04055000052 sự quy chiếu danh ngữ và phân tích hành Động ngôn từ của danh ngữ quy chiếu trong báo Điện tử bild
EINLEITUNG
In daily newspaper reports and news articles, individuals and events are frequently mentioned Journalists employ various techniques to portray people in their reporting, aiming to create engaging and captivating articles One effective method of character representation involves the use of nominal phrases to identify the individuals referenced in the text.
The journalist can portray Leipzig's master as "the showman," not only to depict his actions but also to critique him This criticism stems from the author's belief that the politician orchestrated a political spectacle to boost his popularity and enhance his chances of receiving votes in the election Another approach could involve praising the media representation of the situation.
Politikerin Maria Kalesnikava als „die mutigste Frau von Minsk“ 2 aufgrund ihres Widerstands gegen den belarussischen Prọsidenten Alexander Lukaschenko, der wiederum als "Diktator" dargestellt, und dadurch auch kritisiert wurde
The example illustrates that noun phrases (NPs) used for person designation not only describe individuals but also contribute to the expression and execution of speech acts such as praise or criticism in various contexts Journalists can draw on diverse information about a person, including age, profession, and actions, to create a comprehensive image These representations can then be interpreted by readers based on the journalist's perspective.
The words and information ultimately reflect the author's subjective attitude towards the individual and the situation Therefore, it is essential for readers to recognize the competencies that are realized through noun phrases (NPs).
These insights contribute to enhancing readers' awareness of the potential additional functions of an article, helping them resist manipulation attempts by mass media Furthermore, understanding the use of various nominal phrases can assist authors in making their journalistic texts more engaging This study examined the use of referential nominal phrases that denote individuals in newspaper articles, as they often serve as the focal point of news reports.
Diese Arbeit setzt sich zum Ziel, den mửglichen Beitrag der Nominalphrasen zu Sprechakt und Textfunktion zu untersuchen Insbesondere gilt es, die folgenden Fragen zu klọren:
Noun phrases (NPs) play a crucial role in enhancing the informative function of newspaper articles and reports They provide additional insights about individuals mentioned in the text, allowing readers to gather more context and understanding Relevant linguistic tools, such as descriptive adjectives and modifiers, are essential for fulfilling this informative function effectively.
• Inwiefern tragen NPs zu den anderen Textfunktionen bei?
Diese Fragestellungen bilden die Grundlage der vorliegenden Untersuchung Diese Arbeit wird in zwei Teilen unterteilt: Im theoretischen Teil werden die wesentlichen Konzepte der Nominalphrasen anhand der Ansọtze von Duden
The article analyzes various theories and sources related to reference theory, including Dressler (1973), Hansen (1996), and Linke/Nussbaumer (2000) For the examination of text functions, it utilizes the theories proposed by Brinker et al (2018), Fandrych/Thurmair (2011), and Gansel/Jürgens (2009) Additionally, the concept of the news text type is grounded in the theory presented by Kurz et al.
First, a quantitative analysis is conducted to identify common patterns and extract the underlying regularities Subsequently, the results are qualitatively evaluated to make a well-founded statement regarding the content.
NOMINALPHRASEN
Definition
A nominal phrase (also referred to as a nominal expression or NP) is a fundamental element of linguistic research, studied across various language disciplines While the definition of a nominal phrase may vary, it is generally accepted that it consists of a core and an attribute There are differences in how the core and attribute components are defined and distinguished.
The concept of "core" primarily revolves around nouns and nominal phrases (NPs) According to Glỹck and Rửdel (2016), an NP is defined as a phrase with a noun as its head The term "noun" encompasses declinable nominal word classes, including nouns, adjectives, and pronouns Duden (2016) identifies the core of the nominal phrase as consisting of nouns, nominalizations, and pronouns This classification is supported by Eisenberg (2020) and Fandrych/Thurmair (2021), although the role of pronouns as a central component of the NP is not mentioned Fandrych and Thurmair note that the terms noun and substantive have increasingly been used synonymously in recent years, while still retaining the term "substantive." This work aligns with the views of Eisenberg and Fandrych/Thurmair, positing that a nominal phrase can be understood as a phrase with a noun (including nominalization) of varying complexity In this context, pronouns are not considered the core of the NP, as they contribute minimally to the speech act.
Nouns are one of the essential parts of speech in the German language and hold a prominent position Their large number is attributed to borrowing from other languages as well as various other sources.
Wortbildungsformen wie Komposition, Derivation, Konversion und Substantivierung (vgl Fandrych/Thurmair 2021: 65)
• Komposition: der Flügel-Mann, die Hausfrau, die Tagesmutter, der Maler-
• Derivation: der Maler, die Missernte, das Gelache, die Sicherheit, die Müdigkeit, die Historikerin, der Exfreund
• Konversion: das Auswendiglernen, der/ein Fremde, der/ein Reisende, die/eine Angestellte, das Halten von Hunden
Das hochgradige Vorkommen der nominalen Wortart ist der Grund für ihre hervorgehobene Bedeutung im deutschen Wortschatz (vgl Glỹck/Rửdel 2016f:
684) Diese wird durch zahlreiche Untersuchungen in verschiedenen Sprachteildisziplinen untermauert
From a semantic perspective, nouns can be divided into concrete and abstract categories While Glück/Rüdel (2016) distinguish between concrete and abstract as overarching terms for generic names, material names, proper names, and collective terms, Fandrych/Thurmair (2021) and Duden (2016) view them as equally significant Additionally, Duden classifies noun phrases not only into concrete/abstract and appellative/proper names but also based on the semantic property of being "animate or inanimate."
• Konkreta: Mensch, Mann, Frau, Kind, Aal
• Abstrakta: Geist, Seele, Leben, Alter, Ehrlichkeit
• Eigenname: Frankreich, Moritz, die Schweiz
This study examines nominal phrases representing individuals to determine their potential contribution to illocutionary acts within the text It considers both concrete nouns and generic terms, with proper names serving as a referential identifier for specific individuals, providing information about their identity Recognizable names in newspaper articles allow for immediate identification of well-known figures However, regarding the study's objective, proper names may only offer insights into the possible origin or nationality of the referenced person, if at all The use of proper names to categorize individuals by origin or nationality is outdated, especially in Germany, where a quarter of the population has a migration background, including over half of German citizens While a person's name may suggest a potential migration background, it is not a reliable indicator Due to these uncertainties and the limited contribution of proper names to the analysis of speech acts, this aspect will not be considered in the study.
There are certain disagreements regarding the types of attributes in linguistics The attributes discussed in the studies by Duden (2016: 80ff), Glück/Rüdel (2016: 68), and Eisenberg (2020: 51, 259) include, among others:
4 vgl https://www.bamf.de/DE/Themen/Forschung/Veroeffentlichungen/Migrationsbericht2021/Personen Migrationshintergrund/personenmigrationshintergrund-node.html Zugriff am 20.02.2023
• Adjektivphrase: Die Adjektivphrasen geben Hinweis über die Modifikation,
Angabe von Qualitọt, Quantitọt oder Zugehửrigkeit,
Beispiel: Die spanische Regierung, das gelbe Blinklicht
• Genitivattribut ergọnzt unter anderem die Information ỹber die
Beispiel: Europas Süden, das Lachen des Schauspielers
• Prọpositionalphrase bringt einer Lokalbestimmung oder Zugehửrigkeit mit sich:
Beispiel: Die Museen in München, das vermehrte Auftreten von Borkenkọfern
• Relativsatzattribute ergọnzen durch den Relativsatz weitere Informationen über den Kern
Beispiel: ein Paket, das offensichtlich sehr schwer war
• Partizipialgruppe bestehen aus Partizip I (PI) oder Partizip II (PII) als
Beispiel: die zurückgekehrte Expertin oder weiterführende Hinweise
In Anbetracht der kontroversen Diskussionen werden andere Komponenten wie unter anderem Apposition oder Konjunktionalphrase in dieser Analyse nicht berücksichtigt.
Referenz und nominale Referenz
Aus semantischer Sicht ist Referenz von Interesse vieler Linguisten, in deren Werken diese teilweise unterschiedlich dargestellt wird Dressler (1973: 22),
Hansen (1996: 22) und Linke/Nussbaumer (2000: 306) vertreten einheitlich die
The term "reference" refers to the connection between a linguistic expression and an object in the extralinguistic world The distinction lies in the limitation of what constitutes an expression Hansen (1996: 22) narrows the definition of nominal expressions.
Dressler (1973: 22) states that words, lexical morphemes, and lexicon entries are included in the definition of reference To further clarify this concept, it is essential to distinguish between direct and indirect reference A direct reference pertains to a specific object in the extralinguistic world, while an indirect reference relates to the conceptual understanding of the speaker (cf Dressler 1973:22) This definition can be effectively illustrated using the classical semiotic triangle by Ogden and Richards (1923, cf Busse 2009: 204).
Abbildung 1 Das klassische Zeichendreieck nach Ogden/Richard
This model posits that a sign has three aspects: content/meaning, (linguistic) expression, and the object A linguistic expression denotes an object while simultaneously conveying information about the object's characteristics The dashed line representing reference suggests a possible direct or indirect relationship between expression and object Pafel/Reich (2016) adopt a similar formulation as the aforementioned authors as a basis for their definition of reference Dressler, Hansen, and Linke/Nussbaumer view reference as a relation between expression and object, whereas Pafel/Reich consider reference as a property or feature of expressions, arguing that reference is an ability of expressions to refer.
In summary, reference at the word and phrase level determines the relationship between content words and their referents in the extralinguistic world Like other content words, nouns possess the ability to refer.
This paper focuses on understanding referential nominal expressions as designations for individuals The individual being referred to is termed the referent Within the scope of this work, "referential nominal phrases" are defined as noun phrases that denote individuals, consisting of nouns and nominalizations as their core, excluding proper names, which are used referentially to denote an existing person.
SPRECHAKT UND TEXTFUNKTION
Sprechakt
Speech acts are a prevalent phenomenon in linguistics, with many contemporary grammar contributions rooted in John L Austin's theory presented in "How to Do Things with Words" and John R Searle's speech act theory.
„Speech Acts An Essay in Language Philosophy“ zurückzuführen Seitdem haben sich verschiedene Anwendungen und Anpassungen der Theorie in unterschiedlichen Bereichen der Linguistik entwickelt Heutzutage wird unter dem Begriff
A "speech act" is understood as an action performed through utterances (Meibauer et al 2015: 236, Ehrhardt/Heringer 2011: 58, Meibauer 2001: 85) The concept of performative plays a crucial role, defined as a sentence whose utterance directly executes the action named by the verb contained within it (Ehrhardt/Heringer 2011: 57).
Ich fordere Sie hiermit auf
Ich erklọre hiermit meinen Rỹcktritt
Ich entschuldige mich hiermit in aller Form
Research has shown that not all performatives must include a performative verb An explicit performative enacts the action denoted by the utterance and employs a performative verb Verbs that explicitly denote a speech act are referred to as performative verbs (e.g., baptize, promise, request, assert) To determine if a verb is performative, it should be embedded in a sentence of the form "I hereby V[Indicative, Present] " to ascertain whether it triggers an action corresponding to the verbal expression.
Gegenüber einer expliziten Performanz steht eine implizite Performanz, die durch die Nicht-Benennung der Handlung, die durch die Äuòerung vollzogen wird,
The act of insulting can be exemplified by the phrase "You idiot!" as noted by Meibauer et al (2015: 236) and Ehrhardt/Heringer (2011: 58) Insults can be conveyed through evaluative expressions without the need for a performative verb However, not all verbs qualify as performative; for instance, the statement "I insult you" does not constitute a performative verb, as the act of insulting is not completed merely by stating it.
This work focuses on the role of noun phrases in speech acts, while neglecting the explicit performative Only the implicit performative, as illustrated in the preceding example, is taken into account Searle categorizes the components of speech acts in the following manner.
Abbildung 2 Teilakte des Sprechakts nach Searle (vgl Ehrhardt/Heringer
According to Searle, the speech act involves the use of morphemes to express words and sentences The propositional act includes reference and predication For instance, when a person states that Albert Einstein is the most significant scientist of the 20th century, they imply a reference to him and a predication of a specific characteristic (see Meibauer et al 2015).
The third level of speech acts is the illocutionary act, which is considered central to the speech act (Ehrhardt/Heringer 2011: 61) Illocution refers to the speaker's intention expressed through their utterances, such as asserting, questioning, or promising (Meibauer et al.).
In 2015, Searle developed a classification of illocutionary acts based on criteria such as purpose, the relationship between words and the world, and the speaker's attitude This classification resulted in five classical subtypes of illocutionary acts (Meibauer 2001: 86; Ehrhardt/Heringer 2011: 64).
• Assertiva wie behaupten, mitteilen, feststellen, informieren, beschreiben
• Direktiva wie befehlen, bitten, fragen, verbieten, erlauben, raten
• Kommissiva wie versprechen, geloben, ankỹndigen, schwửren, drohen
• Deklarativa wie kapitulieren, ernennen, definieren, missbilligen, kündigen
• Expressiva wie danken, bedauern, gratulieren, klagen, sich entschuldigen (vgl Ehrhardt/Heringer 2011: 64)
In linguistics, there is an ongoing debate about whether the perlocutionary act should be considered a component of speech acts It is widely accepted that perlocutionary acts pertain to the consequences and effects of utterances According to Meibauer et al (2015), various types of speech acts include acts of intimidating, persuading, convincing, and insulting.
Ehrhardt and Heringer (2011) argue that the illocutionary act should not be viewed merely as an effect but as an act in itself They illustrate this with an example where an insult, such as calling someone "you idiot," does not necessarily lead to a perlocutionary effect, as the listener may not feel insulted The impact of an act on the listener is influenced by various factors, including attitudes and mentalities, which are not typically addressed in linguistics.
Diese Arbeit basiert auf einer Referenzanalyse sowie einer Untersuchung von illokutiven Akten, die in den Zeitungsartikeln impliziert sind Darüber hinaus kửnnen Assertiva und Expressiva erwartet werden.
Sprechakt und Textfunktion
Die Theorie des Sprechakts liefert Basis fỹr weitere Ansọtze innerhalb der Sprachwissenschaft, wie z.B die Textfunktion Brinker et al (2018: 97) und Gansel/Jürgens (2009: 65) definieren Textfunktion als die Kommunikationsabsicht
The concept of the illocutionary act aligns closely with the notion of the issuer's intent in communication It is essential to differentiate between the text's function and the author's implied intention, as they do not always coincide For instance, Brinker et al (2018) illustrate this with a newspaper article, where the transfer of descriptive information may conceal a hidden agenda Identifying the author's intention relies on relevant signals, such as clues indicating the presence of intent, comparisons with other textual hints, and additional context about the subject matter Both internal and external factors play a crucial role in determining the text's function, as noted by Brinker et al (2018) and Gansel/Jürgens (2009).
The issuer explicitly expresses the nature of the intended communicative contact to the recipient through linguistic forms and structures, such as explicit performative formulas and equivalent sentence patterns When the text function is indicated in this manner, it is referred to as "direct" signaling of the text function.
• Sprachliche Formen und Strukturen, mit denen der Emittent — explizit oder implizit — seine Einstellung zum Textinhalt, insbesondere zum
• Kontextuelle Indikatoren wie der situative, insbesondere der institutionelle
Rahmen des Textes bzw der gesellschaftliche Handlungsbereich46, dem der Text zugeordnet ist, das vorausgesetzte Hintergrundwissen (z B über den Textinhalt) usw (Brinker et al 2018: 99)
In the analysis, context analysis prevails over the other two indicators, highlighting that the context in which these indicators occur is crucial rather than the linguistic forms themselves This examination has led to the identification of five text functions that correspond to the five types of illocutionary acts.
• Informationsfunktion: Zeitungsnachrichten, Bericht, Beschreibung, Sachbuch usw
• Obligationsfunktion: Vertrag, Garantierschien, Angebot, usw
Brinker et al (2018) demonstrated that the informative function of news texts can establish a connection to evaluative attitudes This connection is achieved through the selection of news material, the arrangement within the news broadcast, and the style of formulation.
Fandrych and Thurmair (2011) categorize texts into three functions: knowledge-based texts, action-influencing and action-performing texts, and expressive-social, meaning-seeking texts They emphasize that knowledge-based texts can also serve an evaluative function.
Brinker et al (2018), Fandrych/Thurmair (2011), and Gansel/Jürgens (2009) argue that texts serve multiple functions, which can be categorized into a dominant function and one or more subsidiary functions Successful actions are supported by other actions, where subsidiary actions enhance the chances of the primary action's success by promoting understanding, acceptance, and implementation.
Für die Textsorte Zeitungsnachrichten ist die kommunikative Funktion der Informationsvermittlung von herausragender Bedeutung, wọhrend die bewertende Funktion eine untergeordnete Rolle einnimmt Hooffacker (202:108) unterstreicht,
Boulevard and entertainment formats across all media allow for hybrid forms, enabling the simultaneous delivery of information and opinions in tabloid news It is emphasized that achieving objectivity in news journalism is challenging due to various factors, even though it remains a desirable goal.
NACHRICHTEN
Newspaper articles are among the most widely disseminated text types globally, serving as essential tools for conveying information Regardless of their format, whether online or printed, news is crucial in human life According to Kurz et al (2010), news is a genre based on facts and stylistically neutral Hooffacker (2020) emphasizes the importance of journalists distinguishing between information and opinion, highlighting the need for a clear separation of facts from opinions in news reporting Terms like "super result," "mega event," or "happy shareholders" should be viewed as expressions of opinion rather than neutral information Therefore, when writing news articles, the language should be "short, clear, and comment-free," as noted by Ruò-Mohl (2016) This approach ensures that the language is concise, unembellished, and neutral, effectively reaching readers and enhancing communication.
Unlike opinion-based and imaginative forms of journalism, news belongs to the factual representation forms that convey facts and reflect reality (Mast 2018: 343) A journalist's primary task is to present the relevant information of a situation in a structured and prioritized manner, regardless of the original temporal or spatial context.
The selection of relevant facts and events for an article is crucial, guided by six key questions: who, what, when, where, how, and why (Kurz et al 2010: 142-143) This framework shapes the article's structure According to Hooffacker (2020: 112), the individual selection of news content means that newspapers can never be entirely objective Schulze (2001: 200) agrees, arguing that the demand for objective news is a mere illusion, referring to it as the "dilemma of newspaper language" (Schulze 2001: 214) Journalists decide how to present information, the order of details, and which facts to omit, influencing readers' opinions and perspectives.
Bezüglich der sprachlichen Merkmale der Nachrichten steht die
Ausdrucksửkonomie im Vordergrund Das heiòt Nachrichten sollen ein
According to Kurz et al (2010), the goal is to convey maximum information with minimal language resources They note that news texts primarily use unemotional and non-evaluative language, although occasionally emotionalized words may be employed to serve an informative purpose The use of basic vocabulary is essential in reporting to ensure high comprehensibility for the target audience Schulze (2001) emphasizes that the aim is to engage a broad readership through an appealing and understandable presentation of a topic, while also capturing the attention of a diverse audience.
The article discusses how information is conveyed in tabloid journalism, where specialized knowledge is only minimally required According to Schulze (2001: 199), the language style of tabloid press follows specific rules, designed to be sensational and thus promote sales As a result, the primary intent to inform takes a backseat.
Er ist der Meinung, die Lesbarkeit einer Nachricht họngt von ihrer Fọhigkeit ab, die Aufmerksamkeit der Leser zu erregen und fỹr den Empfọnger einen
In den vorherigen Kapiteln wurde die Theorie erlọutert Im folgenden Kapitel wird eine Analyse der referentiellen Nominalphrasen zur
Personenbezeichnung in Online-Artikeln der Zeitung Bild durchgeführt
ANALYSE DER REFERENTIELLEN NOMINALPHRASEN
Methodik
Das Korpus der vorliegenden Arbeit besteht aus nominalen referentiellen Ausdrücken zur Personenbezeichnung aus der Online-Zeitung BILD Die Zeitung Bild erschien seit
Founded in 1952 by Axel Springer, this newspaper is the most widely circulated daily publication in Germany and even Europe According to a statistic published by Statista, its sales volume significantly surpasses that of its competitors in the newspaper industry.
Abbildung 3 Ranking der auflagenstọrksten ỹberregionalen Tageszeitungen in
Deutschland im 1 Quartal 2023 (Quelle: Statista) 6
5 vgl https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/303475/umfrage/reichweite-der-bild-zeitung/
6 vgl https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/73448/umfrage/auflage-der-ueberregionalen- tageszeitungen/#:~:text=Die%20Bild%20%2F%20B.Z.,Die%20Bild%20%2F%20B.Z Zugriff am:
Trotz ihrer Reichweite und Anzahl groòer Leser gerọt die Zeitung oft ins Kreuzfeuer der Kritik und wird als Boulevardzeitung bezeichnet (vgl Brichta 2010:
22) Eine Befragung von „Lesern und Nicht-Lesern“ von Bild hat ergeben, dass
The German population tends to associate the media with more negative than positive attributes (Hans Dieter/Klingemann 1983, cited in Brichta 2010: 205) On one hand, newspapers are criticized for their sensationalist presentation, lack of credibility, and dramatic portrayal of events On the other hand, they receive praise for their clarity, timeliness, and comprehensibility of the articles.
The Bild newspaper is accessible in both printed and digital formats at https://www.bild.de/ The online version offers several advantages over the print edition, including the option for a subscription (BILD-Plus) or free access to a wide range of articles Additionally, the online edition provides readers with hourly updates on new information, surpassing the daily print issues It allows global access without geographical restrictions through compatible devices such as smartphones, tablets, or laptops Furthermore, the Bild archive, which contains all previously published articles, serves as a significant resource for readers seeking information and for data collection purposes.
The free version of the Bild online newspaper is an ideal source for the examined corpus due to its unparalleled reach A total of 130 BILD articles published between February 2 and September 11, 2020, contained 655 nominal phrases related to person designation These phrases were distributed across three sections of the Bild online newspaper: Politics (205 instances), News (230 instances), and Sports (220 instances).
The article highlights the significance of traditional media sectors, particularly newspapers, which have maintained their relevance due to their popularity (Mast 2018, p 232) The period from February 2 to September 11, 2020, is particularly noteworthy as it encompasses various historical events that have profoundly impacted lives both in Germany and globally These events include the emergence of the first COVID-19 cases in Germany, widespread changes due to the pandemic, the Black Lives Matter movement following the murder of George Floyd, and the postponement of the Olympic Games to 2021.
This study aims to explore the potential contribution of noun phrases to speech acts in texts The first step involves collecting nominal referential expressions used for person designation in articles from the BILD newspaper, followed by compiling these expressions into an Excel spreadsheet.
Next, a content classification of the phrases will be conducted, based on an analysis of the information that nominal phrases provide about the referent This aims to determine the contribution of nominal phrases to the informative speech act of the text Relevant evidence that conveys more than mere information will be identified to highlight potential connections of the phrases to other speech acts It is anticipated that the use of nominal phrases will also facilitate value judgments (evaluative) and evoke emotions (appealing) The identified evidence will be further examined regarding its syntactic structure (core, number, and type of attributes) to uncover the information provided in the core and attributes Following the classification, the phrases will be further analyzed based on their function and contribution to the speech act of the text.
1 Informierende Funktion: Zeitungsartikel spielen eine zentrale Rolle bei der Informationsvermittlung, deshalb tragen die meisten gefunden NP auch zu dieser Funktion bei Eine quantitative Analyse der Daten wird durchgeführt, um die am họufigsten vorkommenden Informationen und mửgliche Ursachen zu bestimmen Im Anschluss wird eine quantitative Analyse der Daten in den Rubriken Nachrichten, Politik und Sport durchgefỹhrt, um die Họufigkeit der Informationen in der einzelnen Rubrik zu bestimmen und sie miteinander zu vergleichen Der Vergleich zwischen Rubriken dient dazu, mửgliche Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen den am họufigsten vorkommenden Informationen in jeder Rubrik zu identifizieren und daraus mửgliche Erklọrungen abzuleiten
2 Andere mửgliche Funktionen: Zur Untersuchung weiterer mửglichen Beitrọge der Nominalphrasen zur anderen Textfunktionen wird eine Gruppierung der Nominalphrasen vorgenommen Die ersten Nominalphrasengruppen manifestieren ihre bewertende Funktion unmittelbar, wọhrend fỹr die zweite Gruppe eine kontextuelle Analyse notwendig ist, um ihre bewertende Funktion zu identifizieren.
Nominalphrasen und ihr Beitrag zum Sprechakt des Textes
The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between noun phrases and the illocutionary act of the text through linguistic and content-related means It is established that noun phrases play a crucial role in conveying information and evaluating texts The findings indicate that 90% of the identified noun phrases serve a neutral, informative function within the text Additionally, while noun phrases contribute to the evaluative function of the text, only a small proportion, specifically 10% of all identified noun phrases, fulfill this role.
Im Folgenden werden die Nominalphrasen und ihre jeweiligen Beitrọge zur Verstọrkung der illokutionọren Akte des Textes analysiert
5.2.1 Nominalphrasen und ihr Beitrag zu Sprechakt „informierend“
Der Beitrag der Nominalphrasen zu Sprechakten der Informationsvermittlung wird mit der Untersuchung ihres semantischen Inhalts und ihrer informationstragenden Kerne und Attribute analysiert
The following section examines the semantic meaning of nominal expressions to decipher the information the author intends to convey to readers Nominal phrases that provide similar informational aspects about the referent through both the core and attributes are categorized together However, it is challenging to classify all terms into clearly defined categories Assigning terms to categories such as profession, age, gender, or origin is straightforward, as seen in examples like "the policeman," "the 32-year-old," "the woman," or "the Russian foreign minister." Conversely, some terms prove difficult to categorize, particularly those that convey evaluations, such as "the heroes," or words that describe personal attributes, like "the left-footer." Understanding specialized terms in sports, such as "the super-sub" or "the striker," can pose challenges for individuals without specific football knowledge The classification of nominal phrases requires a substantial vocabulary, as well as research-based and culturally informed assessments from the classifier.
Für die Analyse und Kategorisierung ist es wesentlich, zu berücksichtigen, dass eine Nominalphrase mehr als eine Information enthalten kann Als Beispiel dient Folgendes:
Auf der Anklagebank sitzen der Ex-Vize-Chef der Polizeifachhochschule, Christof Baltes (58), und ein ehemaliger Dozent (42) 15
The title "Former Deputy Head of the Police Academy" conveys three key details about the speaker, Christof Baltes: his position (Deputy Head), his status (Former), and his affiliation (the Police Academy) In contrast, the anonymous individual is described with two pieces of information: his profession (Lecturer) and his status (Former).
Die Erhebung der Daten wurde aus diesem Grund durch die Sortierung der Informationen in der Tabelle erleichtert, ein exemplarischer Ausschnitt davon wird im Folgenden dargestellt:
Abbildung 4 Ausschnitt aus dem Excel-Tabelle
Subsequently, a statistical collection of information is conducted using Excel spreadsheets The data is categorized by core attributes and then counted After careful analysis and categorization, five main categories emerged: demographic data, affiliation, action, condition, and evaluative labels, which can be illustrated with the following examples.
Abbildung 5 Gelieferte Informationen der gefundenen Nominalphrasen
Figure 2 provides an overview of the information gathered from the core and attributes of nominal phrases Notably, the use of demographic data to reference individuals is emphasized, as the majority of the corpus, consisting of 545 terms, conveys this information This category includes terms that describe demographic characteristics of the referent, such as origin, age, gender, and occupation The predominance of this category may reflect the general relevance of such information for all people worldwide, as every individual has a cultural background and is associated with a specific age These details do not require specific prior knowledge and thus constitute the bulk of the dataset The second largest group represents the information
BezeichnungenAnzahl der NPs Anteil der NPs
The article discusses the affiliation of speakers with their city, country, or organization, as well as their relationships with other individuals, represented through 251 nominal phrases A significant portion of the speakers provided information about their affiliations, which includes terms indicating a person's connection to a location or organization To accurately identify an athlete, details such as their sports team or the political party of a politician can be utilized Additionally, speakers are often contextualized in relation to others to create associative connections in the readers' minds Approximately 20% of the nominal phrases convey action and state information, with action information slightly leading Action encompasses completed actions, achievements, and the object of an action Furthermore, 6.3% of the analysis revealed the author's value judgment towards the speaker.
Um den vorgestellten Begriffen in den Kategorien Klarheit zu verleihen, wird im Folgenden eine Erlọuterung zu den einzelnen Kategorien geliefert:
Unter dem Begriff Demografische Daten fallen alle Belege zusammengefasst, die mittels Informationen über Menschen wie Geschlecht, Alter, Beruf, Herkunft und Aussehen einhergehen
Tabelle 1 Anzahl der Demografischen Daten
Anteil der NPs demografische Daten
Abbildung 6 Anzahl der Demografischen Daten nach Rubriken
The results indicate that the "profession" category significantly outweighs others, demonstrating a clear lead Job titles represent the largest amount of information across the entire corpus and within each section, serving as the most frequently used identification factor The professional aspect is a crucial part of many Germans' lives, with many deriving a significant portion of their self-worth from their occupations Consequently, it is not surprising that professions hold substantial importance in society Public figures in politics or sports enjoy high recognition due to their respective fields A person's profession can create a more precise impression than their name or photo, even if they are not as well-known as figures like Angela Merkel or Barack Obama For instance, to identify a man, instead of using his name, Ahmet Aras—who is considered unknown to the readership of Bild-Zeitung—his professional status was referenced.
16 vgl https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/170820/umfrage/als-besonders-wichtig-erachtete-aspekte- im-leben/ Zugriff am 30.07.2023
Alter Aussehen Berufsbezeichnung Geschlecht Herkunft
Der Bürgermeister weiter: „Es ist mir egal, ob jemand einen hohen Preis für einen Dửner zahlen will.“ 17
Job titles can evoke implicit associations and expectations among readers Newspaper article No 122 reported on the successful rescue of a family from a burning house with the help of neighbors It could be assumed that the neighbors' professions played no role in their rescue efforts However, Bild chose to publish this information, highlighting its significance.
Noch bevor Rettungskrọfte eintreffen, rennen Nachbarn und Passanten zur Feuer-Wohnung Einer von ihnen ist Werkstattbetreiber Domenico Cutrupi
The article raises the question of the significance of occupational information in the text's content According to the newspaper article, four neighbors were named in the rescue, while three were referred to simply as "the neighbor" or "another neighbor," lacking further details aside from their names Only the occupation of the workshop owner was mentioned, which is often associated with the image of a strong man due to the physical demands and machinery operation involved In contrast, his neighbor is depicted as a desperate mother with her two sons, aged 19, who finds herself in a hopeless situation These contrasting images enhance the roles of the characters in the story.
Another piece of information provided by the noun phrase is the age of the speakers at the time of writing Unlike other terms in the overarching category of demographic data such as origin, profession, appearance, or gender, an individual's age consistently increases over the course of their life This information underscores the timeliness of the news.
Rechercheaufwand des Journalisten Beispielsweise kann der Autor den Ruderer Marcel Nguyen als der 32-Jọhrige in dem Satz:
"I hope until the last minute that they will take place," said the 32-year-old in a Sport1 interview An alternative option is to identify a person by using an age group, such as referring to Darnella Frazier, the witness in the Floyd killing, as the teenager.
Doch was họtte die Teenagerin ausrichten kửnnen gegen vier Polizisten, die einen erwachsenen Mann so in die Zange nahmen, dass er danach starb? 21
German is a grammatically gender-specific language, allowing the identification of a person's biological gender through grammatical features such as the morphemes -er or -in and the corresponding articles For instance, "der Fahrer" or "der Fahrende" refers to a male driver, while "die Fahrerin" or "die Fahrende" denotes a female driver All terms used for identifying individuals carry information about their biological gender, categorizing only those words that explicitly indicate gender, such as "Mann," "Frau," "Mädchen," or "Junge." Examples will include the portrayal of Terri Tucker, a witness to a shark attack, and Dominic Ongwen, a child soldier.
The 24-year-old man who has now been arrested is strongly suspected of being involved in the murder, as reported by officials on Tuesday Shocked, the woman walked to the beach to process her emotions and trauma.
The analysis of the categories of news, sports, and politics has shown that age and gender are more prominently featured in the news section This raises the question of the benefits of explicitly mentioning these demographics.
The gender of speakers in journalistic texts, given the gender-specific nature of the German language, raises important considerations One possible explanation is that publicly disclosing private information without prior consent is not permitted Referring to individuals by their gender provides a neutral way to identify them while minimizing the risk of revealing private and unwanted information Consequently, the explicit mention of gender is most commonly observed in news reporting.
Eine Rückverfolgung der Herkunft der Referenten aus Stadt und Land wird beim
Schreiben auch berücksichtigt, wie in dem Beispiel zwischen der Dartspieler Peter Wright und seinen Gegner Michael Smith:
Der 49-Jọhrige aus Schottland setzte sich im Endspiel mit 11:10 gegen den Englọnder Michael Smith durch und holte damit erstmals diesen Titel 24