Luận văn bài phân tích diễn ngôn phê phán vềviệc sửdụng quyền lực trong bài phát biểu nhậm chức của tổng thống mỹd j trump

The main purpose of this analysis is to explore and discover the relationships between language, ideology and power through social practice, discourse process of Donald Trump's speech,

VIETNAM NATIONAT, UNIVERSITY, HANOT UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATLONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES

SSE SERIO EDR

NGUYEN TUI MINIT YAM

A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF POWER IN TRUMP’S

INAUGURAL SPEECH

(Bài phân tích điễn ngôn phê phán về việc sử đụng quyền lực trong bài phát biểu nhậm chức của Tổng Thống Mỹ D.J Trump)

M.A MINOR PROGRAMME TIIESIS

Field : English Linguistics Code : 8220201.01

Hanoi — 20119

VIETNAM NATIONAT, UNIVERSITY, HANOT UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATLONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES

TNO Me Emntmie tin

NGUYEN THI MINH TAM

A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF POWER IN TRUMP’S

LSAUGURAL SPEECH

(Bai nhân tích diễn ngân phê nhân về việc sứ dụng quyền lực trang

bài phát biếu nhậm chức của Tổng Thống Mỹ D.J Trump)

M.A MINOR PROGRAMME TIIESIS

Field : English Linguistics

Code : 8220201.01

Supervisor: Prof Dr NGUYEN LIOA

Tanoi - 2019

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

For the fullillment of this study, first and foremost, T would like to express

my deep gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor, Prof Nguyén Hoa, the

lecturer at Faculty of Postgraduate Studies, ULIS, VNU for his enthusiastic and valuable suggestions, comments as well as his advice

1 would like to thank all the lecturers of Faculty of Postgraduate Studies, ULIS, VNU, for their training and support in all my M.A study process implement this M.A thesis Besides, T would like to express my thanks Lo all the faculty specialists who helped me a lot

Finally, I also would like to express my deep thanks to my family and friends

for their love, support and encouragement,

ABSTRACT

This study presents a CDA of the Inaugural Speech of Presidential Donald Trump which was delivered on 20", January 2017 The data in this research is a

Trump’s speech published on December 8", 2017, on CNN channel, on YouTube

The main purpose of this analysis is to explore and discover the relationships

between language, ideology and power through social practice, discourse process

of Donald Trump's speech, based mainly on Fairclough's CDA framework (1992,

2001): Description, Interpretation, and Explanation, 11 also focused on the analysis

of language features, the relationship between situational and intertextual context, and social process The method applied in this research is descriptive qualitative method, The results of the analysis have shown that Trump used soft skills to express his ideology, his own way to inspire the Americans, to give the future plans and lead the Americans to follow him, with strategies to get vast support and trust

from the Americans

li

ABBREVIATIONS

Critical Discourse Analysis Systemic Functional Grammar Discourse Analysis

Members’ Resources

Discourse History Analysis

TABLES OF CONTENTS

1.2 Aims oÊ the SEMẨY cọ, n0, 1e de de

1.3 Method of the study

>

1.4, Scope of the SEHđY sọc nh, HH0 H01 edeeee bạ

1.5 Signilicance of the stUdy ch n1 0H00 de eree w

1.6, Structure of the thesis

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW& THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

4.2 Interpretation of the relationship between the productive and

igure 4: Interpretation (I*airolough, 2001, p 119) "

Tigure 5: Ixplanation (Fairclongh, 2001, p 36) - - 26

Figure 6: The analysis of the macrostructure of the speech 39

vii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION:

This chapter preserils ralionale, aims, methodology, scope, signilicanee and design of the study

1.1, Rationale

Since the 1970s, critical discourse analysis (CDA) bas become a new

approach of modern linguistics It is an interdisciplinary language study that explains social problems CDA is used in speech as a social practice, which

“implies a dialectical relationstip between a particular discursive event and the

situations(s), institution(s), and social structure(s), which frame it” (lairclough &

Wodak, 1997: 258) Critical Discourse Analysis researches consider how language works within institutional and polilical discourse in order to covert social inequality

in a social relationship Norman Fairclough (1989), the use of language in a social

‘language is social process, and language is a socially conditioned process’

Fairclough (1995, 56) slates “Crilical Discourse Aralysis meludes the larger

sociopolitical and socio-cultural contexts within which discourse is embedded, that

we are able to reveal the ideological bases of discourse.” Here is political discourse

focuses on the “abuse of such power through ideology” that is on “the ways one

person or one community control people's beliefs and actions in the interest of dominant groups.” CDA is rooted in linguistics to produce and reproduce unequal power selations between different personalindividual, professional groups, ethnicities, social classes, ages, nation, and party, ete

Many studies in CDA have focused on the presidential inaugural speech

which attracted a great deal of attention around the world, made many researchers interested in CDA is because Critical Discourse Analysis more focuses primarily on

social problems and political issues CDA ts considered to be an effective tool 1o

discover the power and ideology hidden in political discourse Donald ‘Trump is one

of the most different the President in America's history from the previous Presidents, He did not “play by the book” as previous Presidents made through such

speeches on gender, terrorism, immigration, and race, but the pomt he gave as a guardian for the US country with slogan “/tmerica Mirst”,” Make America Great

Again”, when becoming the 45th president of the Unied Stales, marked a political

tumung, point m his life

Norman Fairclough (1989:256) suggests “discovery through linguistic

analysis of (he hidden connecetions belween language, power and ideology” As the ideology, gender, race, injustice, prejudice in society, its purpose is to recognize that language is not a communication but language is a social act, a social process to

make social change through CDA

‘Therefore, many writings discussed the speech in different directions in CDA Investigating the speech from CDA perspective made the researcher feel curious to conduct [his researched titled: A critical discourse analysis of power in

Donald Trump's inaugural speech

2 Aims of the study

The aim of tis study focuses on exploring and discovering Trump’s

Inaugural Speech lo bow Donald Trump employed power as a means of

communication in his inaugural speech

To achieve these above aims for the study, the researcher attempts to give

answers Lo the following research questions

« What are (the) themes in Vrump’s speech?

« Low are they realised linguistically?

1.3 Methed of the study

The method used m this research is Fairclough’s CDA dialectical-relational

approach is to analyze for this sludy

1.4 Scope of the study

‘This analysis of Donald ‘lrump’s speech is confined to verbal aspects and the social context in which the speech was presented Nevertheless, the limitations of the time and space of the author preclude discovering all the available features in

the data Only salient points relating to the aims of the study are being mentioned

‘The study also excludes paralinguistic (intonation, speed, loudness, ete.) and extra- linguistic (body language as facial expressions, body languages) Allnough the significant factors are influential in conveying the speaker's ideology and message Finally, the research is for academic purpose only and has no relation to any for

or against any parties wilh (he aim Lo change anyone’s political standpoint

1.5 Significance of the study

Significance of the study is that Critical discourse analysis as an analytical

method provides a reference and orientalion for many researches, especially

political discourse analysis Speaker’s power can be revealed through analyzing the language characteristics This study demonstrates how linguistic elements help address social problems is helpful in supplying a support to CDA Theories Moreover, CDA can raise user’s language consciousness, help people understand

the deep meaning of political speech and improve their sensitiveness to the

language Thus, it may provide the researcher another approach with language teaching and learning from CDA viewpoint so that the ability of critical thinking is

well focus on power in discourse

1.6, Structure of the thesis

‘This research is organized into 5 chapters as briefly summarized below:

Chapter 1: Introduction this chapter introduce about rationale, aims, method,

scope, significance and structure of the study

Chapter 2: Literature Review and Theoretical Background chapter two

discusses CDA through discourse This chapter presents an overview of the

definition CDA, and three mainly approaches of CDA, CDA concepts of ideology (disconrse, power and ideology, and the function of ideology), and as social practice

to orisntate for the stucdy

Vurthermore, it summarizes some previous researches from CIDA perspective

to provide the thorough knowledge in CDA.

Chapter 3: Research Methodology presents the data to be analyzed and the context in which it was constructed This study consists a textual analysis of the political speech Jaunched by Donald Trump through the presidential inaugural address 2017 from inception to its denouement ‘This chapter mentions the reasons

to choose the topic and the context of the given address

Chapter 4: Findings and discussion is devoted to the analysis of the speech Tl seeks to answer the set of research questions that motivated this study and discussed the main findings The goal is to reveal the ways in which Donald Trump represents

the social process, and to illustrate and demonstrate for whal ideologies Donald

'Irump conveys and how they are realized linguistically in his speech

Chapter 5: Conclusion is summarized the main findings, and revisited the raliouale and research objeclives that guided this research The study is then

evaluated in its limitations in terms of data selection and future research avenues in

the field of political discourse analysis

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW& THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

This chapter presents an overview and mention some definitions of CDA that

give knowledge in understanding of CDA as a discipline Some key concepts in CDA including power, ideology, discourse and some approaches to CDA are also

presented m this part

2.1 Defining CDA

The roots of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) lie in classical Rhetoric,

Textlingnistics and Sociolinguistics, as well as in Applied Lingnistics and

Pragmatics

Critical discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary study of discourse that

views “language as social practice” (Fairclough! Wodak, 1997), which studies and

analyzes written and spoken text, with exploring the connection between the use of

language with social context and social differences CDA studies the way social

power abuse, dominance, and inequality is enacted, reproduced, and resisted by text

and talk in the social and inequality context Most analyses of CDA were concermed

with social inequality, included religion aspect, gender, and the other ideologies CDA also focuses on how political discourse constructed through linguistics

elememts to persuade and present the power in society CDA has characteristics as

social praclices, influsntial ideologies, prevailing social problem and interlextuality

Furthermore, CDA serves as one of the tools to analyze the linguistic within the

social context

Fairclough (1989, p 5) elaborates on the way CDA the relationship between

language, power, and ideology, analyzing “social interactions which focuses upon

their linguistic elements, sets out to show up their generally hidden determinants in

lain of social relationships, as well as hidden effects they may have upon thal

system” Fowler (1996, p 3) points out that CDA is “designed to get at the ideology coded implicitly behind the overt propositions, to examine it particularly

in the context of social formations” CIDA, recogniving this capacity of

power-generated hicrarchical structures, tends to make these hidden connections obvious to

the recipients of it, Power has the capacity to create and maintain a hierarchical

demarcation in social institulions (Fairclough, 1989)

For Van Dijk (1998), CDA makes “a connection between the textual analysis

of language and the social practice analysis”, and “analyzes the hidden power

behind language, to disclose the role of Tanguage in social change and the

constraining of social institution to discourse CDA studies the relationship between language, text and social structure”, Fairclough (1995) offers “critical discourse

analysis aims to invesligate how events and texts are generated and ideologically

shaped by relations of power.” lairclough (1995, p.132) suggests that CDA is to

systematically discover hidden “relationships of causality, and determination

betweon (a) discursive pracives, events and lexis, and (b) wider social and cultural

structures, relations, and processes”

To recapitulate, CDA’s aim is to discover the interrelation of discourse

siructure and ideology structures or how ideology constructs (he discourse, and how

discourse build up one’s ideology to set of mental belief shared by certain group or

inslilution aboul giver: phenomenon or any social concep Therefore, CDA becomes important way to reveal the use of power relation used by clite speaker in

social discourse and practices

2.2 Some key concepts in CDA

22.1 Tdealagp

Thompson (1990) points out that the term of ideology first appeared in late

18th-century France and has thus been in use for about two centuries The term has

been given a range of functions and meanings at different times

For Thompson (1990: 419), “ideology refers to social forms and processes”,

and means “symbolic forms circulate in the social world”, Tdeology, for CDA is

regarded as an important means of “establishing and maintaining unequal power

relations” Thompson, J 1984: van Dijk 1995; van Dijk 2006 definite that

ideologies comsist of values, these values arc essentially evaluative and provide the

basie guidelines for soeial perception and interaction, and ideologies are socially shared, ‘Thompson (1990:6 -7) suggests the study of ideology as a study of “the

ways in which mearnng 18 constructed and conveyed by symbolic form of various

kinds”, and as investigating the social contexts within which “symbolic forms are both employed and deployed” The investigator has determined whether such forms

“eslablish or sustain relations of domination” All the theortes assume thal ‘there are

specific historical reasous why people come to feel, reason, desire, and imagine as they do”

The ideology is also ‘beliefs system’ which are social actors Tdeologies are

basic frameworks for organizing the social cognitions shared by members of social groups, organizations or institutions Ideological political discourse is generally

“organived by positive scll-representalion and negalive other-representation” (vari

Dijk 2006: 126) So, ideologies are both cognitive and social Fairclough (1995:3)

shows that ideologies are localized between societal structures and the structures of

the minds of social members They allow social actors identity, goal, and position,

into the knowledge and beliefs that make up the concrete models of their everyday

life experiences, thal is, the mental representations of their actions and discourse

Fairelough (2001)’s view, “ideology 1s closed linked to power because the

nature of ideological assumptions embedded in particular conventions and

conventions (hemselves, depends on the power relations which underlie the

conventions” Moreover, ideology is closed linked to language because used language is the commonest form of social behavior where we rely most on

“common sense” assumptions

Since then, the beliefs and attitudes that stem from ideology may not always

be held consciously by individuals They can be deeply ingrained in their thought

patiems and language They can be questioned or even stood oul ag:

One of the crucial social practices influenced by ideologics is language use and discourse, especially when we spoak as mombers of groups, expresses

ideologically based opinions Therefore, values beliefs feelings, and attitudes,

which deeply lie in our thought and behavior From that, we will make up in “our

mind how act and control” These are hidden deep inside the words used to express

our purpose and decision that we want lo gain through personals/individuals

experiences from at all levels of text and talk

‘The function of ideology

Ideology is known as a kind of belief and there are many functions of ideology Firstly, they organize and ground the social representations shared by the members of (ideological) groups Secondly, they are the ultimate basts of the discourses and other social practices of the members of social group as group members Thirdly, they allow members to organize and coordinate their (joint) actions and interactions in view of the goals and interests of the group as a whole Finally, they function as the part of the socio-cognilive interlace between social

structures (conditions, ete.) of groups, and their discourses and other social practice

(van Dijk, 2006)

In another ways, (Bennie Lewis cited I Petrovic, personal communication, Seplember 15, 2015), “ideology funclions through legitimate when imequal power

relationships are created and maintained by being represented as legitimate and in

everybody's interest” ther ideologies function is unification This function allows the dominant class to become a collective entity, usually in opposite to a real or imagined enemy ‘This function of ideology is best seen in politics Fragmentation is

another way ideology functions and the opposite of unification This ideological

function can be seen in polities, also

In summary, the ideology is the meaning in service of power, behind ideology is power to persuade others to follow, not to follow others Moreover, the ideology was born lo reproduce, persuade, control behavior and conlrol power in an

imposed manner

2.2.2 Power

Power is an important concept in CDA studies “Power exists in various

modalities, including Lhe concrete and unmislakable modality of physical force”

(Fairclough, 2001)

Van Dijk (2008: 65, see eg., Clegg, 1989, Lukes, 1986), “power is a

properly of relations belween social groups, inslilulions or organizations” Power is

based on privileged access to value social resources, such as wealth, jobs, status, or indeed, a preferential access to public discourse and communication

Van Dijk, 1993, cited in Fairclough, 1985, power involves control, namely

by (members of) one group over (those of) other groups Such control may pertain

to action and cognition: that is, a powerful group may limit the freedom of action of

others, bul alse influence their minds Besides the elementary resource to forec to

directly control action (as in police violence against demonstrators, or male violence

against women), modem and often more effective power is mostly cognitive, and

enacted by persuasion, dissimulation or maripulation, among other stralogic ways

to change the mind of others in one’s own interests It is at this crucial point where

discourse and critical discourse analysis come im managing the mind of others is casentially a function of text and talk such mind management is not always bluntly

manipulative On the contary, dominance may be enacted and reproduced by subtle, routine, everyday forms of Lex and talk thal appear natural and quite acceptable Hence, CDA also needs to focus on the discursive strategies that legitimate control, or otherwise naturalize the social order, and especially relations

of inequality

In short, power is embodied through language and hidden behind language in use

223 Discourse

The definition of discourse is dissimilar depending ou the perspective theory

that used by each researcher I'he term discourse derived from Latin root ‘discursus’

that means conversation or speech So in a simple comprehension discourse could

be the form of social conversation which can be spoken or wrilicn the language

Discourse refers to anything the sentence involves the meaning and the

context of ullerance Discourses is anything beyond sentences; is aboul language use;

is a broader range of language use in social practice thal includes non-linguislic and

noreparlicular unils of language Discourse emerges as the studies on the analysis of

language used by people m conmumealion with others Discourse studies on the

language use and its circumstances involves participants, situations purpose, outcomes in which those are associaled

Foucault (1972, p 80), identifies discourse as “(1} sometimes as the general

domain of all statements (means the broadest and most generally applicable at a

theoretical level), (2) sometimes as an individualizable group of statements (describes discourse as an individualizable group of statements, internally structured and regulated, having coherence and a force in common), and (3) sometimes as a regulated practice that accounts for a number of statements.( “a regulated practice

that accounts for a number of statements )”

Fairclough and Wodak (1997, p 258) state, discourse is socially constitutive

as well as socially conditioned-it constitutes situations, objects of knowledge, and the social identities of and relationships between people and groups of people Both

of them are constituted in the sense that it helps to sustain and reproduce the social

status quo, contributes to transforming and gives rise to important issues of power

Discourse also emphasizes the importance of conlext and history, explaining thal

discourse is not simply a Linguistic practice, it is about the representation of reality,

the practice ol’ il, again illustrating the fundamental view that CDA has of discourse

as social practice

Fairclough (2003) presents an interpretation of discourse that vanes slightly

from Foueanh, considering it “as ways of representing aspects of the world-the

processes, relations and structures of the material world, the ‘mental world’ of

thoughts, feelings, beliefs and so forth, and the social world” (p 124) Discourses

are different conceptions of the world, connected to the different relations people

have with the world, depending on their social positions Fairclough further

emphasizes that discourses are “projective, imaginaries, representing possible

worlds, which are different from the actual world, and tied in to projects to change

the world in particular directions” (p 124) “Discourse” thus in CDA refers not to a

single picce of lexi, which may very well be no more [han # unit of discourse, bul rather Lo the social process of croating meaning Discourse, then, is the end product

of the creation and interpretation of semnotic variables

2.3 CDA approaches

‘There are several profound scholars who have made significant contributions

in the development process of CDA Among different approaches in CDA, there are

imainly three broad approaches Van Dijk (Ihe socio — cognilive), Wodak (Ihe historical approach) and Fairclough (the dialectical relational approach) are regarded as the most insightful practitioners in this field

23.1 The socio — cognitive approuch by Teun van Dijk

Van Dijk is referred as practitioner of CDA, who earlier focuses on linguistics and discourse analysis During the 1980s, van Dijk’s focuses to present the various minorities and ethnic groups existing in Kurope He developed and attempted to carry out his analysis by studying the media discourse-related studies

and also implying into researches that essentially portray the perspective politic

throngh CDA Then he relates the use of language in discourse wilh the social

practices

Vari Dijk (1993: 96) argues thal one of the vital fundamentals in the analysis

using Socio Cognitive Approach is the affiliation between power and discourses in the prototype of the access to community discourses for different social groups

Thus, Socie cognitive approach anmed to show the relationship belweern power and

discourses The approaches to understand analysis based on van Dujk’s theory (1.995) that concludes of social analysis, cognitive analysis, and discourse analysis The diflerence belween his approach and other CDA's approaches is on the model which applies the cognitive analysis as the system of mental representations and processes of group members that are idealogically represented through social power

relation and control the act of others in actions and interactions Wan Dijk (2001)

confirms that language use, discourse, verbal interaction, and communication

belong to the micro-level of the social order Power, dominance, and inequality between social groups are typical terms that belong to a macro-level of analysis

The analysis ol this study should be applied macro lo broad analysis in the

relationship between language use and the power relation in political discourse

Van Dijk (2004) states socio-cognitive model of discourse structures as the

approach in structural aspecls of Hinguiste imeludes the text and ils moaning which

aims at analyzing the discourse comected to social practices through communication and interaction among people Macrostructure and microstructure

are conlamed in iL, Macrostructure focuses on general meaning of the text thal is

examined on theme, microstructure examines the structure and elements which is

constructed in the text The micro level of the social cantext includes language use,

verbal interaction and commumealion Whereas power, dominance, inequality

among different social groups belong to the macro level of analysis

Another findings, socio-cognition comparing the social and personal context

for bringing society and discourse together, and social cogrition (“the system

behavior and mental representations of group members”, personal cognition

Gndirectly influenced by ideological processes as comprehend the discourse among

other actions and interactions),

2.3.2, The discourse — historical approach by Ruth Wodak

The queslion of delimiting borders of the distinguish in this approach [rom

other CDA ones is that it focuses on the lustorical contexts of discourse in the

process of explanation and interpretation from various analytical perspectives Wodak and her friend (2009) regard (1) macro-topic-relatedness, (2) phuri-

perspectivity, and (3) argumentativity as constitutive elements of a discourse ‘The

discourse historical analysis (DITA) considers intertextual and interdiscursive

relationship between ullerances, texts, genres and discourse

‘The DLLA considers intertextual and interdiscursive relationships between

utterances, texts, genres and discourses, a3 well as the history of an arganization or

inslilution, and silualional frames While focusing on all these relationships, the

exploring how discourses, genres and texts change inrelation to sociopoliical change Intertextuality means that the texts , on the one hand, are linked to other lexis and signifies that discourses are linked to cach other in vanous ways, and Ihe

other hand, ‘field of action’ (Girth, 1996) indicates a segment of social reality which constitutes the ‘frame’ of a discourse Therefore, different fields of action are

delimed by different funetions of discursive practices

Wodak (2001) suggests a dialectical relationship between disoursive practices and

fields of action (situations, institutional and social swuctures) are situated It means the situational, institutional and social setlings shape and affects discourses, and on the other, discourses influence discursive as well as non-discursive social and political

processes and actions Reisig] and Wodak (2009) consider discourse to be

- a cluster of contexi-dependent semiolic practives that are situated within

specific fields of social action

- socially constituted and socially constitutive

- related to a macro-lopic

- linked to the argumentation about validity claims such as truth and

normative valid-ity involving several social actors who have different points

of view

‘Yo resume, these approaches are the distinguish features in historical context

of discourse int Wodak’s Lool to analysis in CDA The whole of her work is aimed at

explaining of the discourse linguistics

233 The dialectical — relational approach by Norman Fairclough

Fairclough is known as a practitioner with significant contribution to CDA

His approach is suggested as “a contribution to the general raising of consciousness

of exploitative, social relations, through focusing upon language” (1998, p.4)

Tn this sbalegy, the purpose is as parlicipalmg im “properties”, and as

“extensive frameworks” of CDA, which presented by Mairclough (1992, 1993,

1995) and Chouliaraki & Fairclough (1999).

According to Wodak (2001, p.1)’s view, the approach to CDA “may be as fundamentally concemed with analyzing opaque as well as transparent structural

language”

This approach is the sort of research into social and cultural change as the

work that foregrounds links between social practice and language, and social practices and properties of language text Moreover, to criticize, connections between properties of text and social processes and relations (ideologies, power relations) are not obvious for people to produce and interpret those texts As the results, Fairclough (1992), uses the term “naturalization” to “text” as the main

aspects of analysis in the socio-political and socio-historic contexts are

“production”, and “interpretation” Discourse, and any specific instance of discursive practice, as seen as simultaneously, “a language text, spoken or

written”, “discourse practice (text production and text interpretation)”,

“sociocultural practice”

Therefore, the method of discourse analysis includes linguistic

“description” of the language text, “interpretation” of the relationships between

the (productive and interpretive) discursive processes and the text, and

“explanation” of the relationship of the discursive processes and the social processes, From three Fairclough’s dimensions can be done to apply analysis as

shown in the diagram below

Discursive Practice- production, production,

distribute, consumption

Explanation

Figure 1 Socio-political and sacio-historic context (Fairclough, 1992)

Krom the diagram above-mentioned, description, interpretation and

explanation are three slages to analysis in discourse For the [irst stage, Loxl

(Description), linguistic features are chosen in vocabulary (words), grammar (transitivity, passive voice), and textual structure (thematic choice) are analyzed

For Fairclough (1989: 26), "Description is the stage which is concerned with formal

properties of text” In other words, linguistic features of the text are explored in the descriptive stage, with key questions together, and more other sub-questions are

posted by him The section of vocabulary mainly deals with the choice of different

words; grammar is about the grammatical features, which has a close relation with Halliday's systemic-functional grammar when the textual structures part concerns

the whole structures of the <iscourse

Discursive Practice (Interpretation) Fairclough (1989) says "interpretation is

concemed with the relationship between text and interaction with seeing the text as

the product of a process of” production, and as recourse in the process of

interpretation” (p.26) ‘The relationship between the discourse and its production

should be interpreted Resides, discourse is nol only regarded as text but also a discursive practice i this stage That meant apart from analyzing linguistic features

and text structure, attention should be drawn to other factors in speech act and

infertextuality These factors link the text te vs context, So, inlertextually is

institutional process (editorial procedure) and discursive process, therefore to explain for the discourse process

According to Fairclough (1989: 26), "Explanation is concerned with the

relationship between interaction and social context with the social determination of

the process of production and interpretation, and their social effects" On the other

hand, the analysis in explanalive part is m reference to the historical, social, and

cultural contexts In other words, the explanation stage corresponds to the dimension "discourse as social practice," more precisely "socialcultaral practice.” Therefore, in this slage, factors like ideology or power arc taken inle accourtl so as

to fully explain the interaction between sooial-cultural context and the production

and consumption of texts

As mentioned above, the Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) is a tool

analysis in Critical Discourse Analysis and other theories in pragmatics as well The SFG says that we perform functions through language, and three terms

“experiential meaning”, - the System of Process Types (or Transitivily system TL

answers the question “What's is going on?” ‘The system meant participants and

circumstances; Processes are known as verbal groups, participants by nominal groups, and circumstances by adverbial groups or preposilional phrases In English, SIG linguists divide process types into six types: material process, behavior process, mental process, verbal process relational process, and existential process:

Action ‘doing’ Actor, Goal, Recipicnt comniitee,

Behavioral | ‘behaving’ | Behaver.(Phenomencn) She cried sofily

Relational: “being? Carrier, Attribute

This bread is state

Alitnbution 'adributing” | Kdentified, Idemifcr’ Value,

Pat is her brother

Identification | ‘identifying’ Token

Maybe there's same other

1¿xisLential: “exishing’ Lixistent

darker pattern

Table 1 Overview of process types (adapted from Halliday, 1994)

Interpersonal meaning, we answer the question “Tow do we use language to

exchange?” This meaning is encoded under the headings of the roles of addressers

and sudicnco, modality and evaluation For Thompson (1996), to explore in the analysis of Interpersonal meaning in text and textual analysis

Figure 2: Aspects of interpersonal management (Thompson, 1996:69)

In terms of Textual moaning to the question “How the content of the text organized?” The textual meaning creates relevance between parts of what is being

said and between the text and the context

‘Therefore, in this study, the researcher used mainly Norman Fairclough’s

three models as the new approach for this thesis

2.4, Review of previous studies

CDA is a field related to many other disciplines, especially with the variety

of perspectives and studies in political speeches and also presidential inaugural spocch Those are the main interest topies for rescarcher in doing researches

‘Tran ‘Thi Quynh Le (2006) offered an attempt to demystify the role of language in society The theoretical framework of CDA Norman Fairclough with

the combination the Systemic Functional Grammar by Mark Halliday is applied to

analyze “the Inaugural speeches by George W Bush in the United States

Presidential Elections 2000 and 2004” The result found out that the analyzed on

over-lexivalizalion, lexieal chore, medalily and pronoun, transilivily and thames

have provided proof that language and power are closed related That means the

sludy recommended thal socio-political context could be the factor deciding what

and how ideology is embedded in language

Using Norman Fairclough’s three dimentions, Nguyen Dicu Hang (2014) demonstrated the way that Obama expressed his power and ideology to gain support from people through the werld through “an analysis of President, Barack Obarna’s speech at President Nelson Madela’s memorial, from critical discourse analysis perspectives” The findings show that the author employed linguistics features as

the strategies to present Obarna’s power and ideology The ideology of freedom, democracy and tolerance does not only belong to nelson Mandela, but to barrack

Obama as well

Another aims al invesigaling the power relation reflected by “Power relation

on Donald Trump's political campaign 2015” byArif Angga Putra (2016) This

study describes the discursive strategy of power relation, and it also categorized as qualitative reseaich because the data are in forms of words and utterances Van Dijk CDA’s theory (1993) is applied to analyze The researcher found the result of this sludy which shows the Trump reflects his power relation Loward people as stralegy

to influence people’s mind through the discourse structure of the text Generally aims to discursively delegitimize other people, races, and also politicians through victimizing, underestimating cyen discriminating others in making him more

powerful

Van Dijk ‘s theory is applied to find out the utterances that illustrated

political discourse through “Critical Discourse Analysis in Donald Trump Presidential Campaign to Win American's Hoarl” by Andhila Rachman , Soli

Yunianli (2017) Tn this stndy, the research found oul thal the way the speaker

delivered the aim of the utterance, and effected of the utterance to people The

descriptive qualitative was applied as the method and the data of the research in Donald ‘Trump's political discourse

Robert Meclay (2017) cxamined the discourse created in three of Trump’s

political speeches and involves discovering how Trump constructs discouse Lo present a reality for his audience that frames his ideology This analysis “a descriptive analysis of Donald ‘rump’s Campaign Speech” is to reveal the ways that Trump constructs a reality for his audience through representations of social

actors The research shows that Trump's spocch reveal an ideology consistent with stalegic patterns of using pronoun ‘Us vs Them’ Tins study highlights the importance of understanding the underlying ideology of Trump's messages in the interpretation of the discourse that he uses to frame it

Using Halliday’s systematie-functional framework, Wen Chen’s study (2018)

investigated mainly from Ihe perspectives of transilivity, modality, persomal pronoun

and coherence to reveal the relation of language, power and ideology in “Donald

‘Trump’s Inaugural Speech” which can be applied to analyze language features under certain social and cultural background ‘lhe author analyzed political discourse as a kkind of typical discourse which involves the speaker’s ideology and intention, can also

be amalyved by critical discourse analysis Therefore, this paper analyzes in order to reveal the speaker’s political intention, and help readers understand the meaning of discourse, cultivate their critical conscicusness and analytical ability

Most of the previous studies are focused on analyzing the meaning of the text without combining it with another approach to support the main theory ‘Therefore,

in this study, the researcher presented study ams by analyzing the Criteal Discourse Analysis and support this theory when the author used mainly Norman Fairclough’ s three models as the new approach, so that why the researcher choose this speech and as well as Fairclough’s theory for analysis

In general, the scope of CDA (Mairclough) has been mentioned in various researches since the social practice is closely related to the transfer of ideology, ideological value embedded in the discourse, which camot be easily identified because it is not explicated expressed Moreover, critical linguistics can make it possible to reveal the hidden ideology and explore the language of representation to

the ns¢ of lexical items

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1 =

This chapler presents the data, the context of the speech, the dialect

relational approach by Norman Fairelongh and the data analysis procedure of Donald Trump’s inaugural speech, on January 20%, 2017 are presented

3.1, Data

The data analysis is the inaguaral speech by Donald Trump, delivered at presidential mauguration ceremony of the 45® President of the United States, on

January 20 , 2017 The dala is on available on CNN chamel — ơn You Tu The

specch was laumched about twenty minutes and marked the begining and continuing during I'rump next four-year term as well as a major tuming point in his

critical career

The speech directed at the American people, naional mterest “American First”

= “Make American Great Again” Hopefully the most important values [or the American people will be most clearly shown inslead of stalements designed to highlight the values of other importance Moreover, determining ‘lrump’s consistency and different perspectives to make Americans believe that future

sialegies and orientalions for the United Stales are consistent with the most fixed

values in Trump's ideology This specch is an expression of Trump's vision of the

Unuted States’ future

Although many previous researches have chosen “Donald ‘lrump’s Inaugural Speech” to analyze with its special meaning such as * A Critical Discourse Analysis

of Donald Trump’s Tnaugural Speech From the Perspective of System Functional

Grammar by Wen Chen”, or Lect Habeeb M Areef Al-Saeedi analyzed * The

Function of Repetition in Trump's Traugural Address A discourse analysis study” Basing on CDA, both of the authors have different view, angle and aspects analysis, but no one is based on the CDA model, namely the airclough’s theory as we see

above

20

3.2 Sacial context of the speech

Donald ‘Trump’s background

Donald John Trump was born on June 14, 1946 and in the New York City borough of Queens and received econonrics degree from the Wharton School (1966

— 1968) Before entering polities, he was a businessman and television personality

He registered as a Republican in Manhattan in 1987, switched to the Reform Party in 1999, Democratic Parly in 2001, back to Ihe Republic Party in 2009 He

until donated for both Democracy and the Republican Party in 2010 In 1999,

Trump sought the domination of the Reform Party for the 2000 presidential election

and eventually dropped out of Ihe race

‘Trump made his speaking appearance at the Conservative Political Action

Conference (CPAC)in February 2011 about running for president in the 2012 That

helped kick-start his political carcer within the Republican In 2012, through a sparsely attended speech about illegal immigration, he spent his money that year to research a possible 2016 candidacy

From 2014 to 2015, ‘lrump had lost in a hypothetical election, and he mulled

his political future At Trump Tower in Manhattan on June 16, 2015, Trump

announced his candidacy for president of the United States with his campaign

slogan “Make American Great Agam” Tr March, 2016 Trump was poised to win the Republican nomination And after that, Trump began campaigning against

Hillary Clinton, whe became the presumplive Detmocralive nominee on June 6,

2016.At his inauguration ceremony, Trump has the two colossal ideclogies as the themes of the Speech are: “Make American Great Again’, ‘American First’, which

are emphasized and repealed many limes during the ceremony as a slogan, as a

message to convey to the American people that means ‘as a guardian America First’ After winning the 2016 US Presidential election, Donald Trump’s presidency

began on 20, 2017 as the 45® President of Umted States until now

a

(Fairclough, 2001) Text (Description)

Description the set of formal features of the text is analyzed to express (experiential, relational and expressive values) through vocabulary that illustrate

political views These [atures are expressed in diegrammatically bellow

Dimensions of meaning Values of features Structural effects

Relations Relational Social relations Subjects Expressive Social identities

and knowledge and belefs Secondly, a formal feature wilt redetional value is a

trace and cue to the social relationships, enacted the text in the discourse It is

(transparently) to do with relations and social relationships And, finally, expresswe

value is a trace and cue 1o the producer’s evaluation (im the widest sense) TL is to do

with suyects and social identities ‘Therefore, experiential value in the context is

how ideological differences between texts in their representations of the world are

coded in their vocabulary.

To unveil the ideology hidden in the discourse, embedded messages and expression of the speaker's purpose Thus, it can be understood more clearly,

Fairelongh (1989) also posis len key questions logether wilh more other sub-

questions, which are mainly involved with vocabulary, grammar, and textual structures following section:

A Vocabulary

1 What experiential values do words heave?

What classification schemes are drawn upon?

Are there words which ave ideologically contested?

Is there vewording or overwording?

What ideologically significant meaning relations are there between words?

2 What relational values do words have?

Are there euphemistic expressions?

Ave there markedly formal or informal words?

3 What expressive values do words have?

What metaphors are used?

B Grammar

4 What experiemial values do grammatical features have?

What bpes of process and participants predominate?

ds agency unclear?

Are processes what they seem?

Are normalizations used?

Ave sentences active or passive?

Ave sentences positive or negative?

5 What relational values do grammatical featwes have?

What modes are used?

Are there important features of relatianal modality?

Are the proncams we and you used and if sa, how?

What expressive values do grammatical features have?

Are there important features of expressive modality?

8 How are (simple) sentences linked togeiher?

23

What logical connectors are used?

Are complex sentences characterized by coordination or! subordination?

What means are used for referring inside and outside the text?

C Yextual structures

9 What interactional conventions are uxed?

Are there ways in which one pariicipant controls the turns of others?

10 What larger scale structures does the text have?

(Fairclough, 2001: 92 -93) The section of vocabulary mamly deals with the choice of different words,

grammar is about the grammatical features, which has a close relation with Halliday's systemic-functional grammar whereas the textual structures part concems

the whole structures of the discourse

Discursive Practi

(Interpretation)

‘The term interpretation is reffered to the name of a stage in the procedure,

and for the interpretation of the texts by discourse participants

Fairclough (1989) suggesis “interpretation is concerned with the relationship

between text and interaction with seeing the text as the product of a process of production, and as recourse in the process of interpretation” (p.26) In this stage, the

relationship between the discourse and its production and consumption should be

interpreted Besides, discourse is not only considered as text but also a discursive

praclice in this stage, which means nearby analyzing Imguistic fealures and text

structure, consideration should be drawn to other factors such as speech act and

intertextuality ‘hese factors link the text to its context,

Interpretation mediates between the dimensions of discourse as text and social context A combination of what is in the text and what is ‘in’ the

interpreter, im the sense of the members’ resources (MR) which brings to

interpretation Formal feature of the text are ‘cues’ which activate elements of

interpreter’s members resources (MR) MR are referred to the background knowledge, values, beliefs, assumptions, or the interpretative procedures of the text in Fairclough (2001)’s view

‘There are six major domains of interpretation are shown in figure 4

aA

Interpretative procedures (MR) Resources Interpreting

Interactive history ——————*| }+—————> Intertextual context

Figure 4: Interpretation (Fairclaugh, 2001, p 119)

Four of the six domains are listed in detail by Faiclough as follows: Surface

of utterance yelales to process by which convert strings of sounds or marks on

paper into recognizable words, phrases and sentences Meaning of utterance is a

matter of assigning meanings to the constituent parts of a text Lecal coherence

eslablishes meaning conneclions ullerances, producing coherent mlerpretations of

pairs and sequences of them And fext structure and ‘point’ is a matter of working out how a whole text hangs together Fairclough (2001)

This dimension (lox as discursive prachcc) inchides lwo processes, One is

institutional process (editorial procedure}, and the other is discourse process (the alteration that the text goes through in production and consumption) Here, the key

concept “imlerlextuality” is highly conducive to explain the discourse process Tn

other way, this step deals with the exploration of inter-textual relations among discourse, texts and setting It means, the discourse should not only be considered as

the linguistic version, but also a kind of discursive practice

Social Practice (Explanation)

This is an important stage lo sock Ihe social determination of lhe processes of production and interpretation and their social effects "Explanation is cancemed

with the relationship between interaction and social comext with the social

2

determination of the process of production and interpretation, and their social

effects" Fairclough (1989: 26) This aim of this stage is to ‘portray a discourse as

part of a social process, as a social practice, showing how it is determined by social structures, suslaining them on changing thom’ Fairclough (2001) These social determinations and effects are ‘mediated’ by MR: social structure shapes MR, which in tun shape discourse; and discourse sustain or change MR, which in turn

sustain or change the structure (Fairclough) The explanation stage corresponds 10

the dimension "discourse as social practice," more precisely “socialcultural

practice." On the other hand, the emphasis on the social determination of discourse:

on the past — the results of the past struggles Therefore, both social effects and

social determinants of discourse can be examined at three levels of social

organization: the soviclal, mnstitutional, and situational level, which can be showed

through figure bellow

Figure 5: Explanation (Fairclough, 2001, p 36)

In short, exploration of the determmants and cffects of discourse, and also with two dimensions of social organization at three levels are to be examined : societal,

institutional and stlualional From the poms on what has been said about the

explanation that Fairclough summarized in the fonn of three questions, which can

be asked of a specific discourse under investigation.

CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Chapler 4 presents the finding of the analysis of the spasch The aim of this research is to analyze and find out the ways used by ‘frump in delivering his political speech, based on Fairclough’s three dimension framework A discursive practice or inlerprelation which mvolves the production of the isxL A social practice

or explanation of the discourse based on theory to find some results that ‘rump has achieved from his political speech, and demonstration for what ideologies Trump

conveys and how they are expressed linguistically in his speech

4.1 Textual description and analysis

Experiential and expressive values of text to analyze is a necessary process in critical discourse analysis Fairclough (2001) presenls Uhec stages, namcly description the data, interpretation of relationship between the text and explanation

the relationship between interaction and social context So, the aspects of lexical

such as negative or positive words choice would be discovered and explored the relationship between ideology and power and also the speaker’s ideology to explain

the interaction between Discourse Process and Social Practice

411 Vocabulary anulysis

According to Van Dijk (2001), the ideology semantic underlying lexical selection, in general, through vocabulary to express exporicritial values 1 is obvious that discourse of giving a speech, which tends to be described in both positive and negative words In this text, the speaker is Donald Trump whose

inaugural speech lasted only about twenty minutes, he promises to “Make America

Great Again’- “America First”, to clarify demonstration in the using of

vocabulary, vocabulary plays an important role and relates values

Inhis speech, a strong belief, nnpulsive, comes from the point of view, from

‘Lrump’s thought as conveyed to the American people, and used to inform audiences

of message that the United States would be a stronger power in the future

a7

With chosen vocabulary, that can be revealed the ideology hidden in the discourse as well Trump believes thal American will trust the government and

accept the new policy through vocabulary bellow: transferring power,

administration, party, Washingion D.C, giving it back, American People

It means that, trom Trump’s ideology, the government takes the side of Americans and power belongs to the people By using his language, Trump hopes Lo

encourage and stir audiences’ enthusiasm and motivate a sense of pride So Trump

can enlist the support of the audience

“For too long a small group in our nation's Capital has reaped the

rewards of government” (line 173

As a wealthy businessman and unlike previous American presidents, Donald

‘Trump expresses the facts under the perspective of his cognition, without

considering political inclination He emphasizes on that society exists a large number of people who suffer hardship while ‘a small group in our nalion’s Capital

has reaped the rewards of government?

“have borne the cost” (line 18)

Tle used “bore” to show the difficult circumstances When the word is used in

the text, it nol only demonstrates seriousness and importance of the currently sovicly but reveals the speaker’s awareness to beth binself and lis audiences This

intentionally reflects Donald Trump’s ideology Through this, it makes audiences know that the new president devotes himself to changing social inequality and justice

‘To shorten the distance and add closeness to the audiences, he uses “we”

pronoun to imply that Trump is one member of the public through sentences

below:

“we've enriched foreign industry at the expense af American industry;

subsidized the armies of other countries while allowing for the very sad

depletion of our military” (line 56-35)

He indicated some proof of economic industry, military power, border trade and so forth l'rom above — criticized, domestic guidelines and diplomatic policies enacted in the past few years, that lead to cause failure, Therefore, through the

evidenco thal he points oul, he intends lo revive economy and construct

infrastructure, to make people belicve in his will and his new government, From creating for American poople that ia through his ullerance in here:

“ooking only to the future; assembled here today; isting a new decree to

be heard in every city, in every foreign capital, and in every hall of power;

is in favor of him to acquire advocation

‘Trump’s determination was to focus on Americans, all priorities for Amuriems This is also one of bis goals, hidden in Lhoughl through language with the desire to gain the support of the American people He puts people’s mlerests first He builds himself'as an image who can restore Amerivan values,

"Protection will lead to great prosperity and strength, America will start

winning again, winning like never before; We will bring back ow jobs We

will bring back our borders We will bring back our wealth And we will

bring back ou dreams: We will build new roads, and highways, and

bridges, and: We will get our people off of welfare and hack to work” (line

?6— 77, 80— 83, 55)

Donald Trump encourages everyone to struggle for the better life Ie claims that all Americans are masters of their nation and play a very important role in the world, American needs people’s contribution and responsibility to protect and construct his country ‘Ihe nation will become powerful and prosperous, only if all people work together

In order to reach his purpose, Trump uses many ways to show his ideology Moreover, his promise above as power to control and is also the first kind that used

as an underlying hidden powor in vocabulary

“Buy American and hire American” (line 87)

29

This is one of the strong reason for Trump to deliver his speceh, to direct people towards his intontion and ideclogy By having presence of power he shows, American people must control their own country

To sum up, the speech is nol too long, the outstanding value through

language brings the evidence out the previous status of the United States What

he implies that America is weakening before which expresses through the sentence

below:

“American First” - “Make America Great Again” (line 71 &138)

From the breakouts in his ideology and intention, these are two of the themes

throughout the specch that Trump omphasized as a message to reassure the American people, also implying that this is a condition to protect America ‘rump

believes that will build American’s confidence and encourages them to “Make

America Greal Again’ The emphasizing thal the United Stales will become the most powerful, powerful, prosperous, wealthy and safe country in the world as it

originally was

Lexical choice

The use of formal language, found in academic writing, and in political documents, as well as showing proper politeness of an inuportant event, will reveal the perceptions of the speaker The formality is emphasized on social relations The formal language is affected to Irump’s intention and ideology, indicated by closing the vocabulary in the speech The nmportance of how the text revealed the speaker"s point of view in the world, about an issue expressed through his positive or negative attitudes in the speech

Fairclough (2002)’s view, the analyzing relalionstap valucs suggest classification schemes, and how vocabulary is organized in the text

Negative’positive words

Therefore, in the text by President Trump, the classificalion schernes show

his negative attimdes towards curently American circumstances through

vocabulary as: face challenges, confront hardship; borne the cost; Washington flourished,