Luận văn a contrastive analysis of the metaphor anger is heat in english and the possible equivalent expressions in vietnamese

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES wlas LUU THI HAI VAN A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSES OF THE METAPHOR “AN

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI

UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES

wlas

LUU THI HAI VAN

A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSES OF THE METAPHOR “ANGER LS

TIEAT” IN ENGLISH AND THE POSSIBLE EQUIVALENT

EXPRESSIONS IN VIETNAMESE

(PHẦN TÍCH ĐỐI CHIÊU BIẾU THỨC AN DU “ANGER IS ITRAT®

(SỰ TỨC GIÀN LÀ NHIỆT) FRONG TIỀNG ANH VÀ CÁC BLEU THUC

TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG TRONG TIENG VIET)

Thesis Summary

HANOT- 2012

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI

UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES

t2EHœ4

LUT TOY TIAL VAN

A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE METAPHOR “ANGER IS TIEAT” IN ENGLISH AND TITE POSSIBLE EQUIVALENT

EXPRESSIONS IN VIETNAMESE

(PHẦN TÍCH ĐÓI CHIẾU BLEU THUC AN DU “ANGER 1S HAT” (SỰ LỨC GIẬN LÀ

NHIỆT) TRONG TIỆNG ANH VÀ CÁC BIỂU THỨC TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG

TRONG TILNG VIET)

M.A MINOR THESIS

Field: English Linguistics

Tables of contents Pape Part A: Introduction 1

$1.1 Principles governing the choice of research lype

5.1.2 Dala-related issues

5.2 Methods of the study

5.2.1 Major methods and supporting methods

Data collection instruments

5.2.3 Data analysis techniques

6 Structure of the thesis

Part B: Development

Chapter 1: Literature Review

wR

WR eee

Cognitive approach to metaphors

What is a conceptual metaphor’

Chapter 2: A contraslive Analysis of the Metaphor “Anger is Heat”

in English and the Possible Equivalent expression in Viefmamese 2.1 The cognitive basis of the metaphor “Anger is Heat” in English and

in Vietnamese

2.1.1, The cognitive basis of the English metaphor “Anger is Ileat”

2.1.2 The cognitive basis of the equivalent metaphor “Anger is IIeat” in

2 The metaphor “Anger is is Heat” in 1 Kinglish and the equivalent in in

2.2.1 The version 1 “Anger i is sthe Heat of a , Hot Fluid i ina , Container” 20

English and the Vietnamese equivalent

PART A: INTRODUCTION

1 Rationale

At is common knowledge that metaphors, especially conceptual metaphors are not only an effective device for representing, the world outside language but also a tool

for thinking, spoaking and aching According lo Orlony (1975) thers arc al leash

three communicative functions that metaphor might perform

Lakoff and Johnson (1980-3) state that “metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, nat just in language bul in though and action” and “our euncaptual system is largely metaphorical, then the way we think, what we experience, and what we do every

day is very much a matter of metaphor.”

During my study, I have beon interested im metaphors especially conceptual

metaphors for emotions; therefore | choose conceptual metaphors as my thesis

topic Of many everyday conceplual metaphorical expressions I would like to take a

careful study on the conceptual metaphor “Anger is Heat” “Anger” is one of

abstract concepts of people’s emotions that are highly used in Linglish and in

Vietnamese How is Uris metaphor used differently in the two languages? These are the main reasons for my study “A Contrastive Analysis of the Metaphor “Anger is Ileat” in English and the Possible Equivalent Lxpressions in Vietnamese”

2 Aims and objectives of the study

‘The study tries to:

- give a systematic account of the thearetical background on conceptual metaphors

- make explicit the similarilies and differences between the English metaphor

“Anger is leat” and the possible equivalent expressions in Vietnamese

- propose implications for teaching metaphors

3 Research questions

‘The objectives mentioned above can be elaborated into the following research

questions:

- What are similarities and difforences in regard to how the English metaphor

“Anger is Icat” and the Vietnamese equivalent are perceived?

- Whal causes the dilTerences m cogmitive mechanism of (his melaphor between lhe

two languages?

- What are the possible recommendations for teaching Iinglish metaphors?

4 Scope of the study

In this thesis, 1 only work on the metaphor “Anger is Heat” in Hnglish and the

possible equivalents in Vietnamese to work out the contrast of cognitive model’

1necharnsm anid to give explanation for the differences in the metaphor usage

between the two languages

5 Mcthodology of the study

5.1, Principles governing the research

5.1.1 Principles governing the choice of research type

This study is intended to provide an overview and a contrastiveness of the metaphor

“Anper is Heat” in English and the Vielramese equivalent To achieve the aims, the type of research chosen is basic research

A combination of qualilative and quarttitalive approaches is employed with prionty

given to qualitative analysis The qualitative method 1s used to describe and analyze the common and distinctive features of the metaphor “Anger is Heat” in lnglish and the equivalent expressions in Vietnamese

§.1.2 Data-related issues

The researcher examines different samples containing metaphorical expressions

belonging to the central conceptual metaphor “Anger is Heat” from books,

previous studies, novels, stories, and the Internet in both Hnglish and Vietnamese Then the commonly used metaphorical expressions are selected to be analyzed The samples are aulhentic sources of data Research procedure follows the research

design and principles strictly So the validity and the reliability of the study can be

guaranteed.

5.2 Methods of the study

5.2.1 Major methods and supporting methods

The sludy has been eanied out with the combination of different methods The

major method employed in this thesis is contrastive analysis to compare and

contrast mechanism of the metaphor “Anger is [leat in the two languages The

intended instrumental language herein assumed is Vietnamese and the target

language is English Besides, the descriptive method is used as supporting one

5.2.2, Data collection instruments

Document analysis and observation are employed as data collection inslruments

Document analysis is used to seek instances of the metaphor “Anger is Heat” in English and the Vietnamese equivalents in books, previous studies, novels, and on the Tate The observation technique is used to enhance qualilative analysis of the

established details related to cognitive mechanism in the specified area of research

5.2.3 Data analysis techniques

Afier being collected, ihe data arc analyzed by using the following lechniques:

- Classifying the samples collected into two sub-versions of the central metaphor

“Anger is Heat” based on the corresponding source domains

- Systcmatizing is used te categorize the samples into metaphorical entailments in accordance with their meanings

- Inferring the similarities and differences of the metaphor “Anger is Heat” in

English and the possible equivalents in Vietnamese

6 Structure of the thesis

The paper is divided into three parts as follows:

Part A is “Introduction” ‘This part gives a brief account of the rationale of the study, the aims of the study, the scope of the study, the methods of the study, and the

thesis structure

Part Bis “Development” This part consists of two chapters Chapter one is

“Literature Review” This chapter provides the backround for the study Chapter two, “A Conbustive Analysis of the Metaphor “Anger is Heat” in English and the

10

Possible Equivalent Exprossions in Vietnamese”, provides a contrastive analysis of the linglish metaphor “Anger is leat” and the Vietnamese equivalents

Parl C, “Conclusion”, provides a recapitulation of the main points raised,

concluding remarks on each of the objectives, and suggestions for further studies

11

PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER ONE: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Review of the previous studies

As far as | know, so far there have been three major works related to the theme of this research Following are the major pieces of information about them:

First of all is Gorge Lake and Mark Johnson's “Metaphor We Live Ry” in 1980 This is one of the first studies about conceptual metaphors ‘This book is an

important basis of myriad of studies later In this book, the two authors point out

thai metaphors are not just mraliers of language, bul are used extensively Trị

reasoning and understanding Typically, an abstract domain is understood

metaphorically in terms of a more concrete domain To a large degree, they argue,

the human conceptual system is metaphorical This is very different from the

classical model of metaphor, which claims that metaphors are artifacts of language use, and lave nothing to do with meaning or understanding This sludy is the main theoretical basis for my study

‘The second is the research “The Cognitive Model of Anger inherent in American English” of Gorge Lakotf and Zoltan Kovecaes (1983) Tn this research, the authors give basis of the cognitive model of anger in English as well as examples of a

system of metaphorical expressions for anger From this work I chose the central metaphor “Anger is Heat” for contrastive analysis with the equivalents in

Vietnamese

The third is “An Du Vé Su Tuc Gian Va Niém Vui Trong Tié

énp Viet”

by Tran Ba Tiến (2009) In this study, the author gives a brief account af

metaphorical expressions for anger and happiness in linglish and In Vietnamese The central metaphor “Anger is Heat” is the most general metaphor which is

pervasive im both English and Vietnamese Of all provious studies tal Thave read, there las not been any ene which makes a contrastive analysis of this metaphor in English and the possible equivalent expressions in Vietnamese This inspired me to

make a contrastive analysts of this netaphor im the two languagoes

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1.2 Theorefical backpraund

1.2.1 Traditional approach to metaphors

Pul very generally, thore are (wo main approaches in the study of metaphor: the

traditional approach and the cognitive approach ‘The traditional approach

encompasses many different theories but shares some fundamental presumptions

The traditional theory of metaphor dates back to Aristotle’s view that metaphor is

"the application of an alien name by transference" (350 BC b [1950]: par.4 cited

from Koller (2003)) and the following are the most important views of metaphor

wilhin this approach:

1.2.1.1 Substitution theory

The substitution theory describes metaphors as expressions, which are simply

substilutes [or literal expressions (Black: 1955) Thus, for example, the speaker who

uses the metaphorical expression “He is a fox” could, according to the substitution view, have used a literal expression “He is cunning” that means the same The word

“fox" in this case commurneales somthing that could have been expressed literally and the metaphor here is simply used in a novel or poetic way to decorate and

embellish one's speech The substitution view implies lal metaphorical expression performs no greater function than to please and amuse readers or listeners

‘The problem with this view is that a metaphor may evoke a large number of

connotations and it would be difficult to paraphrase them all, and paraphrasing of a metaphorical expression camnot present all the meanings that the original

metaphorical expression has (Ohkura: 2003)

1.2.1.2 Comparison theory

‘The comparison view is one of the most popular dualistic theories of metaphor

According to comparison theory, metaphor is grounded in the similarity existing

between lwo concepts involved in i, sa metaphor is considered to be an tnplicit

comparison between principal subject and subsidiary subject, Black (1955), Hoang Tat Truong (1993) On such a view, the interpretation of a metaphor is a matter of

interpreting the corresponding simile, and the truth of the metaphor is thus reduced

to that of the simile

Tho problem with this view is that similarity is a symmetric relation, whereas, in reality, metaphor is often asymmetric Yor example saying “Surgeons are butchers” means describing surgeons’ work metaphorically as butchers’ one, but does not

mean that “Surgeons are like butchers”

‘To sum up, the main problems with all of these views are that they fail to explain the creation of similarity that metaphor is capable of, that many metaphorical

expressions, such as “to deferut a position”, are so conventional thal they catmot be

regarded as anomalous language use, and that metaphor is described as a decorative element without cognitive importance and metaphor is not necessary, it is just nice

Tn other words, melaphor, according lo traditional approach, is considered a mere matter of language

1.2.2 Cognitive approach to metaphor

While the tradilional approach places metaphor as secondary lo, or derived from, literal meaning; cognitive linguistics aims to show that metaphors should not be

considered as a mere matter of language, it is aclually a matter of thought

According to this approach, metaphors do not express existing similarities; they create them by metaphorical mapping from a source domain to a target domain

1.2.2.1 What is a conceptual metaphor?

For Lakoff and Johnson (1980) metaphor is not a matter of language but of thought processes Therefore, they are not interested in metaphor as linguistic expressions

but as concepts behind the expressions They do not even attempt to provide an

adequate definition for metaphor but describe the use of it as “mđersbanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another” (p 5) They use the term

“conceptual metaphor” when discussing metaphors which are part of our ordinary conceptual system therefore reflocted in our every language

Though Lakoff and Johnson do not answer what a conceptual metaphor is, they

describe ils use, 118 structure and ils mechanics and ils entailments The following

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parts will look at the structure and the mechanism and entailnents of a conceptual metaphor in order to arrive at a brief description of the type of the metaphor

discussed in this study

1.2.2.2 Melapharical mapping

Metaphor is not just the notion of similarity or comparison between the literal and figurative meanings in an expression The transference of metaphor in meaning is realized by constructing mappmg between two domains (Lakoff and Johnson:

1980)

The cognilive process Lhat relates literal mearings to exlended mearangs is known

as mapping A mapping is the systematic set of correspondences that exist between constituent elements of the source and the target domain The source domain is

predominantly associaled with some tarysible physical expericnecs and therefore it

iy more concrele than the target domain (Escnova: 2000) As aresull, lo know a

conceptual metaphor is to know the set of mappings that applies to a given source- target pairing

We can see that the set of concept in which words and expressions are borrowed is

called “Source Domain”, while the concept which is the borrowers is called “Warget Domain” as shown in the metaphor “Anger is a Plant”

Source Domain Target Domain

[PLANT] [ANGER]

Seed: And the small seed of anger against him knotted itself

inside her into a hard little core of resentment

Germinations And this, [ think, is where much of the anger germinates

Root: Anger is raoted in our survival instincts and has a legitimate

and vilal furtclion im human behavior

Bloom: ‘The feeling of rejection had quickly blossomed into anger

(Fsenova: 2009)

As we can sce in the above cxamplos, the target domain “anger” is understood

through the source domain “plant”, “Plant” is described as having “seed”,

“germinations”, ° “root”, and “bloom”

1.2.2.3 The structure of a conceptual metaphor

The way metaphor transfers meaning from one area to another is described as a

source domain being mapped onto a target domain Metaphor is a relation between

conceptual domains, so that the way we talk about the source domain can be applied the target domain, based on systematic correspondences between the two That it is

systematic means thal multiple aspects of the source domain (appeararices,

functions, and relations} may be mapped onto the target domain

Since a conceptual metaphor is about two domains of thought and not just using one word insicad of amolher, the struclure of a coneeplual metaphor is complex

According to Kéveses (2002) in conceptual metaphor, “conceptual domain” is a

critical concept in cognitive theanes of metaphor We rely on our knowledge and experience on one concept in order to understand another concept Therefore, “a conceptual metaphor consists of two conceptual domains, in which one domain is understood in terms of another,” (Kévecses: 2002, p 4) We have special names for these two conceptual domains They are called source domain and target domain respectively Lakoff &Johnson (1980), Kéveeses (2002) ‘'he conceptual domain from which we draw metaphorical expressions to understand another conceptual

domain is called the source domain, while the conceptual domain that is understood

this way is the target domain For example, in the conceptual metaphor “Argument

is War”, we try to understand the target damain argument through the source

domain war

1.2.2.4 Types of conceptual metaphors

According lo cogmilivists here are four mam types of conceptual metaphors

1.2.2.4.1 Structural metaphors

The structural metaphor concept is perhaps Lakoff and Johnshon’s (1980) foremost metaphor classification They defined it as “cases whore one concept is

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metaphorically structured in terms of another” (p 14) Metaphorical structure is

characterized by two spatial structures called two conceptual domains: source

domain and target domain The concept in the target domain is understood through the concept in the source domain ‘the relationshup between the source domain and target domain is mapping, which means that the concept in the target domain is

mapped from the concept in the source domain Take an example of the metaphor

“Argument is War” As shown in the definition of structural metaphor, the

concept of argument is metaphorically structured in terms of the concept of war

Thal is 10 say, when people argue, they act as if they are conducting a war by

attacking, defending, and counterattacking, ‘Lhis is present during and after

arguments and, furthermore, participants usually claim that they did attack, defend,

and courtcrattack Ghul only metaphorically (Lakoff & Totmson: 1980) This is

evidence of a structural metaphor, in that it structures people’s ways of thinking, acting, speaking, and understanding By looking into the structural relationship of the concept of argument and the concept of war, one can understand that “ihe

concept is metaphorically structured, the activity is metaphorically structured, and, consequently, the language is metaphorically structured” (Lakoff & Johnson: 1980, pd)

1.2.2.4.2 Orientational metaphors

Another kind of metaphorical concept is called an orientational metaphor, which organizes a whole system of concepts with respect to one another These typically deal with spatial orientation, such as up-down, in-out, front-back, on-off, deep-

shallow, and central peripheral Orientational metaphors give a concept a spatial

orientation, such as happy is up ‘The fact that the concept happy is oriented as up sives rise to expressions such as “You're in high spirits”, “That Boosted my spirits”:

“T fell ate a depression” or “Tm feeling down” (Lakoff and Johnson: 1980, p 15) These metaphorical orientations are not arbitrary, they have a basis in our physical and cultural experience In particular, drooping posture is typically related to

sadness and depression, whereas erect pasture relates to a positive emotional state

The fact that humans and most othor mammals sleep lying down and stand up when they awaken gives rise to the metaphor conscious is up; unconscious is down: “Lle ris

15}

Similarly, the physical basis for the metaphor health and life are up; sickness and

arly in the morning”, “He’s under hypnosis” (Lakall and Johnson: 1980, p

death are down is that serious illness forces us to Hie down physically and when one dies, he or she is physically down, ‘This gives rise to “He’s af the peak of health”,

“[e came down with the fly”, “Ilis health is declining”; “Ie dropped dead” (Lakoff and Johnson: 1980, p 15)

Having control or force is up; being subject to control or force is down occurs

because physical size typically correlates with physical strength, and the victor ina fighL 1s typically on lop: “Thave control over her”, “Tam on top of the situation”,

“He’s in a superior position”; “He's at the height of his power”; “He’s in the upper echelon”; “She's in the high command”, “He is under my control” (Lakoff and

Jolson: 1980, p 15)

1.2.2.4.3 Ontological metaphors

Ontological melaphorical expressions occur when people try 1o impose substances

and entities with discrete boundarics on abstract concepts such as events, activitics, emotion, and so on (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980) According to Lakoff and Johnson (1980: 25), understanding our experiences in terms of objects and substances allows

us to pick out parts of our experience and treat them as discrete entities or

substances of a uniform kind Once we can identify our experiences as entities or

substances, we can refer to them, categorize them, group them, and quantify them —

and, by this means, reason about them

Ontological metaphors tend to fulfill human purposes such as referring, quantifying,

identifying aspects, identifying cause:

selling goals and motivating actions (LakolT

& Johnson, 1980) Examples are as follows:

Referring

My fear of insecis is driving my wile crazy

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We are working toward peace

(Lakoff and Johnson: 1980, p 26) Quantifying

It will take a fot of patience to finish this book,

There is so much hatred in the world

(Lakoff and Johnson: 1980, p 26) Identifying aspects

The ugly side of this personality comes out under pressure

The brutality of war debumnamizes us all

(Lakoff and Johnson: 1980, p 27 Identifying causes

The pressure of his responsibilities caused his breakdown,

He did it out of anger:

(Lakoff and Johnson: 1980, p 27 Setting goals and motivating actions

He went to New York fo seek fame and fortune

Tin changing my way of life so thal I can find true happiness

(Lakoff and Johnson: 1980, p 27 1.2.2.4.4 Conduit metaphor

Another type of conceptual metaphor which is found in (at least the everyday

English) language is conduit metaphor ‘This type of conceptual metaphor was

originally described by Michael J Reddy in 1979 This conceptual metaphor states that ideas are manipulatable things that can be packed into words and language, and then transferred (given or sent) to someone, who ean subsequently unpack the

words to uncover the ideas inside

Lakoff and Johnson identify a large number of examples of this metaphor For

examples

‘It’s hard to get that idea across to him.”

“1 gave you thal idea.”

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“It’s difficult to put my ideas into words”

(Lakoff and Johnson: 1980, p 11) When considering our everyday ways of talking about ideas and how we

communicate them to each other, it is difficult (if not impossible) to discuss them

without using this reference to a conduit for information exchange

1.2.2.5 Metaphorical entailment

Firstly we shall go to explain what entailment is Hntailmerr is a term derived from formal logic, meaning logical consequence Richards et al (1992: 125) define

enlailment as “a relationship between two or more sentences If knowing thal one

sentence is true gives us certain knowledge of the truth of the second sentence, then

the first sentence entails the second”

As mentioned above, @ conceplual metaphor refers lo understanding one idea

{conceptual domain) in terms of another ‘This understanding is based on set of

mappings of the source domain onto the target domain We usually have richer

knowledge ahoul source domain When this rich knowledge about clemetits is

mapped onte target domains, we have cases of metaphorical entailment ‘herefore a

melaphorical entailment can be defmed as the imparting of a characlerislic of the

souree domain (the metaphorical image) to the target domain (the concept receiving metaphorical treatment) by logical means Consider the following examples:

We will proceed in a step-by-step fashion

We have covered a lot of ground

(Lakoff and Johnson: 1980, p 90)

These two metaphorical expressions are related to the conceptual metaphor “An Argument is A Journey” In this metaphor, the “participants” in the argument

correspond to “travelers”, the argument itself corresponds to a “journey” and the

“progress” of the argument corresponds to the “route” taken However, in the

source domain “journey”, travelers can got lost, they can stray from the path, they

can fail to reach their destination, and so on The association between source and

target gives rise to the entailment that these events can also occur in the target

domain “argument”

1.2.2.6 The role of conceptual metaphors in description of emotions

Le Dinh Tu (2010) states that “he emotions are invisible, that is, we have no way

to describe or express them properly in our own way” as the result, “we have to

borrow the words available in the language to express our emotions.” It is a well known fact that we mostly use metaphors to express our emotions such as love,

sadness, anger According to Koveoses (2000) “the most prominent feature of

emotional language is highly figurative; that is, iLis dominated by metaphorical and metonymic expressions.” Metaphor might allow people to express emotions which are difficult or impossible to express if they are restricted to literal uses of language

(Ortony and Famsilber: 1987) In other words, metaphor is a powerful device for

communicating emotion from two distinct perspectives

Emotions are abstract concepts The relation of an emotion to other concepts tends

to make the emotion more concrete, as Corlenia M Verspoor (1993) points oul in his research that “Metaphors are extremely pervasive in language They provide a

powerful marmer of making abstract concepls explicit For these reasons, they are

frequently utilized to describe emotional state.” And practically, the use of

metaphorical expressions helps us express our emotions better ‘lake the two

following sentences: “Tom’s sneer made his partner very angry” and “Tom’s sneer

made his partner blood boil” It is clear that in the later the emotion of anger is

described more concrete and we can see the level of anger

1.2.3 Summary

‘To sum up, we can say that metaphor is not only a matter of language; it is a matter

of thought It is not used only in poetics but also pervasive in everyday

conversations And metaphors play a central role in expression of emotional state

And this is one of the bases for this study though it only deals with onc conceptual

emotional metaphor “Anger is Heat”,

CHAPTER 2

A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF TLE METAPLIOR “ANGER LS HEAT”

IN ENGLISH AND THE POSSIBLE EQUIVALENT

EXPRESSIONS IN VIETNAMESE

In this chapter we will discuss the most general metaphor for anger: “Anger is

Lleat”, ‘This metaphor is used with a highly frequency both in English and in

Vietnamese; however, the speakers do not see that they use metaphorical

expressions What 1s the cognitive basis of this melaphor? What are differences im

source domain of this metaphor in the two languages? And why are there

differences? These questions will be discussed in this chapter

2.1 The cognitive hasis of the metaphar ‘Anger is Heat” in English and the

equivalent in Vietnamese

2.1.1 The cognitive basis of the metaphor “Anger is Heat” in English

Tn English, according to LakolT and Koveeses (1983) anger metaphors are based on

the theory of the physiological effects of anger ‘hey argue that the physiological effecis of anger are increased budy heal, iticreased internal pressure (blood pressure muscular pressure), agitation, and interference with accurate perception As anger increases its physiological effects increase ‘Chere is a limit beyond which

physiological effects of anger impair normal finotioning Moreover, the theary is largely used to tell when someone is angry, on the basis of their appearance ‘This can be done by making use of a general metonymic principle TIL

PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AN EMOTION STAND FOR THE EMOTION

With this principle, a system of metonymies for anger is yielded:

- When I found out, I almost burst a blood vessel

- lle almost had.a hemorrhage

(Lakoff and Koveeses: 1983) REDNESS IN FACE AND NHCK AREA:

- She was scarlet with rage

- He got red with anger

(Lakoff and Koveeses: 1983)

AGITATION

- She was shaking with anger

-lwas hoping mad

(Lakoff and Kavecses: 1983)

INTERFERENCE WITH ACCURATE PERCEPTION

= She was blind with rage

(Lakoff and Koveeses: 1983) thas been argued also that the theory of physiological effects, especially the part thal emphasives HEAT, forms the basis of the most general metaphor for anger

“Anger is Heat” This metaphor has other two versions, one where the heat is apphed to fluids, and the other where the heat is applied to solids When it is

applied to fluids we get: Anger is the Heat of a Hot Fluid in a Container The specific motivation for this consists of HHA, INTERNAL PRESSURE and

AGITATION parts of the folk theory When “Anger is Ileat” is applied to solids,

we get the version “Anger is Fire”, which is motivated by the HEAT and

REDNESS aspects of the folk theory of physiological effects

2.1.2 ‘The cognitive basis of the equivalent metaphor “Anger is Heat” in

Vietnamese

In Victnamese we have available words widely accepted by the community and based on that we can know the specific content of the concept of "anger"

Vietnamese observes the same metonymie prineiple with English, and similar

metonymie expressions are found in everyday use:

BODY HEAT

Một người đàn ông nóng tính, “một chính trị gia”, hay một người cha thiêu

„ tắt cả những người đỏ đều là Sean Penn, ảnh đề của Oscar lần thứ 81 (http:/Avww.thethaovanhoa.vn/135N2009224] 61 19893T0/sean-penn-chinh-

tri-gia-cua-hollywood.htm)

INTERNAL PRESSURE

Tức đến vỡ mật mắt thôi, Khanh Bình quay phát lại, anh chụp hai vai Mười Bốn bóp mạnh: “Tôi bảo cho cô biết, đừng chọc cho tôi nổi điên, không có lợi cho cô đâu”

(htlp:/Avww.hoahoetro.con/4runshowthread php?t=294299)

REDNESS IN FACE AND NECK AREA

~ Bà Chủa đô mặt tía tai, tức lắm nhưng chẳng dam nói gi

INTERFERENCE WITH ACCURATE PERCEPTION

Khi hôn nhân không còn hạnh phúc, đôi khi người phụ nữ trở thành nạn nhân

của những ông chỏng bị cơn giận làm mờ mắt

(http:/Ahegioigiadinh com.vn/doi-song/toa-an/2304/to-am-mong-manh html) The central metaphor “Anger is Heat” in Vietnamese also has two versions like in English: the version “Anger is the Heat of a Hot Fluid in a Container” and the

version “Anger is Fire”

In summary, the basis for the central metaphor “Anger is Heat” is similar between

the two languages This is expected because it is based on bodily experience that

should be universal among all human beings And this central metaphor in both,

languages has two same versions

2.2 The metaphor “Anger is Heat” in English and the equivalent in

Vietnamese

‘As pointed above, the central metaphor “Anger is Ileat” in both English and

Vietmamese has two versions: “Anger is the Heat of a Hot Fluid in a Container”

and the Vietnamese equivalents to point cuts similarities and differences between

them

2.2.1 The version “Anger is the Heat of a Hot Fluid in a Container” in English and the Vietnamese equivalent

Tn this melaphor, the target domain “anger” is understood through the source

domain “the heat of a fluid in a container” ‘The mecharusms of this metaphor in

English and in Vietnamese are the same and based an a set of correspondences

between the source domam “ihe heat of a Suid im a container” and the target domam

“anger” ‘These correspondences are in two types: ontological and epistemic

The ontological conresporidences are the correspondences between the ent

sourec domain and the corresponding entities in the target domain These

comespondences are, in other words, the mapping of the source domain onto the

target domain and can be defined as follows:

Agitation of fluid and container

The anger seale, with and end pomits zero and limit

Body heat Internal pressure in the body Physical agitation

The limit of the container’s capacity to the limit on the anger scale

i the

wilhstand pressure caused by heat

Based on these ontological corresponding the meaning of the metaphor or the

epistemic correspondences becomes clearer Lipistemic correspondences are

correspondences between knowledge about the source domain and corresponding

Jmowledge about the target domain We can define epistemic conespondences of

the metaphor as follows:

The effect of intense anger is body heat,

infernal pressure, and agilation When the fluid is heated past a cerlain

linut, pressure increases to the point at

which the contamer explodes

When anger increases past a corlam limit, pressure increases to the point at

which the person loses control

‘An explosion is đamaging lo the

container and dangerous to bystanders

A loss of control is damaging lo angry person and to other people

The fluid can be prevented from

explosion by removing the fire

Removing the cause of anger can prevent it form being vented

It is sometimes possible control the

release of heated {uid for ether

destructive or constructive purposes; this

has the effect of lowering the level of

release of anger for either destructive or

constructive purposes, this has the effect

of lowering the level of anger and internal pressure

These correspondences belween source domain and largel domain conslilute

elaborations of conceptual metaphors Here, based on these correspondences, the

central metaphor “Anger is the Heal of a Hol Fluid in a Container” has a rich

system of metaphorical cntailments expressing different levels of increase of anger

‘The following parts will investigate the system of metaphorical entailments of the

evniral metaphor “Anger is the Heat of 4 Hot Fluid in a Container” iu English