Luận văn methods applied in translating the second chapter of kenneth grahame’s the wind in the willows

Specifically, this would be an intensive study on the use of translation methods applied in the translation of Kemeth Grahame’s “I'he Wind in the Willows”, The study aims at supporting

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI

TRUONG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ

KHOA SƯ PHẠM TIẾNG ANH

KHOÁ I.UẬN TỐT NGHIỆP

CÁC PHƯƠNG PHÁP DỊCH ĐƯỢC ÁP DỤNG TRONG VIỆC

DỊCH CHƯƠNG HAI CỦA TÁC PHÁM

“THE WIND IN THE WILLOWS » CỦA KENNETH GRAHAME,

Giáo viên hướng dần: Th8 Nguyễn Việt Kỳ

Sinh viên: Nguyễn Ngọc Huyễn

Khoa: QH2009

HA NOI- NAM 2013

ACCEPTANCE PAGE

I hereby state that I: Nguyén Ngoo Huyén, class QH2009.F.1.E25, being a candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (TEFL) accept the requirements of the Universily relating to the retention and use of Bachelor’s Graduation Paper deposited in the library

Ja terms of these conditions, 1 agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper

Signature

Date: 24/4/2013

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This thesis paper could not be completed without the wholehearted assistance and cncouragement lrom many people I would like lo take this opportunity to thank all of them

1 would like to express my deepest gratitude to Mr Nguyen Viet Ky

MA for his stimulating suggestions and critical comments [rom the

beginning to the end of the study

1 would also like to thank other lecturers of mine in ULIS, VNU for

their lessons during 4 years, which form the basis of my study and for their

sincere advice and encouragement during this time

Also, I owe profound indebicdness to my parents and my [riends for their endless support, without which I would not be able to finish this study.

both quantitative and qualitative.

1.2, Aims and research qriestione

1.3, Scope of the study

1A, Methodology

1.5, Organization of the study

1.6, Expected Outcome cece

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

3.2, Data collcctlon pruecdure

3.3, Data analysis procedtdre so 19

4.1.1 Translation methods ayplied by Nguyen ‘Tarn

4.1.2, Translation methods applied by Cam Lin

4.2 Disenssion

4.2.1, Literal and commnmicative translation method

4.2.2 Literal and free translation method

4.2.3, Literal and scmantic translation method

4.2.4, Sumary of discussion

5.1 Reeapitulation

5.2 Summiary of findings

5.4, Suggestions for further study

REFERENCE LIST

APPENDIX

LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES, AND ABBREVIATIONS

List of figures:

Figure 4.1.1: ‘lranslation methods applied hy Nguyen Tam

Figure 4.1.2: ‘lranslation methods applied by Cam Linh

CHIAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

This chapler presents the problem and the rationale, the aims and objectives, the scope, and the significance of the paper Most importantly, the research

questions are identified to work as a framework for the whole research

1.1, Statement of research problem and rationale for the study

There are hundreds of languages similarly hundreds of cultures existing in

the world Breaking language barviors, translation has become arr ellective lool to bring people of different cultures together It has even been claimed by many that

translation aclivily has been and will always be worhwhils in umting the whole

universe, And in this great cause, litcrary translation plays a distinetive role

Among various means of shaping culture, literature is said to be a mixror that

most closely reflects life as it contains the cultural features of the place where it

cumes from Understanding this prominent role of being the bridge comecting

cultures, a number of researches in literary translation have been carried out

Methods applied in literary translation; however, have not received enough alfention, With that in mind, as a student majoring in translation and interpreting, T wish to apply what I have been taught to conduct this research examining how

Vietnamese professional translators (ranslale lilerary works from English to

Vietnamese Specifically, this would be an intensive study on the use of translation methods applied in the translation of Kemeth Grahame’s “I'he Wind in the

Willows”,

The study aims at supporting (ranslalors-to-be of the Division of Translation

and Interpreting, University of Language and Intemational Studies, Vietnam

National University as well as novice translators in particular and anyone who has the same interest in Iterary translation in general.

1.2 Aims and research questions

The paper aims at identifying the translation methods which professional translators apply in translating Kenneth Grahame’s The Wind in the Willows and specifically the one mostly applied Also, the researcher hopes to be able to suggest the most successful translation methods which can be applied for the translation of other literary works

In order to achieve those goals, the research aims to answer the following

research questions

1 Whal are the translation methods applied by cach (ranslalor in innslating the

second chapter of Kenneth Grahame‘s The Wind in the Willows?

t2 What are the most common translation methods used by each translator?

3 Of 2 translation versions by Nguyen ‘lam and Cam Linh, which one is more

successful?

1.3 Scope of the study

As the title implies, this study focuses only on the translation methods applied

in the translated versions of Kenneth Grahame's ‘he Wind in the Willows Main dimensions of translation methods including semantic translation, communicative wanslation, Tileral translation, word-for-word translation, faithful anslation, adaptive translation, free translation and idiomatic translation are mentioned and

analyzed critically

All the quotations and examples, comparisons in the study would be extracted from the English and Victnamese versions of Kenneth Grahame’s The Wind in the

Willows.

This study is methodologically conducted hy collecting, analyzing and

interpreting data on cases of translation methods applied in the translations

‘The story The Wind in the Willows and its translation versions are chosen in

this case study ont translation methods as i is canily ac ssible andl read by so many people both at home and abroad

Data collection procedures

Kirst of all, the two versions of the translations and the source language story are printed to enable analytic comparison between the original and the translated text

as well az between the 2 translations Then all are to be read carefully and critically

in order to find out the translation methods applied,

Data analysis procedures

Data analysis is implemented to answer the three research questions All

dimensions of translation methods which are applied in translating after being listed

oul are calegorived info groups Then, through he process of calculating and identifying, the most popular method used by each translator is figured out Next,

differences ti ways of applying translation methods by lwo translalors are also

analyzed in order to determine which one is more etfective and successful

1.5 Organization of the study

The structure of the study is as follows:

Chapter 1 - Introduction: Provides an overview of the study with rationals, aims

and objectives, significance and organization of the study

Chapter 2 - Literature review: Provides key concepts in translation and linguistics

in order to deeply understand the concept of translation and translation methods

Chapter 3 - Methodoloyy: States methods of the study including sclecion of

subjects, research instrument, procedures of data collecting and procedure of data

analysis

Chapter +~ Findings and discussion: Discusses the results of the study and explain how these results arc discovered, then explain how they answer the rescarch

questions

Chapter 3 - Conclusion: Summarizes discussed points, limitations of the study as

well as suggestions for further researches

1.6 Expected outcome

This research would benefit those who work in translation, those who are being trained to be future translators, especially those who work on literary translation,

and researchers working on related stuches

Specifically, the study is expected to provide readers with a better view on

academic translation methods More spovilically, the study provides coneepls and

ways of using translation methods as applied in translating Kenneth Grahame's The Wind in the Willows To some extent, it can help to develop the understandinyg of readers about translation methods, which will be uscful for literary translation

‘Thanks to all of the gains listed above, it is expected that readers can find this study

useful in their process of mastering translation theory and praclice

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapler sheds Tight on the literature review of the study, specifically the definitions of transfation in general, translation of literature in particular and the

background notions of translation methods

2.1 Translation

2.1.1 Definitions of translation

Linguists and translation theorists have so far given a variety of answers to the question “What is translation?” Almost all of ther, however, have come up with agreement regarding translation as both a process and a product with the

nature of equivalence frequently mentioned

Newmark (1995, p.5) introduces a very lear and comprehensive concepl of translation, which is “rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the

way that the author intended the text.”

Roger Beil (£991, p.5) defines translation as “the expression in another

language (or target language) of whal has been expressed in another source

language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences”

Mildred L Larson (1984, p.10) otherwise claims that translation is an act of

transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor one Thus,

translation includes studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text as well as analyzing it in

order Lo determine ils meaning, and then reconstructing Ubis same meaning using the

lexicon and grammatical structure which is appropriate in the receptor language and

its cultural context.

Meanwhile Nida and Taber (1974, p.13) believe that "translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest equivalent of the source language

message, [iraL im terms of meaning und secondly in tenns of style”

In conclusion, translation in general and as applied in this study is the transference of a text from one language (source language) to another one (target

language) based on the equivalence It is; however, not merely an interlinguistic

process but including also the cultural and educational nuances thal shape (he options and attitudes of recipients (Bemacka 2012) Ina translation process, what

a translalor does is to bansfer the meaning of the source language in the form of

the targot onc So translation here requires the study of language, erammar, culture

and spiritual features of the receptor language

2.1.2 Kields of translation

General translation is perhaps the most common and simple type in the field,

as it mercly involves ordinary, everyday language, which is not subject-specific and does not require the understanding of any specialized terminologies Examples may include letters, e-mails, and newspaper articles More complex professional translation types include translations of legal, admimstrative, commercial,

financial discourse, etc For instance, since law is in most cases administered

differently in different countries, a deep understanding of both source and target

politic-logal and socio-cultural contexts is required in logal translation, which is

really difficult, if not impossible, for an outsider as law itself is already a vast field

ol knowledge that one could hardly master

Tr general, those types of translalion require nol only lrauslation skills but dhe background knowledge being deep to a certain degree ‘There is; however, no room for creativity or experimentation in terms of format and terminology within those types of translation as access to re-occurring words and expressions is in most cases available ‘I'o conclude, the approach to these demanding types of translation

could be considered to be quite prescriptive and formulaic The same; however, cannot be said for literary translation, which allows the translator to share in the

crealive process

2.1.3 Literature translation

Literary translation is @ notion of not only translation but literature as well Not only does it bring valuable literary works of one culture to others, thus broadens people’s minds, it is also, in many cases the force to help other literature

to develop At the beginning of French literature, for instance, French writers’ works were greatly influenced by the ancient Greek and Roman literature thus

Tilerary works in this period of time can be either considered adaplations or

translated versions of the ancicnt works Similarly, in the 18" contury, translated

literary works by Russian writers thrived and considered the examples for literary

crealion of the country In Germany, ihe Germar translated version of the Bible by clergyman Luyte did have a great impact on the new development of German

lilerature Likewise, wher Cervantes wrote Dou Quixole, he created the fourm and

shape of modem fiction worldwide Being translated almost immediately into Lnglish then, Cervantes novel changed the course of Linglish literature Serving as another example Garcia Marquez novels, after being translated into English, exerted a major influence on such English-language authors as ‘foni Morrison,

Salman Rushdie, Don DeLillo and Michael Chabon The entire history of

Hilcrature has been bur up with a process of transmission 1m this ways (Damrosch

2003)

Concerning Vietnamese literature, according to ‘Thuy ‘oan (1999), translated

literature plays a significant, sometimes dominant role at the dawn of the country’s

litcrature For instance, the new Vietnamese literature in the carly 20" century was

dominated by translated works of l’rench and Chinese hterature Almost all writers

worked as translators; almost all literary genres including memoir, poetry, fiction,

autobioaraphy, drama, eto., were banslated at the time Distinguished translators of Chinese literature are Phan Ke Binh, Nguyen Do Muc, Nguyen Iluu Tien, Nguyen Chanh Sac whose translated works include The Romance of the Three Kingdoms

by Luo Guanzhong, Journey to the West by Wu Cheng'en, Water Margin by Shi Nai’an, etc Outstanding translators of French literature are Nguyen Van Vinh and Pham Quynh with translations of the Mables of La Kontaine, Les Misérables (Les Contemplations) by Victor Ilugo, the Three Musketeers by Alexandre Dumas, ete

Literary translation, however, is not at all an easy task The translation of

literary works is considered by many lo be ene of the highest level of translation as

it involves so much more than simply translating words from one language to

another but involving the sophisticated task of expressing the words of the writer

in a way that i maintains the original intention With the emphasis firmly weighing on the mode of expression, and with the ultimate aim being that of publication, the translator must demonsirate “an appreciation of and feeling for different styles, tones and nuances in both the source and target languages, thus recreating the mood of the original” (Finlay 1971, p.15) In addition to dealing

with the difficulties inherent to translations of all fields, translators of literature

imust always consider the aesthetic aspects of the text, its beauty and style, as well

as its marks (lexical, grammatical, or phonological), bearing in mind that one language’s slylistic marks can be distinetly different from another’s In olher words, not only is the lexical meaning to be conveyed but also other important

factors such as the author's implication or literary style must be respected In short,

besides language skills, it requires artistic skills as well to become a literary translator

2.2 Translation equivalence

Equivalence is one of the most frequently mentioned theoretical issues in

translation studies In general equivalence can be considered as the link between a

souree text, and @ largel text, indicaling one Lex is the Iramslation of another

Without equivalence, the process of translation cannot be successful

In order to achieve translation equivalence, different theories have been proposed While Nida (1969) focuses on function-based equivalence (dynamic and formal equivalence), Baker (1992) emphasizes fonn-based equivalence ie equivalence at different prammatical levels, and Koller (cited in Newmark, 2006, pp.46-48) highlights the importance of meaning-based equivalence

The significance of equivalence becomes the most obvious when il comes lo translation revision and quality assessment because @ good translation not only concems the accuracy in meaning but also other requirements like styles, commumicalive values or aeslhclic effects, elc TL 13 the IrarslaLor?s duty to deeide toward which end priority should be given, form or meaning of the text to translate, hence referring to the most appropriate type of equivalence

2.3 Mctheds of translation

Since Peter Newmark has never given ont an explicit definition of what a translation method is, we can generally perceive it as the way chosen by the translator to deal with the source text as a whole, distinguishing it from a translation procedure, which is used for sentences and smaller units of languages

Translation methods equip translators with a theoretical background

yogarding how to translate m the most appropriate way Applying different

translation methods in translating the same source language text will resvdt in different versions which vary in form, slyle, meaning and value

According to Newmark (1995, p.47), two major methods of banslation namely communication translation and semantic translation can fulfill the two main aims of translation, which ae first, accuracy, and second, economy

Semantic translation is used for “expressive” texts while communicative

translation method is for “informative” and “vacative” texts

In “A textbook for translation” (1995), he provides a V diagram, pointing out

various translation mclhods:

Faithful translation Idiomatic translation

Semantic translation Communicative translation

Word-for- word translalion

This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the target language

immediately below the source language words ‘I'he source language word order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of

context Cultural words are (ranslaled Ierally The mam use of word-for-word

translation is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or

construe a difficult text as a pre- translation process

The Ral turned from bim in despair

“You see what it is?” he said to the

Mole, addressing him across Toad’s

head: ‘He’s quite hopeless T give it

up- when we get to the town we'll go

to the railway station, and with luck

we may pick up a train there that’

get us back to riverbank tonight And

catch me

this

aplcasuring with provoking

animal again!"- He snorted, and

during the rest of that weary trudge

addressed his remarks exclusively to

Mole

(The Wind in the Willows, Kenneth

Tuyệt vọng, Chuột Nước quay mat đi,

không nhìn thẳng Cóc nửa “Cậu thấy rõ tất

cả tôi chư?” nỏ nói với Chuột Chũi, vọng

qua dâu Cóc: “Nó thật là hết phương cứu chữa Tở chịu đẩy khi tới thị tấn, chủng

ta sẽ ra ga xe lửa, và nêu may mắn, sẽ có

thé đáp một chuyến tàu ở đó và về tới Bờ Sông trong đêm nay Và dé cậu còn bao giờ Bắt gặp tớ rong chơi cũng với cơn vật khó chịu này nữa!” Nó khit khít mỗi, và suốt

phan còn lại của cuộc bộ hành mệt mỏi ấy

nó cử nói riêng với Chuột Chữi những ý

kiên nhận xét của minlL

(Giả qua rằng liễu, tramslated bụ Nguyên

Tâm)

Faithful translation

Moving a step further than the previous one, faithful translation is an attempt

to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints

of the targct language grammatical structures, It transfers cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical “ abnormality” (deviation from source language norms) in the translation It aims at being completely faithful to

lhe infentions and the text- realisalion of Ihe source language wriler

Come with me, dear Ratty, and your

amiable friend also, if he will be so

very good, just as far as the stable-

yard, and you shall see what you

shall see!” Le led the way to the

stable-yard accordingly, the Rat

followmg with a most tustrusiful

expression; and there, drawn out of

the cơ h-house into the open, they

saw a gipsy caravan, shining with

newness, painted a canary-yellow

picked oul with green, and red

khu chuồng ngựa thôi, các cậu sẽ được thấy

cái mà cáo cậu sẽ thấy.” Ngay tức khắc Cóc

đẫn đường xuống khu chuỗng ngựa, Chuột Sông đi theo lộ rõ vẻ ngờ vực Chúng thầy

ngay cái nhà xe lưu động kiếu đu mục đã

được kéo sẵn từ nhà để xe ra ngoài trời,

trồng mới toanh với nước sơn màu váng

chim hoàng yến, lại cảng nỗi bật hơn với những máng xanh lá cây và những, bảnh xe mau dé

(Giá đùa rặng liễu, translated by Cam Linh)

12

The distinction between “faithful” and “semantic” translation is that the first

is uncompromising and dogmatic, while the second is more flexible, admils the

creative exception to 100% fidelity and enables the translator's intuitive empathy

with the original,

For cxample

Source text

"We can’t leave him here, sitting in the

middle pf the road by himself, in the

distracted state he’s in! It’s not safe

Supposing anolher thing were la come

along?’ ‘O.bother Toad,’ said the Rat

savagely; ‘I've done with him!” ‘They

had not proceeded very tar on their way,

however, when there was a pattering of

fect behind them, and Toad caught them

up and thrusl a paw inside the elbow of

each of them; still breathing short and

staring into vacancy

(The Wind in the Willows, Kenneth

Grahamme)

Semantic translation method applied by

Cam Linh

“Ta không thể để cậu ấy tâm thần ban Joan

ngồi một minh giữa đường thể nảy được

Thế không an toàn đâu! Nhỡ có chuyên gì thủ sao?”

“Qi đào, củ kệ cậu fa!” Chuột Sông nhăn

mặt “Tớ biết phải làm gi.”

Ấy thể mả chúng mới đi một đã nghe tha

tiếng bước chân gấp gáp đẳng sau Cóc đuổi kịp, chen vào giữa ngoắc hai †ay vào khuÿu tay hai bạn, vẫn thở hồn hễến và nhìn trân

trân váo khoảng võ định phía trước

(Giá đùa rằng liễu, translated by Cẩm Linh)

13

‘All along the backwater, Theo dòng nước mát

‘Through the rushes tall, Nạhe dám cói hát

Ducks are a-dabbling, Dan vit xinb xinh

Ducks’ tails, drakes’ tails, Chi vit, anh vit

Yellow feet a-quiver, Chan vang khéa nude

Yellow bills all out of sight Mö vàng kiếm an

(The Wind in the Willows, Kenmeth | (Gió dàa răng Wu, translated by Cẩm

vee translation

Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content

without the form of the original Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the

original, a so-called " intralingual translation”, often prolix and pretentious, and

not translation at all

‘Their way lay, as before, across

country by narrow lanes, and it was

nol till he afternoon that they came

out on the high-road, their first high-

road, and there disaster, fleet and

unforeseen, sprang out on them

disaster momentous indeed to their

oxpedition, bul simply overwhelming

in its effect on the after-career of

chúng đã ra tới đường cái, cơn dường cái

đầu tiên mả chủng từng đặt chân tới Ở đỏ

tại họa chóng vành khôn lường đang rhửa

tập cái tai họa làm chân dộng chuyến

viễn du, nhưng đơn giản lại làm bừng tình những theo đuổi sau nảy của Cóc

(Giá đùa rặng liều, translated by Cam

Linh)

Idiomatic translation reproduces the “ message” of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these

do not exist in the original (Authorities as diverse as Seleskovitch and Stuart

Gulbert tend to this form of livel “alural” iranslation.)

15

Communicative translation

‘The last method proposed by Newmark is communicative translation which tries to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership

In other words, communicative translation is written basing on the readership and

normally is most suitable for informative and vocative text

His home-sickness had quite slipped

away from him, and for the moment

he was the skipper of the canary-

coloured vessel driven on a shoal by

the reckless jockeying of rival

mariners, and he was trying to

recollect all the fine and biting things

he used to say to masters of steam-

launches when their wash, as they

drove too near the bank, used to

flood his parlour-carpet at home

(the Wind in the Willows, Kenneth

Nỗi nhở nhả cúa nó đã trối tuột đi đầu mắt

Nó nhớ lại những ngày trước nó đã là

thuyén trưởng một con làu cũng máu vàng

hoàng yên Và con tàu đã bị mắc cạn vào một bãi cát do lỗi các thủy thủ bật cẩn Và

nô nhớ lại cả những lời mát mổ cay độc nó

từng thốt ra với những kẽ lái thuyển quá gần bò, làm nước sóng lên ướt lâm thâm

clưủi chân nhà no

(GIÓ dùu rùng liễu, translated by Cam

Linh)

2.4 Translation quality assessment

‘Translation quality assessment is named as translation criticism by Newmark who states clearly "Translation criticism is an essential link between translation

theory and its practice" in his book, A Textbook of Translation (1988, p184)

Tn 1988, he gave the mosl detailed steps to implomont translation qualily assessment Ie states that any comprehensive criticism of a translation has to

cover five Lopics: (1) a brief analysis of the ST texL stress on ils inlention and its

functional aspects; (2) the translator's interpretation of the SL text's purpose, his translation method and the translation's likely readership, (3) a selective but Topresenlalive detailed comparison of the banslation wilh the original, (4) an evaluation of the translation; (5) where appropriate, an assessmeut of likely place

of the translation in the target language culture or discipline (1988: 164)

In more detailed description of translation quality assessment, Newmark (1988) states thal the purpose of comparing the translation with 1s original is Lo find out its reference and pragmatic accuracy And in order to make the equivatem

comparison, it is important that the translation is compared to the criteria found in

the source text In other words, the reference and pragmatic aspects must first be

analyzed in the source text

In short, as suggested by Newmark (1991, p.188), a translation should be evaluated basing on its own slandards of referential and pragmatic accuracy The purpose of the translation must be considered first in order to give it assessment Also, the translation should be evaluated “as a piece of writing, independently of ils original” (Newmark 1995, p.188)

in depth study on the use of translation methods applied in this text, data is collected from 2 different translations rendered by 2 professional translators Specifically, one is “Gio Qua Rang Liew” by Nguyen Tam (Nha Nam Publisher) and the other is “Gio Bua Rang Liou” by Nguyen Th Carn Tink (Phu Nu Publisher)

‘the story “fhe Wind in the Willows” by Kenneth Grahame and its translations are chasen in this case study on translation methods for the following,

reasons

Being published in 1908, the Wind in the Willows is a children’s story that lives in the hearts and minds of its readers well into adulthood With its subtle blend of anthropomorphism and very-ritish humor, the book is a classic tale of river life and friendship Besides gettng swept along the thrilling adventures of friends in the story, readers would also appreciate the themes of loyalty, manners,

solf-restraint, and comradeship which are apparenl throughoul the book

Up to now, this 105-year-old artwork hes heen republished many tines and translated into many different foreign languages Millions of copies have been sold all over the world This story was first translated into Vietnamese by Neuyen Tam

in 2006, and in 2011, Nguyen Thi Cam Linh translated it again Both translators have gained certain success and reputation among Vietnamese translators The translations, Dunks to the Wanslator’s talent and knowledge, both have rwached a certain league, fulfilling its mission of entertaining and nourishing the souls of the little Vietnamese readers as it does with kids all over the world

The reasons above make studying the methods applied in translating the story

“The Wind in the Willows” by no means a boring lask of reading, analyzing and comparing but actually both a fruitftd experience as well as a great pleasure However, due to time limitation only the second chapter of the slory is studied

3.2 Data collection procedure

The sludy is implemented applying observation instrument First of all, the two versions of the translations as well as the original source text are read carefully and critically All dimensions of translation methods which are applied in translating from English into Victnamesc are found after a process of comprehending ‘the most noticeable sentences and expressions are chosen and highlighted Then, the result collected becomes the subject for further research of

the study

3.3 Data analysis procedure

The collcvied dala were analyzed through the following phases:

Phase 1: Coding

In this phase, the rescarcher applies the qualitative data analysis method All dimensions of translation methods applied in each translation are listed after the process of meticulous reading and comprehending The results of this step answers

research question 1: What are the methods applied in translating Kenneth Grahame’s “The Wind in the Willows” by each translator?

Phase 2: Grouping

To continue, the coded data are grouped into different categories in terms of

methods used Then, the quantitative analysis method is ulthyed as the researcher

counts the identified methods to figure out their frequency, in order to transfer the

data into format of numerical statistics Afterwards, the results are described via

lables and clasts with remarks given The resulis of this slep answers rescarch question 2 What are the most common translation methods used by each

translator?

Phase 3: Analysing

Finally, qualitative analysis method is applied again in cases translated with

different methods by 2 translators to see which method is more successful, so that

a suggestion cauld be made about the suitable translation method to be applied in

translating tus text The results of this slop answers research question 3: Which is

the more successful translation?

CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS & DISCUSSION

The second chapter concentrates on the presentation, interpretation and

discussion of the data collected

4.1 Major findings

This part would examine the 2 translation versions of The Wind in the

Willows, by Nguyen Tam (Nha Nam Publisher) and by Nguyen Thi Cam Linh (Phu

Nu Publisher) to answer the 2 research questions: 1) What are the translation

methods applied by each translator? And 2) What are the most frequently used

translation methods by each translator?

4.1.1 Translation methods applied by Nguyen Tam

Below is the chart describing the result of the analysis and coding phrase with

respect to the frequency of each translation method:

Figure 4.1.1; Translation methods applied by Nguyen Tam

¬y 228

'8 Literaltranslation method

® Semantic translation method

® Faithful translation method

™ Adaptation translation method

® Free translation method

‘As can be seen from the chart, literal is the most frequently used translation method by Nguyen Tam; this method alone accounts for more than 80% of the total translation The other 4 mothods applied are semantic, fathlid, {rec and adaptation translation methods which make up 9%, 3%, 2% and 2% of the total units respectively The other 3 translation methods defined by New Mark, namely word- by-word, idiomatic and communicative translation methods are not applied

For the translator aimimg at the most faithful translation which is able ta

convey most closely the messages created by the author to the readers of the target

language, lileval translation method becomes Ue dommamt, method employed

‘There's Toad Hall,’ said the Ral:

‘and that creek on the left, where the

notice board says, “Private No

landing allowed,” leads to his boat-

house, where we'll leave the boat

The stables are over there to the

right That’s the

you're looking at now- very old, that

banqueting -hall

is Toad is rather rich, you know, and

this is really one of the nicest houses

in these parts, though we never admit

as much to Toad.”

(The Wind im the Willows, Kenneth

“Kia 1 Tau dai óc,” Chuột Nước nói,

“con cai nhanh séng imé tay tri, noi co bảng thông cáo ‘Tu gia Cảm đậu

thuyền” dẫn lới nhà để thuyền của nó Chúng mình sẽ để thuyển tại đó Các chuỗng gia súc thì ở đẳng kia, bên mé tay

phải Kia là phỏng tiệc, cái chỗ câu dang

, đã cũ rồi Thăng Cóc khá là gia,

cậu biết đấy, và Lòa nhà này thật sự là một trong những toa nha dep nhat ở vùng nay, tuy rằng bọn tớ không bao giờ thừa nhận như thể với thắng Coc ca.”

(Gib qua ring liễu, translalsd by NgiaÊn

âm)

22

‘the use of literal translation method in the above example is apparent, details are translated literally, structures are kept almost the same with the origin even when some of hein are nol commonly used in the larget language For cxanple,

in Viemamese spoken language, it sounds a little bit unnatural to add “cau biét

between 2 clauses in a complex sentence

Besides the equivalent effect, Nguyen Tam also pays certain attention to the cultural of the target readers as well as the acstholic values af a lilerary, reflected by the fact that non-literal translation methods still account for about 15% of all the

listed cases

One among the nowliteral banslation methods apphed by Nguyen Tam is semantic translation, which is faithful but concerns more with the aesthetic value of both the source and the target text In this translation, this method is presented with thetorical devices and Mowery expressive images

Fxample 2:

Literal translation method apphed by

Source text

Xeuyen Tam

‘He must be a very niece animal,?| “Anh chang 4y hin phâi là một con

observed the Mole, as he got into the | vat rat t8 ni,” Chuét Chữi nhận xét

oat and took the sculls, while the] khi nd bude lén thuyển và nắm lấy

Rat settled himself comfortably in] mái chèo, trong khi dỏ Chuột Nước

bảnh

(The Wind in the Willows, Kenneth | Pitia dudi thuyen,

Nguyên Tiêm)

23

In English, “stem” refers to the front part of the ship which means “mũi

thuyén” in Vietnamese [lowever, instead of literally translating it this way, Nguyen Tam uses a much more imagery ones that is “chide ghé bank phia dudi thuyén”, helping to make the characters more human-like and liven up the story

Since appeared, Mole, Rat and Toad have always been adored by their litle readers not only because of their interesting adventures but also thanks to them being depicted like real close friends of kids

‘Now, you dear good old Ratty,” said

Toad, imploringly, “don bogin

talking in that stiff and sniffy sort of

way, because you know you've got

giọng cầu khản, 'xm cậu đùng nói

bằng cải cách đay nghiền và khinh

khinh ấy nữa, bởi vì âu cũng biết là cậu phải đến

(Gió qua rặng li8u, translated by

Nguyên Tim)

‘As semantic method is employed, the use of the rhetorical device alliteration

L“aliff and sniffy” is nicely translated as “day nghién va khinh

in the source tex

Khinh” which ts still faithful to the original version in the source text, but much more aesthetic than “cứng nhắc và khinh người” or “gay gắt và khinh miệt”

Another non-literal translation method employed was faithful translation, with

which the comlextual meaning is guaranteed to be conveyed fully from the aulhor to

the readers by replacing the cultural specific items of the source language with the

nearest equivalence in tens of denotative meaning in the target language

24

At last the horse was caught and| Cuối củng cũng bắt được ngựa và

hamessed, and they set oÈ, ail| thắng yên cương, rồi bọn chúng khởi

talking at once, each animal either | hành, cả bọn lập tức chuyện trỏ, mỗi

trudging by the side of the cart or} đứa hoặc lê bước bên cạnh cỗ xe hoặc

sitting on the shaft, as the humor | ngồi trên cảng xe, tủy theo sở thích

look him It was a golden| Buổi chểu hồm dó thật là hạnh phúc

(the Wind in the Willows, Kenneth

The “golden” here is the “golden” in “a golden age” which refers lo such a period of time when everyone is happy The expression makes sense and would

be accepted by all English speakers in the world; however, to literally translate it

as “1 budi chiêu vang” or even “1 buổi chiều hoàng kim’ would just confuse Vietnamese readers Besides, putting in the context of the beginning of the

adventure when everything is carned oul smoothly and in controlled, iL is also

reasonable for the characters to foc] happy Honce, applying faithful translation method with this case is very appropriate

In short, though literal translation method is most favored by Nguyen Tam, when needed and possible, he also tried to apply some other suitable non-literal methods

4.1.2 Translation methods applied by Cam Linh

Below is the chart describing the result of the analysis and coding phrase with respect to the frequency of each translation method in Cam Linh’s translation:

25

Figure 4.1.2: Translation methods applied by Cam Linh

Translation methods applied in Cam

Linh's translation

m Literal translation method

= Semantic translation method

= Faithful translation method

= Adaptation translation method

Free translation method

© Communicative translation method

As can be seen from the chart, semantic is the most frequently translation

method used by Cam Linh; this method alone accounts for more than 50% of the

total translation Following is free translation with 15% The other 3 methods

applied are literal, faithful, communicative and adaptation translation methods which make up 9%, 11% and 2% of the total units respectively Word-by-word and

idiomatic translation methods are not used by Cam Linh

For semantic translation being the most frequently used method, it indicates that Cam Linh’s translation pays most attention to the artistic values This also

shows agreement to Newmark theory that semantic translation method is most

suitable for expressive text

26

Example 5:

Source fext

At last the horse was caught and

harnessod, and they set off, all latking

alonce, each animal either irudging by

the side of the cart or sitting on the

shaft, as the humor took him It was a

golden afternoon The smell of the

dust they kicked up was rich and

satistying; out of thick orchards on

cither side the road, birds called and

whistted (o them chesrily

(The Wind in the Willows, Kenneth

Grahame)

Semantic translation method applied by

Cam Linh Cuỗi cùng con ngựa cũng bị bắt giữ lại và

được đóng yên Ba người bạn lên đường,

cùng rôm râ chuyện trò, đứa Lim thimg di

bên, đúa ngồi vất vẻo trên cảng xe Liêm đó

là một buối chiểu ráng vàng rực rõ Bui

đường tung lên theo bước chân chúng,

xộc vào mũi hương vị hài làng khó tả Từ

vườn cây ăn quả hai bên đường vọng ra

tiếng chim lảnh lát

(Gib dita trong libs, translated by Nguyen Thị Cam Linh)

In Vietnamese, the uses of alliteration with 'rêm rả” “lũng thừng” “vất vẻo”

and “lãnh lót” make the descriptions hoth more visible and audible to capture This

not only enhances the beauty of the language, guarantees the artistic values of the literature but also makes the story more lively The active expression of “bui

đường lung lên xộc vào mmii” is a slrong and impressive rendering of the rich and

satisfying smell of dust in the source text And with the expression “a golden

aftermoon™, while Nguyen Tam’s translation pays more attention to the message,

Cam Linh chooses the aesthetic value of “1 bugi chidu rang vang ruc 18”

4.2 Discussion

So far, it could be seen thal the 2 approaches of the 2 translators studied i this research are totally different While Nguyen ‘fam tends to favor literal translation method the most in his translation, Cam Linh prefers the opposite Therefore, this part is dedicated to cxamine cases within which cxist different ways of applying tronslation methods by the 2 translators, to see which translation method is more effective to translate The Wind in the Willows, the literal or non-literal translation

think so very much

of that little song,

Rat,’ observed the

Mole cautiously He

was uo poet himself

and didn’t care who

know it; and he had a

1ó vốn bộc trục

(Gió qua rằng liễu)

Chuột Chữi chăm chủ lắng

nghe Nó vén ching có máu

thi sĩ, cũng chẳng e ngại nếu

mọi người biết điển đó, lại

san tính thật thả bộc trực, nó

nói: “Chuột Sông ơi, tớ nghĩ

mãi mà vẫn không hiển bài

bát ấy, (Gió đùa trong liễu)

Nomnally, different translatien methods (exclude adaptation translation method) only differ in nuances and styles but are consistent in the content

delivered In this case, however, lhe 2 Uunslation methods hleral and

communicative not only bring about different effects toward readers but even different ways of understanding While Nguyen Tam paraphrases Mole comment

as “1 know that | don’t have many comments about this little song”, Cam Linh

understands it as “I think a lot but still fail to understand this little song” Putting

in the context, both are acceptable, as Mole himself is not a poet and doesn’t care

whether people know it or not, he could neither understand nor even bother commenting, about the poem made by Rat However, in terms of the friendliness toward the readers of the Large! LexL, the translation wilh communicative method

is much better, it is uot only more concise but also more natural and understandable

Example 6:

Source text

‘Nor dew the ducks

neither,’ replied the Rat

fully

“Why can’t fellows be

Literal translation 1uethod appplied by

Cam Linh Chudl Séng hi hing dip:

sitting on banks and

watching them all the

khác ngổi trên bờ sỏng

lúc nào cũng quan sat ho,

29

này rồi bảy dặt binh luận thơ

thin vé bon nav ma Thật

time and — makina | bình phẩm họ và thơ thân | đúng là nhám nhí quả dị

remarks and poetry and | về họ? Diễu đó thậm võ | mất.” Dây, mây cậu vịt đã

things about them? | I!” Li vil néi thé diy.” | bảo tở thế đấy

What_nonsense_it_all

is!” That’s what the

(Giá qua răng liễu) (Giá đùa trong liễu)

easier to be acquired by readers and closer im ters of the contextual meaning

to stick to your dull

fusty old river all your

life, and just live im a

hole in a bank, and

boat? I want to show

Those sentences are words utlered by Toad in order lo persuade Mole to jem the

adventure In short, ‘toad mentions the pity to waste one lifetime sticking to the old

river, the bigger world outside and his wish to waken up this desire, which he

assumes to be inhoriled in any typical animal, in Mole However, to literally translate “make an animal of you" as “khiển cậu trở thành 1 déng vat” is not a

good choice, regarding of both assumptions whether the characlers consider

themselves animal or not If Mole already reckons himself animal, the saying tums

senseless, On the contrary, if Mole considers himself human, it becomes awkward

4s “động vat” in Vielmamese has the negative commotative meaning With [ree

translation, as “animal” here is explained as the “active side” of one, the message

dịnh suốt đời bảm lây dong séng tế ngất và hôi

mốc cửa mình, và cử ở trong hang trên bờ để với

một con thuyển Tớ muốn

cho cậu nhịn thấy thể giới!

Tớ sẽ khiến cậu trở thành

môt đêng vât, anh ban thân

mến ạl”

(Gió qua rặng liễu)

become much more meaningful and reasonable

Example 8:

31

dinh ca doi & li cai x6 ba

séng ti ting buén chan

ấy, quanh quân chỉ có trong hang với

thuyển thôi, phải không nao? Tở muốn cậu được

(Gió đùa trong liễu)

Source text

Free translation method

applied by Nguyen ‘fam

Free fanslation method

applied by Cam Linh

Their way lay as before,

across country by narrow

lanes, and it was not till

the afternoon that they

came out on the high-

road, their first high-road;

and there disaster, {cot

and unforeseen, sprang

oul on them — disaster

momentous indeed to their

but simply overwhelming in its effect

của chúng băng qua miễn

quê trên những con đường

hẹp và mãi dén chiều bọn

chúng mới ra đến đường

cái, con đường cái đầu

tiêu của chúng, và ti họa nhanh chéng và không

lường đã ập đếu — tai họa nảy chẳng những thật sự nghiêm trọng đổi với

chuyên đi của chủng mà côn mặc nhiên tác động manh mẽ đến sư nghiệp

sau này của thing Coc

(Gió qua rặng liễu)

Chuyến di tiếp tục theo

những eon đường nhỏ qua

các miễn quê Chưa đến

chiều chúng đã ra tới

đường cái, con đường cái đâu tiên mà chứng từng dat chan tdi Ở đó tại hoa chóng vánh khỏn lường dang tinh rap — cói tại họa

làm chấn dộng chuyển

viễn đu, nhưng đơn giãn lai làm bừng tỉnh những theo đuôi sau này của Cóo, (Gió đùa trong liễu)

This example is quite special because within it there is no conflict in the use

of translation method but actually both translators choose free translation It is

used to clarify the advantage of this method over literal onc

There are 2 differences between the 2 translations the linking verb “but” and

the phrase “simply overwhelming in its effect” Firstly, the use of “but” in the source text is difficult to understand “But” is normally employed to connect 2

parls wilh opposile meanings: however, in this ease, il is clear thal both the

momentous effect on the expedition and the overwhelming effect in Toad after-

career seems to be equal in level of beine tremendous There is a contrast it itself between parts of the source text; therefore, to literal translate it into the target Ianguage would bring no scrses but questions to the readers As a rosull, boll translators choose free translation method to deal with this case Llowever, while Neguyen Tam chose to change the linking verb, Cam Linh decided to retain it but paraphrased “simply overwhelming in its effect” as simply waken up Toad’s

desire Putting in the context; however, both make sense

4.2.3 Literal and semantic translation method

Example

Source (xt

Literal translation method

applied by Nguyen Tam

Semantic translation method

applied by Cam Link

the prospects of the trip

and the joys of the open

life and the roadside in

colours

could

such glowing

that the Mole

hardly sit int his chair for

excitement Somehow,

it soon seemed taken for

granted by all three of

them that the trip was a

Đương nhién, vén 14 một con vat bém mép va bi tri

tưởng tượng lam cho mat

mau sống động lung lình, dến mức Chuột Chũi ngồi

trên ghế mả cú nhấp nha

nhấp nhêm vì phẩn khich

Rồi không hiểu vì sao chỉ

thoáng chốc sau cả ba đường như đã coi chuyện sẵn sảng lên đường là