.1 Electrochemical behaviours of Ni(OH), toward glucose in

1.3.2 Structure and characteristics of Ni(O1D), nanostructures .10 1.3.3 Methods to synthesis of Ni(OLD), nanostructures 1S

CHAPTER 2 EXPERIMENTS AND METHODS

2.1 Chemical and wpparalus 2522222212211 .21

2.1.2 Apparatus - - - 22

2.2 Ni(OH), nanostructures fabrication - - 22

2.3 Characterization of the morphologies and composition of the synthesized

16 ố kmniearo.22)

2341 1 Scanning Dlectron Microsope (SIM) sen

3

lransmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

2.3.3 Raman sơattering sec

3.1 Morphologies and structural characteristics of the synthesized materials33

3.11 FESEM imagss of the synthesized materialls 33 3.1.2 HRTEM images of the synthesized materials 34 3.1.3 Coiponent ofthe synthesized materials suasa.34

3.2 Cyclic vollammetry measurement of Lie synthesized materials in alkaline

3.2.1 Influence of reaction time on the electrochemical properties of the

ABBREVIATIONS

electran microscopy

4 HRTEM High resolution transmission

electron microscopy

6 EDS/EDX Bnergy-disparsive X-ray

LIST OF FIGURES

igure 1.1: Structural chemical formulas of glucose (Ð-glucose) [25] 3 Figure 1.2: Schematic representation of a biosensor [32] 4 Figure 1.3: Schematic drawing of the first-generation glucose sensor [17] 6 Figure 1.4: Schematic drawing of the second-generation glucose sensor [47] 6 Figure 1.5: Schematic representation of a third-generation biosensor [47] 7 Figure 1.6: A general scheme of the chemical and electrochemical processes that occur at a nickel hydroxide battery eleelrode SeseesesoeB 1igure 1.7: Mechanism o£ oxidation-redution electrochemical reaction between

Figure 1.8: A non-cnzymatic glucose sensor based on NIOH), hanoplatelet

based on GCE and ECF [55] - - - 10 Figure 1.9: The crystal structure oŸ B-Ni(OH); (591 - - 10 Figure 1.10: The idealized eryslal siruclure o[a-Ni(ORD; - xH¿O |57] "1 Figure 141: X-ray diffraction patlems of Ni(OH), fikns ơn Ni substrates collected using a Cu Ka X-ray source [57] - " Figure 1.12: Raman spectra of (a) BNi(OH),, (b) a -NIOH), and (¢) witrale- intercalated o-Ni(OH): [57] 14 Figure 1.13: Six methods to prepare À ve XI(OLD; [51 l6

igure 1.14: 1'xamples of Ni(OH); prepared by different methods [57) L8 Figure 2.1: Images of the commercial nickel foam,

Figure 2.2: Experiment procedure for fabrication of materials

Figure 2.3: SEM procedure [61]

Figure 2.4: Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with energy-

Figure 2.5: Classification of TEM [62] ¬- igure 2.6: Working prineiple of LÉM ]62| à — -

Figure 2.9: a) Potential step, b) the decrease of concentration of electrochemical

Figure 3.2: Higher “magnifiation of FESEM images of the Ni(OH)2/NF

Abstract Glucose sensor has attracted the attention of academic and industrial restarchers because of its broad applications in diabetes management, food quality control and bioprosess inspection Compared with enzymatic glucose sensors, non-enzymatic glucose sensors are more relevant because of their stable,

ast synthesis of advanced

sensitive, and low-cusl process The simple and low-

nanomaterials for non-enzymalic glucose sensor is vital in practical application

Here, we introduce a facile chemical method for the synthesis of nickel(1l) hhydroxide nanostructures on porous nickcl foam (NF) for electrochemical

glucose sensor The properties of the synthesized malorial were characlerised by

fieldemission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray

spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, selected area elootro diffraction, and Raman speolroscopy The fabricated materials were

apphed for glucose concentraliou measurement m 0.1 M NaOH by cyclic

voltammetry and chronoamperemetry The Ni(OH),/NF sensor is stable and has excellent scnsitivity with low detection limit based on the signal-to-noise ratio of

3 and high sclectivity for glucose detection im the presence of common

interfering species The Ni(OH),/Ni electrode was successfully tested in

measuring glucose concentration in real serum samples The fabricated

Ni(OM),/NF electrode can be used as « low-cost, sensitive, slable and selective

platform for non-enzymatic glucose sensor.

LIST OF TABLES

‘Table 1.1: Unit cell parameters for the two fundamental phases of Ni(OH), 12 Table 1.2: X-ray diffraction parameters of J-Ni(OH)z Diffraction angles are listed for CuKa (A 1.542 A)and CoKu.(A 1.789 A) X-ray sources - 12 Table 1.3: X-ray diffraction parameters of a-Ni(OA)2 calculated using the unil cell shown in figure 1.8 Diffraction angles are listed for Cu Ka (A = 1.542 A)

and Co Kq (A = 1.789 Â) Ä-ray sOUFG€S ¬ 13

‘Table 3.1: Comparison of the performance of the e synthesized NHOH)/NE and other nickel-based materials for non-cnzymatic gÏueose seItsors 45

1.1 Overview of glucose, blood sugar, and diabetes mellitus 3

1.2.2 Introduction of electrochemical glucose seDSOT 2

1.3.1 Electrochemical behaviours of Ni(OH), toward glucose in

1.3.2 Structure and characteristics of Ni(O1D), nanostructures .10 1.3.3 Methods to synthesis of Ni(OLD), nanostructures 1S

CHAPTER 2 EXPERIMENTS AND METHODS

2.1 Chemical and wpparalus 2522222212211 .21

2.1.2 Apparatus - - - 22

2.2 Ni(OH), nanostructures fabrication - - 22

2.3 Characterization of the morphologies and composition of the synthesized

16 ố kmniearo.22)

2341 1 Scanning Dlectron Microsope (SIM) sen

3

lransmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

2.3.3 Raman sơattering sec

3.1 Morphologies and structural characteristics of the synthesized materials33

3.11 FESEM imagss of the synthesized materialls 33 3.1.2 HRTEM images of the synthesized materials 34 3.1.3 Coiponent ofthe synthesized materials suasa.34

3.2 Cyclic vollammetry measurement of Lie synthesized materials in alkaline

3.2.1 Influence of reaction time on the electrochemical properties of the

Acknowledgement

To complete this thesis, I would like to strongly express deep gratitude to

my supervisor, Dr Chu ‘rhi Xuan, who directly instructed me as well as helped

me writs this thesis,

I would Like to sincerely thank all professors, lecturers, and employees at

TTTMS for their kindness to support me during a period T have already studied

and worked there

I sincerely thank my groupmates in Nanosensors Laboratory and many others who supported me in doing experiments and research ‘They are my good

mentors and good friends who T am really appreciated

T would dike to thank “The Domestic Mastcr/PhD Scholarship Programme” of Vingroup Tanovation Foundalion (VINTF), Vingroup Big Data Anstitute (VINBIGDATA), code VINI’.2020.1hS.33 for supporting my master's

course J also thank the project grant number B2022-BKA-25 CTVL

Finally, | want to wamnly thank my family who always encourages me †o

follow my research career

Master student (Sign and write (ull name)

Vu Thi Oanh

LIST OF FIGURES

igure 1.1: Structural chemical formulas of glucose (Ð-glucose) [25] 3 Figure 1.2: Schematic representation of a biosensor [32] 4 Figure 1.3: Schematic drawing of the first-generation glucose sensor [17] 6 Figure 1.4: Schematic drawing of the second-generation glucose sensor [47] 6 Figure 1.5: Schematic representation of a third-generation biosensor [47] 7 Figure 1.6: A general scheme of the chemical and electrochemical processes that occur at a nickel hydroxide battery eleelrode SeseesesoeB 1igure 1.7: Mechanism o£ oxidation-redution electrochemical reaction between

Figure 1.8: A non-cnzymatic glucose sensor based on NIOH), hanoplatelet

based on GCE and ECF [55] - - - 10 Figure 1.9: The crystal structure oŸ B-Ni(OH); (591 - - 10 Figure 1.10: The idealized eryslal siruclure o[a-Ni(ORD; - xH¿O |57] "1 Figure 141: X-ray diffraction patlems of Ni(OH), fikns ơn Ni substrates collected using a Cu Ka X-ray source [57] - " Figure 1.12: Raman spectra of (a) BNi(OH),, (b) a -NIOH), and (¢) witrale- intercalated o-Ni(OH): [57] 14 Figure 1.13: Six methods to prepare À ve XI(OLD; [51 l6

igure 1.14: 1'xamples of Ni(OH); prepared by different methods [57) L8 Figure 2.1: Images of the commercial nickel foam,

Figure 2.2: Experiment procedure for fabrication of materials

Figure 2.3: SEM procedure [61]

Figure 2.4: Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with energy-

Figure 2.5: Classification of TEM [62] ¬- igure 2.6: Working prineiple of LÉM ]62| à — -

Figure 2.9: a) Potential step, b) the decrease of concentration of electrochemical

Figure 3.2: Higher “magnifiation of FESEM images of the Ni(OH)2/NF

Abstract Glucose sensor has attracted the attention of academic and industrial restarchers because of its broad applications in diabetes management, food quality control and bioprosess inspection Compared with enzymatic glucose sensors, non-enzymatic glucose sensors are more relevant because of their stable,

ast synthesis of advanced

sensitive, and low-cusl process The simple and low-

nanomaterials for non-enzymalic glucose sensor is vital in practical application

Here, we introduce a facile chemical method for the synthesis of nickel(1l) hhydroxide nanostructures on porous nickcl foam (NF) for electrochemical

glucose sensor The properties of the synthesized malorial were characlerised by

fieldemission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray

spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, selected area elootro diffraction, and Raman speolroscopy The fabricated materials were

apphed for glucose concentraliou measurement m 0.1 M NaOH by cyclic

voltammetry and chronoamperemetry The Ni(OH),/NF sensor is stable and has excellent scnsitivity with low detection limit based on the signal-to-noise ratio of

3 and high sclectivity for glucose detection im the presence of common

interfering species The Ni(OH),/Ni electrode was successfully tested in

measuring glucose concentration in real serum samples The fabricated

Ni(OM),/NF electrode can be used as « low-cost, sensitive, slable and selective

platform for non-enzymatic glucose sensor.

LIST OF TABLES

‘Table 1.1: Unit cell parameters for the two fundamental phases of Ni(OH), 12 Table 1.2: X-ray diffraction parameters of J-Ni(OH)z Diffraction angles are listed for CuKa (A 1.542 A)and CoKu.(A 1.789 A) X-ray sources - 12 Table 1.3: X-ray diffraction parameters of a-Ni(OA)2 calculated using the unil cell shown in figure 1.8 Diffraction angles are listed for Cu Ka (A = 1.542 A)

and Co Kq (A = 1.789 Â) Ä-ray sOUFG€S ¬ 13

‘Table 3.1: Comparison of the performance of the e synthesized NHOH)/NE and other nickel-based materials for non-cnzymatic gÏueose seItsors 45

LIST OF FIGURES

igure 1.1: Structural chemical formulas of glucose (Ð-glucose) [25] 3 Figure 1.2: Schematic representation of a biosensor [32] 4 Figure 1.3: Schematic drawing of the first-generation glucose sensor [17] 6 Figure 1.4: Schematic drawing of the second-generation glucose sensor [47] 6 Figure 1.5: Schematic representation of a third-generation biosensor [47] 7 Figure 1.6: A general scheme of the chemical and electrochemical processes that occur at a nickel hydroxide battery eleelrode SeseesesoeB 1igure 1.7: Mechanism o£ oxidation-redution electrochemical reaction between

Figure 1.8: A non-cnzymatic glucose sensor based on NIOH), hanoplatelet

based on GCE and ECF [55] - - - 10 Figure 1.9: The crystal structure oŸ B-Ni(OH); (591 - - 10 Figure 1.10: The idealized eryslal siruclure o[a-Ni(ORD; - xH¿O |57] "1 Figure 141: X-ray diffraction patlems of Ni(OH), fikns ơn Ni substrates collected using a Cu Ka X-ray source [57] - " Figure 1.12: Raman spectra of (a) BNi(OH),, (b) a -NIOH), and (¢) witrale- intercalated o-Ni(OH): [57] 14 Figure 1.13: Six methods to prepare À ve XI(OLD; [51 l6

igure 1.14: 1'xamples of Ni(OH); prepared by different methods [57) L8 Figure 2.1: Images of the commercial nickel foam,

Figure 2.2: Experiment procedure for fabrication of materials

Figure 2.3: SEM procedure [61]

Figure 2.4: Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with energy-

Figure 2.5: Classification of TEM [62] ¬- igure 2.6: Working prineiple of LÉM ]62| à — -

Figure 2.9: a) Potential step, b) the decrease of concentration of electrochemical

Figure 3.2: Higher “magnifiation of FESEM images of the Ni(OH)2/NF

Acknowledgement

To complete this thesis, I would like to strongly express deep gratitude to

my supervisor, Dr Chu ‘rhi Xuan, who directly instructed me as well as helped

me writs this thesis,

I would Like to sincerely thank all professors, lecturers, and employees at

TTTMS for their kindness to support me during a period T have already studied

and worked there

I sincerely thank my groupmates in Nanosensors Laboratory and many others who supported me in doing experiments and research ‘They are my good

mentors and good friends who T am really appreciated

T would dike to thank “The Domestic Mastcr/PhD Scholarship Programme” of Vingroup Tanovation Foundalion (VINTF), Vingroup Big Data Anstitute (VINBIGDATA), code VINI’.2020.1hS.33 for supporting my master's

course J also thank the project grant number B2022-BKA-25 CTVL

Finally, | want to wamnly thank my family who always encourages me †o

follow my research career

Master student (Sign and write (ull name)

Vu Thi Oanh

ABBREVIATIONS

electran microscopy

4 HRTEM High resolution transmission

electron microscopy

6 EDS/EDX Bnergy-disparsive X-ray

Acknowledgement

To complete this thesis, I would like to strongly express deep gratitude to

my supervisor, Dr Chu ‘rhi Xuan, who directly instructed me as well as helped

me writs this thesis,

I would Like to sincerely thank all professors, lecturers, and employees at

TTTMS for their kindness to support me during a period T have already studied

and worked there

I sincerely thank my groupmates in Nanosensors Laboratory and many others who supported me in doing experiments and research ‘They are my good

mentors and good friends who T am really appreciated

T would dike to thank “The Domestic Mastcr/PhD Scholarship Programme” of Vingroup Tanovation Foundalion (VINTF), Vingroup Big Data Anstitute (VINBIGDATA), code VINI’.2020.1hS.33 for supporting my master's

course J also thank the project grant number B2022-BKA-25 CTVL

Finally, | want to wamnly thank my family who always encourages me †o

follow my research career

Master student (Sign and write (ull name)

Vu Thi Oanh

1.1 Overview of glucose, blood sugar, and diabetes mellitus 3

1.2.2 Introduction of electrochemical glucose seDSOT 2

1.3.1 Electrochemical behaviours of Ni(OH), toward glucose in

1.3.2 Structure and characteristics of Ni(O1D), nanostructures .10 1.3.3 Methods to synthesis of Ni(OLD), nanostructures 1S

CHAPTER 2 EXPERIMENTS AND METHODS

2.1 Chemical and wpparalus 2522222212211 .21

2.1.2 Apparatus - - - 22

2.2 Ni(OH), nanostructures fabrication - - 22

2.3 Characterization of the morphologies and composition of the synthesized

16 ố kmniearo.22)

2341 1 Scanning Dlectron Microsope (SIM) sen

3

lransmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

2.3.3 Raman sơattering sec

3.1 Morphologies and structural characteristics of the synthesized materials33

3.11 FESEM imagss of the synthesized materialls 33 3.1.2 HRTEM images of the synthesized materials 34 3.1.3 Coiponent ofthe synthesized materials suasa.34

3.2 Cyclic vollammetry measurement of Lie synthesized materials in alkaline

3.2.1 Influence of reaction time on the electrochemical properties of the

3.2.2 CV measurements toward glucose in alkaline mediuim 37

3.3 Chronoamperometry measurement of the synthesized materials in alkaline

3.5 Application of the synthesized electrode for glucose measurement in real

LIST OF FIGURES

igure 1.1: Structural chemical formulas of glucose (Ð-glucose) [25] 3 Figure 1.2: Schematic representation of a biosensor [32] 4 Figure 1.3: Schematic drawing of the first-generation glucose sensor [17] 6 Figure 1.4: Schematic drawing of the second-generation glucose sensor [47] 6 Figure 1.5: Schematic representation of a third-generation biosensor [47] 7 Figure 1.6: A general scheme of the chemical and electrochemical processes that occur at a nickel hydroxide battery eleelrode SeseesesoeB 1igure 1.7: Mechanism o£ oxidation-redution electrochemical reaction between

Figure 1.8: A non-cnzymatic glucose sensor based on NIOH), hanoplatelet

based on GCE and ECF [55] - - - 10 Figure 1.9: The crystal structure oŸ B-Ni(OH); (591 - - 10 Figure 1.10: The idealized eryslal siruclure o[a-Ni(ORD; - xH¿O |57] "1 Figure 141: X-ray diffraction patlems of Ni(OH), fikns ơn Ni substrates collected using a Cu Ka X-ray source [57] - " Figure 1.12: Raman spectra of (a) BNi(OH),, (b) a -NIOH), and (¢) witrale- intercalated o-Ni(OH): [57] 14 Figure 1.13: Six methods to prepare À ve XI(OLD; [51 l6

igure 1.14: 1'xamples of Ni(OH); prepared by different methods [57) L8 Figure 2.1: Images of the commercial nickel foam,

Figure 2.2: Experiment procedure for fabrication of materials

Figure 2.3: SEM procedure [61]

Figure 2.4: Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with energy-

Figure 2.5: Classification of TEM [62] ¬- igure 2.6: Working prineiple of LÉM ]62| à — -

Figure 2.9: a) Potential step, b) the decrease of concentration of electrochemical

Figure 3.2: Higher “magnifiation of FESEM images of the Ni(OH)2/NF

LIST OF TABLES

‘Table 1.1: Unit cell parameters for the two fundamental phases of Ni(OH), 12 Table 1.2: X-ray diffraction parameters of J-Ni(OH)z Diffraction angles are listed for CuKa (A 1.542 A)and CoKu.(A 1.789 A) X-ray sources - 12 Table 1.3: X-ray diffraction parameters of a-Ni(OA)2 calculated using the unil cell shown in figure 1.8 Diffraction angles are listed for Cu Ka (A = 1.542 A)

and Co Kq (A = 1.789 Â) Ä-ray sOUFG€S ¬ 13

‘Table 3.1: Comparison of the performance of the e synthesized NHOH)/NE and other nickel-based materials for non-cnzymatic gÏueose seItsors 45

LIST OF TABLES

‘Table 1.1: Unit cell parameters for the two fundamental phases of Ni(OH), 12 Table 1.2: X-ray diffraction parameters of J-Ni(OH)z Diffraction angles are listed for CuKa (A 1.542 A)and CoKu.(A 1.789 A) X-ray sources - 12 Table 1.3: X-ray diffraction parameters of a-Ni(OA)2 calculated using the unil cell shown in figure 1.8 Diffraction angles are listed for Cu Ka (A = 1.542 A)

and Co Kq (A = 1.789 Â) Ä-ray sOUFG€S ¬ 13

‘Table 3.1: Comparison of the performance of the e synthesized NHOH)/NE and other nickel-based materials for non-cnzymatic gÏueose seItsors 45

Acknowledgement

To complete this thesis, I would like to strongly express deep gratitude to

my supervisor, Dr Chu ‘rhi Xuan, who directly instructed me as well as helped

me writs this thesis,

I would Like to sincerely thank all professors, lecturers, and employees at

TTTMS for their kindness to support me during a period T have already studied

and worked there

I sincerely thank my groupmates in Nanosensors Laboratory and many others who supported me in doing experiments and research ‘They are my good

mentors and good friends who T am really appreciated

T would dike to thank “The Domestic Mastcr/PhD Scholarship Programme” of Vingroup Tanovation Foundalion (VINTF), Vingroup Big Data Anstitute (VINBIGDATA), code VINI’.2020.1hS.33 for supporting my master's

course J also thank the project grant number B2022-BKA-25 CTVL

Finally, | want to wamnly thank my family who always encourages me †o

follow my research career

Master student (Sign and write (ull name)

Vu Thi Oanh

1.1 Overview of glucose, blood sugar, and diabetes mellitus 3

1.2.2 Introduction of electrochemical glucose seDSOT 2

1.3.1 Electrochemical behaviours of Ni(OH), toward glucose in

1.3.2 Structure and characteristics of Ni(O1D), nanostructures .10 1.3.3 Methods to synthesis of Ni(OLD), nanostructures 1S

CHAPTER 2 EXPERIMENTS AND METHODS

2.1 Chemical and wpparalus 2522222212211 .21

2.1.2 Apparatus - - - 22

2.2 Ni(OH), nanostructures fabrication - - 22

2.3 Characterization of the morphologies and composition of the synthesized

16 ố kmniearo.22)

2341 1 Scanning Dlectron Microsope (SIM) sen

3

lransmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

2.3.3 Raman sơattering sec

3.1 Morphologies and structural characteristics of the synthesized materials33

3.11 FESEM imagss of the synthesized materialls 33 3.1.2 HRTEM images of the synthesized materials 34 3.1.3 Coiponent ofthe synthesized materials suasa.34

3.2 Cyclic vollammetry measurement of Lie synthesized materials in alkaline

3.2.1 Influence of reaction time on the electrochemical properties of the

1.1 Overview of glucose, blood sugar, and diabetes mellitus 3

1.2.2 Introduction of electrochemical glucose seDSOT 2

1.3.1 Electrochemical behaviours of Ni(OH), toward glucose in

1.3.2 Structure and characteristics of Ni(O1D), nanostructures .10 1.3.3 Methods to synthesis of Ni(OLD), nanostructures 1S

CHAPTER 2 EXPERIMENTS AND METHODS

2.1 Chemical and wpparalus 2522222212211 .21

2.1.2 Apparatus - - - 22

2.2 Ni(OH), nanostructures fabrication - - 22

2.3 Characterization of the morphologies and composition of the synthesized

16 ố kmniearo.22)

2341 1 Scanning Dlectron Microsope (SIM) sen

3

lransmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

2.3.3 Raman sơattering sec

3.1 Morphologies and structural characteristics of the synthesized materials33

3.11 FESEM imagss of the synthesized materialls 33 3.1.2 HRTEM images of the synthesized materials 34 3.1.3 Coiponent ofthe synthesized materials suasa.34

3.2 Cyclic vollammetry measurement of Lie synthesized materials in alkaline

3.2.1 Influence of reaction time on the electrochemical properties of the

ABBREVIATIONS

electran microscopy

4 HRTEM High resolution transmission

electron microscopy

6 EDS/EDX Bnergy-disparsive X-ray

1.1 Overview of glucose, blood sugar, and diabetes mellitus 3

1.2.2 Introduction of electrochemical glucose seDSOT 2

1.3.1 Electrochemical behaviours of Ni(OH), toward glucose in

1.3.2 Structure and characteristics of Ni(O1D), nanostructures .10 1.3.3 Methods to synthesis of Ni(OLD), nanostructures 1S

CHAPTER 2 EXPERIMENTS AND METHODS

2.1 Chemical and wpparalus 2522222212211 .21

2.1.2 Apparatus - - - 22

2.2 Ni(OH), nanostructures fabrication - - 22

2.3 Characterization of the morphologies and composition of the synthesized

16 ố kmniearo.22)

2341 1 Scanning Dlectron Microsope (SIM) sen

3

lransmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

2.3.3 Raman sơattering sec

3.1 Morphologies and structural characteristics of the synthesized materials33

3.11 FESEM imagss of the synthesized materialls 33 3.1.2 HRTEM images of the synthesized materials 34 3.1.3 Coiponent ofthe synthesized materials suasa.34

3.2 Cyclic vollammetry measurement of Lie synthesized materials in alkaline

3.2.1 Influence of reaction time on the electrochemical properties of the

ABBREVIATIONS

electran microscopy

4 HRTEM High resolution transmission

electron microscopy

6 EDS/EDX Bnergy-disparsive X-ray

ABBREVIATIONS

electran microscopy

4 HRTEM High resolution transmission

electron microscopy

6 EDS/EDX Bnergy-disparsive X-ray

LIST OF TABLES

‘Table 1.1: Unit cell parameters for the two fundamental phases of Ni(OH), 12 Table 1.2: X-ray diffraction parameters of J-Ni(OH)z Diffraction angles are listed for CuKa (A 1.542 A)and CoKu.(A 1.789 A) X-ray sources - 12 Table 1.3: X-ray diffraction parameters of a-Ni(OA)2 calculated using the unil cell shown in figure 1.8 Diffraction angles are listed for Cu Ka (A = 1.542 A)

and Co Kq (A = 1.789 Â) Ä-ray sOUFG€S ¬ 13

‘Table 3.1: Comparison of the performance of the e synthesized NHOH)/NE and other nickel-based materials for non-cnzymatic gÏueose seItsors 45

ABBREVIATIONS

electran microscopy

4 HRTEM High resolution transmission

electron microscopy

6 EDS/EDX Bnergy-disparsive X-ray

Acknowledgement

To complete this thesis, I would like to strongly express deep gratitude to

my supervisor, Dr Chu ‘rhi Xuan, who directly instructed me as well as helped

me writs this thesis,

I would Like to sincerely thank all professors, lecturers, and employees at

TTTMS for their kindness to support me during a period T have already studied

and worked there

I sincerely thank my groupmates in Nanosensors Laboratory and many others who supported me in doing experiments and research ‘They are my good

mentors and good friends who T am really appreciated

T would dike to thank “The Domestic Mastcr/PhD Scholarship Programme” of Vingroup Tanovation Foundalion (VINTF), Vingroup Big Data Anstitute (VINBIGDATA), code VINI’.2020.1hS.33 for supporting my master's

course J also thank the project grant number B2022-BKA-25 CTVL

Finally, | want to wamnly thank my family who always encourages me †o

follow my research career

Master student (Sign and write (ull name)

Vu Thi Oanh

ABBREVIATIONS

electran microscopy

4 HRTEM High resolution transmission

electron microscopy

6 EDS/EDX Bnergy-disparsive X-ray

Acknowledgement

To complete this thesis, I would like to strongly express deep gratitude to

my supervisor, Dr Chu ‘rhi Xuan, who directly instructed me as well as helped

me writs this thesis,

I would Like to sincerely thank all professors, lecturers, and employees at

TTTMS for their kindness to support me during a period T have already studied

and worked there

I sincerely thank my groupmates in Nanosensors Laboratory and many others who supported me in doing experiments and research ‘They are my good

mentors and good friends who T am really appreciated

T would dike to thank “The Domestic Mastcr/PhD Scholarship Programme” of Vingroup Tanovation Foundalion (VINTF), Vingroup Big Data Anstitute (VINBIGDATA), code VINI’.2020.1hS.33 for supporting my master's

course J also thank the project grant number B2022-BKA-25 CTVL

Finally, | want to wamnly thank my family who always encourages me †o

follow my research career

Master student (Sign and write (ull name)

Vu Thi Oanh

3.2.2 CV measurements toward glucose in alkaline mediuim 37

3.3 Chronoamperometry measurement of the synthesized materials in alkaline

3.5 Application of the synthesized electrode for glucose measurement in real