Luận văn a comparative study on conversational implicatures used in some political english and vietnamese electronic newspaper articles on the events related to vietnam china island dispute

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDLES FACULTY OF POST- GRADUATE STUDIES AUER OR SEE eR EOE VO THI MAI PHUON' A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON CONV

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDLES

FACULTY OF POST- GRADUATE STUDIES

AUER OR SEE eR EOE

VO THI MAI PHUON'

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURES

USED LIN SOME POLITICAL ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE ELECTRONIC NEWSPAPER ARTICLES ON THE EVENTS RELATED

TO VIETNAM-CHINA ISLAND DISPUTE

(Sghiên cứu so sánh hảm ngồn hội thoại được sử dụng trong các bai

báo chính trị về các sự kiện liên quan đến tranh chấp biển đảo Việt

Nam - Trung Quắc trên một số báo diện tử Tiếng Anh và Tiếng Việt)

M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS

Field: English linguistics Code: 60220201

HANOL - 2017

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDLES

FACULTY OF POST- GRADUATE STUDIES

AUER OR SEE eR EOE

VÕ THỊ MAI PHƯƠNG

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON CONVERSATIONAL TMPLICATURES

USED IN SOME POLITICAL ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE ELECTRONIC NEWSPAPER ARTICLES ON THE EVENTS RELATED

TO VIETNAM-CHINA ISLAND DISPUTE

(Nghiên cứu so sánh hảm ngôn hội thoại dược sử đụng trong các bài

báo chính trị về các sự kiện liễn quan đến tranh chấp hiến dao Việt

Nam - Trung Quốc trên một số báo điện tử Tiếng Anh và Tiếng Việt)

M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS

Field: English Linguistics

Code: 6022021

Supervisor: Dr Dé Thi Thanh Ha

HANOI - 2017

DECLARATION

T cerlify that this minor thosis entilled “A comparative study on Conversational Lmplicatures used in political electronic English and Vietnamese articles on Vietnam - China island disputes” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements [or the degree of Master of Aris is the result of my wark, excopt otherwise acknowledge and that this mmor thesis and any part of the same has not been submitted for a higher depree to any other university or institution

Hani, Jaruuary 2017

Signature

Võ Thị Mai Phương

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

After the past two years I have received the support and encouragement

from many individuals to accomplish this research Thorclore, T hercby would like to express my profound gratitude to all of them

Above all, T would like to express my deepest appreciation to my

supervisor, Doctor Do Thi Thanh Ha for all of her invaluable inspiration, assistance, critique, sincere guidance and encouragement as | was working on my stucly

Besides, | am grateful to all lectures and staff of Faculty of Postgraduate Studies, University of Languages and Intemational Studies for their valuable lessons and precious help Thanks to them, T could get the essential materials for

any paper

Finally, my sincere thanks go to my family and my friends who always

stand by me and support me when T was domg the research Withoul their

encouragement, | would not have been able to complete this thesis.

ABSTRACT

The topic ơn pollics has atraelsd many rescarcHors in all ficlds and

linguistics is uot an exception, specially, the announcements of official politicians and commentary, judgments of the specialists informed on the media

Nowadays, the political ovens of the global countries have beon updated almost

immediately by the assistance of internet Electronic newspapers play a very important role and grab much power in the modem life

Tm the work! recently, the political movements m Asia especially between

Vietnam and China island disputes have wasted the inks and papers of worldwide

newspapers The study was conducted to compare the use maxim violation to

generale conversational implicalure of English and Viclnamese electronic

newspapers on the coverage hottest events on Vietnam - China island disputes in

the period from 2011 to 2015 The analysis includes examining the methods of

generating implicature whiclr consists of violating four conversational Imaxims based on Relevance ‘lheory of Grice Based on the findings, it is concluded that

bọth Pnglish and Vietnamese newspapers showed their orealivity in using

diffcrent devices to violate the maxims to goncrate conversational implicatures

In addition, the two types of newspapers share a lot of similarities Specially, the

qualily maxim is violated the most [requeney among four maxims Besides, the

study assumes that the language of politics and journalism affect deeply on the applying of maxim violation to generate conversational implicatures The study

also contributes a new finding that conversational implicatures and Relevance

theory of Grice both work effectively in not only oral conversations but also in

indirect conversation such as in written texts whose speakers/ hearers interaction

are wrilers/ readers inferaction lo convey the mearing and messages

1H

TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration

3 Aims GÊStđổy ào on sec

4 Soope of the study

5 Methods of the sludy

1.1.1 Implicature and Co-operation

1.1.2 Conversational and Conventional Tmplicalares:

CHAPTER 2: METHODS AND PROCEDURES

2.1 Dala vollection methods

3.1.1 Conversational implicatures gencrated by violating the maxim of quality in

key khe serine BO

3.1.3 Conversational implicatures generated by islting the maxim of quantity

3.1.3 Conversational implicalures generated by violaling the maxim of relation Tìnglish magazine artioles

3.1.4, Conversational implicatures generated by violating the maxim of manner

3.2 Conversational implieatures in English electronic magavines 34

3.2.1 Cemversalional naplicalures generated by violating the maxim of quality in

Hnglish magazine artioles à te re, Xeeeeseoeeoo 3Ổ

3.2.2 Conversational implicatures generated by violating the maxim of quantity

3.2 3Conversational implicatures generated by violating the maxim of relation in

3.3.2 Differenees uc Hhierereireo —

PART C: CORNCLUSION AND SUGGESLION kessrsrior FA

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CP: Cooperative Principle

CNOOC: China National Offshore Oil Corp

CDA: Critical Discourse Analysis

US: United Stales

USA: United States of America

ASEAN: Association of South East Asian Nation

CT: Conversational Implicalure

VN: Vietnam

CN: China

WEF: World Beunemie Forum

SCS: South China Sea

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.2 Vietnam - China island dispute timeline

Table 2.2 Data source

Table 2.3.2 Coding scheme asccssssnuisstictnnienstnsnnessnnsnee Table 3.1 Frequency of maxim violation in Vietnamese artiches

‘Table 3.2 Frequency of maxim violation in English artieles Table 3.3 Data comparative

vil

PART A: INTRODUCTION

1 Rationale of the study

Nowadays, online newspapers have indispulably became one of the most useful and convenient source of information Along with the spread of internet, online news is increasingly popular due to the availability and convenience they provide With internet and computer, the readers have a churice to gel a greal deal

of diverse online newspapers Political news is always the hot area of information that attracts readers’ attention Due to the fact that news are posted and updated

simullaneously 1a assure the accurate of the news, especially the news relaled lo

politics Such news need to express the truth ‘They are also govemed by the state power for the political purposes Therefore, the writers have to use some kinds of

pragmatic device

thal mnplicatures are the most common one To reach te the

understanding between the writer and the receivers or readers, using implicatures

as a useful linguistic resource is a useful way Realizing the importance and

significant of irmplicatnres int newspaper article, this study is carried oul Lo investigate the use of implicature in transferring the information to in the

language of Vielnamese and English newspaper arlicles

3 Aims of the study

‘The study deals with the exploitation of conversational implicatures in the Vicinamese and English political newspaper articles Therefore, the study is aimed specifically:

- To identify the conversational implicatures which are generated and the conversational maximus which are violated in the political Vietamese clectronic newspaper article on Vietnam- China island disputes

- To identify the conversational implicature which are generated and the conversational maxims which are violated in the political Fnglish electronic newspaper article on Vietnam- China island disputes

- To compare the similarity and differences of adopting implicatures in

cl Fnghish and Vietnamese electronic ne papors on Vicluan - China island

disputes

4 Scope of the study

The study focuses on analying political articles in the press, not on

television or radio or any other media The Vietwam-China island disputes lasted

from a long time before However, due to the limit of time, this research is only

concemed with the main events in the tune from 2011 to 2014 The newspapers

selected are doisongphapluat.com, vietnamnetvn, vnexpress.net, dantri.com and

three othor English popular and reputed ones - cnn.com, roulers.com and

bbe.com Those newspapers are chosen for the reason that they update and announce the official information from the government, Moreover, they are the

voice of the national Jaw with high reliability and accuracy Therefore, the data

collected are reliable to all readers

5 Methods of the study

The sLudy is an atlempl to carry out an analysis of English and Vietramese newspaper articles on some of the most important events of Vietnam-China

island disputes in terms of implicatures Specially, it focuses on how implicatures

is formed Lo convey the information aboul the island disputes between the lwo

we

countries, The rescarch applies the theory of implicatures and cooperative principle which are proposed by Grice to identify the forming process of

conversational implicatures

The study used descriptive qualitative approach and content analysis as the research design One can undertake qualitative in a natural phenomena where

the wriler works as the primary instrument of dala collection that compiles

words, analyzes then inductively, concerns with the meaning of participants, and describes an expressive language processes (Creswell, 1998) In this case, the

wnier collected the whole dala related to senlences in eleclromic newspaper

articles Vor a further description of the methods of the study, see chapter 3

6 Organization of the study

This study consists of (hree main parts: Tutroduction, Development and Conclusion

Part A: Introduction presents the rationale, scope, aims and methods of the study

Part B: Development: in this part, dhree chapters are present

Chapter 1: Literature Review deals with the theoretical framework relevant to the

topic

Chapter 2 Methods and Procedive gives detailed description of data collection

method and analysis procedure

Chapler 3: Resulls and Discussion of the resulis conslitules the main part of the

study ‘his part represents the results from the analysis on the utilization on conversational implicatures in the Dnglish and Vietnamese newspaper articles

and discusses the findings

Part C: Conclusion and Suggestion summarizes the findings of the study with xegard to the results of conversational implicature investigated some limitations, implications and suggestions for Curther research.

PART B: DEVEILOPMENT CUAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW

1.1 Theories on conversational implicatures

1.1.1 Implicatures and Co-operation

Up to now, there are some definitions of implicatures proposed by

scholars and linguisls Amongst them was Grice, who may be said lo introduce the tem of first time in his William James lectures in 1967 Ile defined

implicatures as “a nolion which is nol explicitly stated but inferable from the

conventional meaning of some linguistic unit in an utterance and taken to be communicated” According to Thomas (1995), Grice’s theory is “an attempt at

explaining how a hearer gets from whut is said lo what is meant, from the level of

‘what you expressed meaning to the level of implied meaning.” To help the readers understand implicatures more, he gave an example of implicatures as

stated below

“We must remember your telephone bill”, she said, hinting that Louis has talked long, enough “Good bye”, said Louis ringing off It takes the rich to remind one

of the bills, she though

in the example, we can see that when the speaker utters the words “We must remember your telephone bill”, she is implying that she wants to close the

conversation Ti is necessary 1o distinguish belween tmplymg and inferring, or

implicature and inference Implicatures are generated intentionally by the speaker

and may be understood by the hearer whereas inference is produced by the hearer

deducing something [rom evidence

Levinson (1983:97) mentions that the projection of the concept of

implicatures in recent work in pragmatics is due to a number of sources First,

implivatures stand as a paradigmatic example of the nalure and power of pragmatic explanations of linguistic phenomena Second, implicatures provide

some explicit account of how if, is possible to mean more than what is actually

said, ic more than what is literally cxpressed by the conventional senses of the

linguistic expression uttered

ved in modified forms below:

Those maxims can brivlly be characl

1) Maxim of Quantity: Be brief Make your contribution as informative as

required and no more

2) Maxim of Quality: Be ime Do nol say whal you believe Lo be false and de

not say that for which you lack adequate evidence

3) Maxim of Relation: Be relevant

4) — Maxim of Marmer Be clear Avoid obscurity and ambiguity

It is suggested that the inferences arise based on the observation of four

mentioned conversation maxims With the implicatures in which speakers

deliberately choose to Mout onc of the maxims, we call them outing

implicatares

11.2 Conversational and Conventional Implicatures

Thomas (1995;58) stated “To imply is to hint, suggest or convey some

meaning indirectly by means of language” (Thomas 1995: 58) Lle indicates that

Grice dislinguishes between two kinds of implicatures’ conversational

implicatares and conventional implicatures

Conventional implicatures which convey the same extra meaning

regardless of context and is always lexicalized Conventional implicatures are

carried by a restricted mumber of words: but, even, therefore, yet

Grice gives the following convincing examples:

He is poor but honest

‘This is an utterance stating that honesty appears contrary to expectations

in relation to financial under privileges

John is an Finglishman therefore he in brave

And this is an uffcrancc which triggers entailment built on the

argumentative of reaching a conclusion based on a set of premises

Premise 1: All Englishmen are brave

Premise 2: John is an Englishman,

Conclusion: John is brave

Conversational implicalures, which convey different mcanings according

to different contexts, ie are calculated afresh each time the Speaker and the

Tlearer interacts Take the following example:

Az Is that scotch over there?

B: Help yourself,

A's utterance is literally a request for information (on the nature of the

liquor), yel B interprots il as a requesl for a drink Nothing in (he literal meaning

of A’s utterance could lead B to that interpretation, which can only be derived by

means of conversational implicature

1.1.3 Violating implicature

¥aced with a speaker’s non-observance of a maxim, a competent hearer

will draw one of several possible conclusions:

a) The speaker is openly ‘opting out’ from the operation of the maxim and is

unwilling to abide by the CP

b) The speaker is deliboralely and secretly subverting the maxim and the CP,

usually for some self-serving purpose This constitutes an instance of maxim

violation

c) The speaker means to observe the CP, but fails to fulfill a particular maxim

through ineptitude For example, he may ineptly use words too technival for the audience and occasion, thus inadvertently non-observing the Maxim of Manner

This is an instance of maxim infringement

d) ‘The speaker presumably means to observe the CP, and yet s/he is blatantly not observing a maxim: if he is not inept, s/he must mean something, additional to what s/he is sayings

For example, when asked what she thinks of a new restaurant, a woman

who replied: “hey have handsome carpets.” would appear to be flouting the first

Maxim of Quality Tf there 1s no reason Khai she means vol Lo be observing the CP

and that she is not mept either, then her remark must mean something other than what it literally asserts - for example, that the food they serve is not the best in

town When non-observance of a maxim 1s deliberate and mlended to be

recognized as deliberate, this is a case of Maxim Flouting (Hancher, 1978)

Paradoxically enough, more often than not, people fail to observe the

ruaxims, be il deliberately or accidentally There are five major ways of failing lo

observe a maxim: flouting, violating, infringing, opting out and suspending

Violation is defined as the unostentatious or ‘quiet’ non-observance of a

maxim A speaker who violates a maxim ‘will be liable to mislead’ (Grice, 1975: 49),

Violating a maxim is quite the opposite of flouting a maxim Violating a

amaxim rather prevents or at least discourages Ihe Hearor [rom secking for implicatures and rather encourages their taking utterances at face value ‘These

following examples were cited from Arif Suryo Driyatrnojo, in his article namely

Indonesia Political Language (page 4-6)

Violation of the Mecim of Quantity

Politicians often violate this maxim by giving loo much information as the following political language discourses

“OF course, we will discuss over some topics,” (Megawati, Takarta post 30 April 2009)

‘This utterance does not give sufficient information since there is no information that readers can get from it

Violation of the Maxim of Quality

"The electricity crisis is a consequence of the rapid growth, but | think

thai’s not a valid exouse” (Kalla, Jakarta Post, 28 April 2009)

The utterance docs not give sufficient information because the first and the second clause are not related The second clause did not support the first

clause for he was nol quite sure about bis mformation This posibble that he was

lack of evidence

Violation of the maxim of relation

*“Golkar has been providing high quabty enlerlainment in every general

election since the reform era,” (Jeffri Winter, ‘he Jakarta Post 29 April 2009)

The utterance violates the maxim of relevance because the addresser

didn’ give the relevant information The utterance also failed to address the goal

of the utterances ‘he readers were confused in analyzing it because it didn’t have any relation with the topic discussed

1.2 Review of related studies

Conversational implicatures (C.I) is a type of indirect communication, first described by the English language philosopher Herberb Paul Grice He proposes that in a normal conversation, speakers and listeners share a cooperative principle When a speaker appears not to follow the maxims, he implies a

function different the literal meaning of form The speakers assume that the hearers know thai their words should not be taken at face value and that they can

infer the implicit meaning In the electronic newspapers and other political

eciiors, conversational iuplicalures are used to get the understanding between

the writer and the readers By using Cl the writor can express their own viewpoint as well as their feeling on the discussed issues Grice’ theory has been

the foundation of mamy sludies about implicates im linguistics In a study of

Wakhana Putri namely An analysis of implicatures as found in transcript of interview between Barack Obama and Iisyam Melhem from Al-Arabiva TV, the

author has found that, mplicalures may mostly occur in pohtcal conversations

and speeches In addition, most of political utterances imply meaning Politicians tend to break the rules of cooperative principles and create conversational

implicatures As in an imterview, the politician may perform interestingly in from.

of the audience and the interviewer because he or she wants to catch the pcoplc”s

interest about what he or she talks In this study, by studying the implicatures

used in Ihe inferview of the two presidents, the author assumed thal during the

process of interview Hisyam Melhem as the interviewer expects the needed response from Obama It fulfils the cooperative principle The result of analysis

shows that, Obama violates all of the maxims and this causes the occurrence of

implicate and precisely, he violates Grice’s cooperative principle Moreover, Obama’s reasons using implicature during the interview is that he wants to show

the power of the Uniled Stale However, the slalements are bias Lo one side only

Nevertheless, he wants to be careful with what he says in commending the point

of view about the track between Palestinians and Israeli

The multidimensionality of political discourse has altracted a great deal of

attention from discourse analysis Studies vary from the role of evasion in

political talk (Harris, 1991), the relationship between politics, the government,

and the media (Fairclough, 1998, 2000; van Dijk, 1998), ideology and political

discourse (Hudson, 1978), political language in general (Wodak, 1989) have all

been given some allertion Th addition, many studies lake CDA’s perspective Lo analyze textual data made by different political leaders from different political

background, ages, gender, etc, in order to undertake a detailed investigation of

the way political speakers negotiale and maintain face work, show their national

power when interacting with each other in such contexts In the studies about political discourse in diplomatic relationship such as speeches of president

Obama (Furai), political press conferences (Aditi, 2006, Critical discourse

analysis and political press conference), political editors (Hussain), political interviews (Dr Dba’, Analyzing Political Discourse: Towards a Pragmatic

Approach), researchers found thal politicians mostly rely on pragmatic strategies

to grapple with the conflict between being uncooperative and truthful It is apparent that political discourse revolves araund being manipulative and hedgy,

giving loss information about the (ruth of things A polilician aclually hides

hngel£f behind these skills so as not to attach himself to any kind of commitment

Le may use certain pragmatic skills to attack other rival politician's face in order

to improve his; or simply lo simulate the [oelings of the population and got therm

to believe in him or drive them to follow his beliefs According to Wodak (2007

203) such pragmatic devices as implicatures can be analyzed in their multiple

fimetions im political discourse where they frequently serve cortain goals

‘The applying implicatures in political text has proved a fact that there is a strict relationship between language, political ideology and power relations

Aditi’s study gave a closer look al diplomatic talk lo commuricale political

differences in a positive way to smooth out socio-political and ideological discrepancies that often divide prominent political figures Taking a critical

discourse analysis (CDA) perspective, this arlicle analyses textual dala from

press conferences involving the former Chinese President Jiang Zemin and the

US President Gearge W Bush, who come from different ideological

backgrounds, also sharing differences in other dimensions such as age,

experience, economic status, socio-political influence and political objectives

The findings reveal tlree major themes: positivity for the reinforcement of anutual trust, respect and progress; influence and power for subtle persuasion, and

evasion to hedge or avoid responses to probing and inconvenient questions from

the media

Mostly, the studies on politics collect data from politician speeches,

interviews, conferences and on different media channels This work uses internet

newspapers as a source of information The articles are collected from papular

and reputed electronic newspapers From the studying, the writer targets on exploiting the use of conversational implicatures in the studied articles The study

hopes to draw oul the reasons how and why implicalures are used so ofien in

political texts ‘Ihe analyzing process focuses on the utilization of conversational implicatures, the features and hidden ideology of each newspaper on the events

of Vielnam - China island disputes.

1.3 Rcvicw of Victnam - China island disputes in the period of time from

2011 to 2015

he Hast Sea is a semi-enclosed sea in the Pacific Ocean, covering an area

of over 3.5 million sq km It is bordered by nine coastal countries, namely

Vietnam, China, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunci, Indonesia, Thailand,

Cambodia aud Singapore It is abundant in natural resources, especially oil, gas and marine resources Recently, data suggest that the sea has huge reserves of

iatural hydrate

The sea is the second busiest maritime route in the world after the

Mediterranean route, with 150 - 200 large-tonnage ships passing through its

walers every day Tmports and exports essential for such major economies as

China, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Chinese Taiwan and long Kong, depend

largely on this shipping route Militarily, the East Sea 1s where naval fleets from

tran courtries both inside and outside (he region operale

All these factors have led to an inevitable and obvious situation that in the

Fast Sea the ineresis of many countries are closely trerlwmed al different levels, Peace and stability in the East Sea dircetly affect peace and stability in the

region and the world China’s recent aggressive acts in the Last Sea has pushed

escalation of Lansions in the area and sparked concern Uhat the arca is becoming a

flashpoint with global consequences

The Hoang Sa (Paracel) and Truong Sa (Spratly) archipelagos consist of a

series of tiny coral reefs and banks in the middle of the East Sea At present,

these two archipelagos are at the center of complicated disputes between several countries bordering the East Sea The dispute between Vietnam and China is a

dispute over tesrilory and sovereignly over these Lwo islands China’s claims on

U-shaped line were the first case mentioned China claims by far the largest portion of territory - an area defined by the so-called "nine-dash line" which

stretches hundreds of miles soulh and cast front ils most southerly province of

11

Hainan In the next step, China did illegal and aggressive acts in the East Sca After implementing the closed door policy for a long time, this country began eyeing and eneroaching into the Fast Sea The process has happened ax in the table below

Table 1.2 Vietnam - China island dispute timeline

Year 1ivent

1909 [China began to occupy Hoang Sa (Paracel) Archipelago This

nation continued its unruly hostility by drawing the U-shaped line in

1946, which covers around 80 percent of the Hast Sea, However until May 2009 this line was public as China occupied eastern islands in Hoang Sa Archipelago and Ba Binh Island in Truong Sa (Spratly) Archipelago

1956 | The People’s Republic of China occupied the eastern part of Hoang

Sa while Taiwan held Ra Binh Island in Truong Sa

‘Two years later, the whole globe shocked with the official claim of China on its sovereignty over Hoang Sa and Truong Sa

1974 [The westem part of Hoang Sa was seized by China Some other

islands in Truong Sa were gradually occupied in 1988, remarkably Vanh Khan [sland of ‘Truong $a in 1995

1992 | China stipulated unreasonable that the Hast Sea belongs to the

teitorial waters of ils Hainan province

1999 Visinam and relaled countries have strongly protested China’s

groundless and illegal U-shape line map when this map officially submitted to the United Nations, China claims sovereignty over the whole Hoang Sa Archipelago Hoang Sa aud the adjacent waters

were considered as its natural territory It also claims sovereignty

over the entire Truong Sa Archipelago and its adjacent waters, but

admits lo have disputes

3011 | China tas boon taking more aggressive and provoking acis m the

Fast Sea, including encroaching Vietnam’s termitones and cut the

cables of Victnam’s sca surveillance and oil exploration ships named Viking 2 and Binh Minh 2 This country also issued ban on fishing in the Rast Sea, covering the traditional [ishing ground of

Vietnam

& 2012

8/2012

The information about China’s establishment of the so-called

"Sansha" city which includes the island district of Truong Sa (Spraly) of Khanh Hoa province, Vietnam and the Hoang Sa (Paracels) island district of Da Nang, Vietnam was released China armoured the opening of international bids for 9 oil and gas lot within Victnam’s oxclusive economic zone and Victnam’s continental shelf

China again opened international bid for the oil and gas block 65/12, seriously violating Vietnam's sovereignty over the Paracel Islands The nine oil and gas lots that the CNOOC opened intemational bids for are entirely in the exclusive economic zone of

200 nautical miles and the continental shelf of Vietnam

China published a map of "Sansha," which includes the Lloang Sa and Truong Sa archipelagos and the exchisive economic zone and

continental shelf of Vietnam

3/2013 While Vietnam's Binh Minh 02 ship was conducting normal seismic

exploration in the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf of Vicinam, two Chinese fishing vessels deliberately obstructed and cut the ship’s cable, regardless of the waming signal of functional

13

forces of Vietnam,

3/2014 | China deployed the mobile HD-98T drilling ng m the exclusive

economic zone and continental shelf of Vietnam ‘Ihe drilling rig is escorted by many ships of the coast guard, the naval and fishery

surveillance [orees of Chma Chinese ships attacked veasels of the

law enforcement forces of Vietnam in Vietnam’s waters They also rammed fishing ships of Vietnam These acts have heen strongly objected by Victmamn and the international communily

This study foouses on the events in the period of time from 2011 to 2015

Tu fact, this is the significant period in the Limeline of arguments For this reason,

the witer decided to study all the events related to Vietuam- China island disputes

in this period of time

14

CUAPTER 2: METHODS AND PROCEDURE

2.1 Data collection methods

in conducting this research, the researcher employs the descriptive

qualitative method and content analysis The researcher focuses on the activ

ies

such as collecting data, classifying, analyzing, and drawing the conclusion

Sutrisno Hadi (1983:30) states about descriptive method as a type of research, which only collects, analyzes, and concludes the data without concluding them

commonly Meanwhile, qualitative method is a research procedure, which produces descriptive data in the form of written or oral words of people and behavior, which can be observed (Bogdan & Taylor, in Moleong (2006: 5).The research design was content analysis deall with writen lexts According to Ary cl

al (2002) content analysis deals with analyzing, and interpreting recorded material wilhin ils own context such as public records and textbooks

This study based on some following critoria for data selection

Jiirst, news discourse is chosen specifically for analysis, thereby,

television news and racho news are nol in the investigation The data are collected

from official, reliable, popular and high-quality electronic newspaper They are

inclided phapluatdoisong.com, dantricom, nid.com.vn, vietnamnetvn, vnexpress.net, reutercom, crmcom, bbecom Such newspaper as phaphuatdoisong.com, vietnamuet.vn are either the official daily newspapers in Vietnam or the voice of Vietnamese law and political power of Vietnam's

govermnent Whereas, reuler.comt, ¢mmcom are trustworthy international

newspaper with high global edition published in 180 countries

Second all chosen articles from the newspapers have to contain

conversational maxim violation Lo gencrale implicature

Third, researcher focuses merely on the articles related to the important

events in the Vietnam-China island disputes in the period of time from 2011 -

3015

đorth, rescarcher must sort out the sentenees or phrases hold

conversational implicatures and put them in the context The researchers should

extraal some neighbouring sentences if possible

2.2 Data source

The sources of the data in this study are the articles covered the Vietnam-

China island dispules in both Vietnamese and English On this issue, there are

such a considerable number of articles written in these electronic newspapers Tlowever, with the aim of the study to investigate the conversational

implicatures, the study examines 60 articles which are believed to contain

implicatures on the major events of Vietnam - China Island disputes focuses on

the certain period of time from 2012 ta 2015

The frequency of the articles aboul Vietnam - China island disputes in the

four newspapers are different To assure an exactly finding for the similarity and

differences of Vietnamese and English newspaper articles, the number of chosen

articles are equal with 30 articles for cach language

Population is all of individuals to whom the facts which being got will be

generalized (Hadi, 1983) The population of this research was conversational

unplicature found in the articles related to the subject of the study There are a lot

of sentences that conversationally imply a meaning to the readers found in every

article However, the researcher chooses them in random The mumber of

conversational implicates chosen in the whole 60 articles in both language was

60, so the population was 60 The samples of this research are all the

conversational implicatures in the investigated articles

16

Table 2.2 Data source

No | Article Date of publishing | Source

1 | Yam Sa :"Irung July 26" 2012 http:/vietnamnet.vn/vn/thoi-

Quốc đưa dao nhỏ sutam-sa-trung-quee- đem- dao-

lớn” 82186.htnl

2 |Canh bài giản August30°2012 | http:2viemamnetvnXmthoi-

khoan nước sâu su/canh-bai-gian-khoan-ruoe-sau-

3 |Trang Quốc hung May 72014 Itp./nld.com.vi/thoi-su-trong-

hang, Việt Nam sẽ nuoc/trung-quoc-hung-hang-viet-

20140507232333293.hun

4 |Tnmg Quốc xâm May#9°2014 http: /ld.com.vivthoi-su-trong-

phạm chủ quyển, nuoe/trung-quoc-xam-pham-chu- long đôn sôi sục quyen-long-daresoi-suc-

201405081 23319994.htm

5 |Dáp lời Asean, July 2172012 hftp./vietnamnet.vnvnthoi-

quyén 81585.html

6 |Tnmg Quốc lại June 9 "2011 http://vietnamnet vn/vn‘thoi-

cấp khảo sắt của pha-cap-khao-sat-cua-vict-nam-

Việt Nam 24951 html

? |Tring Quốc cắt May 27" 2011 http:/nexpress nev/tin-tue/the-

khi của Việt Nam do-cua-viet-nam-2197200.htm!

8 | Việt Nam phản đối March 3'22011 http:/“viemamnet.vn/vn/‘thoi-

17

9 |Cất cáp dầu khi May 292011 http./vietnamnet.vn/vnthoi-

của Việt Nam, sucat-cap-dau-khi-viet-nam-

bình thường, 23121 html

10 | Việt Nam phân đối December 4° 2012 | http./vnexprsss.nevtin-tuc/fhe-

dit cap Wu Binh quov-lam-dul-cap-taubinbeminih- Minh 02 02-2397712 him]

1 [VN théng bao voi May 2572014 htp:/vietnamnetvn/vn^hoi-st/vn-

thể giới mỗi đe dọa thong-bao-voi-the-gio-moi-de-

TQ doa-tq-177318.hunL

12 |Giản khoan lấi June 11" 2014 http:/vietnamnet.vn/vivtuanvietna

Duong-981 - loan m/gian-khoan-hai-duong-981-

tính và hộ quả trên loar-linh-va-he-qua-tren-bien-

13 | Trang Quốc đã tính June 15" 2014 hittp://vietuamnet.vo/vn‘tuanvietna

sai chiến lược m/trung-quoc-da-tinh-sai-chien-

Iuoo-180938.htxnl

14 | 75 ngày giản khoan July 172014 http:/vietnamnet.vn/vrvthoi-su/75-

phi pháp rong ngay-gian-khoan-phi-phap-trong-

15 [Trung Quốc ch May 172015 butp//vnexpress nev/tin-lucithe-

chuyển giản khoan giơi/trưng-quoc-di-chuyen-gian-

Hải Dương 981 khoan-hai-duong-981-den-vi-tri- đến vị trí mới ở moi-o-bien-dong-321 9641 hit

Biển Đông

16 |Không có chuyện June 272014 http:/‘vnexpress nev'tin-tuc/thoi-

18

tàu Việt Nam đâm

tàu Trung Quốc

su/khøng-eo-chuyen-lau-v ief-ram=

dam-tau-trung~quoe-3009808.htmL

17 | Trayén thông July 26" 2012 http:/“vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/thoi-

Trung Quốc đang sttruyen-thong-trung-quoc-dang- bôi đơn Việt Nam boi-đen-viel-natu-2237851 Tưnn|

18 | Nội bộ Trung Qués December — IẾP | húp//vnexpresanetimlueflho-

tranh cải vẻ vụ 2015 giol/phan-tich/noi-bo-trung-quoe-

kiện 'đường lối tranh-cai-ve-vu-kien- đương -luoi- bởi bo-3330034.htral

19 | Hay mung vi June 19" 2013 http:/“viemamnet.vo/vnytuanvietna

Trung Quéc không m/hay-mung-vi-trung-quoc-

làm rõ đường luỡi khong-lan-ro-duơng-luoi-bo-

bởi 127572.ntnl

20 |Sự tích “đường June 30" 2014 http:/vietnamnet.vn/vivtuanyietna

lưới bờ” hoang m/su-tich-duong-luoi-bo-hoang- đường của TQ duong-cun-tg-183429:htru]

31 | 5kịch bản cho biến Tuly 3 2014 bitp//vicnamuetyn/viviuanvielna

33 [Nam 2013: Trung December 275[Tius/ww.doisongphapluaLcomid

Quốc lại khuây 2013 in-tuc/the-gioi‘nam-201 3-trung-

2013 trong-201 3-1 53609.ltml

20/12/2013

25 |“ Ấn họa” từ cảnh August 14%2013 _ | http:/viemamnetvnnthoi-suan-

sát biển Tung Quốc hoa-tu-canh-sat-bien-tq-

135464 himl

36 [Am muu bin May 232014 bitp//vielnamnetvn/va/kinh-

Dông của TQ: doanh/am-muu-bien-dong-cua-tq- Nguồn lợi ngoài nguon-loi-ngoai-dau-khi-

27 |Trung Quốc đang May19°2014 Vietuamnet.vn

đốt cháy hòa bình

¿biển Đông

38 | Biển Đông: Có âm May 1552014 bup//vielnmamnet vn/vn/tuanvielta

hoại, khiêu khieh! pha-hoai-khiew-khich-17$482.htm!

29 |Trang Quéc dùng July 232012 htip:/viemamnet vn/vn‘thoi-su/tq-

chiến lược “ nghìn dung-chien-luoc-nghin-vel-cal-o-

31 | Vietnam and China May 7" 2014 tip: /Awww.bbe.com/newsAworld-

ships ‘collide in asia-27293314

South China Sea

32 | Viemam condemns December China's sea claims 1™ 2012 | http://www reuters com/article/us-

as "serious

20

china-sea- idUSBRESB303M20121204

violation”

33 | Wrecks, vais and Tune 6st 2014 http: /edition.cnm.com/meractive/

roaches standoff in 201 4/07/world/south-china-sea-

Sta

34 A dangerous June 22014 blip edilion.cnm.corm/201 4405/28/

thể Sowh China

Sea

35 | Chinese ships May 19" 2014 http: edition cnn com/2014/05/19/

extract thousands

of citizens after

deadly allacks

36 [Chinese oil rig July 162014 blip /Avww-reulers.com/artele/us-

38 | Analysis: China's May 25" 2012 http /Avww.reuters.com/article/us-

nine-dashed line in china-sea-houndary-

39 | Vietnam builds December 18 blip: //uk reulers com/article/uk-

mulitary muscle to 2015 vietnam-cluna-conflict-insight-

21

40 | Chma and Vietnam October 11" 2011 | hlip:/Avww-reulers.com/aricle/chi

cool sea dispute iđUSLAE7LB4D420111011

4L | China says September 13" | http:/Awww reuters com/articleAws-

interests outweigh 2014 chit-viotnam-idUSKCNT1TOOX differences with

Viemam

42 [South China Sea May 7th 2014 http://www reuters com/article/us-

tensions rise 8s chitie-scas-fishermen-

Viemam says iđUSBREA.1603C201 40507

China ranuned

ships

43 |China, ASEAN July 21*2011 http:/edition.cnn.com/201 1/WOR

agree on plans to LD/asiapef/07/21 /china.sea.conflic solve South China v

Sea dispute

44 | China oil rig to August252015 | http./Avww-reuters.convarticle/us-

waler4 disputed idUSKCNOQUOUG201 50825

with Vietnam

45 | China moves June 26" 2015 http://www reuters com/articleAis-

controversial ơi southcl tnasea-china-vietnam-

rig back towards idUSKBNOPG0X3201 50626

Vietnam coast

46 |South China Sea May 17" 2014 Cnn.com

Boils: China Sends

Oil Rig Near

Viemam Again

47 | China-Vietnam May 16" 2014 http://www bbe.com/news/world-

22

49 | China warns May 82014 http://www bbe com/news/world-

Viemam over asia-27332723

stand-olf in South

China Sea

50 | Shift as Vietnam January 15" 2014 _| http:/Avww_bbe.com/news/world-

amarks South China asia-25709833

Sea battle

51 | Video shows June 5° 2014 http: /www.reuters.com/articleAus-

Viemam fishing southchinasea-vietram-

` id USKRBNORGOX0201 40605

collision with

Chinese vessel

52 | Viemam boat sinks May 27" 2014 http://www bbe.com/news/vorld-

afier collision with asia-27583564

Chinese vessel

53 | Vietnam-China May 16" 2014 http:/www.bbe.com/news/world-

tetisions Why asia-27435612

protests arc not just

jingoism

54 | China ships May 19" 2014 http://www bbe com/news/world-

evacuale Vietnam asia-27467450

$5 | Vietnam anli- May 14" 2014 tip: Awww bbe.com/newsAvorlde

China protest: asia-27403851

58 | Chinese ships May 19° 2014 hittp://edition.cnn com/201 4/05/19/

reach Vietnam to world/asia/vietnam-china-tensions/ extract thousands

of citizens after

deadly attacks

59 |Viemamese crew June 2° 2014 http: edition.cnn com/201 406/02/

speaks oul about world/asia/da-nang-sunken-

2.3 Data analysis procedure

There were also some stages on how to analyze the data, Miles and

Huberman (1994) reveal three current [ows of data analysis, namely data reduction,

24

data display, and conclusion drawing/verification Data reduction is the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and transforming data that exists in the goal Ganscriptions Dala display is organized information inchuding the [inal conclusion Conclusion drawing is meant to state a temporal result of the study

23.1, Data reduction

Tn this step, the writer reread the whole articles from the newspaper found

‘The writer only focused on the sentences which violate the conversational maxims Therefore, the writer reduced the data which do not violate the conversational

Tnaxims stave the dala would give no contribution ard resull Lo tmplicature analysis

Table 2.3.2 Coding scheme

Quality "Những gi ma cde co quan lién quan | China’s actions are

(Providing của Irung Quốc đã làm là các hoạt | legal

untrue động giảm sát và thực thị luật pháp

information) toàn loàn bình thường ở khu vực biển

thuộc thâm quyền tài phán của Trung

Quốc”

Quantity "Our Life here is hard sometimes |Their Life is really

(Providing more | because we are far from our families," | Lough

information) Hilbert Bigania, a 30-year-old

sergeant, said "We can't communicate

with them, and we're in the middie of

the ocean ‘That's our evervday life

here We can't do anything."

Relevarice The ng movement comes weeks | Vielnam is gơmg lo

25

before Vielvam's lop leader, Nguyen

Phu Trong, is expected to visit the

United States, in the first

boost a strategic tie Lo

The US as a allics and supporter In a chance

this move can falter China,

Manner

defensive mode who was it who “In these seas, China's ships were ina

took the mtiative for the clash? Who

was it who created tension on the scene? This is very clear,” Hong said be blamed but China Vietnam deserved to

26

CHAPTER 3 RESUI.TS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the research findings and discussion In this chapter, the analysis of the data is in line with the formulated research questions In findings,

there are four stages to analyze the data, namely data reduction, data display, data analysis and conclusion drawing However, the data analysis is written in separate way which then investigates the implicatures that raises as the result of violated

maxim and the types of conversational implicate The discussion part will globally be explained afler presenting the dala analysis based on the theoretical

frameworks and the previous studies

The author illustrates the findings derived from the research problems in

which the first question concerns on the forming of conversational implicature and

the violation of conversational maxims based on Grice’s theary of implicature

(1975) in Vietnamese electronic newspaper articles, the second one questions the

same matter as the first onc in English clectronic newspaper articles and the third

one concems the similarities and differences between Hnglish and Vietnamese

electronic newspapers in adopting conversational implicature

Since there are three stages of finding the result used in this study, the writer

starts reducing some sentences that violate the cooperative principle maxim which

result conversational implicature After that, the real data are displayed using table and particular The whole data are finally analyzed based on the types of Iconversational implicature in Hnglish and Vietnamese electronic newspapers

The writer only took the sentences that containing implicature or violating

the Gricean maxim Because conversational implicature can be calculable by

maxim of conversation, Ihe wriler found 60 serlences contaimng corversalional

implicatures or sentences which are indicated to violate maxim of conversation

After that all studied sentences are categorized following the table 3 in appendix

3.1, Conversational implicature in Vietnamese efectronic magazine articles

After obtaining the data, the writer disousses the findings in order to clarify

the answer of rescarch questions Tn this part, the wriler presents thie results from

27