04055000050 phân tích Đối chiếu các bản tin trên báo Điện tử trong tiếng Đức và tiếng việt xét từ bình diện ngôn ngữ học văn bản 04055000050 phân tích Đối chiếu các bản tin trên báo Điện tử trong tiếng Đức và tiếng việt xét từ bình diện ngôn ngữ học văn bản
EINLEITUNG
Themenwahl und Problemstellung
Texts appear in various fields such as text linguistics, psychology, literary studies, history, theology, law, and pedagogy, with different scholars defining the concept of text in diverse ways Text linguistics, a relatively young sub-discipline of linguistics developed in the 1960s, focuses on inter-sentential linguistic structures According to Steinbach (2007: 219), modern text linguistics examines texts, their linguistic structures, communicative functions, and cognitive processing The term "text" is used not only in everyday language, such as referring to the lyrics of a song or an opera, but also in linguistics, where it is defined as "a coherent sequence of sentences" (Brinker 2010: 14).
This article explores the unique characteristics of the online news article genre in both German and Vietnamese, highlighting its significance in our daily lives News provides us with the latest information across various aspects of life, and regardless of whether we live in Germany or Vietnam, we rely on newspapers for detailed insights With advancements in technology, online newspapers have gained popularity due to their low cost and accessibility, allowing readers to update information anytime and anywhere As the number of Vietnamese in Germany and Germans in Vietnam increases, it becomes essential for both communities to read newspapers to stay informed about current events that directly impact their lives, fostering a better understanding of each country's culture Therefore, recognizing the typical features of this text genre in both languages is crucial.
This research focuses on examining the specific characteristics of online news articles in German and Vietnamese The study emphasizes newspaper reports on transportation, housing, and health, as these are significant concerns for people.
Forschungsfragen und Zielsetzung
This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the online news article genre in both German and Vietnamese Additionally, it seeks to compare German and Vietnamese newspaper articles, identifying the similarities and differences between the two languages in this text type The central research question is as follows:
- Welche Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede in textlinguistischer Sicht gibt es zwischen den deutschen und vietnamesischen Online-Zeitungsnachrichten?
Die deutschen und vietnamesischen Online-Zeitungsnachrichten werden nach folgenden Kriterien verglichen: Kommunikationssituation, Textfunktion, Aufbau, thematische Entfaltung und sprachliche Ausgestaltung.
The first criterion posits that the communication situation of German and Vietnamese online newspaper articles is similar, aside from the cultural and spatial context of the text type Online newspapers are characterized by a monologic communication direction, the temporal and spatial separation of communicators, and the use of written language In both languages, online newspaper articles are official and public, with reporters as the text producers and readers as the recipients However, the cultural and spatial context plays a significant role in shaping the content.
The focus of German online news articles is Germany, while Vietnamese online news articles center on Vietnam It is hypothesized that the primary function of both German and Vietnamese online news is to inform However, they differ in additional functions, such as the appeal and contact functions For instance, a Vietnamese online news article from April 2nd illustrates this distinction.
In 2022, Dan Tri reported on a male high school student who tragically jumped from the 28th floor of a building in Hanoi due to academic pressure, leading to his suicide Following this incident, advice was provided for parents, highlighting the importance of addressing mental health issues This raises the question of whether German online news outlets fulfill a similar role in advocating for mental health awareness and parental guidance.
The study hypothesizes that German and Vietnamese online newspaper articles share the same framework information (newspaper name, publication date, time, section, title, author, location) and main content, yet differ in layout and structure For instance, in Vietnam, the typical order of information in a traffic accident report is cause - event - consequence, raising the question of whether German reports present information in a similar or different sequence Additionally, the thematic development of online news articles in both languages is viewed as descriptive Both languages utilize personal pronouns, nominal reiteration, recurrence, anaphora, and cataphora, but the linguistic expression through grammar, lexicon (synonyms, antonyms), and quotations may vary.
Methodik und Vorgehensweise
Dem Ziel, den theoretischen Teil zu stützen und auf die Fragestellung eine Antwort
This section conducts a thorough analysis using materials from online news articles in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung and Dan tri, focusing on topics related to traffic, health, and sports in 2023 The Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung was chosen for its reputation as a reliable national daily newspaper in Germany Meanwhile, Dan tri has been recognized as the most prestigious electronic newspaper in Vietnam, according to a study by Toplist Vietnam.
Obwohl die Dan Tri Zeitung und die Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ) aus verschiedenen Lọndern stammen und unterschiedliche Sprachen verwenden, gibt es dennoch einige Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen den beiden Zeitungen.
Both Dan Tri and FAZ are primarily news newspapers that report on current events across various sectors such as transportation, health, and sports Additionally, both publications are known for delivering high-quality journalism, emphasizing objective reporting, well-founded analyses, and background information Dan Tri and FAZ maintain an online presence, offering their content through their websites and digital platforms.
The Dan Tri Zeitung and the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ) differ in several key aspects that influence their content Dan Tri primarily focuses on national and regional news in Vietnam, while the FAZ has a more global perspective, covering international news with an emphasis on Germany and Europe These geographical and linguistic differences result in distinct readerships, each with unique interests and needs Dan Tri caters mainly to Vietnamese readers, whereas the FAZ targets a broader German-speaking audience.
2 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung: https://www.frankfurterallgemeine.de/karriere/unsere- arbeitsbereiche/redaktion#:~:texti%20FAZ.NET-
,%E2%80%9EDie%20F.A.Z.,das%20ist%20heutzutage%20immer%20wichtiger.
The analysis of online newspaper articles utilizes both qualitative and quantitative methods This study focuses on examining 30 selected German online news articles (10 articles per topic) and 30 selected Vietnamese online news articles (10 articles per topic).
Zwei Korpora (aus den deutschen und aus den vietnamesischen Nachrichten) werden nach bestimmten sprachwissenschaftlichen Gesichtspunkten, die auf den theoretischen Grundlagen basieren, erstellt.
The study of newspaper functions in two languages begins with a qualitative analysis, followed by quantitative methods to determine the frequency of the dominant and secondary functions The results are presented as percentages, allowing for an assessment of which function is predominant and identifying any secondary functions present in both languages.
Qualitative analysis examines newspaper articles from a text-linguistic perspective, focusing on aspects such as the communication situation, text structure, thematic development, and linguistic expression The communication situation is explained through criteria including medium, direction of communication, communication partners, language, field of action, text recipients, text producers, and cultural context.
The article compares the structure, linguistic elements, and layout of newspaper articles in German and Vietnamese based on selected samples This analysis aims to reveal the differences in the organization and presentation of news in both languages, as well as the linguistic tools employed for structuring the content Additionally, it explores the thematic development within the articles, addressing the common forms of theme elaboration found in German and Vietnamese newspapers.
Using qualitative methods, linguistic tools are analyzed to answer questions regarding the types of linguistic elements present Subsequently, a quantitative approach is employed to determine the frequency of these linguistic tools.
The research findings reveal the linguistic features and lexical phenomena that play a significant role in newspaper articles of both languages This empirical study focuses on comparing German and Vietnamese online news articles through applied theories, analytical methodologies, and extensive corpora Ultimately, the results of the investigation will be presented.
Aufbau der Arbeit
Ausgehend von den beschriebenen Zielsetzungen ergibt sich die folgende Gliederung der vorliegenden Arbeit, wobei die Arbeit aus zwei Hauptteilen besteht.
The first part of the article presents the theoretical foundations of text, text types, textual characteristics, text functions, criteria for text analysis, and models of text analysis It then introduces the concept, features, and functions of the text type newspaper article, highlighting key terms This work is based on the theoretical perspectives of various authors, including Vater (2001), Adamzik (2004), Steinbach et al (2007), Busch/Stenschke (2008), Fandrych/Thurmair (2010, 2011a), and Brinker (2014), which provide guidelines and a solid foundation for the study By incorporating different theories from these authors, the work aims to present a diverse and multifaceted perspective on the research subject.
The second part focuses on the analysis and comparison of German and Vietnamese online newspaper articles Each criterion is examined in both languages and then compared Finally, the findings of the study are summarized, and a perspective is provided.
THEORETISCHE GRUNDLAGE
Textlinguistik und Textbegriff
Text linguistics focuses on overarching linguistic structures and has its roots in genre theory, rhetoric, and stylistics The common denominator in most definitions is a sequence of sentences or utterances, depending on whether the definition is syntactic or pragmatic Additional criteria highlight the aspects of texts that text linguistics examines The most important criterion states that texts are characterized by meaningful connections between their parts.
According to Van Dijk (1980), text linguistics has evolved within various disciplines such as poetics, rhetoric, psychology, pedagogy, theology, history, and jurisprudence, where texts are analyzed from different perspectives and for various purposes Rosengren (1980) further defines text linguistics as a sub-discipline of text theory, emphasizing its foundational role in understanding textual analysis.
According to Vater (2001), text linguistics primarily focuses on the systematic processes of text construction, the elements involved, and the communicative functions and effects of texts While the definition acknowledges the structure, communicative function, and impact of texts, it appears somewhat general, as it does not provide a detailed account of the components that make up a text.
Bussmann (2002: 779) definiert Textlinguistik wie folgt:
The linguistic discipline focuses on analyzing cross-sentential linguistic regularities, aiming to define the constitutive features of the linguistic unit "text" and establish a theory of text The author emphasizes the identification of the essential characteristics of the sentence rather than the linguistic unit itself.
Steinbach (2007: 219) notes that modern text linguistics focuses on texts, examining their linguistic structures, communicative functions, and cognitive processing He argues that text linguistics encompasses the structure of language, communication functions, and cognitive processes This definition also considers text delimitation and classification, aspects that are often overlooked in other definitions.
In comparing the aforementioned definitions, it becomes clear that the element constituting the text is central to text linguistics The primary distinction lies in how the authors describe these elements Generally, there are numerous definitions of text linguistics with varying concepts However, they all share the view that the highest unit of reference for linguistic analysis is not the sentence, but the text itself.
Next, it is useful for further analysis to consider the concept of "text." The notion of text became central to linguistics only in the 1960s, and there are countless definitions of the term The word "text" is derived from the Latin terms "textus" and "textum," which mean "weaving" or "fabric."
This etymological interpretation is misleading, as these terms are "very rarely found in classical authors" (Adamzik 2016: 48) Consequently, the term "text" was used metaphorically from antiquity through the Middle Ages to the early modern period and does not appear as "technical terms in either grammar or rhetoric" (Scherner 1996: 109, cited in Adamzik 2016).
Since the 14th century, the term "text" has predominantly appeared in the context of the Bible, and by the early 16th century, it was defined as the "linguistic part of a musical piece" or the "linguistic component of an image-text unit." However, this concept only emerged in the 20th century, for example, with captions accompanying images.
Illustrations, press photos, and the subtitling of (silent) films highlight the significance of text in various contexts Recently, the concept of text has gained attention in linguistics (see Adamzik 2016: 49) Adamzik argues that text is a complex and multifaceted subject that requires a nuanced examination Consequently, she asserts that text should be regarded as a prototypical category, emphasizing the importance of demonstrating that text possesses essential characteristics typical of such a category.
According to Pürings (2003: 192), a text consists of expressions used by a speaker or writer and the interpretation that listeners or readers derive based on their background knowledge Many authors, like Pürings, differentiate between written and spoken communication, emphasizing that the cultural and general knowledge of the audience is essential for understanding.
According to Steinbach et al (2007: 131), linguistic expression is the primary criterion for distinguishing between texts and non-texts Texts are essential for conveying information, which is represented through linguistic units This implies that even smaller linguistic constructs, such as a single word or an insertion directive, can be considered texts However, due to their low grammatical or thematic complexity, they are often overlooked in text linguistics Based on this criterion, images or traffic signs do not qualify as texts In terms of communication, texts are characterized by the concept of communicative function (text function) Similarly, Busch and Stenschke (2008: 229) emphasize this distinction.
„Text: eine schriftsprachliche, kommunikative Einheit, deren Elemente - in aller Regel sind dies Sọtze - strukturell-grammatisch (Kohọsion) und inhaltlich thematisch (Kohọrenz) miteinander verknỹpft sind.“ (Busch/ Stenschke 2008: 229)
Anhand des PISA-Textbegriffs betonen sie, dass Sprachlichkeit ein wichtiger
Stenschke emphasizes that written form is a crucial criterion for distinguishing between a text and a non-text According to Busch and Stenschke (2008), "texts in the sense of text linguistics are linguistic and not iconic units." Berliner educator Katharina Rutschky highlights the distinction between written and spoken language in her column for "Die Welt." Current scholarly literature generally accepts that a text can be either oral or written, taking into account the communication process Wawrzyniak (1980) states, "we understand texts to include both written and spoken expressions, which can vary in length from a one-word text to the complete text of a multi-volume novel" (cited in Vater 2001).
The concept of "text" is widely discussed not only in everyday language but also in linguistics According to Brinker (2014: 10), the everyday understanding of the term "text" serves as a foundation for scientific exploration of the linguistic definition He further illustrates specific criteria through examples that determine when consecutive sentences in everyday language can be classified as texts Ultimately, he asserts that consecutive sentences can only be considered a text in everyday language if they are coherent in content and theme.
The article analyzes two main directions in text linguistics that define text in different ways: the linguistically systematic approach and the communication-oriented approach from the early 1970s The first direction relates to structuralist linguistics and generative transformational grammar, where text is assimilated to sentences and structurally analyzed based on the linguistic unit of the sentence, emphasizing sentence analysis Structuralist linguistics focuses on the segmentation and classification of linguistic units below the sentence level, such as constituents, morphemes, and phonemes Generative transformational grammar defines its subject, linguistic competence, as the ability of a competent speaker to produce and understand an infinite number of sentences, forming a rule system that generates this infinite set In the mid-1960s, text linguistics expanded the definition of text to a grammatically linked sequence of sentences, with the feature of coherence at the center of analysis The second main direction of text linguistics examines the communicative function of text within linguistic pragmatics, understanding text as a means of conveying the communication relationship between the text producer and the text recipient, relating to the speech act theory of Austin and Searle.
Textsorte
Der Begriff „Textsorte“ ist ein zentraler Begriff der Textlinguistik Linke u.a (2004:
Texts of a specific type are defined as "groups of similar texts characterized by certain bundles of features." These texts are categorized based on representative characteristics According to Busch and Stenschke (2008), a text type is "a collection of text examples with prototypical similarities in text design, functionality, and language structure." Both definitions highlight the common features that allow for the classification of texts into types A text type refers to a group of texts that exhibit a set of properties not found in other texts The novelty in Busch and Stenschke's definition lies in its emphasis on specific features of text design, functionality, and language structure Terms such as text form, text type, text class, and text pattern are also used synonymously In recent years, there has been a consensus on using the terms text type or text class.
Văn bản là sản phẩm của hoạt động giao tiếp bằng ngôn ngữ, được hình thành từ sự liên kết giữa các câu và đoạn văn, tạo thành một đơn vị hoàn chỉnh về nội dung và hình thức, đồng thời có tính độc lập Theo Phan Mậu Cảnh (2008), văn bản có thể được phân loại theo các hình thức thực tiễn (như quảng cáo) và các loại văn bản theo lý thuyết hoặc phân loại khoa học (như văn bản liên lạc) (Fandrych/Thurmair 2011 a: 13).
Text types can be differentiated based on internal and external criteria From a text grammar perspective, internal factors are emphasized, including grammatical and semantic description criteria, as well as phonetic, paraverbal, and graphical elements These encompass word choice, sentence structure patterns, theme development, and text structure patterns External factors gain importance as the communicative understanding of texts evolves, leading to a more focused consideration of functional factors Key external criteria include text function, communication medium, and communication situation.
Gansel and Jürgens (2009) explore both internal and external text criteria, emphasizing that texts should be analyzed not only by their genre but also in relation to their societal systems They highlight that internal criteria encompass grammatical, semantic, and stylistic features, while external criteria pertain to the communication context and situation Consequently, both internal and external factors are essential for accurate text classification and description.
According to Brinker (2005: 144, cited in Fandrych/Thurmair 2010: 381), text types are generally understood as a class of texts that correspond to conventional patterns associated with specific linguistic actions These text types and their underlying patterns have evolved within historically distinct language communities to fulfill specific communication tasks in social practice.
Text types should be understood as specific realizations of complex patterns of linguistic communication that have emerged within a speech community over time, shaped by historical and social developments in response to communicative needs.
Situational factors, such as communication intent and medium, can influence the distinction and function of a text Additionally, classification is based on the form and usage of the text Differences may emerge between written and spoken texts, literary and practical texts, as well as between scientific and non-scientific texts Brinker (2014: 136 ff.) differentiates between the everyday language concept of text types and the linguistic concept of text types.
In everyday life, there are numerous terms for text types Dimter (1981: 33 f.) identified over 1,600 text type names in a study of the 1973 spelling dictionary Of these, only about 500 are considered "fundamental," while the remaining terms are viewed as "derived," often reflecting specific variations or adaptations.
Compound terms, such as "report," are considered fundamental, while variations like "travel report," "work report," and "result report" are classified as derived The findings indicate that the classification of everyday language text types relates to three categories: functional, content-related, and situational These categories encompass text function, text content, and the communication context.
„die entscheidenden Kriterien im Wesentlichen“ (Brinker 2014: 136).
Brinker (2014) categorizes text types based on three key characteristics: text function, content, and communication situation The text function is particularly significant, as it enables the text producer to prompt the text recipient to take specific actions Adamzik (2004) further emphasizes that familiar text types from everyday life provide a wealth of information not only about the situational context and function but also about the topics addressed.
When examining text types such as instructions, orders, comments, and messages, it becomes clear that they are fundamentally defined by the communication function of the text, known as the text function The sender aims for the recipient to perform a specific action (instruction, order), adopt a particular attitude (comment), or be informed about a specific fact or event (message) The characteristics of the text content category are typical for various text types, including weather reports, travel reports, sports reports, marriage certificates, and marriage announcements.
Designations refer to a specific area of life or content, while the second part, such as the theme ("weather," "doctor," "sports," "marriage," "travel," etc.), serves to specify or categorize the text type determined by text functions (e.g., "report," "certificate," "advertisement," etc.) Ultimately, this establishes the framework of the communicative contact, with examples including face-to-face conversations, letters, phone calls, television broadcasts, and newspaper articles (cf Brinker 2014: 137).
Aus handlungstheoretischer Perspektive bietet Brinker (2014: 139) die folgenden Definition von Textsorten:
„Textsorten sind konventionell geltende Muster für komplexe sprachliche Handlungen und lassen sich als jeweils typische Verbindungen von kontextuellen (situativen), kommunikativ-funktionalen und strukturellen (grammatischen und thematischen) Merkmalen beschreiben.“ (Brinker 2014: 139)
Brinkers' definition of text types is detailed and comprehensive, emphasizing their communicative function as products of a communicative society focused on linguistic action Each text type must be conceptualized and conventionalized according to specific norms to facilitate understanding between producers and recipients of similar texts Text types share dominant characteristics in both surface and deep structures, significantly influencing social communication Busch and Stenschke (2008: 239) further explore text types, defining them as a collection of text examples with prototypical similarities in text design, functionality, and language structure These similarities are crucial for effective communication.
- Situative Bedingungen (Kommunikationskontext und Medium)
Diese Analyse von Busch/ Stenschke gilt als konkrete Erlọuterung von Brinkers
In his work, Diệp Quang Ban (2012) presents various perspectives on text classification, introducing the concepts of "text type" and "text genre." He argues that text types differ in content, while text genres vary in structural and stylistic characteristics Specifically, he defines text types as classes of texts belonging to the same functional style of language activity, yet differing in meaningful content or referential features Furthermore, text types are realized in genres with formal characteristics, where text genres are grouped based on shared design and stylistic features.
Textualitọtsmerkmale
A linguistic construct must exhibit certain textual characteristics to be considered a text (Brinker 2014: 133) The elements that comprise a text are crucial, as analyzing textual features aids in distinguishing between text and non-text Additionally, texts can be categorized into specific text types based on their properties Brinker (2014: 133) emphasizes the communicative function of a text, alongside grammatical and thematic coherence, as fundamental to textuality, highlighting a close relationship between a text's function and structure.
Die Textualitọtskriterien von Beaugrande/ Dressler (1981) bilden die Grundlage vieler Textdefinitionen und Diskussionen über den Textbegriff Sie stellen fest, ein Text als „kommunikative Okkurrenz, die sieben Kriterien der Textualitọt erfỹllt.
Các kiểu văn bản là những lớp văn bản có cùng phong cách chức năng trong hoạt động lời nói, nhưng lại khác nhau về nội dung ý nghĩa và các đặc trưng quy chiếu.
Có 10 kiểu văn bản được hiện thực hóa trong các thể loại, với những đặc trưng về mặt hình thức Các thể loại văn bản này được tập hợp dựa trên những đặc điểm chung về cách bố cục và các yếu tố đặc trưng khác.
Wenn irgendeines dieser Kriterien als nicht erfüllt betrachtet wird, so gilt der Text als nicht kommunikativ Daher werden nicht-kommunikative Texte als Nicht-Texte behandelt“ (Beaugrande/ Dressler 1981: 3).
Zu den Kriterien gehửren Kohọsion, Kohọrenz, Intentionalitọt, Akzeptabilitọt, Informativitọt, Situationalitọt und Intertextualitọt.
In contrast, Vater (2001: 28) critiques the aforementioned definition, highlighting its problematic nature For instance, the absence of cohesion can be acceptable in certain texts, and other criteria—except for coherence—are often dispensable Adamzik (2004: 50) further argues that some incoherencies in presentation may be overlooked Despite emphasizing a communicative orientation, this definition remains influenced by discussions from the text-grammatical approach The characteristics of textuality are not necessarily required, and it has been argued against Beaugrande/Dressler that their criteria do not need to be universally applicable and should be understood as relative measures (cf Adamzik 2004: 51).
Zusọtzlich zu den sieben Textmerkmalen von Beaugrande/ Dressler berỹcksichtigt Busch/ Stenschke (2008: 229) drei weitere Textmerkmale: Sprachlichkeit, Schriftlichkeit und Sortenhaftigkeit Das Merkmal der Funktionalitọt bei Busch/
Stenschke entspricht der Intentionalitọt bei Beaugrande/ Dressler.
In Vietnamese, Nguyễn Thiện Giáp (2008: 434) identifies two textual criteria: cohesion and coherence He argues that sentences in a coherent text can still be connected without formal markers indicating the relationship between them For example, "In Hanoi, it is very hot In Sapa, it is very cold." illustrates this point.
In 2008, it was noted that although the two sentences are not formally connected, they are logically and semantically coherent The recipient understands the contrasting relationship: it is very hot in Hanoi, while it is very cold in Sapa.
Im Vergleich dazu identifiziert Phan Mậu Cảnh (2008: 33) drei Textualitọtsmerkmale: tớnh liờn kết (Kohọsion), tớnh mạch lạc (Kohọrenz) und tớnh hoàn chỉnh
(Vollstọndigkeit) Aus der Sicht von Diệp Quang Ban (2010: 19 f) machen fỹnf Elemente die Merkmale eines Textes aus Es besteht aus mạch lạc và liên kết
(Kohọrenz und Kohọsion),yếu tố chức năng(Intentionalitọt),yếu tố nội dung(Inhalt - Thema),yếu tố chỉ lượng(Quantitọt),yếu tố định biờn(Anfang und Schluss).
Daher gibt es in beiden Sprachen drei wichtigste Merkmale: Kohọsion, Kohọrenz und Intentionalitọt Andere Merkmale lassen sich auf unterschiedliche Eigenschaften der beiden Sprachen zurückführen.
Im Folgenden lassen sich die sieben Textualitọtsmerkmale darstellen und eine klare Erklọrung fỹr jedes Merkmal geben.
Laut Beaugrande/ Dressler (1981: 3) gilt die Kohọsion als:
The way the components of the surface text, namely the words we actually hear or see, are interconnected is crucial These surface components are linked through grammatical forms and conventions, indicating that cohesion relies on grammatical dependencies.
Cohesion refers to the connection of sentences and sentence parts within a text through grammatical means It primarily arises from the reuse, modification, removal, or varied summarization of specific structures, patterns, and components of recurring syntax, or by establishing particular relationships among them.
Auch einige andere Autoren weisen Ähnlichkeiten in der Definition von Kohọsion auf, d h, sie betonen alle das oberflọchliche grammatikalische Element Vater (2002:
259) bezeichnet „Kohọsion beruht auf grammatischen Abhọngigkeiten und betrifft die Art, wie die Oberflọchenkomponenten verbunden sind.“ Steinbach u.a (2007:
Cohesion is defined as the grammatical and lexical connections that contribute to the structural and grammatical coherence of a text Various cohesive devices are identified to maintain this structural integrity Vater (2001) asserts that cohesion encompasses all areas of grammar, leading to multiple types, including phonological, morphological, and syntactic cohesion Phonological cohesion involves elements such as rhythm, rhyme (end rhyme, internal rhyme, alliteration), sound symbolism, intonation, and pause structure, all of which play a significant role in literary texts Morphological cohesion is particularly important in the formation of new words, while syntactic cohesion is the most frequently observed type.
Im Folgenden werden anhand der Ansichten verschiedener Autoren die wichtigsten Kohọsionsmittel vorgestellt.
Nguyễn Thiện Giỏp (2008) defines cohesion as formal signs that represent types of relationships between sentences in discourse, understood as grammatical surface structures He further elaborates in 2010 that cohesion involves lexical and/or grammatical relationships between various elements of a text, including relationships between sentences or sentence parts Diệp Quang Ban (2010) describes cohesion as formal tools that mark the connection between sentence parts Trần Ngọc Thờm (2006) offers a creative perspective, viewing cohesion in Vietnamese as both formal linkage and content linkage.
The concept of content connection encompasses a close dialectical relationship between content and formal connections Content connections are expressed through a system of formal cohesion tools, while formal connections are primarily used to convey content connections Thus, formal connections serve as a means to articulate the underlying content relationships.
„Kohọsion“ und inhaltliche Verknỹpfung „Kohọrenz“ im Deutschen genannt.
Die Kohọsionsmittel im Vietnamesischen werden im Folgenden dargestellt.
Phan Mậu Cảnh (2008) Nguyễn Thiện
Phép lặp/ Phép quy chiếu
Phép đối (Đối trái nghĩa)
11 „Liên kết là những dấu hiệu hình thức chỉ ra các kiểu quan hệ giữa các câu trong diễn ngôn.“ (Nguyễn Thiện Giáp 2008: 436)
Liên kết trong văn bản đề cập đến các mối quan hệ từ vựng và ngữ pháp giữa các yếu tố khác nhau, bao gồm mối quan hệ giữa các câu và các bộ phận của câu.
Tables 1 and 2 indicate that cohesive devices are present in both languages, including pro-forms, two reference directions, recurrence, substitution, ellipsis, connectors, and isotopic chains While German authors consider the tense aspect, Vietnamese lacks a tense form similar to that in German Additionally, Vietnamese nouns do not have gender, resulting in the absence of cohesive devices such as articles Furthermore, the elements of parallelism and explicit metacommunicative connections are not mentioned in Vietnamese.
Nachfolgend werden einige anschauliche Beispiele vorgestellt, um die Kohọsionsmittel im Deutschen und Vietnamesischen zu verdeutlichen.
Tabelle 3: Beispiele von Kohọsionsmittel im Deutschen und im Vietnamesischen
Kohọsionsmittel Im Deutschen Im Vietnamesischen
Phép thế đại từ Peter Sloterdijk hat mit seiner
Elmauer Rede eine Diskussion ausgelửst Ob er dies damit bezweckt hat, als er sie dort abends hielt? Darüber kann man nur spekulieren.
Đạo đức cách mạng không phải là điều tự nhiên mà có, mà là kết quả của quá trình đấu tranh và rèn luyện liên tục hàng ngày.
Zwei Anna bringt Wein mit Das Tôi nhìn Hiếu Nó không biết
Hồi chỉ, khứ chỉ Man weiò nie genau, ob sie kommt, Katharina ist sehr unzuverlọssig.
Các em hãy nghe đây Ngày mai các em được nghỉ học
Dieser Computer tut meistens, was ich will Oft muss ich aber leider tun, was mein Computer will.
Lực lượng của giai cấp công nhân và nhân dân lao động rất mạnh mẽ, nhưng để đạt được thắng lợi chắc chắn, lực lượng này cần có sự lãnh đạo của Đảng.
Chí Phèo nhận ngay Hắn tự khắc đến nhà đội Tảo và cất tiếng chửi
Keng phải may một bộ cánh Việc này không thể để cho bố biết được.
Phép đối (Đối trái nghĩa)
- Những người yếu đuối vẫn hay hiền lành Muốn ác phải là kẻ mạnh
Anfang - Beginn Orange - Apfelsine Aufzug - Lift
Bên này bức vách anh thao thức Bên kia bức vách em không ngủ
Ich habe Rosen gekauft, um mein Zimmer zu schmücken Ich liebe diese Blumen ganz besonders.
Aber man muss aufpassen, dass man sich nicht an den Dornen verletzt.
Tôi mới được tặng một bó hoa hồng Hoa thật là đẹp.
Phép tỉnh lược Franz bestellte zwei und der
Hai người qua đường đuổi theo nó Rồi ba bốn người, sáu bảy người
Phép nối Deshalb würde ich gerne im
Bereich Systementwicklung in einem bedeutenden Unternehmen wie Ihrem selbststọndig arbeiten.
(Bergmann u.a 2010: 252) Đang nắng sém mặt sém mày,bỗng nổi trận mưa rào Như vậy, lưng đang nhễ nhại mồ hôi,thì bị ngay ướt những nước lạnh.
Phối hợp từ ngữ Lexemgruppierungen gibt, die ein gemeinsames, d.h. rekurrentes, semantisches Merkmal haben und somit zur Textkonstitution beitragen.“
Bsp.: Abitur, Universitọt, studieren, Semester, Hochschule, Informatikstudium und Diplom
(Bergmann u.a 2010: 254) zusammen in einem Kontext erscheinen kửnnen und in einem Zusammenhang miteinander stehen.“
Textfunktion
The term "text function" can be initially defined as the communicative intention of the text author that is recognizable within the text and should be identified by the recipient (reader or listener) (Busch/Stenschke 2008: 236) According to Brinker, text function refers to the communicative role of texts and serves as the fundamental criterion for classifying text types It can be understood as the meaning a text acquires in a communication process or the purpose it fulfills within a specific communication situation (Brinker 2014: 87) Following Große's classification approach (1976), Brinker (2014: 97) defines text function, originating from speech acts, as follows: "the term ".
The term "text function" refers to the communication intent of the sender expressed through specific, conventionally established means recognized within the communication community This intent is meant to guide the recipient in interpreting the text, indicating whether it should be understood as informative or persuasive.
There are three fundamental types of indicators for text functions The first type explicitly mentions the nature of the "intended communicative contact," known as direct signaling, where the text function is clearly expressed through linguistic forms and structures The second type relates to the "attitude towards the text content," where the attitude is communicated either explicitly or implicitly, referred to as indirect signaling The third type describes the "social action area" (cf Brinker 2014: 99 f.) However, text classification is always an approximation of text types, as many texts exhibit overlapping functions For instance, an advertisement can serve not only a persuasive appeal function but also an informational function by providing detailed information about the advertised product Similarly, a marriage announcement functions not only as a contact text but also as an informational text.
The text type can serve multiple communicative functions and may share similarities with other text types Therefore, a clear distinction and strict classification are not always guaranteed.
Unter dem kommunikativ-funktionalen Aspekt wird nach Brinker (2014: 105) die Textfunktion aufgespalten und führt damit zu fünf verschiedenen Textklassen im Folgenden:
The issuer aims to inform the recipient about specific information This informative text function can be indicated through explicit performative formulas using verbs such as inform, communicate, report, reveal, and describe, as well as modal verbs like should and want, and modal adverbs such as apparently, presumably, and probably, along with other linguistic means The dominant function is the informational function found in text types such as "news" (newspapers, radio, television), "reports," "descriptions," and "non-fiction books."
Ich (der Emittent) weiò/ mir ist bekannt, dass
Er ist der Fall (ist wahr/ steht fest usw.), dass
Additionally, informative texts can be combined with evaluative attitudes, where the issuer conveys their positive or negative assessment of a situation to the recipient This evaluative stance is characteristic of text types such as "reports," "reviews," and "letters to the editor."
Ich (der Emittent) werte/ empfinde als positiv/ negativ, dass
Ihre sprachliche Darstellung ist sowohl für sachbetonte als auch für meinungsbetonte Textsorten kompatibel.
The issuer aims to persuade the recipient towards a specific attitude (opinion influence) and/or to prompt a particular action (behavior influence) The appellative function of the text can be directly indicated through requests, advice, and similar signals.
Ich (der Emittent) fordere dich (den Rezipienten) auf, die Einstellung (Meinung) X zu übernehmen/ die Handlung X zu vollziehen.
The most common grammatical signals of the appeal function include the imperative sentence, infinitive constructions, interrogative sentences, and sentence patterns with the modal verbs "should" or "must" in conjunction with the infinitive, as well as the variants "have to" + infinitive and "be" + infinitive The thematic orientations of the appeal function are normative and evaluative attitudes Relevant text types include "instructions," "advertisements," and "commentaries."
Bei obligativen Texten soll sich der Rezipient dazu verpflichten, bestimmte Handlungen durchzufỹhren Dazu gehửren die Textsorten „Vertrag“, „schriftliche Vereinbarung“, „Garantieschein“, „Gelửbnis“, „Angebot“ usw (ebd.: 117).
Ich (der Emittent) verpflichte mich (dem Rezipienten gegenüber), die Handlung X zu tun.
The obligation function can be indicated through explicitly performative formulas using verbs such as promise, commit, assume, guarantee, and offer Its thematic orientations are of a voluntative and intentional nature, reflecting intentions, plans, and purposes.
The issuer aims to establish or maintain personal contact with the recipient Typically, this includes types of texts such as contact letters, condolence letters, congratulatory letters, love letters, and postcards, all of which serve a contact function This specific function is indicated by explicit performative formulas using verbs like thank, apologize, congratulate, complain, and curse, reflecting emotional attitudes such as regret, sorrow, delight, and joy Contact texts are tied to "fixed social occasions," allowing the issuer to express their emotions effectively.
Mit-Freude, Mit-Trauer oder Danksagung, Gratulation usw aussprechen kann (ebd.:
In declaration texts, the issuer conveys to the recipient that the text creates a new reality, indicating that the successful expression of the text signifies the introduction of a specific fact (Brinker 2014: 120) Examples include wills, appointment certificates, confirmations, and powers of attorney The declarative function is expressed through fixed, ritualized, explicit formulas and specific text headings (ibid.: 120).
Ich (der Emittent) bewirke hiermit, dass X als Y gilt.
Basierend auf Zwecke und Funktionen von den verschiedenen Textsorten unterscheidet Fandrych/ Thurmair (2011 a: 29 ff.) Textfunktionen in drei groòen Gruppen: wissensbezogene Texte; handlungsbeeinflussende und handlungsprọformierende Texte; und expressiv-soziale, sinnsuchende Texte.
Knowledge-related texts primarily serve the function of storing and transmitting knowledge through language This includes text types whose main purpose is to convey, communicate, and provide various elements of knowledge Knowledge-related texts encompass three main functions: assertive, informative, and knowledge-providing.
Examples include lexicon articles, introductions, dictionary entries, as well as weather reports, travel guides, and audio guides They serve an argumentative function, as seen in scientific articles, letters to the editor, or topic-related discussion forums, and an evaluative function, found in reviews, theater critiques, study evaluations, reports, or peer reviews (cf Fandrych/Thurmair 2011 a: 29 f.).
Die handlungsbeeinflussenden Texte umfassen Textsorten mitinstruktiver Funktion
(Kochrezepte, Spielanleitungen, Bedienungsanleitungen, Horoskope); reglementierend-direktiver Funktion (Gesetze, Ordnungstexte, Satzungen); obligativ-sprecherbezogener Funktion (Verpflichtungen, Versprechen, Gelửbnisse,
(Zeugnisse, Trauscheine, Ernennungsurkunden, Taufe, Eheschlieòung);appellativer Funktion (Werbe-, Kontaktanzeigen, politische Werbung, politische oder humanitọre Aufrufe); handlungsvorbereitender Funktion (Tagesordnungen, Programme, Exposés oder Skizzen) und beratend-moralisierender Funktion
(Beratungstexte, Kummerkasten, ethische Betrachtungen, Predigten) (vgl. Fandrych/ Thurmair 2011 a: 31 f.).
Expressiv-soziale, sinnsuchende Texte enthọlt: expressiv-sinnsuchende Funktion
(Beipiele sind Tagebỹcher, Blogs, Reisenotizen und persửnliche Briefe, E-Mails); kollektiv selbstvergewissernde Funktion (Wahlkampfreden, ritualisierte religiửse Texte (wie etwa Gebete) und Fan-Liedertexte); phatische Funktion
(Glückwunschschreiben, Kondolenzschreiben); unterhaltend-spielerische Funktion
(Mọrchen, Kindergeschichten, Witze) und ọsthetische Funktion (literarisch- ọsthetisierende Texte) (vgl Fandrych/ Thurmair 2011 a: 32 f.).
Brinker and Fandrych/Thurmair approach their research from different perspectives, leading to distinct classifications of text functions However, Fandrych's classification encompasses the text functions found in Brinker's classification or closely resembles them This article aims to explore the similarities between their classifications.
Tabelle 4: Vergleichsversuchen der vorgeschlagenen Textfunktionen
Informations- funktion Appell- funktion Obligations- funktion Kontakt- funktion Deklarations- funktion
Die wissensbezogenen Texte konstatierend- assertierende, wissensbereitstellende
Funktion x argumentative Funktion x bewertende Funktion x
Die handlungsbeeinflussenden Texte instruktive Funktion x x reglementierend- direktive Funktion x
Informations- funktion Appell- funktion Obligations- funktion Kontakt- funktion Deklarations- funktion obligativ- sprecherbezogene
Die expressiv-soziale, sinnsuchende Texte expressiv-sinnsuchende
Funktion x x phatische Funktion x x unterhaltend- spielerische Funktion x ọsthetische Funktion x
Die theoretische Grundlage von Brinker (2014) über die Textfunktion bildet denAusgangspunkt für die Analyse der Funktion der Zeitungsnachricht in der vorliegenden Arbeit.
Kriterien zur Textanalyse und Textanalysemodelle
This section will compile various criteria for text analysis and introduce different text analysis models Despite the differing steps, these models assist in describing text functions, medium, time, place, theme, structure, and linguistic features Consequently, the frameworks proposed by Nord (2009) and Adamzik (2004) will be examined.
Analyseschritte analysieren und miteinander vergleichen Anschlieòend wird ein angemessenes Konzept für die Analyse der Zeitungsnachricht entworfen und entwickelt.
Nord (2009) developed a practical framework originally intended for translation-relevant analysis, focusing on identifying both external and internal factors of a text External factors can be assessed through a simple questionnaire addressing questions such as who, what for, to whom, through which medium, where, when, and why In contrast, internal factors examine aspects like the subject matter, content organization, nonverbal elements, choice of words, sentence structure, and tone.
Auòerdem entwickelt Adamzik (2004: 59) ein Ordnungsraster fỹr Dimensionen der Textbeschreibung, das auf die Kohọrenzbeziehungen zwischen den Ebenen situativer Kontext, Thema/ Inhalt, Funktion und sprachliche Gestalt basiert.
Abbildung 2: Dimensionen der Textbeschreibung (Adamzik 2004: 59)
In Adamzik's framework, text is analyzed through four interrelated dimensions, each encompassing various aspects The situational context dimension includes world specifics, communication areas, media aspects, spatiotemporal situating, object-relatedness, producer and recipient roles, intertextuality, and discursive embedding The linguistic form involves cohesion devices, rules, norms, realizations, lexicon, and grammar.
Dimensionsaspekte implizit und abstrakt dargestellt Daher wird die Frage gestellt, mit welchem Aspekt die Textanalyse anfangen sollte, damit die Analyse systematisch und leicht verstọndlich erfolgt.
Adamzik references Brinker (2014: 147), who discusses aspects such as text function, temporal and spatial elements, and linguistic means However, Brinker categorizes these elements based on different criteria: text function, contextual criteria, and structural criteria Consequently, he proposes analytical steps for a text type based on these criteria.
Schritt 2: Beschreibung der Kommunikationsform und - họufig eng damit verknüpft - desHandlungsbereichs
Schritt 3: Beschreibung vonthematischen Restriktionen(vor allem im
Hinblick auf die temporale und die lokale Orientierung) Schritt 4: Beschreibung des zugrunde liegenden thematischen Musters (der
Grundform der thematischen Entfaltung) und der Art der Musterrealisierung (der Realisationsform)
Schritt 5: Beschreibung textsortenspezifischer sprachlicher (lexikalischer und syntaktischer) und ggf nichtsprachlicher Mittel (Brinker 2014: 147)
Nach Brinkers Modell erfolgt die Analyse eines Text in 5 Schritten Zunọchst lọsst sich in Schritt 1 die Textfunktion analysieren (die Textfunktionen werden oben eingeführt).
In step 2, the forms of communication and the areas of action related to contextual criteria are described The communication form is determined by various media, including face-to-face communication, telephone, radio, television, and written communication Each medium is characterized by specific features of the communication situation, which influences the communicative contact between the partners involved The unique situational characteristics of each medium play a crucial role in shaping the communication experience.
Medien Kommunikations- form Kommunikations- richtung Kontaktform Sprache
Kommuni- kation direktes Gesprọch dialogisch akustisch, optisch; rọumlich und zeitlich unmittelbar gesprochen
Telefon Telefongesprọch dialogisch akustisch; zeitlich unmittelbar, rọumlich getrennt gesprochen
Rundfunk Rundfunksendung monologisch akustisch; zeitlich unmittelbar oder getrennt, rọumlich getrennt gesprochen
Fernsehen Fernsehsendung monologisch akustisch, optisch; zeitlich unmittelbar oder getrennt, rọumlich getrennt gesprochen (undgeschrieben)
Schrift Brief/ Mail monologisch optisch; rọumlich und zeitlich getrennt geschrieben
Buch monologisch optisch; rọumlich und zeitlich getrennt geschrieben
Communication forms are characterized by situational and media-related features rather than communicative-functional aspects, indicating their multifunctionality For instance, the form of communication known as a letter can be categorized into various types, such as persuasive letters (reminder letters, request letters, open letters), informative letters (business letters, notification letters), or personal letters (congratulatory letters, condolence letters, love letters) Thus, distinguishing between text types within communication forms is of significant importance.
The area of action encompasses the social domains where communication occurs, distinguishing between private, official, and public sectors In the private sector, communication takes place between individuals as private persons, such as family members and friends The official sector refers to communication between individuals in official capacities, primarily as representatives of institutions or authorities.
In the public sector, there is a significant emphasis on adherence to behavioral rules, distinguishing it from the private sector The term "public" primarily pertains to mass communication media such as television, radio, the internet, and print (Brinker 2014: 142 f.) Although the distinction between these areas may be broad, it is useful for classifying text types, as certain genres are characterized by their association with these domains, such as love letters.
Ansichtskarten sind fỹr privaten Bereich, Geschọftsbriefe und Gesetze sind fỹr offiziellen Bereich,Nachrichten undAnzeigensind fỹr ửffentlichen Bereich.
Structural criteria involve the type of text theme and the manner of thematic development In step 3, thematic restrictions are analyzed, focusing particularly on temporal and local orientation Brinker (2014: 144 f.) identifies two general aspects of text themes: temporal fixation and relation Temporal fixation refers to the timing of the speech point, categorized as prior, simultaneous, or subsequent For instance, news articles, protocols, and horoscopes belong to the informative text genre but exhibit different temporal orientations: news as prior, protocols as simultaneous, and horoscopes as subsequent The relation between the emitter or recipient and the theme can be defined as theme = emitter, theme = recipient, or theme = outside the communication partners.
Advertising, job postings, and newspaper commentaries all belong to the category of persuasive text types, yet they differ in their thematic focus Advertisements present a product from the issuer's perspective (Theme = Issuer), job postings seek individuals who are also the target audience (Theme = Recipient), while newspaper commentaries primarily address current issues of political and social significance (Theme = External to the communicators) Additionally, there are four forms of thematic development: descriptive, narrative, explanatory, and argumentative.
Descriptive topic development involves presenting a subject along with its subtopics, while situating it in a spatial and temporal context (Brinker 2014: 60) This approach can manifest in various forms, representing a one-time event, a recurring process, a living being, or an object It is particularly characteristic of informative texts such as news articles, reports, encyclopedia entries, and scientific papers Additionally, descriptive topic development is also found in instructional texts (like recipes and user manuals), normative texts (including laws, wills, and contracts), and persuasive texts (such as political commentaries) (Brinker 2014: 64).
The narrative development of themes is based on the structural model by Labov and Waletzky for analyzing everyday narratives, which includes orientation, complication, evaluation, resolution, and coda Subsequently, Brinker’s modified model is elaborated, encompassing situating, representation, and summary (cf Brinker 2014: 64 f).
Bei der explikativen Themenentfaltung erfolgt die Erklọrung eines Sachverhalts durch die logische Ableitung anderer Sachverhalte (vgl Brinker 2014: 69) Diese Themenentfaltung kann in Textsorten wie Lehrbuch, populọrwissenschaftlicher und wissenschaftlicher Textvorkommen.
In argumentative discourse, the issuer posits that a specific action or stance should be adopted This unfolds according to a structured format: initially, a thesis is presented, followed by supporting arguments, a conclusion rule, reinforcement of the conclusion rule, a modal operator, and an exception condition (cf Brinker 2014: 73) This structure is particularly characteristic of persuasive texts, such as advertising and political campaigns, as well as normative texts like court decisions and informative texts, including scientific papers.
In Step 5, it is essential to consider features related to the linguistic structure of the text, such as syntax and lexicon (Brinker 2014: 146) This step involves describing the specific linguistic (lexical and syntactic) and non-linguistic elements characteristic of the text type.
Zur Textsortenanalyse kombinieren Fandrych/ Thurmair (2011 a: 33) folgende Beschreibungsdimensionen: die Kommunikationssituation, die Textfunktion, die thematisch-strukturelle und formal-grammatische Ebene Das methodische Vorgehen wird wie folgt erlọutert:
Schritte 3: Beschreibung derthematisch-strukturelle Ebene
Schritte 4: Beschreibung der grammatisch-stilistische Ebene (spezifischen sprachlichen Merkmale)
In Step 1, the analysis of text types begins with determining the communication situation, which considers situational and contextual relevant features Within this communication situation, distinctions are made regarding world specificity, communication area, mediality, text producer, and text recipient, as well as the cultural and spatial ties of the text type The world specificity of texts refers to the context in which they are situated, such as the standard world, the world of play or fantasy, the scientific realm, the search for meaning, and the supernatural The communication area, often defined socially and situationally, includes fields such as medicine, education, academia, law, and justice Additionally, the medial aspect of the communication situation encompasses both oral and written language use, particularly in the context of electronic media and the internet.
Wer rezipiert den Text?, In welcher Rolle tritt ein Textproduzent auf? (vgl. Fandrych/ Thurmair 2011 a: 18) Ein weitere Dimension stellt die kulturrọumliche Gebundenheit von Textsorten dar.
Anschlieòend erfolgt in Schritt 2 die Ermittlung der dominierenden und weiteren Textfunktionen (die Textfunktionen werden oben eingeführt).