OPENING OF THE THEME 1.1 REASONS FOR CHOOSING THE THEME Proficiency in reading comprehension is integral to success in the English component of the national high school graduation exam
Trang 1THANH HOA DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
HAU LOC 4TH UPPER - SECONDARY SCHOOL
EXPERIENCE INITIATIVE
EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES TO ENHANCE READING
PREPARATION FOR THE 2025 NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION EXAMINATION
The writer: Nguyen Thi Uyen Position: Teacher
Subject: English
THANH HOA, 2025
Trang 2CONTENTS
Pages
1 Opening of the theme……… 1
1.1 Reason for choosing the theme……… 1
1.2 Purpose of the subject……… 1
1.3 Research subject……….… 1
1.4 New factors of the study……… ……… 2
1.5 Research methodology……… … 2
2 The content of the experience initiative……… 2
2.1 Theoretical basis of the experience initiative……… 2
2.2 Current changes in Reading Comprehension……… 2
2.3 Proposed strategies……… …… 3
2.4 The effectiveness of the experience……… …… 13
3 Conclusion and recommendations……… 16
3.1 Conclusion………….……….……… …… 16
3.2 Recommendations……… … 17
References
Category of evaluated experience initiative
Trang 31
1 OPENING OF THE THEME
1.1 REASONS FOR CHOOSING THE THEME
Proficiency in reading comprehension is integral to success in the English component of the national high school graduation examination Given the modifications to the 2025 exam structure, the reading section retains its critical function, demanding advanced analytical skills, information synthesis, and strategic test-taking approaches
Nevertheless, pedagogical observations indicate that students frequently encounter challenges in reading comprehension stemming from insufficient lexical knowledge, weak inferential abilities, and poor time allocation These deficiencies lead to suboptimal performance, adversely impacting overall examination outcomes Consequently, investigating interventions to augment reading proficiency is imperative for elevating achievement and maximizing scores
This study adopts the following research focus to facilitate students' more
competent engagement with reading tasks: "EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES TO
ENHANCE READING COMPREHENSION SKILLS FOR THE GRADERS IN PREPARATION FOR THE 2025 NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION EXAMINATION"
12TH-1.2 PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
The purpose of the research is focusing on some strategic interventions to enhance reading comprehension skills in the English exam for the 12th- graders The purpose of the research can be outlined as follows:
- Diagnose prevalent obstacles in reading comprehension tasks
- Formulate targeted pedagogical strategies to improve reading proficiency
- Instruct students in the application of evidence-based reading techniques
Augment comprehension accuracy and examination scores for the 2025 cohort
1.3 RESEARCH SUBJECT
Target group: The students of the classes 12A1, 12A2, 12A7 at Hau Loc 4th Upper secondary school preparing for the 2025 National Graduation Exam The study focuses on strategic interventions to enhance reading comprehension skills for 12th- graders at Hau Loc 4th high school in the English exam, particularly:
- Identifying main ideas
- Inferring word meanings from context
- Drawing conclusions
- Locating specific details
The study will be conducted over the school year 2024-2025 After the research, teacher finds the change of students’ competence in reading comprehension skills
1.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- Document analysis: Reviewing materials on reading skills and exam structures
- Experimental method: Implementing solutions in teaching and tracking
progress
Trang 48
* Question: What is the main idea of the passage?
A Success is only about being famous
B Success means the same to everyone
C Success can have various meanings
D Success is not important in life
* Correct answer: C
Practice 2:
Technology has changed the way we communicate In the past, people wrote letters or used landline phones Today, we use emails, messaging apps, and video calls
* Question: What is the passage mainly about?
A The history of telephone use
B How technology affects communication
C People who do not use technology
D The invention of email
* Appropriate Contexts for Scanning:
- Answering questions that ask for specific details
- Determining the meaning of a word within context
* Execution Guidelines:
* Sample Question:
"When did Deep Blue defeat Garry Kasparov?"
Trang 5* Example:
"Many animals, such as tigers, pandas, and rhinos, are endangered."
* Analysis: The phrase "such as" introduces examples of threatened species If students do not know the word "endangered," they can infer it relates to extinction
(4) Logical Inference Methodology
Learners may employ causal reasoning to derive lexical meaning through:
* Example:
"If illegal hunting continues, these species will disappear forever."
* Analysis: The sentence discusses negative consequences If students do not know "illegal hunting," they can deduce it means "poaching" based on the outcome described
+ Cognitive Retention through Visual Organization
- Flashcards: Use image-assisted flashcards for better retention
- Mind maps: Group words thematically for easier learning
* Example from Unit 9- Career paths (English 12-Global Success)
Picture 1: The min map of the theme: Career Paths
Trang 6* Example:
"Many animals, such as tigers, pandas, and rhinos, are endangered."
* Analysis: The phrase "such as" introduces examples of threatened species If students do not know the word "endangered," they can infer it relates to extinction
(4) Logical Inference Methodology
Learners may employ causal reasoning to derive lexical meaning through:
* Example:
"If illegal hunting continues, these species will disappear forever."
* Analysis: The sentence discusses negative consequences If students do not know "illegal hunting," they can deduce it means "poaching" based on the outcome described
+ Cognitive Retention through Visual Organization
- Flashcards: Use image-assisted flashcards for better retention
- Mind maps: Group words thematically for easier learning
* Example from Unit 9- Career paths (English 12-Global Success)
Picture 1: The min map of the theme: Career Paths
Trang 76
If students don't know the word "vulnerable", they should return to paragraphs and look at the surrounding context If the text is discussing animal species at risk of extinction, students can guess that "vulnerable" means something similar
to "endangered" (under threat)
Contextual inference competency enhances both temporal efficiency and response precision in examination performance
* Example in Unit 9- Career paths:
+ Engaging with Authentic English Texts beyond the Curriculum
Regularly read reputable English-language news outlets such as BBC News and The Guardian to encounter authentic, high-frequency vocabulary in real-world contexts
Explore English literature and novels to experience vocabulary usage in rich, natural linguistic settings
+ Utilizing Digital Tools for Vocabulary Acquisition
Leverage platforms like Quizlet and Anki to create personalized flashcards and engage in daily spaced-repetition review sessions
Practice with BBC Learning English and Duolingo to reinforce vocabulary acquisition through contextual listening and interaction
In conclusion, contextual vocabulary expansion significantly enhances students’ reading comprehension speed and accuracy during examinations Rather than memorizing isolated words, students are encouraged to build thematic vocabulary clusters, apply contextual inference strategies, and maintain consistent daily practice
Implementing this approach fosters greater confidence in tackling reading comprehension tasks and contributes to improved performance in the National High School Graduation Examination
Trang 83
2.3 PROPOSED STRATEGIES:
2.3.1 Strategy 1: Thematic Lexical Development and Contextual Inference Training
The reading section of the national high school graduation exam often includes academic vocabulary, fixed expressions, and figurative language Without a broad vocabulary, students struggle to understand passages and draw logical conclusion
For example, in Unit 8-Wildlife Conservation (English 12-Global Success), students may encounter terms such as:
+ Systematic Lexical Acquisition through Thematic Organization
The English 12 textbook (Global Success) organizes vocabulary by theme, with each unit focusing on essential word groups This thematic approach helps students to connect related words more effectively and improve long-term retention
* Example of textbook themes:
- Environment (Unit 3: Green Living)
- Technology (Unit 6: Artificial Intelligence)
- Culture (Unit 2: A Multicultural World)
* Sample sentence from Unit 8 (Wildlife):
"Many species are on the verge of extinction due to habitat destruction."
Students who know "habitat" (living environment) and "destruction" (damage) can deduce "habitat destruction" means "environmental damage."
+ Contextual Lexical Inference Methodologies (Context Clues)
Effective readers employ four research-based techniques for determining unfamiliar lexemes without external references:
(1) Semantic Relations Analysis
Texts frequently employ lexical cohesion devices that reveal meaning through: Synonymy (parallel terms) and Antonym (contrasting terms)
(2) Metalinguistic Definition Identification
Academic texts often provide explicit clarifications through:
* Example:
Trang 9* Example:
"Many animals, such as tigers, pandas, and rhinos, are endangered."
* Analysis: The phrase "such as" introduces examples of threatened species If students do not know the word "endangered," they can infer it relates to extinction
(4) Logical Inference Methodology
Learners may employ causal reasoning to derive lexical meaning through:
* Example:
"If illegal hunting continues, these species will disappear forever."
* Analysis: The sentence discusses negative consequences If students do not know "illegal hunting," they can deduce it means "poaching" based on the outcome described
+ Cognitive Retention through Visual Organization
- Flashcards: Use image-assisted flashcards for better retention
- Mind maps: Group words thematically for easier learning
* Example from Unit 9- Career paths (English 12-Global Success)
Picture 1: The min map of the theme: Career Paths
Trang 108
* Question: What is the main idea of the passage?
A Success is only about being famous
B Success means the same to everyone
C Success can have various meanings
D Success is not important in life
* Correct answer: C
Practice 2:
Technology has changed the way we communicate In the past, people wrote letters or used landline phones Today, we use emails, messaging apps, and video calls
* Question: What is the passage mainly about?
A The history of telephone use
B How technology affects communication
C People who do not use technology
D The invention of email
* Appropriate Contexts for Scanning:
- Answering questions that ask for specific details
- Determining the meaning of a word within context
* Execution Guidelines:
* Sample Question:
"When did Deep Blue defeat Garry Kasparov?"
Trang 113
2.3 PROPOSED STRATEGIES:
2.3.1 Strategy 1: Thematic Lexical Development and Contextual Inference Training
The reading section of the national high school graduation exam often includes academic vocabulary, fixed expressions, and figurative language Without a broad vocabulary, students struggle to understand passages and draw logical conclusion
For example, in Unit 8-Wildlife Conservation (English 12-Global Success), students may encounter terms such as:
+ Systematic Lexical Acquisition through Thematic Organization
The English 12 textbook (Global Success) organizes vocabulary by theme, with each unit focusing on essential word groups This thematic approach helps students to connect related words more effectively and improve long-term retention
* Example of textbook themes:
- Environment (Unit 3: Green Living)
- Technology (Unit 6: Artificial Intelligence)
- Culture (Unit 2: A Multicultural World)
* Sample sentence from Unit 8 (Wildlife):
"Many species are on the verge of extinction due to habitat destruction."
Students who know "habitat" (living environment) and "destruction" (damage) can deduce "habitat destruction" means "environmental damage."
+ Contextual Lexical Inference Methodologies (Context Clues)
Effective readers employ four research-based techniques for determining unfamiliar lexemes without external references:
(1) Semantic Relations Analysis
Texts frequently employ lexical cohesion devices that reveal meaning through: Synonymy (parallel terms) and Antonym (contrasting terms)
(2) Metalinguistic Definition Identification
Academic texts often provide explicit clarifications through:
* Example:
Trang 127
2.3.2 Strategy 2: Strengthening Skimming and Scanning Skills to Optimize Test-Taking Time
In the context of the National High School Graduation Examination,
students often encounter difficulty navigating lengthy reading passages under
constrained time limits Reading line by line can be inefficient and may result in unfinished sections
The dual strategies of Skimming (rapid reading for gist) and Scanning (targeted reading for details) enable learners to quickly extract relevant information, thereby enhancing response accuracy These techniques are especially effective when applied to reading texts in the Grade 12 English textbook (Global Success series), allowing for efficient identification of central ideas and critical data
* What is “Skimming”?
“Skimming” involves swiftly reading through a passage to grasp the overall message without delving into every word
* Situations where Skimming Is Useful:
- When responding to questions that ask for the main idea
- When selecting the most suitable title for a passage
* Implementation steps:
- Begin by reading the passage title to establish the general subject
- Focus on the opening and concluding sentences of each paragraph
- Isolate and concentrate on key terms, disregarding less critical details
Example from Unit 9 – Career Paths:
An extended passage designed to reinforce and broaden vocabulary through terms sourced from the official curriculum:
"Choosing the right career path is one of the most important decisions in life Many factors influence career choices, including personal interests, skills, and job market demand While some people choose careers based on passion, others prioritize financial stability and job security."
* Sample Question:
"What is the main idea of the passage?"
A The importance of choosing a career
B The best jobs for young people
C How to find a high-paying job
D The disadvantages of choosing a wrong career
Apply the skimming technique to identify the correct answer
The first sentence clearly emphasizes the importance of career selection
* Correct answer: A
Practice 1:
When people talk about success, they often think of money and fame However, success can mean different things to different people For some, it means achieving personal goals or helping others
Trang 132
- Survey method: Collecting feedback from students and teachers
- Comparative analysis: Evaluating results before and after intervention
1.5 NEW FACTORS OF THE STUDY
- Addresses changes in the 2025 exam format, especially the reading section
- Introduces effective reading strategies, including technology integration
- Develops tailored approaches for different question types
- Provides practical exercises to strengthen reading comprehension
2 THE CONTENT OF THE EXPERIENCE INTIATIVE
2.1 THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE EXPERIENCE INITIATIVE
Reading comprehension constitutes a foundational competency in language acquisition, particularly within high-stakes assessments such as the national graduation examination Aligned with Bloom’s Taxonomy, it transcends literal understanding to encompass analytical and evaluative cognitive processes
second-In the English examination, the reading module (45–50% of total marks) evaluates lexical knowledge, inferential reasoning, and critical engagement with textual elements Mastery of this section necessitates strategic pedagogy and deliberate skill cultivation
2.2 CURRENT CHANGES IN READING COMPREHENSION
Through classroom instructions and surveys of 12th-grade students, several prevalent difficulties in reading comprehension have been identified:
2.2.1 Limited Vocabulary Proficiency
- Students demonstrate inadequate mastery of academic and topic-specific vocabulary
- They struggle to deduce the meaning of unfamiliar words from contextual clues
2.2.2 Deficiencies in Skimming and Scanning Techniques
- Students tend to read word-by-word rather than processing phrases or sentences holistically
- Excessive time is allocated to single passages, resulting in incomplete responses to subsequent questions
2.2.3 Challenges in Main Idea Identification and Inferential Reasoning
- Difficulty distinguishing between essential information and ancillary details
- Frequent conflation of specific facts with the central thesis of the text
2.2.4 Ineffective Test-Taking Strategies
- Poor time management across different sections of the reading test
- Failure to employ fundamental reading techniques such as: Skimming (rapid identification of main ideas) and Scanning (targeted location of specific information)
2.2.5 Temporal Pressure and Examination Anxiety
- Many students experience diminished composure when encountering lengthy
or complex texts
- Psychological distress when faced with inference-based questions or
unfamiliar lexical items
Trang 147
2.3.2 Strategy 2: Strengthening Skimming and Scanning Skills to Optimize Test-Taking Time
In the context of the National High School Graduation Examination,
students often encounter difficulty navigating lengthy reading passages under
constrained time limits Reading line by line can be inefficient and may result in unfinished sections
The dual strategies of Skimming (rapid reading for gist) and Scanning (targeted reading for details) enable learners to quickly extract relevant information, thereby enhancing response accuracy These techniques are especially effective when applied to reading texts in the Grade 12 English textbook (Global Success series), allowing for efficient identification of central ideas and critical data
* What is “Skimming”?
“Skimming” involves swiftly reading through a passage to grasp the overall message without delving into every word
* Situations where Skimming Is Useful:
- When responding to questions that ask for the main idea
- When selecting the most suitable title for a passage
* Implementation steps:
- Begin by reading the passage title to establish the general subject
- Focus on the opening and concluding sentences of each paragraph
- Isolate and concentrate on key terms, disregarding less critical details
Example from Unit 9 – Career Paths:
An extended passage designed to reinforce and broaden vocabulary through terms sourced from the official curriculum:
"Choosing the right career path is one of the most important decisions in life Many factors influence career choices, including personal interests, skills, and job market demand While some people choose careers based on passion, others prioritize financial stability and job security."
* Sample Question:
"What is the main idea of the passage?"
A The importance of choosing a career
B The best jobs for young people
C How to find a high-paying job
D The disadvantages of choosing a wrong career
Apply the skimming technique to identify the correct answer
The first sentence clearly emphasizes the importance of career selection
* Correct answer: A
Practice 1:
When people talk about success, they often think of money and fame However, success can mean different things to different people For some, it means achieving personal goals or helping others
Trang 157
2.3.2 Strategy 2: Strengthening Skimming and Scanning Skills to Optimize Test-Taking Time
In the context of the National High School Graduation Examination,
students often encounter difficulty navigating lengthy reading passages under
constrained time limits Reading line by line can be inefficient and may result in unfinished sections
The dual strategies of Skimming (rapid reading for gist) and Scanning (targeted reading for details) enable learners to quickly extract relevant information, thereby enhancing response accuracy These techniques are especially effective when applied to reading texts in the Grade 12 English textbook (Global Success series), allowing for efficient identification of central ideas and critical data
* What is “Skimming”?
“Skimming” involves swiftly reading through a passage to grasp the overall message without delving into every word
* Situations where Skimming Is Useful:
- When responding to questions that ask for the main idea
- When selecting the most suitable title for a passage
* Implementation steps:
- Begin by reading the passage title to establish the general subject
- Focus on the opening and concluding sentences of each paragraph
- Isolate and concentrate on key terms, disregarding less critical details
Example from Unit 9 – Career Paths:
An extended passage designed to reinforce and broaden vocabulary through terms sourced from the official curriculum:
"Choosing the right career path is one of the most important decisions in life Many factors influence career choices, including personal interests, skills, and job market demand While some people choose careers based on passion, others prioritize financial stability and job security."
* Sample Question:
"What is the main idea of the passage?"
A The importance of choosing a career
B The best jobs for young people
C How to find a high-paying job
D The disadvantages of choosing a wrong career
Apply the skimming technique to identify the correct answer
The first sentence clearly emphasizes the importance of career selection
* Correct answer: A
Practice 1:
When people talk about success, they often think of money and fame However, success can mean different things to different people For some, it means achieving personal goals or helping others
Trang 163
2.3 PROPOSED STRATEGIES:
2.3.1 Strategy 1: Thematic Lexical Development and Contextual Inference Training
The reading section of the national high school graduation exam often includes academic vocabulary, fixed expressions, and figurative language Without a broad vocabulary, students struggle to understand passages and draw logical conclusion
For example, in Unit 8-Wildlife Conservation (English 12-Global Success), students may encounter terms such as:
+ Systematic Lexical Acquisition through Thematic Organization
The English 12 textbook (Global Success) organizes vocabulary by theme, with each unit focusing on essential word groups This thematic approach helps students to connect related words more effectively and improve long-term retention
* Example of textbook themes:
- Environment (Unit 3: Green Living)
- Technology (Unit 6: Artificial Intelligence)
- Culture (Unit 2: A Multicultural World)
* Sample sentence from Unit 8 (Wildlife):
"Many species are on the verge of extinction due to habitat destruction."
Students who know "habitat" (living environment) and "destruction" (damage) can deduce "habitat destruction" means "environmental damage."
+ Contextual Lexical Inference Methodologies (Context Clues)
Effective readers employ four research-based techniques for determining unfamiliar lexemes without external references:
(1) Semantic Relations Analysis
Texts frequently employ lexical cohesion devices that reveal meaning through: Synonymy (parallel terms) and Antonym (contrasting terms)
(2) Metalinguistic Definition Identification
Academic texts often provide explicit clarifications through:
* Example:
Trang 17* Example:
"Many animals, such as tigers, pandas, and rhinos, are endangered."
* Analysis: The phrase "such as" introduces examples of threatened species If students do not know the word "endangered," they can infer it relates to extinction
(4) Logical Inference Methodology
Learners may employ causal reasoning to derive lexical meaning through:
* Example:
"If illegal hunting continues, these species will disappear forever."
* Analysis: The sentence discusses negative consequences If students do not know "illegal hunting," they can deduce it means "poaching" based on the outcome described
+ Cognitive Retention through Visual Organization
- Flashcards: Use image-assisted flashcards for better retention
- Mind maps: Group words thematically for easier learning
* Example from Unit 9- Career paths (English 12-Global Success)
Picture 1: The min map of the theme: Career Paths
Trang 183
2.3 PROPOSED STRATEGIES:
2.3.1 Strategy 1: Thematic Lexical Development and Contextual Inference Training
The reading section of the national high school graduation exam often includes academic vocabulary, fixed expressions, and figurative language Without a broad vocabulary, students struggle to understand passages and draw logical conclusion
For example, in Unit 8-Wildlife Conservation (English 12-Global Success), students may encounter terms such as:
+ Systematic Lexical Acquisition through Thematic Organization
The English 12 textbook (Global Success) organizes vocabulary by theme, with each unit focusing on essential word groups This thematic approach helps students to connect related words more effectively and improve long-term retention
* Example of textbook themes:
- Environment (Unit 3: Green Living)
- Technology (Unit 6: Artificial Intelligence)
- Culture (Unit 2: A Multicultural World)
* Sample sentence from Unit 8 (Wildlife):
"Many species are on the verge of extinction due to habitat destruction."
Students who know "habitat" (living environment) and "destruction" (damage) can deduce "habitat destruction" means "environmental damage."
+ Contextual Lexical Inference Methodologies (Context Clues)
Effective readers employ four research-based techniques for determining unfamiliar lexemes without external references:
(1) Semantic Relations Analysis
Texts frequently employ lexical cohesion devices that reveal meaning through: Synonymy (parallel terms) and Antonym (contrasting terms)
(2) Metalinguistic Definition Identification
Academic texts often provide explicit clarifications through:
* Example:
Trang 195
* Example from Unit 8-Wildlife conservation (English 12-Global Success)
Picture 2: Guiding the student to present the mind map
This visual representation helps students understand word relationships
exam
National exam vocabulary questions typically follow this format:
* Question: "The word ‘vulnerable’ in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to:
* Analysis:
Trang 206
If students don't know the word "vulnerable", they should return to paragraphs and look at the surrounding context If the text is discussing animal species at risk of extinction, students can guess that "vulnerable" means something similar
to "endangered" (under threat)
Contextual inference competency enhances both temporal efficiency and response precision in examination performance
* Example in Unit 9- Career paths:
+ Engaging with Authentic English Texts beyond the Curriculum
Regularly read reputable English-language news outlets such as BBC News and The Guardian to encounter authentic, high-frequency vocabulary in real-world contexts
Explore English literature and novels to experience vocabulary usage in rich, natural linguistic settings
+ Utilizing Digital Tools for Vocabulary Acquisition
Leverage platforms like Quizlet and Anki to create personalized flashcards and engage in daily spaced-repetition review sessions
Practice with BBC Learning English and Duolingo to reinforce vocabulary acquisition through contextual listening and interaction
In conclusion, contextual vocabulary expansion significantly enhances students’ reading comprehension speed and accuracy during examinations Rather than memorizing isolated words, students are encouraged to build thematic vocabulary clusters, apply contextual inference strategies, and maintain consistent daily practice
Implementing this approach fosters greater confidence in tackling reading comprehension tasks and contributes to improved performance in the National High School Graduation Examination
Trang 212
- Survey method: Collecting feedback from students and teachers
- Comparative analysis: Evaluating results before and after intervention
1.5 NEW FACTORS OF THE STUDY
- Addresses changes in the 2025 exam format, especially the reading section
- Introduces effective reading strategies, including technology integration
- Develops tailored approaches for different question types
- Provides practical exercises to strengthen reading comprehension
2 THE CONTENT OF THE EXPERIENCE INTIATIVE
2.1 THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE EXPERIENCE INITIATIVE
Reading comprehension constitutes a foundational competency in language acquisition, particularly within high-stakes assessments such as the national graduation examination Aligned with Bloom’s Taxonomy, it transcends literal understanding to encompass analytical and evaluative cognitive processes
second-In the English examination, the reading module (45–50% of total marks) evaluates lexical knowledge, inferential reasoning, and critical engagement with textual elements Mastery of this section necessitates strategic pedagogy and deliberate skill cultivation
2.2 CURRENT CHANGES IN READING COMPREHENSION
Through classroom instructions and surveys of 12th-grade students, several prevalent difficulties in reading comprehension have been identified:
2.2.1 Limited Vocabulary Proficiency
- Students demonstrate inadequate mastery of academic and topic-specific vocabulary
- They struggle to deduce the meaning of unfamiliar words from contextual clues
2.2.2 Deficiencies in Skimming and Scanning Techniques
- Students tend to read word-by-word rather than processing phrases or sentences holistically
- Excessive time is allocated to single passages, resulting in incomplete responses to subsequent questions
2.2.3 Challenges in Main Idea Identification and Inferential Reasoning
- Difficulty distinguishing between essential information and ancillary details
- Frequent conflation of specific facts with the central thesis of the text
2.2.4 Ineffective Test-Taking Strategies
- Poor time management across different sections of the reading test
- Failure to employ fundamental reading techniques such as: Skimming (rapid identification of main ideas) and Scanning (targeted location of specific information)
2.2.5 Temporal Pressure and Examination Anxiety
- Many students experience diminished composure when encountering lengthy
or complex texts
- Psychological distress when faced with inference-based questions or
unfamiliar lexical items
Trang 225
* Example from Unit 8-Wildlife conservation (English 12-Global Success)
Picture 2: Guiding the student to present the mind map
This visual representation helps students understand word relationships
exam
National exam vocabulary questions typically follow this format:
* Question: "The word ‘vulnerable’ in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to:
* Analysis:
Trang 23* Example:
"Many animals, such as tigers, pandas, and rhinos, are endangered."
* Analysis: The phrase "such as" introduces examples of threatened species If students do not know the word "endangered," they can infer it relates to extinction
(4) Logical Inference Methodology
Learners may employ causal reasoning to derive lexical meaning through:
* Example:
"If illegal hunting continues, these species will disappear forever."
* Analysis: The sentence discusses negative consequences If students do not know "illegal hunting," they can deduce it means "poaching" based on the outcome described
+ Cognitive Retention through Visual Organization
- Flashcards: Use image-assisted flashcards for better retention
- Mind maps: Group words thematically for easier learning
* Example from Unit 9- Career paths (English 12-Global Success)
Picture 1: The min map of the theme: Career Paths
Trang 243
2.3 PROPOSED STRATEGIES:
2.3.1 Strategy 1: Thematic Lexical Development and Contextual Inference Training
The reading section of the national high school graduation exam often includes academic vocabulary, fixed expressions, and figurative language Without a broad vocabulary, students struggle to understand passages and draw logical conclusion
For example, in Unit 8-Wildlife Conservation (English 12-Global Success), students may encounter terms such as:
+ Systematic Lexical Acquisition through Thematic Organization
The English 12 textbook (Global Success) organizes vocabulary by theme, with each unit focusing on essential word groups This thematic approach helps students to connect related words more effectively and improve long-term retention
* Example of textbook themes:
- Environment (Unit 3: Green Living)
- Technology (Unit 6: Artificial Intelligence)
- Culture (Unit 2: A Multicultural World)
* Sample sentence from Unit 8 (Wildlife):
"Many species are on the verge of extinction due to habitat destruction."
Students who know "habitat" (living environment) and "destruction" (damage) can deduce "habitat destruction" means "environmental damage."
+ Contextual Lexical Inference Methodologies (Context Clues)
Effective readers employ four research-based techniques for determining unfamiliar lexemes without external references:
(1) Semantic Relations Analysis
Texts frequently employ lexical cohesion devices that reveal meaning through: Synonymy (parallel terms) and Antonym (contrasting terms)
(2) Metalinguistic Definition Identification
Academic texts often provide explicit clarifications through:
* Example:
Trang 255
* Example from Unit 8-Wildlife conservation (English 12-Global Success)
Picture 2: Guiding the student to present the mind map
This visual representation helps students understand word relationships
exam
National exam vocabulary questions typically follow this format:
* Question: "The word ‘vulnerable’ in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to:
* Analysis:
Trang 262
- Survey method: Collecting feedback from students and teachers
- Comparative analysis: Evaluating results before and after intervention
1.5 NEW FACTORS OF THE STUDY
- Addresses changes in the 2025 exam format, especially the reading section
- Introduces effective reading strategies, including technology integration
- Develops tailored approaches for different question types
- Provides practical exercises to strengthen reading comprehension
2 THE CONTENT OF THE EXPERIENCE INTIATIVE
2.1 THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE EXPERIENCE INITIATIVE
Reading comprehension constitutes a foundational competency in language acquisition, particularly within high-stakes assessments such as the national graduation examination Aligned with Bloom’s Taxonomy, it transcends literal understanding to encompass analytical and evaluative cognitive processes
second-In the English examination, the reading module (45–50% of total marks) evaluates lexical knowledge, inferential reasoning, and critical engagement with textual elements Mastery of this section necessitates strategic pedagogy and deliberate skill cultivation
2.2 CURRENT CHANGES IN READING COMPREHENSION
Through classroom instructions and surveys of 12th-grade students, several prevalent difficulties in reading comprehension have been identified:
2.2.1 Limited Vocabulary Proficiency
- Students demonstrate inadequate mastery of academic and topic-specific vocabulary
- They struggle to deduce the meaning of unfamiliar words from contextual clues
2.2.2 Deficiencies in Skimming and Scanning Techniques
- Students tend to read word-by-word rather than processing phrases or sentences holistically
- Excessive time is allocated to single passages, resulting in incomplete responses to subsequent questions
2.2.3 Challenges in Main Idea Identification and Inferential Reasoning
- Difficulty distinguishing between essential information and ancillary details
- Frequent conflation of specific facts with the central thesis of the text
2.2.4 Ineffective Test-Taking Strategies
- Poor time management across different sections of the reading test
- Failure to employ fundamental reading techniques such as: Skimming (rapid identification of main ideas) and Scanning (targeted location of specific information)
2.2.5 Temporal Pressure and Examination Anxiety
- Many students experience diminished composure when encountering lengthy
or complex texts
- Psychological distress when faced with inference-based questions or
unfamiliar lexical items
Trang 272
- Survey method: Collecting feedback from students and teachers
- Comparative analysis: Evaluating results before and after intervention
1.5 NEW FACTORS OF THE STUDY
- Addresses changes in the 2025 exam format, especially the reading section
- Introduces effective reading strategies, including technology integration
- Develops tailored approaches for different question types
- Provides practical exercises to strengthen reading comprehension
2 THE CONTENT OF THE EXPERIENCE INTIATIVE
2.1 THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE EXPERIENCE INITIATIVE
Reading comprehension constitutes a foundational competency in language acquisition, particularly within high-stakes assessments such as the national graduation examination Aligned with Bloom’s Taxonomy, it transcends literal understanding to encompass analytical and evaluative cognitive processes
second-In the English examination, the reading module (45–50% of total marks) evaluates lexical knowledge, inferential reasoning, and critical engagement with textual elements Mastery of this section necessitates strategic pedagogy and deliberate skill cultivation
2.2 CURRENT CHANGES IN READING COMPREHENSION
Through classroom instructions and surveys of 12th-grade students, several prevalent difficulties in reading comprehension have been identified:
2.2.1 Limited Vocabulary Proficiency
- Students demonstrate inadequate mastery of academic and topic-specific vocabulary
- They struggle to deduce the meaning of unfamiliar words from contextual clues
2.2.2 Deficiencies in Skimming and Scanning Techniques
- Students tend to read word-by-word rather than processing phrases or sentences holistically
- Excessive time is allocated to single passages, resulting in incomplete responses to subsequent questions
2.2.3 Challenges in Main Idea Identification and Inferential Reasoning
- Difficulty distinguishing between essential information and ancillary details
- Frequent conflation of specific facts with the central thesis of the text
2.2.4 Ineffective Test-Taking Strategies
- Poor time management across different sections of the reading test
- Failure to employ fundamental reading techniques such as: Skimming (rapid identification of main ideas) and Scanning (targeted location of specific information)
2.2.5 Temporal Pressure and Examination Anxiety
- Many students experience diminished composure when encountering lengthy
or complex texts
- Psychological distress when faced with inference-based questions or
unfamiliar lexical items
Trang 288
* Question: What is the main idea of the passage?
A Success is only about being famous
B Success means the same to everyone
C Success can have various meanings
D Success is not important in life
* Correct answer: C
Practice 2:
Technology has changed the way we communicate In the past, people wrote letters or used landline phones Today, we use emails, messaging apps, and video calls
* Question: What is the passage mainly about?
A The history of telephone use
B How technology affects communication
C People who do not use technology
D The invention of email
* Appropriate Contexts for Scanning:
- Answering questions that ask for specific details
- Determining the meaning of a word within context
* Execution Guidelines:
* Sample Question:
"When did Deep Blue defeat Garry Kasparov?"
Trang 296
If students don't know the word "vulnerable", they should return to paragraphs and look at the surrounding context If the text is discussing animal species at risk of extinction, students can guess that "vulnerable" means something similar
to "endangered" (under threat)
Contextual inference competency enhances both temporal efficiency and response precision in examination performance
* Example in Unit 9- Career paths:
+ Engaging with Authentic English Texts beyond the Curriculum
Regularly read reputable English-language news outlets such as BBC News and The Guardian to encounter authentic, high-frequency vocabulary in real-world contexts
Explore English literature and novels to experience vocabulary usage in rich, natural linguistic settings
+ Utilizing Digital Tools for Vocabulary Acquisition
Leverage platforms like Quizlet and Anki to create personalized flashcards and engage in daily spaced-repetition review sessions
Practice with BBC Learning English and Duolingo to reinforce vocabulary acquisition through contextual listening and interaction
In conclusion, contextual vocabulary expansion significantly enhances students’ reading comprehension speed and accuracy during examinations Rather than memorizing isolated words, students are encouraged to build thematic vocabulary clusters, apply contextual inference strategies, and maintain consistent daily practice
Implementing this approach fosters greater confidence in tackling reading comprehension tasks and contributes to improved performance in the National High School Graduation Examination
Trang 303
2.3 PROPOSED STRATEGIES:
2.3.1 Strategy 1: Thematic Lexical Development and Contextual Inference Training
The reading section of the national high school graduation exam often includes academic vocabulary, fixed expressions, and figurative language Without a broad vocabulary, students struggle to understand passages and draw logical conclusion
For example, in Unit 8-Wildlife Conservation (English 12-Global Success), students may encounter terms such as:
+ Systematic Lexical Acquisition through Thematic Organization
The English 12 textbook (Global Success) organizes vocabulary by theme, with each unit focusing on essential word groups This thematic approach helps students to connect related words more effectively and improve long-term retention
* Example of textbook themes:
- Environment (Unit 3: Green Living)
- Technology (Unit 6: Artificial Intelligence)
- Culture (Unit 2: A Multicultural World)
* Sample sentence from Unit 8 (Wildlife):
"Many species are on the verge of extinction due to habitat destruction."
Students who know "habitat" (living environment) and "destruction" (damage) can deduce "habitat destruction" means "environmental damage."
+ Contextual Lexical Inference Methodologies (Context Clues)
Effective readers employ four research-based techniques for determining unfamiliar lexemes without external references:
(1) Semantic Relations Analysis
Texts frequently employ lexical cohesion devices that reveal meaning through: Synonymy (parallel terms) and Antonym (contrasting terms)
(2) Metalinguistic Definition Identification
Academic texts often provide explicit clarifications through:
* Example:
Trang 316
If students don't know the word "vulnerable", they should return to paragraphs and look at the surrounding context If the text is discussing animal species at risk of extinction, students can guess that "vulnerable" means something similar
to "endangered" (under threat)
Contextual inference competency enhances both temporal efficiency and response precision in examination performance
* Example in Unit 9- Career paths:
+ Engaging with Authentic English Texts beyond the Curriculum
Regularly read reputable English-language news outlets such as BBC News and The Guardian to encounter authentic, high-frequency vocabulary in real-world contexts
Explore English literature and novels to experience vocabulary usage in rich, natural linguistic settings
+ Utilizing Digital Tools for Vocabulary Acquisition
Leverage platforms like Quizlet and Anki to create personalized flashcards and engage in daily spaced-repetition review sessions
Practice with BBC Learning English and Duolingo to reinforce vocabulary acquisition through contextual listening and interaction
In conclusion, contextual vocabulary expansion significantly enhances students’ reading comprehension speed and accuracy during examinations Rather than memorizing isolated words, students are encouraged to build thematic vocabulary clusters, apply contextual inference strategies, and maintain consistent daily practice
Implementing this approach fosters greater confidence in tackling reading comprehension tasks and contributes to improved performance in the National High School Graduation Examination
Trang 322
- Survey method: Collecting feedback from students and teachers
- Comparative analysis: Evaluating results before and after intervention
1.5 NEW FACTORS OF THE STUDY
- Addresses changes in the 2025 exam format, especially the reading section
- Introduces effective reading strategies, including technology integration
- Develops tailored approaches for different question types
- Provides practical exercises to strengthen reading comprehension
2 THE CONTENT OF THE EXPERIENCE INTIATIVE
2.1 THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE EXPERIENCE INITIATIVE
Reading comprehension constitutes a foundational competency in language acquisition, particularly within high-stakes assessments such as the national graduation examination Aligned with Bloom’s Taxonomy, it transcends literal understanding to encompass analytical and evaluative cognitive processes
second-In the English examination, the reading module (45–50% of total marks) evaluates lexical knowledge, inferential reasoning, and critical engagement with textual elements Mastery of this section necessitates strategic pedagogy and deliberate skill cultivation
2.2 CURRENT CHANGES IN READING COMPREHENSION
Through classroom instructions and surveys of 12th-grade students, several prevalent difficulties in reading comprehension have been identified:
2.2.1 Limited Vocabulary Proficiency
- Students demonstrate inadequate mastery of academic and topic-specific vocabulary
- They struggle to deduce the meaning of unfamiliar words from contextual clues
2.2.2 Deficiencies in Skimming and Scanning Techniques
- Students tend to read word-by-word rather than processing phrases or sentences holistically
- Excessive time is allocated to single passages, resulting in incomplete responses to subsequent questions
2.2.3 Challenges in Main Idea Identification and Inferential Reasoning
- Difficulty distinguishing between essential information and ancillary details
- Frequent conflation of specific facts with the central thesis of the text
2.2.4 Ineffective Test-Taking Strategies
- Poor time management across different sections of the reading test
- Failure to employ fundamental reading techniques such as: Skimming (rapid identification of main ideas) and Scanning (targeted location of specific information)
2.2.5 Temporal Pressure and Examination Anxiety
- Many students experience diminished composure when encountering lengthy
or complex texts
- Psychological distress when faced with inference-based questions or
unfamiliar lexical items
Trang 333
2.3 PROPOSED STRATEGIES:
2.3.1 Strategy 1: Thematic Lexical Development and Contextual Inference Training
The reading section of the national high school graduation exam often includes academic vocabulary, fixed expressions, and figurative language Without a broad vocabulary, students struggle to understand passages and draw logical conclusion
For example, in Unit 8-Wildlife Conservation (English 12-Global Success), students may encounter terms such as:
+ Systematic Lexical Acquisition through Thematic Organization
The English 12 textbook (Global Success) organizes vocabulary by theme, with each unit focusing on essential word groups This thematic approach helps students to connect related words more effectively and improve long-term retention
* Example of textbook themes:
- Environment (Unit 3: Green Living)
- Technology (Unit 6: Artificial Intelligence)
- Culture (Unit 2: A Multicultural World)
* Sample sentence from Unit 8 (Wildlife):
"Many species are on the verge of extinction due to habitat destruction."
Students who know "habitat" (living environment) and "destruction" (damage) can deduce "habitat destruction" means "environmental damage."
+ Contextual Lexical Inference Methodologies (Context Clues)
Effective readers employ four research-based techniques for determining unfamiliar lexemes without external references:
(1) Semantic Relations Analysis
Texts frequently employ lexical cohesion devices that reveal meaning through: Synonymy (parallel terms) and Antonym (contrasting terms)
(2) Metalinguistic Definition Identification
Academic texts often provide explicit clarifications through:
* Example:
Trang 346
If students don't know the word "vulnerable", they should return to paragraphs and look at the surrounding context If the text is discussing animal species at risk of extinction, students can guess that "vulnerable" means something similar
to "endangered" (under threat)
Contextual inference competency enhances both temporal efficiency and response precision in examination performance
* Example in Unit 9- Career paths:
+ Engaging with Authentic English Texts beyond the Curriculum
Regularly read reputable English-language news outlets such as BBC News and The Guardian to encounter authentic, high-frequency vocabulary in real-world contexts
Explore English literature and novels to experience vocabulary usage in rich, natural linguistic settings
+ Utilizing Digital Tools for Vocabulary Acquisition
Leverage platforms like Quizlet and Anki to create personalized flashcards and engage in daily spaced-repetition review sessions
Practice with BBC Learning English and Duolingo to reinforce vocabulary acquisition through contextual listening and interaction
In conclusion, contextual vocabulary expansion significantly enhances students’ reading comprehension speed and accuracy during examinations Rather than memorizing isolated words, students are encouraged to build thematic vocabulary clusters, apply contextual inference strategies, and maintain consistent daily practice
Implementing this approach fosters greater confidence in tackling reading comprehension tasks and contributes to improved performance in the National High School Graduation Examination
Trang 357
2.3.2 Strategy 2: Strengthening Skimming and Scanning Skills to Optimize Test-Taking Time
In the context of the National High School Graduation Examination,
students often encounter difficulty navigating lengthy reading passages under
constrained time limits Reading line by line can be inefficient and may result in unfinished sections
The dual strategies of Skimming (rapid reading for gist) and Scanning (targeted reading for details) enable learners to quickly extract relevant information, thereby enhancing response accuracy These techniques are especially effective when applied to reading texts in the Grade 12 English textbook (Global Success series), allowing for efficient identification of central ideas and critical data
* What is “Skimming”?
“Skimming” involves swiftly reading through a passage to grasp the overall message without delving into every word
* Situations where Skimming Is Useful:
- When responding to questions that ask for the main idea
- When selecting the most suitable title for a passage
* Implementation steps:
- Begin by reading the passage title to establish the general subject
- Focus on the opening and concluding sentences of each paragraph
- Isolate and concentrate on key terms, disregarding less critical details
Example from Unit 9 – Career Paths:
An extended passage designed to reinforce and broaden vocabulary through terms sourced from the official curriculum:
"Choosing the right career path is one of the most important decisions in life Many factors influence career choices, including personal interests, skills, and job market demand While some people choose careers based on passion, others prioritize financial stability and job security."
* Sample Question:
"What is the main idea of the passage?"
A The importance of choosing a career
B The best jobs for young people
C How to find a high-paying job
D The disadvantages of choosing a wrong career
Apply the skimming technique to identify the correct answer
The first sentence clearly emphasizes the importance of career selection
* Correct answer: A
Practice 1:
When people talk about success, they often think of money and fame However, success can mean different things to different people For some, it means achieving personal goals or helping others
Trang 367
2.3.2 Strategy 2: Strengthening Skimming and Scanning Skills to Optimize Test-Taking Time
In the context of the National High School Graduation Examination,
students often encounter difficulty navigating lengthy reading passages under
constrained time limits Reading line by line can be inefficient and may result in unfinished sections
The dual strategies of Skimming (rapid reading for gist) and Scanning (targeted reading for details) enable learners to quickly extract relevant information, thereby enhancing response accuracy These techniques are especially effective when applied to reading texts in the Grade 12 English textbook (Global Success series), allowing for efficient identification of central ideas and critical data
* What is “Skimming”?
“Skimming” involves swiftly reading through a passage to grasp the overall message without delving into every word
* Situations where Skimming Is Useful:
- When responding to questions that ask for the main idea
- When selecting the most suitable title for a passage
* Implementation steps:
- Begin by reading the passage title to establish the general subject
- Focus on the opening and concluding sentences of each paragraph
- Isolate and concentrate on key terms, disregarding less critical details
Example from Unit 9 – Career Paths:
An extended passage designed to reinforce and broaden vocabulary through terms sourced from the official curriculum:
"Choosing the right career path is one of the most important decisions in life Many factors influence career choices, including personal interests, skills, and job market demand While some people choose careers based on passion, others prioritize financial stability and job security."
* Sample Question:
"What is the main idea of the passage?"
A The importance of choosing a career
B The best jobs for young people
C How to find a high-paying job
D The disadvantages of choosing a wrong career
Apply the skimming technique to identify the correct answer
The first sentence clearly emphasizes the importance of career selection
* Correct answer: A
Practice 1:
When people talk about success, they often think of money and fame However, success can mean different things to different people For some, it means achieving personal goals or helping others
Trang 378
* Question: What is the main idea of the passage?
A Success is only about being famous
B Success means the same to everyone
C Success can have various meanings
D Success is not important in life
* Correct answer: C
Practice 2:
Technology has changed the way we communicate In the past, people wrote letters or used landline phones Today, we use emails, messaging apps, and video calls
* Question: What is the passage mainly about?
A The history of telephone use
B How technology affects communication
C People who do not use technology
D The invention of email
* Appropriate Contexts for Scanning:
- Answering questions that ask for specific details
- Determining the meaning of a word within context
* Execution Guidelines:
* Sample Question:
"When did Deep Blue defeat Garry Kasparov?"