Luận văn application of j house’s model for translation quality assessment in assessing the english version of the novel dumb luck by vu trong phung

HOUSE’S MODEL FOR TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT LN ASSESSING THE ENGLISH VERSION OF THE NOVEL ‘DUMB LUCK’ BY VU TROXG PHUNG Áp dụng mô hình đánh giá chất lượng bản dịch của J.. ABSTR

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, IIANOL UNIVERSLTY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES

2000

NGUYEN "THỊ NHUNG

APPLICATION OF J HOUSE’S MODEL FOR TRANSLATION

QUALITY ASSESSMENT LN ASSESSING THE ENGLISH VERSION

OF THE NOVEL ‘DUMB LUCK’ BY VU TROXG PHUNG

(Áp dụng mô hình đánh giá chất lượng bản dịch của J House vào việc

đánh giá bản dịch tiếng Anh của tiểu thuyết “Số Đỏ”

của Vũ Trọng Phụng)

M.A MINOR PROGRAM THESIS

Field: English Linguistics Code: 8220201.01

Supervisor: Assoc Prof Lé [ang Tién

Hanoi, 2019

DECLARATION:

1, Nguyen Thi Nhung, hereby declare that the work in this thesis 1s the result

of my own research It is recognized that should this declaration be found to be false, disciplinary actions could be taken and penalties could be imposed in accordance with university policies and rules

Hanoi, April 2019

Neuyén Thi Nhung

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my

supervisor, Assoc Prof Dr Le Hung Tien, who inspired me to conduct, this

xesearch and spent his time giving me invaluable suggestions, corrections and

improvement, without which I would have been, no doubt, unable to finish the thesis

Lalso send my gratitude to my family, who have always been supporting me

during the completion of this study

Lalso give sincere thanks to my friends and colleagues for their great support

and encouragement

Without the help of those people, this study has not been completed.

ABSTRACT

The study aims at evalualing the Vielnamese English translation of the book

‘Dumb Luck” by Zinoman and Cam (2002) using ilouse’s (2015) model of

translation quality assesament The study is designed to seek answers whether the

translation mects the slasudard of quality according lo House’s (2075) model and 1o

draw some implications from the translation In the study, basic concepts of

translation theory in general and literary translation in particular were revealed

House’s (2015) model was introduced and applied lo analyze and compare

Vietnamese source text and its English target text to assessing the quality of the

transtabor Finally, conclusions on findings with some linrilations as well as recommendations for further research were proposed

Keywords: translation, quality assessment, translation model, literary translation

itt

1.2 Purposes and significances of the sudy eosenererrererooe]l

2.2, Translation Quality Assessment sscsesseeessessieenesteien O 2,3, Previous studies applying House’s models on translation quality assessment 12

3.1 The đata, — Ô_

4.1.3 A4ode

4.1.4, Genre

4.3 Comparison of target text and sour©e teXẲ, sec ——

5.3 Limitations and recommendations for further research - 30

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

vi

Table 1: Table of reduplicative words in 86 D6 and Dumb Luck (See more in

‘Table 2: Figures of speech in ‘Sd DS" and Dumb Luck

TABLE OF TABLES

Appendix 2)

‘Table 3: A world of characters in 86 D6 and Dumb Luck

Table 4: Upper-class characters in S6Dé and Dumb Luck

Table 5: Lexical cohesion in $6 PS and Dumb Luck

Table 6: Language of homeless peuple i Sd Ba and Dumb Tuck

‘Table 7 Language of the impudentness in $6 D4 and Dumb Luck

‘Table 8: lashionable language in $4 D6 and Dumb Luck

Table 9; Administrative language in Sé Dé and Dumb Luck

Table 10; Miscellaneous words in 866 and Dumb Tuck

Table 11: Borrowing muscellancous words in S66 and Dumb Luck

‘Table 12; Informal style in $6 6 and Dumb Luck

‘Table 13; Spoken language in $6 6 and Dumb Luck

‘Table 14: Syntactic means in 86 Dé

Table 15: Descriptive adjectives translation in 86 Dé and Dumb Luck

Table 16: Reduplicatives translation in Số Đồ and Dumb Luck

‘Table 17: Figures of speech translation in Sé Dé and Dumb Luck

Summary of ST and TT comparison

vii

CHAPTER 1: INFTRODUCTTION

1.1 Rationale for the study

‘There are various literary works which have been translated from Hnglish to Vietnamese and vice versa Ilowever, the quality of these translations seems not to

gói inuch allention from linguistics and readers Tn order to create a good literary

translation, the translator has to deal with many challenges such as finding aquivalences not just for lexis, syntax, ar concepts, but also for features like style,

gerre, figuralive language, historical stylistic dimensions, polyvalence, comolations

as well as denotations, cultural items and culture-specific concepts and values

Translation theorists developed their own models of translation quality

assessment However, House’s model is widely used (or its applionbility This paper

is conducted based on her model to assess the English translation of the novel “Số

D6" written by Phung (1938) The English translation by Peter Zinoman and

Nguyễn Nguyệt Cẩm was published in 2002 in the USA

1.2 Purposes and significances of the study

The study aims al inveshigating the Wanslation quality of the novel “Dumb luck” (Zinoman & Cam, 2002) in full comparison with the source text, based on

Louse’s (2015) model

The study is designed to sock answers for the following rescarch questions:

1 To what extend does the English version of the novel “Sé Do” meet the standard of quality according to House's (2015) model?

2 What might be some implications from the translation to literary

translation in general?

1.3 Method of study

The method employed in the study is case study method, using Ihe source

language (Lhe Novel ‘86 D6’) to support the whole procedure of translation quality assessment The researcher also combines both qualitative and descriptive contrastive approaches, which is the key lo analyze dala and provide the readers

with deeper insights into the distinctions and valuc in the source translation (ST)

and target translation (IT) Some important conclusions can be drawn from these

analyses

Qualitative method: This research is a qualitative evaluation, hence, the

source of data is documentary, and information is gathered by an analysis of

documents and matcrials Dala are calegorized inlo patierns as the primary basis [or

organizing and reporting results Qualitative method allows the researcher to study individual text closely It also enables multiple analytic strategies (Creswell, 2013)

Descriptive and contraslive methods: Tn order lo provide im-depth and

detailed descriptions of translation and evaluation, the study is descriptive and

contrastive in nature

1.4, Organization of the thesis

The first chapter of the study will be Introduction with the research

questions, study methods as well as organization of the thesis

The second chapter is Lilerature review in which some relaled concepls of

translation theory and typical models of translation quality assessment are

discussed Also, in this chapter, characteristics ard challenges of lilerary translation

will bc mentioned, Besides, previous studies related to this research problem are

also reviewed in order to formulate the gaps and the research questions

The third chapler is Research Methodolody Tn this chapler, the data

collection procedure was discussed along side with the method employed in the study The research design and the analytical framework are presented in the two

last subsections of this chapter

in the fourth chapter, the researcher applies House's (2015) model to analyze and compare Vietnamese ST and its English TT to evaluate the quality of the

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

Tw this clapler, section 1 presents the (ranslation theory including delinition, procedures, method of wanslation and translation equivalence Section 2 mentions translation quality assessment Section 3 desoribes the previous study applying House’s model on translation quality assessment Section 4 discusses about literary

“the replacement of

textual material (SL) in one language by equivalent textual material in another

language (TLY' (Catford, 2005, p 20)

Tn another work, Nida and Taber (1982) shares the view thal translation is to

produce in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence to the message of

the source language, first in meaning and second in style

Newmark (1988) defines translation is a craft consisting im the attempt to

replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message

and/or slaloment in another language

According to Hatim and Mason (1990), translation deals with the signs and attempts to preserve semiotic, as well other pragmatic and communicative,

properties which signs display

House (1977, p 29) defines translation specifically the written translation is the “replacement of a text in the source language by a semantically and

pragmatically equivalent Lex in the target language”

‘Those definitions above though differ from their expressions ‘They all share

the same essence of translation which lies in the preservation of semantic,

pragmatic, and lextual aspecis of meaning across two dillferent languages As Van

(2005) concludes in his bock about the nature of translation, “Translation is both an art and a science, It is an art in the sense that it is performed by human beings and

human beings are creative TL is a science m the sense thal il is a process going

through different stages: analysis, transfer and restructuring ”

b Translation procedures

Translation is the field of various procedures Tn addition to word-for-word and sense-for-sense procedures, the translator may use a variety of procedures that differ in importance according to the contextual factors of both the ST and the TT

According 1o Newmark (1988), there are [fleen translation procedures as

follows:

Transference Componential analysis © Recognized translation

Cultural equivalent Through-translalion Paraphrase

Functional equivalent Shifts or transpositions Couplets

- Transference: il is the procedure of deciding use an ST word m tis TT text

because there is no appropriate term This procedure is used in certain situations

such as names of all living and dead people, geographical and graphical names,

names of periodicals and newspapers, titles of literary works, plays, and films, names of companies and institutions, street names, and addresses, eto

- Naturaliszatian: Tt adapts the SL word first to the normal pronumeialion, then,

to the normal morphology of the TL

- Cultural equivalent: It is called an approximate translation where an SL

cultural word is translated by a TL cultural word This procedure is used when a brief explanation to readers who are ignorant of the relevant SL culture is needed

- Functional equivalent: It is applied ta culture words and requires the use of a

cullure-free word, sometimes with a new specific term Hl, therefore, neutralizes or

generalizes the SL word ‘his procedure, which is a cultural componential analysis,

is the most accurate way of translating

- Deseriptive equivalent: In this procedure the meaning of the original word is

explamed in several ‘I'L words It is often used with transference to translate a cultural word or expression

- Componential analysis: It means "comparing an SL word with a TL word

which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by

demonsirating first heir common and then their differing sense components.”

- Synonymy: It is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy

- Through-transiation: it is the literal translation of cammon collocations,

names of organivations, components of compounds and perhaps phrases Tl is used

for already recognized terms, It is also called calque or loan translation

- Shifts or transpositions: It involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL,

for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (Gi) the change required when a

specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL

word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth It is used when a SL grammatical structure does not exist in the TT or where literal iransiation 1s

gvammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in the TL

- Modulatian: TL is a variation in (the message whicn iL is translated inlo a TI duc to a change in the point of view It occurs when the translator reproduces the

message of the original text in the IL text in conformity with the current norms of

the T1., sinee the SE and the TL may appear dissimilar in torms of perspective

- Recognized translation: it occurs when the translator "normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term."

- Compensation: it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is

compensated in another part

- Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning of the CLT is explained [ere the

explanation is much more detailed than thal of descriptive equivalent

- Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures to deal with a single problem It is common for cultural words, where transference may be combined with a (unetional or culturat equivalent

- Notes: notes arc additional information in a translation,

As depicted by Nida (1964), translation procedures consist of two smaller procedures: Technical procedures ond Orgamsational procedures

c Translation methods

Concerning the translation methods, there are many different classifications Based on Newmark’s (1988) classification, there are eight methods in Inmslation which are divided into two main groups named semantic translation and communicative translation They are put in the form of a flattened V diagram as below

Tileral translation Free translalion

Figure 1: V-diagram of Translation method (Newmark, 1988, p 45)

- Word-for-word translation: The ST word-order is preserved and words translated singly by their most common meaning, out of context ‘This method is

used to understand the mechanics of SL or to explain a difficult text as a pre-

translation process

- Literal transtation: The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are translated singly, out of context Tl is used to translate general styles {exis with few cultural differenves such

as manuals, news, etc It is also called borrowing translation

- Faithful translation: The translator aflempts to reproduce the precise

contextual meauing of the origmal within the constraints of the TL grammatical

structures Cultura! words are transferred but the degree of grammatical and lexical

abnormality is maintained in the translation.

- Semantic translation: This translation mcthod is closer to the TL than

other method in the semantic group It takes more account of the aesthetic value of

the 8T, text and docs not rely on cultural equivalence and make small concessions 10

the readership Therefore, it is more flexible, allows for the translator’s intuitive

empathy with the original

- Communicative translation The translation unity dealt, with are word,

paragraph, and text ‘he tanslator attempts to render exact contextual meaning of the original Both the content and the language are readily acceptable and

comprehensible lo the reader

- Idiomatic transtation: ‘his method deals with translation unit of sentence

and paragraph It reproduces the ‘message’ of the original but tends to distort

nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not

exist in the original The outcome is a lively and natural translation

- Free translation: It is used for translation unit of sentence and paragraph Thns method reproduces the matter wilhout the manner and the content without the

form of the original It is usually a paraphrase so the translation is much longer than

the original

- Adaptation; The method 1s the fircest form of translation and deals with

text unit It is mainly used for plays, poetry, and songs In adaptation, the themes,

characters, plols are preserved, and ihe ST culture is converted Lo the TL cullure and

the text is rewritten (Newmark, 1988: 45-7)

Among all above-mentioned translation methods, semantic and

communicative translations are the two most common ones which are often used in

literary translation by translators Newmark (1988) stated that a semantic translation

is written at the author's linguistics level and used for “expressive” texts, a

communicative translation al the readership’s and used for informative and vocative

texts, therefore, they are able to fulfill the two main aims of translation, namely

accuracy and economy.

d Translation equivalence

Jn translation theory, equivalence is regarded as a central concept The

domain af equivalents covers linguistic unils such as morphomes, words, phrases,

clauses, idioms, and proverbs Hence, finding equivalents is the most problematic stage of translation

According to Vinay and Darbelnet (1995), equivalence is viewed as a

procedure in which the same situation is replicated as in the original but different wording is used They consider a necessary and sufficient condition for equivalent

expressions belween language pairs to be acceptable to be Fisted i a bilingual

dictionary “as full equivalents” (Vinay & Darbelnet, 1995, p 255)

Jakobson (2000, p 114) introduces the notion of “equivalence in difference”

and “sameness im difference” (im other words: ‘unify in diversity’), He states that

there can be no fill equivalence between twa words (Jakobson, 2000) Ile does not

propose that translation is impossible but rather pinpoints the differences in the

structure and terminology of languages There are three kinds of translation:

intalingual, within one language, that is rewording or paraphrase, interlingual,

between Iwo languages, tilersemiolic, belween sign systems There are some similarities between Vinay and Darbelnet’s theory of transiation

Nida (1964) maintains that there are two basic types of equivalence: formal

equivalence and dynamic equivalence Nida argues that in formal equivalence the

IT resembles very much the SY in both form and content whereas in dynamic equivalence an effort is made to convey the ST message in the TT as naturally as

possible

Lefevere (1993) holds that equivalence is still focused on the word-level

whereas Broeck (1978) wonders how it is possible to measure the equivalent effect

sice no text can have the same effect or elicit the sane response in two different

cultures in different periods of time

Catford (2005) claims that translation equivalence (TE) occurs when SL and

TI texts or items are related to (al least some of) the sume relevant [eatures of

situation substancc Catford's main contribution in the ficld of translation studics lies in the introduction of his idea of types and shifts of translation Shifts refer to

the changes that, take place during the translation pra

Catford describes very

broad types of translation according to three criteria’ full translation, partial

translation, distinguishes between rank-bound translation and unbounded translation Catlord was severely criticized for holding a largely linguistic theory of

translation, Suell-Homby (1995) put forward the claim that lingnisties should not be considered as the only discipline which enables translation to take place, but that

cultural, situational and historical factors should also be taken into consideration

Catford’s definition of textual equivalence is “circular”, his reliance on bilingual

informants “hopelessly inadequate” and his example sentences “isolated and even

absurdly simplistic” (cited in Tconardi, 2007, p 87)

Adopting pragmatic theories of language use, louse (1997) has come up

with a twanslation model in which the basic requirement for equivalence of ST and

TT is that the onginal and translation should match one another m function The

translation is only, therefore, considered to be adequate in quality if it matches the

“textual profile and function of the original

According to Koller (As cited in Panow, 2013), exammation of the concept of

equivalence and its linked term correspondence involves the comparison of two

language systens whore difTererices and similarities are described contrastively,

whereas equivalence deals with equivalent items in specific SI-IT pairs and contexts Koller distinguishes five different types of quivalence:

(a) Denotative equivalence involving the extralinguistic content of a text

(b) Connotative equivalence elating to lexical choices,

(6) Text-normative equivalence relating to text-types,

(d) Pragmatic equivalence involving the eceiver of the text or me:

Be, (e) Formal equivalence relating to the form and aesthetics of the text

Newmark (1988) replaces Nida’s (1964) terms of formal and dynamic

cquivalenve with semantic and communicalive translation respectively The tajor

difference between the two types of translation proposed by Newmark (1988) is that semantic translation focuses on meaning whereas communicative translation

eomecntrales on effect (Panou, 2013)

According to Baker (2011), issue of equivalence by adopting a more neutral

approach is a relative notion because it is influenced by a variety of linguistic and

cultural factors: grammatical, texlual and pragmatic cquivalence come up: a distinction is made between word-level and above-word-level equivalence, adopting

a bottom-up approach

Pym (2014) makes his own contribution 1o the concept of equivalence by

pointing out that there is no such thing as perfect equivalence between languages and it is always assumed equivalence Equivalence is a relation of “equal value”

between an ST segment and a TT segment and can be astablished on ary linguistic level from form to function (p.7) There is a difference between natural and

directional equivalence

According to House (2015, p.6), equivalence means ‘of equal valuc’ and that

it is not at all about sameness or, worse still, identity, but about approximately equal

value despite some unavoidable difference — a difference, thal stems from the (banal) tact that languages are different

The notion of equivalence is undoubtedly one of the most problematic and

comroversial areas im the field of translation theory However, equivalence is the

selationship between a source text and a target text that allows the I'l to be considered as a translation of the ST (Baker, 1998) Equivalence is a relationship

between two texts in two languages, rather than between the languages themselves 2.2 Translation Quality Assessment

There have been many researchers who attempted to work out criteria for

evaluating the translation qualily

in his book, Benjamin (2002, p.260) makes a rather abstract statement on the

characteristics of a “real translation”, which is “transparent” and “does not cover the

original, docs not block its light, but allows the pure language, as though reinforced

by its own medium, to shine upon the original all the more fully”

Newmark (1988, p.195) uses the (erm“lranslation crilicist” for Iransiatton

quality accessment (IQA) and considers [QA as a link between translation theory and practice and as the “keystone of any course in comparative literature, or

Bilerature in translation, and a component of any professional translation course wilh

the appropriate text-types as an exercise for criticism and discussion” According to him, TQA is important because of three main reasons Firstly, TQA helps

translators to improve themselves in terms of compelences and professional

experiences The second reason is to hold translator expand their knowledge and understanding of linguistics And TQA also contributes to sharpen translators’

comprehension of banslation theories

According to Newmark (1988), a comprehensive TQA must cover 5 topics:

1 A brief analysis of the souce language (SL) text stressing its intention and

its [umetional aspects;

2 The translator’s interpretation of the SL text's purpose, his translation

method and the translatiorts likely readership;

3 A selective but representative detailed comparison of the translation with

original;

4 An evaluation of the translation — im the transtalor’s tert, - in the entie’s

terms;

5, Where appropriate, an assessment of the likely place of the translation in

the target language (TL) culture of discipline

His model has been evaluated as having practical basis and thus adopted widely [lowever, it ‘is quite prescriptive than descriptive It gives guidelines but is

nol really a reliable lool 1 assess an exiting translation’ (Aladwan, 2011, p78)

Vurthermore, Tién (2006) notes that the theoretical background that Newmark’s

model was established on is not as firm as in the case of House's (1997) model.

2.3 Previous studies applying House’s models on translation quahiy

assessment

According (o House (1977, p 28), (ranslalion would be "the replacement of a

text in the source language by a semantically and pragmatically equivalent text in the target language” This type of equivalent, an underlying concept in Ilouse’s

amodel, is reluled Lo the preservation of meaning across two different languages and

cultures, Ihe model proposed by House (1977) is applied to decide whether a

translation text has a function equivalent to that of its source text The function

mentioned here consists of ideational and imerpersonal functional componer and it

is defined as the application or use of the text in a particular context of situation or situational dimensions Functions of texts vary from languages to languages So, a

translation is Cunclionally equivalent lo ils source lexl if it does nol, ouly match ils

source text in function, but also employs equivalent situational-dimensional means

to achieve that function

House’s madel (1997), for ils plausitility, can be found in a maumber of

studies of TQA A brief summary of such works is as follows

Almeida, T & Nascimento, S (1996) Lesled the applicability of House’s

(1988) model to the translation of legal contracts and verified the usefulness of the model im the assessment of different translations of the same source text The application of the model to the corpus of this study revealed that it proved useful in

the assessment of contract translations from English into Portuguese although the

utilization of the model had some shortcomings

Nazhand and Mohebbipur (2011) applied House’s model to evaluate the

Persian translation of William Paulkner’s “Lhe Sound and the Fury.” The conclusion drawn was that the translator wrongly translated some parts of the

deemed sentences while the possible method for this work's (ranslation The findings supported the claim that Llouse’s model (1997) was capable of predicting the types of errors which were covertly and overtly erroneous errors.

Another study by lun and Yan (2011) bascd on Housc's model (1997) and its

procedure of operation was conducted to analyze and assess “hang Peiji's translation of

“The Sight of Father's Back” by Zhu 7.iqing Through the analysis and assossmenl, it

‘was indicated that the translation is overt translation with a few overt and covert

inappropriateness which have no influence on the entire function of this text, The

authors, hence, came to conclusion thal the translation text corresponded to ihe sourec

text to a great extent Accordingly, the quality of the translation text was quite high

Jn Vietnam, on her thesis, Ilanh (2013) evaluated the Vietnamese version

of the book ‘Chicken soup for mother aud daughter soul’ by Jack Candifield and

Mark Victor Llasen using Llouse’s model (1997) She conchides that the

translation is an avert translation, which complies with the theary of House (1997)

allhough there are still a number of overtly erroneous errors

Lan (2007) employed [louse’s model (1997) to assess the translation quality

of the English version of the Law on Investment 2005 of Vietnam It was found out

that, there are mismalehes belween lhe lwo lexls on ight parameters of House’s

model (1997) and thet the translation text was of poor quality because it did not

completely match the ST*s functions as well as (ailed to employ siwilar means to

pertorm the two functions of the text Luong also proposed four umplications for

translating Vietnamese legal documents into Linglish

House’s model (1997) is also found in a study of the translation quality of

the travel guidebook “Du lich Ha Long” by Yén (2007) The results of the study

indicated that though there were some mismatches between the ST and TT, the TT

meet the requirements for equivalence of the ST and it had a function consisting of

an ideational and interpersonal functional component

Another work based on House’s model (1997) was conducted by Ilanh

(2010) The findings stated that both covertly and overtly erroneous errors are found

in the ‘I'l, however, the ‘I'l was claimed to convey both the ideational and

interpersonal features of the ST At the end of the study, several implications for literary translation are pul forward

In another work, Hang (2012) applicd House’s model (1997) to assess the

Vietnamese translation of Mark ‘[wain’s “I'he adventures of lluckleberry l'inn’”-

Chapler XX by Xuan Oanh On ber thesis, she found oul thal the Victramese

translation in overall has conveyed accurately the author’s intention by means of brief and concise target language of an experienced translator lowever, there still

exist some shortcomings that affect the qualily of the translation TLis the mismalctr

on dimension of FIELD and THNOR and a considerable number of overt errors which influence the ideational function of the translation text

Hoa (2014) on her thesis evaluated English translation of the short slory “The

general retires” by Nguyen Lluy ‘Thiep based on Liouse’s model (1997), She found out that the translation contains both covertly and overtly erroneous errors, resulted in the

yodduction of origimal’s textual (imctions that are expected to perform fairly

In another work by Iling (2015), she conducted a study named ‘A

Vietnamese-English translation quality assessment on the Great Gatsby by F Scoot

Fitygerald’ in which she applied House’s model (1997) The major methods used

in the study were beth quality aud quantitative approaches, which was designed

under case study method The findings showed a number of mismatches in

comparison with the source text

In her lastest mode! of ‘Translation Quality Assessment (llouse, 2015), she

mortifies her classification of approaches to TQA and recogmzes them as [ollows

psycho-social approaches, response-based approaches, text and discowse-oriented approaches This is also a new integrative model that emphasizes on contrastive

Pragmatics and globalization in her awareness of cultural filtering and of cognition

in translation quality assessment

In her 2015 edition, [louse (2015) focuses on the test case using the 1997

model: an English clitdren’s book translated into German, and applies ber new

model onto: Lixcerpt from Llilever Annual Report Prominantly, she revises the

“unnecessary overlaps’ of the categories of field, tenor and mode, which are found

ag atesull of extensive research and she desenbes her modificalions: ‘within Field

the analysis now focuses only on lexis, the granularity of lexis, lexical ficlds and Lallidayan processes (Material, Mental, Relational) Within ‘Tenor, only lexical and syntactic choi

s are examined along the subealegories of Stance, Social Role

Relatiouship, Social Attitude and Participation And along Mode, the analysis wilt focus as before Medium (spokenness versus writtenness), Theme — Rheme and

Comnectivity (Cohereneeand Cohesion) (House, 2015, p 126)

Applying House’s model (2015), Anari and Varmazyari (2016) aimed at

pinpointing the developments in the revised model and applying it to a Persian

translation of Chomskey’s Media Control lo test its viability The findings show

that the translation has fallen short of fulfiling the functions of the source text and

that this new model is practical in assessing political translation

2.4, Literary translation

a, Characteristics of literary translation

According to Reiss (1989), literary texts belong to expressive text type in

which the authors use the sesthelic dimension of Tanguage In Tilerary translation,

the typical features of the source literary text not only need to be considered

carefully bul also are the mfluential elements In Tone’s (2009) summary of a wide

range of viewpoints irom Stockwell (2002), Venuti (1996), Pilkington (2000), and

Berman (2000), a set of typical features of literary text are indicated As in the

scholars’ viewpoinls, lilerary lexis are in wrillen-form, aléhough sometimes they can

be spoken Besides, they fulfill affective or aesthetic function rather than

transactional or informational function They focus on the expression of emotions

and entertain rather than influence or giving information Moreover, they are considered to be fictional Whether being fact-based or not, they feature words,

images, etc with ambiguous ot indeterminable meanings Last but not least, they

are characlerized by poelic language use

Recognizing the characteristics ina literary text will enable the translator to be at least partly qualified to fulfill his task with much more accuracy The first characteristic

of Htcrary translation is thelorival and aesthelic value which dislinguishes a literary text

from a norliterary one and is the essence expeeted to be captured and maintained in a literary translation Literary works are created artistically by increasing the difficulty and

length of poreoption, which leads to defanniliasivalion (Shklovsky, 1917, as ciled in

Pilkington, 2000, p.18) Once the defamiliarization is comprehended by the translators or readers, a unique sensation is created Moreover, in literary translation, the form connects

with the content meanwhile in norelteray translation the conisnt may be considered

detachable from the form or structure In poetry, devices such as assonance, alliteration, onomatopoeia, rhythm, verse, metre, and rhyme are sometimes used to achieve mesical

on incanialory effects Likewise, in prose a certain iinguislic feature or level can also have

a certain textual function Another characteristic of literary translation is that literary translators’ choices of wording highly depend on the TL and target culture Therefore,

Ieral translation may be unacceptable because of linguistic or cultural differerwes

What’s more, in literary translation, target audiences are taken into consideration

Literary translation always has a readership which is likely to be quite different from the

one the writer originally had in mind So, a good translation of any text from any period

will, to some extent, only be good in the context of a particular audience at a particular

time and place Finally, there is no definite correct tranistalion in literary Iranslation However, there is still a proper or an appropriate translation according to certain criteria

or from a certam perspective

b Challenges in literary translation

Literary translation is challenging to any translators due to special

characteristic of literary texts The first challenge of literary translation lies in the

differences between cultures Literary translation bridges the delicate emotional

connections between cultures and languages and furthers the understanding of

‘human beings across national barders In the act of literary translation, the soul of another culture becomes transparent, and the translator recreates the refined

sensibilities of foreign countries and their people through the linguistic, musical,

zhythmic, and visual possibilities of the new language Jn the process of translating

literary lexis, there are problems in the Wanslation of cultural words in a Hterary text

duc to the cultural gaps between the SL and the TL It is not cnough for a translator

to kmow what words are used in the TL He must also make the reader understand the sense as it is understood by the reader of the SL

Anosher problem of literary translation is the pracess of (nding equivalents not just for lexis, syntax ar cancepts but also features likes style, genre, figurative language, historical stylistic dimensions, etc (Sachin, 2003), Thercfore, the translater’s choices whether to retain stylistic features of the SL text or historical stylistic dimension are important For example, when translating, poetry, it is vital for the translator to docile whether the verse should be translated into verse, or into free verse or into prose

Moreover, poctic language is non-standard so the translation is under the risk of being unfamiliar Bassnett points out that “Again and again, translators of novels take pains to create readable TL texts, avoiding SI’ effect that can follow from adhering too closely fo source language syntactical struchues, bul fail to consider the way in which individual sentences form part of the total structure” Bassnet (2002, p.115) She then suggcsts that “what the translator must do, therefore, is to first determine the fanetion of the SL system and then to find a TL system that will adequately render the fumetion” (Bassnett, 2002, p.199), which shows her view of giving priority to the aesthetic fimetion Determining the fimetion of the soure language requires the translators’ Imowledge of ST, which guides the translators to “consider the way in which individual sonteneos form part of the lotal structure” (Bussnett, 2002, p.115)

Summary of chapter 2 Chapter 2 presents theories of translation definitions, procedures, mothod of translation and translation equivalence Nida (1964) and Newmark (1988)’s procedures are discussed In terms of translation methods, the researcher focuses mainly on V-diagram of tanslation method of Newmark (1988) Diflerent viewpoints including Iouse’s view on translation equivalence are also illustrated Attor that TQA and previous studics applying House model (1977, 1997 and 2015)

on TQA are presented Tn the last part, the researcher describes the charnoleristics of literary translation and challenges in literary translation.

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, section 1 presents the data of the present research project

Seehion 2? depicts the methods used in this sludy Section 3 desenbes the research

design to show how this project was carried out Section 4 discusses ways in which the findings were analyzed and achieved

3.1 The data

Given the aforementioned research aims and objectives, this present research

is a case study in order lo compare and contrast the Vietnamese sourse language with

its translation, in which the data is a case of a translation from Vietnamese (SL) into English (TL) Case study is a bounded system focusing on the wholeness of the

systern, or is @ slory of about a bounded system (Stake, 1995) As Yin (2013) defined

case study as ‘an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context, especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly cvideut It copes with the technically distintive situation in which there will be many more variables of interest than data points, and as one result relies om multiple somes of evidence, with dala decding to converge in a triangulation fashion, another result benefits from the prior development of theoretical propositions to guide data collection and analysis’ (p 1)

In other words, case study method is employed to describe a single case in its context and provide rich information about an individual Thus, this present

research study needs to he a thorough mvestigation as well as the richness in the

data so as to understand an entity and from which point to compare and contrast

‘between cases

‘The novel “88 HS’ by Va ‘Trong Phung, was collected as the case study of

3 Be’ which was published in 1938, was acknowledged as the

this research ‘

xnasterpieoe o[ Vũ Trong Phung because of ils satirical manner wilh many instances

of humor ‘This novel contains numerous examples of non-marked and cultural

elements of humor.

Ơn the Việt Nam Daily Newspapcr, VNNB (2003) wrotc the translation

of ‘$6 Dé” (Phung, 1938) was praised by American readers as one of the most

50 intresting books of 2003 According to Victramnel newspaper, ihe

translation of “Sd #6” (Phung, 1938) was a big success and contributed to the

prestige of Vietnam Literature, brought Vii Trong Phung’s fame to readers to English speaking countries Therefore, the answers for the above research questions may help to explain whether the translation “Dumb luck” (Zinoman

& Cém, 2002) was successful or not or there are any mismatches between the

ST and TT

‘the work was translated into Unglish as ‘Dump Luck’ in 2002 and the

translators, Deler Zinoman and Nguyễn Nguyệt Cam were successful in reflecting

Phung’s (1938) (emporal, geographical and social proverumec Peter Zinemar is an Associate Professor of Southeast Asian [listory, University of Califomia, Berkeley

and Nguyễn Nguyệt Cảm is a Vietnamese Language Instructor at University of

California, Rerkeley The translators had spent considerable amount of liane to sludy the ST, and then transferred into English Peter Zinoman even wrote an intreduction

of aboul 30 pages al the beginning of the book to help readers understand tore about Vietnamese economic, social and political background at the time of ‘S6 Da’

(Phung, 1938) ‘The translation was considered as the clash between the old and the

new as Prasso (2003) wriles “il is this clash between tradition and modertmty that

Phung brings to light with amusingly biting satire: the dress shop tailor who creates plunging necklines and short skirts for his sophisticated Vietnamese clientele as part

of his dedication to the "Europeanization" movement, yet forbids his wife to wear anything but the traditional ao dai tunie and white slacks; the old grandfather who repeatedly shouts, “I know! I know, what a pain! Shut up already!!!" whenever

confronted with evidence of how the world is changing: the police who, forced to

collect a quota of fines, tum to fining each other; the plump widow who was so faithful to her two consecutive, senior bureaucrat husbands that she "sexed" them

bolktto death.”

3.2 Method

‘This paper used the descriptive and qualitative method of writing and

, 2013) offers the

quantitalive description of the dala Qualitative methods (Cresv

opportunities to gain insight into the data during the analysis process Descriptive and contrastive methods were to adapted in this study to have in-depth data analysis and lo compare and contrast the stralogies used for dealing with non-equivalence problems (Given, 2008) And coutrastive analysis method is applied to systematically study a pair of languages with a view to paying attention to the

differences and sin

arities between languages compared

3.3 Research Design

As a case study research design, the cases are decribed in their contexts ta

understand the complexity snd dynamic nature of am onlity as well as provide rich

information about an individual leamer, processes and strategies he uses to learn

and communicate, his own personalities, attitudes, goals interacting with the

learning enviroment and precise nature of his Hinguislic growth Tn so doing, the

following steps were taken to conduct this present research study

The first step was to define the research problem and justily is selection, as well as explain the motivation to conduct this present study inductively

‘The second step taken in the process of writing of this research was to search

and review the literature deductively Besides, this step was also lo concentrate on

related previous works that were done by the other researchers to reveal the literature gaps and formulate the research questions

The third step was to describe the data (O’Dwyer, 2004) which will be

necessary for an adequate testing of the thesis aims and objectives and explain how

the data were to be collected

The fourth step was 1o describe the methods of analysis to be applied to the

data in conection with the research questions

The fifth step was to analyse the data and state the findings as well as discuss the findings and recommend the applications

3.4 Analytical Framework

The model of House (2015) for TQA serves as the analytical framework of this study

The situational dimensions can be classified into two sections: Dimensions

of Language User and Dimensions of Language Use

A Dimensions of Language User

1 Geographical origin (regional dialect)

2 Social class (social class dialect)

3 ‘Time (the feature which provides clues to a text's temporal provenance)

B Dimensions of Language Use

1 Medium (simple or complex)

2 Participation (simple or complex)

3 Social role relationship

4 Social attitude

§ Province

Fach of the dimensions is realized through syntactic, lexical, and textual means which refer to:

Themo-dynamtic: thematic structure and cohosion

Clausal Hirikage: additive (and, in addition), adversative (bul, however),

alternative, causal, explanatory, illative relations, etc

Iconic linkage: parallelism of structures

According to Llouse (2015), in order to make qualitative statements about a

target text, the textual profile of target text must be compared with that of source

text The operation of House's model (2015) for translation quality assessment is as

3 A statcmont of function of ST is made, including the ideational and interpersonal component of that function

4 A similar profile and statement of function is made of TT

5 TT profile is compared to ST profile (using, the schema below) and a statement of ‘mismatches’ is produced, categorized according to genre and to the situational dimensions of rogister and genre These dimensional erors are distinguished from denotative mismatches or target system errors

6 A ‘statement of quality’ is made of the translation

As mentioned before, a text must refer to a particular situation herefore, in order to analyze a text, House (2015) broke down the broad notion of the context of

situation inlo manageable parts in terms of features of context of situation or situational

dimensions which are Field, Mode and Tenor

House (2015) summarized her model as in the schema for analyzing and comparing original and translation texts as belows

INDIVIDUAL TEXTUATL FUCTION:

¥IELD TENOR MODE

Subject maller + — Author's provenance * Medium studies

‘and social © Social role relationship (simple/complex) —

‘action © Social attinde = Participation

* participation (simpleicomplex)

LANGUAGE/TEXT Figure 2: House’s (2015, p 65) Model

In this model, cach text is an individual text embedded in a unique situation, and in order to characterize the text's function it is necessary to refer the text to the siluation To atcomplish this, the notion of situation has to be broken down into the

following specific situational dimensions (register) analysis: (House, 2015)

A Field

Subject Matter: It ean be a Novel, Poem, Play, etc

Social Action: Tl can be Specific, General, Popular, cle

B Tenor: Writer's or Translator's Provenance and Stance

Social Role Relationship: Symmetrical means the text contains features indicating solidarity and equality between addresser and addressees, and, asymmetrical means the text contains features indicating authority relationship between addressor and addressees

Social Attitude: The text contains features indicating the degrees of social distance or proximity — or in other words, five styles of formality: frozen, formal,

consultative, casual and intimate

C Mode

Medium: is Simple if it is written to be read and Complex if it is written to

‘be heard

Participation: is Simple il it mans monologua or Complex if il means

addressing, a large community

House’s model (2005) is considered one of the most developed and objective model for TQA Its scope inchides not only textual, situational! but also cultural

aspecls Tl can be applied to asscss a varioly of text lypes Tl is a particularly good

example of how the consideration of macro-(register, genre) and micro-level

phenomena can be integrated These are reasons why House’s model is appropriate

re}

for rescarch purposes However, it also has limitations regarding, to its complexity

in its categorization

Summary of chapter 3

‘This thesis is a case study in which the data is the translation of ' Số ở from Vietnamese (SL) to English (TL) Steps of the research study are presented in this chapter ‘he researcher combines qualitative methods and descriptive and contrastive methods to have in-depth data analysis and to compare and contrast

‘between the ST and TT, House’s model (2015) is also introduced and analyzed as the main analytical framework of the study There are six stops in assessing the translation quality according to House’s model (2015): firstly, the ST is analyzed

‘basing on dimensional situations which are Field, Tentor and Mode Field deals with subject matters and social action Tenor deals with writers or translator's provenance and stance, social role relationship and social attitude And Mode is characterized

by medium and participation The next step is to provide slatement of function of

ST Then TT is also analyzied the same as the ST After that, ST and TT are

compared to find mismatches which are also analyzed basing on Field, Tenor and

‘Mode, Finally a statement of quality is made of the wanslation,

CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCU

SION

‘This chapter presents the findings and discussion in which section 1 is the

analysis of source texl Seclion 2 presents statement, of function Section 3 compares target text and source text in terms of covertly erroneous errors and overtly erroneous errors Section 4 depicts statement of quality

4.1, Source text analysis

4.41 Field

Accordmg to House’s model (2015), “field” is the field of activit

content or subject matter (House, 2015) S6 14 ilhustrated the life of Red-haired

Xuan, who was a poor orphaned child, grew up as a ball-boy, a jack of trades and

It is very common in both English and Vietnamese novels to use a variety of descriptive adjectives They are used to describe the appearance, the behavior, the

state of the figures in order to show the attitude or the implication of the author

Jor example: ba ban bum cha “da tv ly”, va vo chdng con cải người ăn mày

tất chấy cho nhau “rất nên thơ”, cục

The use of descriptive adjectives especially reduplicative adjectives is a typical

characteristic in Sé 6 Reduplicate adjectives can be found in all chapters Here are

some examples in chapler 1: ud odi, bam bap, chim chim, sin sé, cong cin, lai nhii,

nhằm nhoàm, đồng đánh, lay láp, quấn quấn, sônh sệch, ngậm nghỉ

Hai dita trẻ nho tôi nễ dũi đi nhật A pair of ball boys ambled tethargically back and

L | những quả bóng đề nêm cho hai ngueéi forth, retrieving and returning loose balls ‘The

†ây/ Hai người nay choi ué odi (3) "players swung their rackets lazily (p.33)

x | Tà vì Xuân tác đồ cứ sẵn sii diea tay Extending his hand rudely, Red-Waired Xuan chim chấm trân càng xe (5) of his cart (p33)

* | toan cudp gift di tink (6) requested a little love (p.34)

4 | Chi hang mía lưàm đài mot eds nies sear Cane shot him a bitchy scawl (p34) cùng cửn (7)

Table i: Table of reduplicative words ta SA DS and Dumb Tuck (See more in Appendix 2)

bạ a

Reduplicative words are oxprossive and various, which contribute to the

outstanding arts of the work and shapes Phumg's satirical writing style

Figures of speech

Like other literary works, Phung (1938) used numerous figures of speech (Vân, 2014) In Số Đỏ, Phụng (1938) used different ways of comparisons a long

with a variety of descriptive adjectives Means of comparisons are used flexibly and

diversificdly Comparing words include: “nhuw, bang, kém, hon, khdc, gidng, cb vé,

TM hồi ưới dâm do, hai người này cừng

chơi uễ dãi như những nhà thế thao bắt đắc

đi khác (5)

The players swung their rackets lazily, their

shirts soaked through with perspiration (p.33)

Cửa quai (rên trần quay dit lam che những, thứ

thự ở những bộ quân do méng gin bang gidv

Init thuốc lá cit mẫn máy Ìư gọn sóng (66)

Gusts from the ceiling fon rusiled the cigarette

paper-thin clothes covering the white skin of the two fashionable ladies (p 75}

Cira xe ma, mot bà ngoại tí tuần mà y phúc

những son và phẩn (16)

The back door opened, and out stepped a hefty waman in her mid-forties, made up like a fashionable young sedhctress (p.37)

Omg dy néi thế một cách xỗt sẵng chăng

kêm những người gẫy gồ âm yêu không tập

thé thao bao gia chi siti give ké khác (13)

He spoke with an enthusiasm characteristics

of monerous skimmy and sickly men who

celebrate the merits of sports without ever

actually playing them (p39)

Củo áo lụa mỏng định bên trong lai khong

06 côac-xê, cái quân lạ mông định làm cho

bà chẳng khác gì mội tín đồ của chủ nghĩa

khỏa thân và làm cho thằng Xuân căm thấy

mình là niột đứa vô giáa dục (31)

She had taken off her gown, brassiere, and

head-dress and had put on an utterly

transparent silk shirt and paper-thin pants

This made her seem like a passionate

adherent of nudism, while it made Xtudn feel dirty and uncouth (p52)

Ở di lính ngoài cùng cô ba " hình nhân” tác

bằng gỗ, chính là của Tây phương gi sang,

giống hột mĩ nhận Tây plarong, 35)

Three wooden ma no canh inported fram Europe stood poised behind its large plate-glass window, Although dey had been made to

resemble bemutifid Exropean women (p57)

Nay, quai nữ Trồng bà chủ có về vợ Tây

lắm) (301 But it’s strange The mistress seems like a Frenchman's wife (p51)

Vang, chink thé, tôi lã một người chong

mac qùng/ (6U) - Tôi chỉ mới đăng tuổi là

mẹ anh (13;

Fes, it’s we Lam a horned husband ‘p.71)

~ 1m ma dlder than your mother (p Sh

Vậy là mĩ thuật cảng khó liễu baa nhiều

càng có giá trị bẫy nhiêu (40)

Table 2 Of course, the mare difficuls a work of art is

to tnderstand, the mora valuable i is (p59)

Figures of speech in 'S6 Ds’ and Dumb Luck

Among these comparing words, “phy” is used the most often By using precise comparison, Phung (1938) described characters intelligently, not only the

appearance but also Iheir personality and characterislics

Phung (1938) created a world of characters full of diversified characteristics,

who could be representatives for people of different ranks and social status at the temporary sovicly

- Characters represented for authorities:

ST

- Newét Tay, quan Tay: Mé hii ớt áo,

hai người nữy cùng chơi uễ dấi nhur nhimg

nhà thê thao bắt đắc đĩ (3/ Vì người bước

vào là niật ông quan lây ăn mặc lễ phục

rất ay nghị, kiểu nhà bình, cải lan ở fay và

có gươm deo ở that lmg kim tuyén Ong

Tay ay, noi tiéng ta nhur Téy lai, (236)

-Pua Xiém, Pua na-pé-lé-ing: Tuy vận Âu

phục, vua Xiêm cũng đội cải mũ bản xit

bằng Kim ngân Châu báu, trồng niu mot

cải tháp cao vì nó cú đến chín tằng gcc, cit

lên cao tà lại nhỏ lại, mội thứ biểu lượng

của cải đẩt mước một triệu con với (228) /

Như Nã Phá Luân đảnh Đông dep Bée

nw thé, lai dep giai như thé ma cing moe

sing thì ngồi bảo sao? (119)

with perspiration (v.33) /Everybady looked

out the window and saw a uniformed Frenciman enter the house 17a had stripes

on fis sleeves and wore a sword hanging

from a gold belt The Frenchman greeied the

guests politely im a kind of Franco-

Vietnamese (p.186)

The king of Siam; Napoleon King Although he

wore a European suit, the king of Siam also wore

@ traditional crown made of gold and pearls it

looked like a tower because each of its rine levele

became progressively smaller toward the top It

way supposedly a symbol of the land of a million

elephants (p.18i!/ Take Napoleon, for example

Nat only did he win great viciary in the North and

the East, but he was extremely handsonw And yet

he too sprouted hors (p.109)

~ Ch tit: Thanh thit, mii Kai bat phat diege

một đâm thì nhân viễn sở cẩn suing nine

trừng số đậc đắc (17) Chia lúc không cả ai

đảng phái, dương buần râu nhưt nhà buôn sắp

vỡ nợ, méy ông cảnh bình này có được đam

thuê thử sung suông dén cục điểm (173)

Police: violations of the [aw were as rare as

winning lottery tickets (p.43}/ They were

pleased to get the work, sinee thera had heen

Sew people to fine as of late, and they had

begun to resemble businessmen an the verge

of bankruptey (p 1461

Table 3: A world of characters in 8808 and Dumb Luck

tà 5

- Characters who are representatives for upper class sovicty

- Bà Phó Doan: Bà Phó Dan ngẫn người

ra nh người bằng gỗ Lúc Ấy vì vừa ngà

day, bà chỉ mặc có quần áo ngủ mông

manh, nó có thể làm cho thân thê bà lại 16

za rõ hơn là coi ngtita khỏa than (199)

Mrs Deputy Custams Officer was struck

dumb like u wooden statue Her sleeping

gown, however, revealed as much as if she had actually been mde, (p 161)

-Chẳng ba Phd Doan: An & với nhan độ

mười năn, ông Phó Doan chét, chết trung

thành với Nhà nước, chết chung tink vôi ve,

chết nh những người yêu vợ quá sức (13)

Mrs Deputy Customs Officer's hushand: His death was not only a fiatction of his

fidelity to the state but of his unswerving

Sidelity to his wife — she literalty screwed

him to death (p.40)

- Cụ Cỗ Hồng: Sau khí ròn rên ngỗi xuống

hỗ nuật cách lật đột nhựt môi cụ CỔ cÏính

hiệu — có thứ Cỗ chính hiệu cũng rhưr có

thứ giả hiệu - Cụ bên hỏi (69)

Grandpa Hong: With her assistance, he took hiv seat — hut gingerly, like a genuine

great-grandpa (p.77)

Table & Upper-class characters i 88D and Dumb Luck

- Characters represented for common people:

Red haired Xuin is typical character Phung (1938) uses companson lo talk about Xuan more than 30 times in Dumb Luck It helps to indicate that among common people, Xuan is very ucky to change his fate, steps into upper class world rapidly and finally becomes a great man,

in regard to figures of speech,

a national hero

idioms are also used in the source text

Example of iđioms can be: “nuôi ong tay do”, “con gium xéo ldm cũng quần”,

“nhiều thầy thôi ma, cúc

b, Syntactic means

Phung (1938) uses different types of sentences, in which the most common

and prominent are exclamation sentences, defining sentences or comparative

sentences

an, 2014)

t Textual means Conjunctions

Tn the ST, Phụng (1938) uses abundant conjunctions 10 cormect sentences and ensure textual linkage and smoothness in dialogues Typical examples of conjunctions are “thi, ma, 14, 7di, thi ra, thé réi thi ” Below are some examples in chapter 1 and 2

- Côn lại lịch của bà Phó Đoan, thì kế ra căng hay hay (14)

- Nồi những quả quân bay đi bay lại như đàn dơi bắt muỗi trên không gian (15)

- Thì ra nó bị bÃI quả tang nhìn trộm mội cô dam (15)

- Afk báo chỉ thính thoảng không đăng tên, đăng ảnh chúng ta lên trang nhất 2hì thật là không thể nào tha thứ được cho báo chỉ (21)

- Mà trước kia bị bắt về bóp chính cơ! (28)

Lexical cohesion

As a satirical master in using words and making sentences, Phung (1938) brought to ‘84 PS? words of strange and humorous meanings The wriler used the smethod “changing concept” to create “truth” which was irrational It also represents

the lexical cohesion of 'Số Đỏ" (Vân, 2014)

- Some cxamples are as follows:

- "Sau cưô: hiếp trái pháp đấu ngúy cuộc

hiếp đúng lHật ngiĩa là cuộc lềm pháp

“Cái thạo lậu xuôi thi méi là chỉ?

A triangle wih a hole, damn it And the

triangle shape here is supposed to he the

letter A The right-side up triangle is a Ul

The upside down one is an A (p58)

~*bao gid od xd di way biết thưởng thức

cải đạp về bộ ẩ của người đần bử thì

mới hiểu giá trị dủa những búc vẽ khỏa

than.” (1)

Only when our saciety learns to enjoy the

beauty of women's thighs, will it be able

ST TT

chứ không phải đỗ cha đậy Bao giả

phụa tiến bé din cue di đẫn chỗ tân

thiện tân mỹ, dủ nghĩa là y phục phải không

iy cải gì của người din ba

one’s natural beauty, not cover if up Saon clothing will progress ta that extreme, exquisite, perfect point where it will no longer cover up anything at all.” (p.62)

‘Tight waist, wide Promise’ (p.67)

chest and ass is

-#⁄Phụ nữ nghĩa la vợ con chị em người

khác, chứ không phải vợ can chị em của

~* ding bong cing la một lãi thể thao,

nhưng lỗi dy đã bắt hợp thời trang "(124)

- “gọi là sân quân thủ at mà chả tưởng là để

phmi quân "(128)

The traditional practice of spirit possession

might be considered a kind of sport, although a rather dated one (p.113}

It looked like a good place to hang laundry (pHs

- "huợc sừng là một cúi xấu của cấp tien chit

không phải của báo thú"(138)

-“Tâi là một bang bản sừ nữ, nghĩa là côn

trình mật nữa nghĩa là demivierge "(109)

Horns were more a sign of progresy than conservatism (p.121)

T plan to remain a partially pure girl Ta

other words, a demi vierge I will maintain

chưng ta sung sướng, Ấy cũng

Thanks to those rubber breasts, we came to

appreciate honesty! Our

happiness is the result of those rubber

each other's

breasts — the rubber breasts af social

reforms.(p.158)

- “bà đã lãng lơ theo đúng nghĩa lý sách vỡ

của thánh liền, nghĩa là bà được mừng

thm rang minh dé trot hie hong mol cach

có tink chat koa hoe" (226)

Her flirtatiousness now had a legitimate

Place in the sucred books of saints and

sages She was glad in fact, to know that

she had misbehaved in such a scientific

way.(p.179)

Table 5: Lexical cohesion in Séi06 and Dumb Luck

These are ways to define the nature of social reformers, or civilized citizens The writer uses the combination and mixture of words, put this concept together with the meaning of other concept to make new meaning which is modem, civilized (Van, 2014) The ironical laughler of the author on the affectedness and ridiculous fashionable style was hidden behind the lexical cohesion of the words, Ry intentionally using words in a boasting and exaggerating marmer, Phung (1938) creales satirical conflicts which lead to laughter in 34 D6 For instance, Mr Deputy Customs Officer —a lustful woman is called with a beautiful name “a gemuine Viemamese woman married

to a Frenchman”; “a naturism follower”, “keeping her virginity to two husbands”, Or Grandpa Tong, who knows nothing but always says “I know! I know! What a pain! Shut up, already!” Or Banh Pagoda’s high-ranking monk has battles of words on different kinds of scabies, which shows that he lacks of morality, However, he considers himself a person who understands thoroughly “deep, lofty and mysterious Buddhism”, The most contrasting words are given to Redhaued Xuan the main characters of the novel Xuan, a tricky vagabond, is named as Doctor Xuan, “the hope

of the Donkin”, “national salvation hero”

4.1.2 Tenor

a The authors’ temporal, geographical and social provenance

The novel was written by Phung (1938) who was bom and grew up in the North of Vietnam, Hanoi, Tonkin It contains features of unmarked, contemporary, standard Vietnamese Phung (1938) lived at the time when Vietnam was obsessed with Europeanization Therefore, Vietnamese language partly was affected by

French language

There is a presence of loan wards: ken cd ban — Quelques balle (danh mot

vai qua), Au revoir (tam biệt), Xanh ca (Cing-quatre), Xanh xit (Cing-six), Sapristis

(damn i), Mé day Guedal); Dé bé (phong giam), Anbom (album); Gu; Vang do;

Tay 0; Ma na canh; 4 ten (hotel)