Luận văn hiện tượng pha trộn ngôn ngữ trong quá trình giáo tiếp bằng lời giữa tiếng việt và tiếng anh nhìn từ

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES POSTGRADUATE DEPARTMENT ——Of--—————— GIÁP THỊ BÍCH HẠNH THE LANGUAGE MIXING PHENOMENA IN VERBAL COMMUNICATIVE PROCESS

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI

COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES POSTGRADUATE DEPARTMENT

——Of ——————

GIÁP THỊ BÍCH HẠNH

THE LANGUAGE MIXING PHENOMENA IN VERBAL

COMMUNICATIVE PROCESS BETWEEN

VIETNAMESE AND ENGLISH

(VIEWED FROM LANGUAGE, CULTURAL AND SOCIAL PERPECTIVES)

HIỆN TƯỢNG PHA TRỘN NGÔN NGỮ TRONG QUÁ TRÌNH GIAO TIEP BANG LỜI GIỮA TIẾNG VIỆT VÀ TIẾNG ANH

(NHIN TỪ GÓC ĐỘ NGÔN NGỮ, VĂN HOA VA XÃ HỘI)

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI

COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES POSTGRADUATE DEPARTMENT

——Of ——————

GIÁP THỊ BÍCH HẠNH

THE LANGUAGE MIXING PHENOMENA IN VERBAL

COMMUNICATIVE PROCESS BETWEEN

VIETNAMESE AND ENGLISH

(VIEWED FROM LANGUAGE, CULTURAL AND SOCIAL PERPECTIVES)

HIỆN TƯỢNG PHA TRỘN NGÔN NGỮ TRONG QUÁ TRÌNH GIAO TIEP BANG LỜI GIỮA TIẾNG VIỆT VÀ TIẾNG ANH

(NHIN TỪ GÓC ĐỘ NGÔN NGỮ, VĂN HOA VA XÃ HỘI)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I Aims of the vtudy

LL Scope of the study

IL.1.2 Half English-half VĂEINAiMiefE cà ceeierieieeeeuo, T3

41.2.1 Half linglish — half Vietnamese pronuncidtion 000c00ssnreeriesecnenniees TẾ

‘MA Minor Lhesis - 1 he language mixing phenomena in verbal communicative process

between Viemamese and Lnglish (viewed from laguage, cultural and social perspectives:

THỊ.3.1 Ages and frequency of using Vielnamese-English mixing

HE3.2 Ages and different views on Vietnamese - English mixing phenomvend o.oo

m

PART C: CONCLUSION

L Summary of the findings

Suggestions for solution

TABLES AND CHARTS

Chart 2 Distribution of trequency of using Vietnames-English mixing by people fiom 35 10

Table 3 — Prequency of using Vietnamnese-Fnglish mixing by peaple above 50 3⁄4 Chart 3 Distribution of frequency of using Vietnamese-English mixing by people above 35

- - 24

Chart 4 Ages and difitrent views on Vietnamese Englishrrixing phenomena 26

Giáp Thị Bích Hạnh - KÌSA ~ Vi»

IMA Minor Thesis - The language mixing phenomena in verhal communicative process

between Viemamese and English (viewed frome language, cultural and social perspectives}

PART A—INTRODUCTION

IL Rationale

As from implementation of renovation, then joining in WTO, Vietnam has much more chance

of communicating with and leaming people fiom other countries, however, we have been facing many challenges One of the challenges is how to preserve the traditional culture from negative effects of other cultures during the process of integration ‘Ihe communication and usc of language i commnnication is @ cullural fealure of the whole culture More and more foreigners come Vietnam for different purposes such as business, tourism, working, etc Therefore, the use of foreign language in communication especially the international language

as English, is indispensable

Wherever you go, wherever you ars, you can hear English words used by many Vicinamess people, especially the young ones at work, at home, on street such as of, bye bye, sirevs, email, fan, chat, game, tudi teen, sale off, shop, shopping, ete or sentences like:

“- Thằng cha đó trông giồng gay lắm, chẳng thây manly chút nào

- Cân gì manly Biết gallant và nhiều money là OE rồi!”

Not only at speaking, such sontences arc also prssơnlcd in waitfen, ospeciilly in cmails Instead of saying “Kinh gii‘chao ba H/éng D”, they write “Dear/Hi Ms HiMdr D” and the content of the email is written in Vietnamese, but at the end of the email under their full name

is their tilles al work in Frglish like: HR Manager, PR Manager, Sales Executive, and the good bye like Best regards, Pls contact, ,or the content of the email only need “FYI" (For

your information)

Thanks to the integration process, Vietnamese people have been accessed to diversified products with competitive and reasonable prices More and more producers produce the same product, so the competitiveness is Merce, They always change thc labels, packages and advertise noisily on mass media, I do not want to discuss about the quality of the products here, I just want to discuss about the language used for the names, slogans, labels and on the packages of many products in Victuam current market are English, even many products arc

Giap Thi Bich Hanh - K1SA

-l-made in Vietnam and its producers are Vietnamese such as Finatext mart, Vinatexco, Fivimart, hapro Lavi, Diana 4ieen, safeguard, lifebuoy, kotex xi-tin, saigontourist, FPT

Telecom, Khaixilk, vietravel, vinamilk, ete

For example, the advertisements for soft drink:

- “Trả barley không độ - Thức uông không thể thiểu cho mợi bữa ăn” (Marketing &

Family Magazine issued on March 2008, pp.9)

- “Number 1 Juicie — cang trin su troi mat” (Marketing & amily Magazine issued on March 2008, pp.13)

- “Khin gidy uot All care — Chim séc cho c4 gia dinh (Marketing & Family Magazine issued on March 2008, pp.80)

Or the advertisement of Diana on Television: “Diana 4teen, Hella ngay mii”, “Bobby fresh-

Hiểu cả những điều bé yêu chưa nói”; Or “Kmen-Dan éng dich thye”, etc

The reason for this is originated from the psychology of most of Victmamcse people thal the imported products are always better than the domestic ones The producers grasp the psychology and produce the goods with the use of English for their producis of names, slogans, packages

‘The use of Vietnamese in mix with Lnglish like this becomes more and more popular in our socicty, and itis nol only used by ordinary people bul alse used on mass inedia, There ars many different ideas and discussions around these phenomena, Anyway, it keeps spreading and has bolh positive and negative impacls on aur mother tongue, culture and, Lo some extent, our society, Whatever the reasons are, and whatever we should do to preserve the purity of our mother tongue and maintain our cultural and national values, ‘This is the main reason why 1 have chosen the lille “The language mixing phenomena in verbal communicative process beoveen Vietnamese and English (viewed from linguage, cultural and sovial perspectives)” (for my Thesis, Itis expected to be an interesting and helpful material for those who care for the purity of the mother tongue and national cultural values while using a foreign language like English,

Giap Thi Bich Hanh - K1SA

-1-IMA Minor Thesis - The language mixing phenomena in verhal communicative process

between Viemamese and English (viewed frome language, cultural and social perspectives}

UL Aimsofthestudy

The study is mainly aimed al:

- Pointing out the spread of the language mixing phenomena between English and Vietnamese in verbal communicative process and the impacts of the phenomena on the cullure ard society;

- Characterizing these phenomena,

- Suggesting ways to improve the situation in Vietnam

Ul Scope of the study

Within the framework of a MA Minor Thesis, | will focus on the Vietnamese and English

inixing phonomona in the following fields:

- Science and technology;

- Mass media;

- Daily life

The study will rather focus on getting the ideas from people at different ages but not at

different social classes

cherishable idea of the author for a long time

V Design of the study

The study is divided into three main parts:

PART A: INTRODUCTION

‘This part includes the rationale for choosing the topic, the aims, the scope, the methodology and the design af the siudy

PART B: DEVELOPMENT

‘This part contains the main content of the study and is divided into three chapters:

Chapter I: Theoretical background

L1 Comparison of languages and cultures

1.2 Borrowing Qanguage) and pidgin

13 Relationship between language, enlture and soeicly

Chapter II: Basic features of Vietnamese and English mixing phenomena

11.1 Morphological features

11.2 Phonological features

11.3 Grammatical features

Chapter IIL: Discussions and suggestions for solution

IIL1 Origin of Vietnamese Enghsh mixing phenomena

111.2 Impacts of Vietnamese — English mixing phenomena

IIL.3 Ages and different views on Vietnamese — linglish mixing phenomena

IIL4, Suggestions for solutions

MA Minor Thesis - The language mixing phenomena in verbal commumicative process

between Vietnamese and English (viewed from language, cultural and social perspectives)

PART B- DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER I: THEORITICAL BACKGOUND

1.1 Comparison of languages and cultures

Language mixing phenomena seem to be indispensable during the globalization process in Vietnam in particular and other countries in general Today, many Vietnamese people,

especially the young ones and the ones who have been studying English as their focus, who

are working for foreign and joint venture businesses, have tendency to use the Vietnamese in

mix with English The systematic comparison of English language and English culture will

help us to recognize the nature of the phenomena, then improve the situations

According to Robert Lado (1960:1), many linguistic distortions heard among bilinguals

correspond to describable differences in the languages involved He also found that

individuals tend to transfer the forms and meanings, and the distribution of forms and

meanings of their native language and culture to the foreign language and culture — both

productively when attempting to speak the language and to act in the culture, and receptively

when at attempting to grasp and understand the language and the culture as practiced by

natives

Robert Lado (1960) found some points in learning a foreign language:

3k In learning the sound system of a foreign language, the sounds that are physically similar to those of the native language, that structure similarly to them, and that are similarly distributed “Leaming” of such phonemes occurs by simple transfer without difficulty, On the other hand, the sounds that are not part of the sound system of the

native language, that structure differently, or that are differently distributed Learning

of these occurs more slowly, and difficulty with them is more persistent

«& In learning a foreign grammatical structure, it is observed that the grammatical

structure of the native language tends to be transferred to the foreign language Learner tends to transfer the sentence forms, modification devices, the number, gender, and case patterns of his native language

Giáp TÌủ Bích Hạnh - KLSA

x§-To understand the nature of language mixing phenomena, il is also necessary lo compare wo cultures Robert Lado (1960:111) also confirmed that we cannot hope to compare two cultures unless we have more accurate understanding of each of the two cultures being compared, We must be able ter climimals the things we claim to do but actually don’l do, We mus! be able ta describe the things we do without bemg conscious of doing them, and we must make sure we are able to describe practices accurately, not haphazardly or ideally And we must be able to

rive the situations in which we do whal we do

We can assume that when the individual of culture A trying to learn culture B observes a form

in cullore B in a particular distribution spol, he grasps ths same complex of meaning as in his own culture, And when he in tun engages in a unit of behavior in culture B he chooses the form which he would choose in his own culture to achieve that complex meaning (Robert Lado, 1960:114)

Lis obvious that by comparing [he two cutture systems, we can predict whal the tronbte spots will be as the native culture habits are transferred

c Same form, different meaning we will expect trouble when the same form has different classification or meaning in the two cultures

c Same meaning, different forms We can cxpcol snotticr kind of touble spot when the same meaning in two cultures is associated with different forms, The alien observer secking ta act in the cullure being learned will select his own form to achieve the meaning, and he may miss altogether the fact that a different form is required

L2 Borrowing (language) and pidgin

To have a comprehensive view on the Junguaye mixny phenomena, it is necessary t distinguish the borrowing and pidgin,

£21 What is borrowing?

Giap Thi Bich Hanh - K1SA - 6

MA Minor Thesis - The language mixing phenomena in verbal commumicative process

between Vietnamese and English (viewed from language, cultural and social perspectives)

A borrowing or loan word is a word directly taken into one language from another with little or no translation (http://en wikipedia org/wiki/Loan_word) In other word, borrowing is

word derived from another language

‘The ones who use loan words may loan information or loan meaning Words borrowed into different languages are sometimes spelled as in the original language (such as many of the loanwords above) Sometimes loanwords retain original (or near-original) pronunciation, but undergo a spelling change to represent the orthography of the adopting language In fact, most

languages modify loanwords to fit native pronunciation patterns,

1.2.2 What is pidgin?

A pidgin is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common, in situations such as trade Pidgins are not the native language of any speech community, but are instead leamed as second languages

Pidgins usually have low prelige wih respeet to other

languages.(hp://en wikipedia.org/wviki/Pidgin )

The creation of a pidgin usually requires:

+ Prolonged, regular contact between the different language communities

+ Aneed to communicate between them

« An absence of (or absence of widespread proficiency in) a widespread, accessible

interlanguage

So, the English words are used by Vietnamese people at present are borrowing or pidgin?

Chapter II will give the answer with further discussion

1.3 Relationship between language, culture and society

Language, culture and society have a close and interactive relationship Language is the verbal

expression of culture A culture's language contains everything its speakers can think about

and every way they have of thinking about things According to Kramsch (2003:3), language

is the principle means whereby we conduct our social lives When it is used in contexts of

communication, it is bound up with culture in multiple and complex ways

Giáp TÌủ Bích Hạnh - KLSA

-7-Simply, as Alleen Pace Nilsen writes, "Language and sociely arg as intarlwined as a chicken and an egg The language that a culture uses is telltale evidence of the values and beliefs of that culture.”

Language

According to Nguyen Van Do (2004:71), language, culture and society are inseparable with the nuclear of people as they cannot exist withoul people The diagram shows somewhat this relationship Tt is unable to consider this factor without considering the others Language and culture are always together, affect the development of one another and also the development

of society, in which people always play the main role

According to Kramsch (2003), language expresses, embodies and symbolizes cultural reality

Language expresses cultural reality: (hi: word poops ulter express facls, ideas or events thal are communicable, Words also reflect their author's attitudes and beliefs, their point of view, that are also those of others

Language embodies culteral reality: members of a community or a social group do nol only express experiences; they also create experience through language They give meaning to it through the medium they choose to communicate with one another, for example, speaking on the telephone or face-to-face, writing a letter or scnding an cmail message, reading the newspaper or interpreting a graph or chart he way in which people use the spoken, written,

or visual medium itsell craates meanings thal are understandable lo the group they helang lo,

Giap Thi Bich Hanh - K1SA - 8.

IMA Minor Thesis - The language mixing phenomena in verhal communicative process

between Viemamese and English (viewed frome language, cultural and social perspectives}

In short, Tanguage, onlture and socicly have a close relationship The social development, the cross-culture are synonymous with the development and the change of language All of us who wish to improve social relation across cultures and groups of people must be concerned with the effects on olhers of the way they talk and write

Giap Thi Bich Hanh - K1SA

-8-CHAPTER II: BASIC FEATURES OF THE VIETNAMESE AND

ENGLISIT MIXING PITENOMENA

Vietnam has been integrated into the world for more than 20 years, therefore the exchange of trade and culture is indispensable requixentent No need to say much, we all recognize our society has been significantly changed in the context of globalization The prominent change

is shown in the growth of infrastructure and living utilities Visiting any Vietnamese house, we

also sce “the air” of the East-Wesl civilization through the modem cquipments like Television, fridge, air conditioner, gas oven, washing machine, multi rice cooker, The offices, departments, agents all are equipped with modem machines like fax machine, photocopy machine, internet, mobile, 1Lis as a maller of course

Beside the above mentioned changes, our language has been affected and changed to some cxlent, Many new words appear, forcign languages are uscd widely by Victnumese people at work and life, especially English which is considered as an international language of

inlegration process

Frequent use of English should be encouraged, however, the issue is discussed here is the use

of Vietnamese and Lnglish mixing phenomena by many Vietnamese people at current 'Vicumn socicly in which the people do not speak the whole Victnamese sentenecs bul they

only mix some English word in their communication For examples, “Sorry may nha 16i qua

papa voi mama cit cont, mamey hét sach, chit khéng thi tao di overnight véi ti hay r6i Tir giờ tới chiều só chương Irình gì Đà 'phôn” cho tao mội tiếng Se yon!”

The Vicinamese and Fngtish mixing phenomena are prosonted through the following basic

features:

TL.1, Morphological features

To analyze the morphological features of the language mixing phenomena, it is necessary to

know what morphology is According to Mark Aronoff and Krinsten Fudeman (2004:1-2),

Giap Thi Bich Hanh - K1SA - 1h

MA Minor Thesis - The language mixing phenomena in verbal communicative process

between Viemamese and English (viewed from language, cultural and social perspectives)

“create” a “new English” ~ halÝ English and haft Vietnamese

J1.1.1 Fully English forms

Fully English means the English words used in their full form by many Vietnamese people It seems most of Vietnamese people no longer feel strange to the English words like sale off

10%, Jeans shop, spa, salon auto, hotel, seafood restaurant, coffee, etc shown at the

advertising board, restaurant and shop signs, which are easy to see on the streets, especially in big cities like Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City Many English words are used in their full form without any change

It does not exaggerate that coming into the offices, first and foremost Joint venture companies, the businesses working with foreign partners or multiculture working environment, we seems

to be in another world or like a fish out of water

Giap Thi Bich Hanh — KSA

=H-At the monthly meeting of a Cosmetics Distributing company, manager of Business

Department reminded her staffs thal “Cleing ta sẩn thêm feedhack của người tiêu điơg để order sản phẩm, Nên cần (a phải làm survey dễ có hiệu quả

Or discussing about the difficulties in the ground clzaring, a slall said “V6? project nay, em nghĩ cần phải co cuge face to face talk vii ngusi dan dé

-_ Chủ cha anh cải “Contact” của nó đỗ anh tiện giải quyết công việc!

(Conversations among IT staffs at their office)

These phenomena are also uscd widely on mass media hke Television, Newspapers, Magazines, Jt becomes popular in Vietnam and many Vietnamese people now can understand and pronounce well the English words used regulally by MC, joumabst, broadcasters like hat wick, fair play, World Cup, live show, Miss world, Miss Universe, V- League,

sentences like:

Just skipping sore newspapers, iLis tol difficult to s:

“Giải bông chuyên bãi biến quốc (É towr châu  nău nay đã cho chúng (a nhiễu bài lạc” (Do 'Truong, “Ket thue giai bong chuyen bai bien nu quoc te 2009- Nhieu chuyen vui buen” Sport & Culturs Newspaper No 18 (29/4-7/5/2009), pp 13)

-_ "Khản giả Việt giờ đây có thỂ xen tức Khie rhiing bé phim iranh gidi Oscar trước cả khán giả MẸ, có thể down laqd những ca khúc hoặc dlbut dang trén top ten eta

Billbaard, có thể đọc những cuốn séch best-seller qua han dich néng héi, ” (Pham

Thi Tha Thuy, ‘The gioi Jam gi tren san khau” Sport & Culture Newspaper No.1 (29/4-2/5/2009), pp.49)

-12-MA Minor Thesis - The language mixing phenomena in verbal commumicative process

between Vietnamese and English (viewed from language, cultural and social perspectives)

1.1.2 Half English-half Vietnamese

Many English words used in mix with Vietnamese are not kept with their full forms, but

changed into a new form (half English and half Vietnamese) to create meaningful phrases or sentences We can hear and see the following words and phrases everywhere in Vietnam from

the street to the office and even on mass media: era hang photocopy/fotocopy, may fax, gara 6

16, bye nhé, câu lạc bộ Danee Sport, gala cười, chơi game, dân gay, fan hm mé, chat voi

sao, during link, dé second hand, von ODA, tuổi teen, chạy số (show), 4U (for you), 4 teen

(for teen), ete

Or sentences like:

- "Con bye bye c6 clui di"

- “Chat với Lâm “kính kong" trong “Lập tình cho trải tim” (http://wvww.vtv.vn/VN/TrangChư/TinTue, 19 Fine 2009)

- “Hién tai Nhé vin héa thanh nién c6 kha nhiéu mén hoc ning khiéu nhur khiéu vii,

thanh nhạc, nguwéi mau, MC Bén canh đỏ chương trình teen năng động thời ( với

những buổi đã ngoại kết hợp " (Hai Duyen, “Gioi tre Sai thanh dua nhau hoc nang

Khieu” http://vnexpress.net, 19 June 2009)

Giáp TÌủ Bích Hạnh - KLSA

-13 Or “Tu dén truéng voi xe đạp dién, Miss Teen Huyén Trang di dom kẻ, nhiều bạn trai trong phòng thi dé ¥ khiến cô thiếu tập trung " (Dam Vinh-Tra Bang, “Hoa héu Thity

Dựng và Miss Huyền Trang kê về th tốt nghiệp” hittp://ynexpress.ne/GL/Xa-hoi/Nhip-

dieu-tre/2009/06/3BAOFCEE/, 20 June 2009)

I1.2 Phonological features

Phonology is the study of the sound pattems found in human language; it is also the term used

to refer to the kind of knowledge that speakers have about the sound patterns of their particular

language Everyone who knows a language knows (unconsciously of course) its phonology

Despite the infinitive variatios, which occur when we speak, all speakers of a language agree

that certain utterances are the “same” and other are “different” Phonology tells us why this is

the case, (Ha Cam Tam, pp.1-2)

‘The study of the phonological features of the Vietnamese — English mixing phenomena is to study the sound of the English pronounced by Vietnamese people Sound of some English

words are kept the same but some are changed by the non-native users

1.2.1 Fully English pronunciation

Many Vietnamese people can understand and pronounce well such English words as World Cup /wa:ld kap/, Fair play /feo plei/, SEA GAMES / si: geim/, MC/ em'si:/, live show /liv ow,

download/ daun'loud/, top ten/ top ten/, tour/ tua/, shopping/'Jopin/, resort/ 1i:'z9:t/,, Number 1

/nambe war, ete

For examples,

- “ Cudi tuan nay tui minh di shopping nhé!”

- “Ong giti bản hợp đồng vào emai/ cho tôi nhé!” — “Ok! Chiéu nay tdi gti cho 6ng”

- “Anh co déi giay xin thé? -— D6 secondhand day!”

~_ “Em mi size Mhay S?”

We are not surprised to hear the English song “Happy birthday” sang by Vietnamese people at

someone’s birthday party, even little children can sing this song well:

Giáp TÌủ Bích Hạnh - KLSA

-14-IMA Minor Thesis - The language mixing phenomena in verhal communicative process

between Viemamese and English (viewed frome language, cultural and social perspectives}

“Llappy birthday to you Tappy birthday to you Happy birthday, happy birthday Happy birthday to you”

11.2.) Half English — half Vietnamese pronunciation

Although all the Vietnamess consonants except one are written the same as in Linglish, their distribution (their occunence, cither al the beginning or al the end in syllables) often diffirs from English, and their pronunciation differs in subtle but noticeable ways fiom the pronunciation of their English counterparts Although some combinations of consonants can

be difficull, the fact thal a Vietnamese word is always based on only anc syllable will help western people to say the word easily In contrary, an English word is often combined by more than one syllable, which makes Visinamess people face difficulty in pronunciation

Therefore, as using English in mix with Vietnamese, Vietnamese people have tendency to change sound of Brglish and pronoun the word with half English amd half Vietnamese For

3 | Valentine /vaslontain Valentin

Giap Thi Bich Hanh - K1SA -15-

Or the sentences like:

“Trong buổi họp khách hàng tới, phải mời dai điện các ban, ngành tới dự vì họ là những chuyên gia rất pro /pờ tồi”

“Cảnh sát Anh và Xcétlen méi đây cho biết, bắt chấp đã có luật chồng /hu-li-gân/

(hooligan) và các đạo luật tăng cường cho luật này của quốc hội hai nước, nhưng nan

Jhu-li-gân/ -Anh vẫn tiếp tue ting” (Minh Hanh, “8 triệu đô la vẫn không trị được /hư-

I-gân/ Anh, hftp://Avww.hanoimoi.com.vn/vn/28/4098/) -_ "W-lie'"(I-League) đã lên chuyên nghiệp từ nhiễu năm, sân bỏng cỏ đủ các mà da

và quốc tịch nhưng vẫn nghiệp dự "(Nguyễn Bình Quân, *Từ bóng đá tới bóng đá”, http://www laodong.com.vn/Home/Tu-da-bong-toi-bong-da/20077/43284.laodong),

11.3 Grammatical features

‘The English words are mixed in Vietnamese sentences with various functions, they may

function as nouns, verbs, adjectives

41.3.1 Function as nouns

~_ “Theo anh chương trình này đang có quá nhiều problem, các chú phải tỉm cách xử lý

khẩn cấp tất cả các error của nó trước khi nó đie”

Giáp TÌủ Bích Hạnh - KLSA - 16-

IMA Minor Thesis - The language mixing phenomena in verhal communicative process

between Viemamese and English (viewed frome language, cultural and social perspectives}

- “Cc anh xem thể nào chứ, budgef năm nay của bọn em cứ bị xén liên tục thể này thì may ci program cita em ru thé nao duge.”

- “Hai tay golf nữ xuất sắc nhất sẽ được tham aia vòng trung kết Golf Her World khu

vực châu Á 2009” @P., “Giải Golf Her World Việt Nam 2009 khởi động”, Sport & Culture Newspaper, No 18, issued on 29 April-7 May 2009 pp.4)

- “Theo dy bao cia truémg dai dién WB tai Thai Lan, [MF diy bao ting trvdng kinh tỶ

của hải Lan năm 2009 đạt 4,5% ” (Iu Le, “Triển vọng kính tế Thể giải 2009"

Banking Times No.31, issued on 23 February 2009, pp.9)

11.3.2 Function as verbs

- “Ba tudr ita om Ginish dy an sé cing véi cae anh xitly cai case da"

- “Chi nghi la voi problem nay, ching ta n8n discuss lai Cac ban ma khdng sure la cac ban khéng thé handle dic!” (Manager of Marketing Department of Liven Organizing Company discussed with her sIafŠ)

- “Anh od thé arrange cho em mét appointment voi director ben 46 dugc khéng, em

cần colleet mội số thông tin vé may cai project ny”

- “Nấu ngay mai di shopping thì phone cho tôi ruột tiếng nhé!”

- “Bà make up một tí đi Lôi ra khỏi nhà mà không make up cứ thấy không tự tin thé nao dy”

413.3 Function as adjectives

- _ “Môi phong cách cue ky kool (cool) qua các mẫu thoi trang phi

qua các mái lắc cực kỳ hiphop ”(“Dân teens với Yomost, ngày hội thứ thách”)

- "Câu may mắn quả đẩy, có người yêu vừa handsome, via ga-ling”

- _ “Gôm lúc nào cũng ăn mặc rất mỗt ữnodo)”

Giáp Thị Bích Hạnh - K1SA