Luận văn a contrastive analysis on lexical cohesive devices used in business news on english and vietnamese online newspapers

FACULTY OF POST - GRADUATE STUDIES PHẠM THỊ TÓ LOAN A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS ON LEXICAL COHESIVE DEVICES USED IN BUSINESS NEWS ON ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE ONLINE NEWSPAPERS PHAN TICH DO

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOT TINIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF POST - GRADUATE STUDIES

PHẠM THỊ TÓ LOAN

A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS ON LEXICAL COHESIVE DEVICES

USED IN BUSINESS NEWS ON ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE ONLINE

NEWSPAPERS

(PHAN TICH DOI CHIEU CAC PIRUONG TIEN LIEN KẾT TỪ

VỰNG TRONG TIN TỨC KINH TE TREN CAC BAO BIEN TY

TIENG ANH VA TIENG VIET)

M.A MINOR PROGRAMME TIIESIS

Field: English Linguistics Code: 60.22.02.01

HA NOT, 2014

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOT UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF POST - GRADUATE STUDIES

PHAM THI TO LOAN

A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS ON LEXICAL COHESIVE DEVICES

USED IN BUSINESS NEWS ON ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE ONLINE

NEWSPAPERS

(PHAN TICH DOI CHIEU CAC PIRUONG TIEN LIEN KẾT TỪ

VỰNG TRONG TIN TC KINH TE TREN CAC BAO BIEN TY

TIENG ANH VA TIENG VIET)

M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS

Field: English Linguistics

Code: 60.22.02.01

Supervisor: Dr Ngé Tu Lap

IIA NOT, 2014

CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY

L hereby certify that the thesis entitled “4 Contrastive Analysis on Lexical Cohesive Devices Used in Business News on English and Vietnamese Online Newspapers” is my own study in the fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree

of Master of Arts at Faculty of Post-Graduate Studies, University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi

Hanoi, 2014

Phạm Thị Tô Loan

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my

supervisor, Dr Ngd Tu L.4p for his profoumd knowledge, constant encouragement

and invaluable advice withoul which the study would not have been possible

My heartfelt thanks also go to my colleagues at Vietnam University of Commerce or their substantial help and unconditional support

T especially owe a debt of gratitude to my adorable son, my caring husband, and my thoughtful parents who give me ample inspiration, strength and willpower

in the completion of my thesis

Lastly, my gratefiulness is also extended to linguists in reference section whose

ideas and viewpoints significantly enlighten me and lead me to the right track

ABSTRACTS

The purpose of this stndy is to work towards the similarities und differences

between Isxical cohesive devices used in business news on English and Vietnamese

online newspapers With this aim, 30 news items are taken from prestigions

websites, such as BBC, CNN, Vneconomy, Catef for calculating, synthesizing and

analyzing the usc of Icxical cohesive devices in both languages The result shows

that the repetition proves to be the most effective and predomimant device in both English and Vietnamese news It is also revealed that the AdjectivetNoun

collocation in English news appears to exert its dominance over Vietnamese one

Tlowever, Vietnamese tews has the tendency to use the largest portion of

Nommt+Noun putlem arsong all types of collocation The results will iheilitate

English majors to wiile cohesive cssays and produce accurate translation belween,

English and Victresm

news, Additionally, the study also put forth some suggestions for further research in the future It is hoped that the findings and implications for leaming and teaching English in this thesis will ensure a surefire success for English majors in the pursuit of advanced English

iii

3 Research questions of the Stdy 0 0.ccccccccccsescseccseeves sates

1.2.1.Deliniden oŸ online 1iewspapeT ào ceereerece.l2

2.1 The subjccls of the study - - - 18

3.1 Frequency of using lexical cohesive devices in English and Vietnamese

3.1.1 Keiteration "7 ee

3.2 Similarities and differences in the use of lexical cohesive devices in

business news on Fnglish and Viemamese online newspapers 28

3.2.1 Similarities Welt kg ng nh teceeeiooc28)

3.3.4 T3fferenicss - - 32

2 Implicafions à cọ nh nh He Hee 37

5 Suggcstions for further research 39

APPENDICES

AdjectivetNoun Neun-Verb

Nom Now Adjective+Noun Adverb+Adjer VerbtAdverb

ve

vi

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1: Type of Cohesion

Table 1.2: Grammatical and Lexical Cohesion

Table 2.1: List of business news on English online newspapers

Table 2.2: List of business news on Vienamese online newspapers

Table 3.1: The frequency of reiteration in business news on Vietnamese

online newspapers

Table 3.2: The fequeney of reilcration in business news on English online

newspapers

Table 3.3: The trequency of reiteration in business news on English and

Victnamesc online newspaper

Table 3.4: The frequency of collocation in business news on mmEnglish |

ouline newspapers

Table 3.5: The trequency of collocation in business news on English

online newspapers

Table 3.6: The frequency of collocation in business news on English and

Vicbmrnese online newspapers

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Logos of some prestigious English online newspapers

Figure 1.2: Logos of some famous Vietnamese online newspapers

vil

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PART A - INTRODUCTION

1 Rationale

Nowadays, the widespread use af the Internet has made it possible for people

to update news anywhers and anytime through online

newspapers Apparently,

online newspaper is 4 crucial part of our lift as it keeps us well-informed about what is happening around us within one click An enormous amount of news on

daily newspapers provides us with the latest national and international events on a

wide range of topics such as: business, sports, education, society, politics, culture,

ete News not only helps to increase our knowledge but also serves as a source of entertainment With this in mind, the author has made an attempt to đo research

conceming with news, staying focus on online news due to the ubiquitons of the

Internet

Additionally, as an English teacher at Vitam University of Commerce, the

author has many chanees lo approach business English and lakes interest in teaching

business English to students in general and English majors in particular In an cffort

to improve business English to students, the author has adopted authentic mateiials including business online news which proves to be very effective and convenient in

class Besides, students are also encouraged to spend time reading business online news at home as it is very beneficial ta them in many ways The mast recognizable benefits involve the increased knowledge and extended vocabulary in business

Tlawever, there is a strong likelihood that students often encounter a lot of

troubles in comprelicnding the news duc to the complicated semantic relation

ws TIn

between the lexical items in fhe text or numerous new words in the

understanding cohesive devices within a text gives students more insight into how

wiiters organize what they want to say since lexical cohesion deals with meaning in

text, Halliday and Hasan (1976) claimed that “cohesive effect is achieved by the

selection of vecabulary” To some extend, an acquisition of lexical cohesive devices

will facilitate understanding of business news among students

Finthermore, the writer has the ambition to make a distinction of the lexical cohesive devices uscd in business news between English and Victnamese online

newspapers with the aim to figure out the sinularities and differences of busmess news in both languages Thus, the study entitled “4 contrastive analysis of lexical

cohesive devices used in business news on English and Viemamrese online

newspapers” was conducted to achieve this aim The findings of the study will hopefully lay a solid foundation to both teachers and leamers in the mastery of business English news; more importantly, create backgroud for translation

between the two languages and consequenilly, enhance the teaching and tearing of business English

2 Aims of the study

The main aims of the thesis are as follows:

- To figure oul the types of lexical cohesive devices in business news on English

and Vietnamese online newspapers

- To identify the frequency and roles of lexical cohesive devices that attribute to the success of business news in Victramese and English ontine newspaper

- To pinpoint the similarities and differences between lexical cohesive devices used

in English and Vietnamese online business news

3 The research questions of the study

In order to achieve the aforementioned aims, the study is intended to find out the

answer to three following research questions:

1 What are the types of lexical cohesive devices used in business news on English and Vietnamese ontine newspapers?

2 How fiequent are Icxical cohesive devices used im English and Victnanesc

online business news and their corresponding roles?

3 What are the similarities and differences im the use of lexical cohesive devices between English and Viemamese online business news?

4 Scope of the study

Currently, online newspapers offer a large number of issues namely: Sport, Entertainment, Political, Technology, TTealth, Pnsiness, etc Tlowever, within the

frarmewark of this tittor thesis, the author only has intention ta focus on the use of

1exical cohesive devices in online Business news

It is noted that the ubiquitous Intemet has made it casicr for readers to access

to a wide range of online newspapers than ever before Multitude of newspapers in

English consist of BBC, CNN, AP, AFP, CNBC, ABCNEWS, REUTERS,

BLOOMBERGE, etc Likewise, newspapers in Vietnamese comprise a number of

sites like VNEXPRESS, VNECONOMY, CAFEF, DANTRI, VIETNAMNET, TILANLINIEN, TUOITRE, LAGDONG, and the list goes on Due to countless sites

with numerous articles released and updated every minute daily, the author merely

desire Lo select business news from two prestigious agencies in English including BBC (www bbe.com) and CNN (www.cditionenn.com) and two business oriented websites m Vicinamesc namely, VNECONOMY (www.vnccomny.vn) and CAFEF (www.cafetvn),

As clearly stated above, the focus of the study work towards the similarities

and difterences of lexical cohesive devices used im business news on English and

‘Vietnamese online newspapers

8 Methods of the study

Tn the completion of the stndy, a variely of methods has bse adapted,

among which the main methods are qualitative and quantitative The data is taken

froin 30 business articles on both English and Victuamese online newspapers (15

articles on English online newspapers and 15 articles on Vietnamese ones) to

distinguish the similarities and differences This method involves three steps: first,

identity common types of cohesive devices used in English and Vietnamese online

business news, then figure out the frequency of occurrence of’ such lexical cohesive

devices and finally, compare and contrast to pinpoint how the two languages resemble and differ from each other Invariably, other techniques such as reference

to materials, consultation with the supervisor, and personal observations also count

6 Design of the study

The study is compesed of three main parts organized as follows:

Part 1 — INTRODUCTION specifies the background of the study which covers a wide range of information such as rationale, aims, research questions, scope, methods, and design of the study

Part 2 — DEVELOPMENT is broken into three chapters

Chapter 7 provides an overview of literature on cohesion, lexical cohesion,

online newspapers, news in general and business news in particular

Chapter 2 discusses the research method of the stutly

Chapter 3 deals with the findings and discussion of the study

Part 3 CONCLUSION summarizes the main issues of the study, accompanied by limitations and suggestions for further study Additionally, some possible implications for language teaching, learning and translations when using business news as materials in classroom are presented

PART B- DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW

1.1 Cohesion

1.1.1 The concept of cohesion

Cohesion is invelved with lexical, grammatical, and other relations «hich connect different parts of a text Ifalliday and Iasan (1976) hold the view that the puimary factor of whether a sct of sentences do or do not constitute a text depends

ou cohesive relationships within and betwoon the sontenees, which ereate texture Ialliday and Ilasan (1976) stated that:

Cohesion occurs where the interpretation of some element in the discourse is dependent on that of another The ane presupposes the other, in the sense that it cannot be effectively decoded except by recourse to it When this happens, a relation of cohesion is set up, and the two elements, the prempposing and the presupposed, are thereby at Least potentially integrated into the text (Halliday and Hassan 1976:4)

The concept of cohesion is thus semantic one, and like all the components

of semantic system cohesion is realized through grammar and vocabulary, Cohesion can therefore be broken into grammatical and lexical cohesion Grammatical cohesion includes devices such as reference, substitution, ellipsis and conjunction, whereas lexical cohesion is divided into reiteration (repetition, synonymy, near synonym, and superedinate) and collocation (co-vcowrence of lexical items) (llalliday and Masan 1976)

Ina word, cohesion refers to the linguistic constituents that make a discourse semantically coherent; or according to Hoa (2000: 23) “cohesion refers to the formal relationship that canses texts to cohere or stick together’

1.1.2 Cohesion vs Coherence

It is common knowledge that the terms cohesion and coherence are

frequently used in discourse analysis and text linguistics to describe the properties

of written texts However, there is a clear distinction between these two terms as

they differ fiom each other Cohesion can be lexical and grammatical links that comet one part of a discourse to another This invelves the use of repetition, synonym, supcrordinate grammatical reforence, collocation, ctc For cxample, “first

of all”, “then” and “finally” are used to create the sequence of a discourse

“However”, “moreover”, or “in addition” link ideas and arguments in a discourse

On the other hand, coherence reters to the unity created between the ideas,

sentences, paragraphs and sections of a piece of writing It also gives the reader a

sense of what to expect and, therefore, makes the reading easier to follow as the ileus appear to be presented in a natural way

In other words, cohesion is considered as glue that sticks together from sentence and sentence, and from paragraph and paragraph Meanwhile, coherence is concemed with sequences of ideas which relate to each other and it places much

emphasis on meaning,

1.1.3 Types of cohesion

As mentioned above, cohesion is divided into two types, namely grammatical cohesion (reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction), and lexical cohesion which include “teiteration” or “collocation” Reiteration is not only the repetition of the same lexical item but also the occurrence of a related item which may be a synonym, a near synonym or a superordinate (Ilalliday & Ilasan, 1976:279), and collocation is achieved through the association of lexical items that regularly co-occur (Ialliday & Masa 1976-284)

Aveording to Halliday and Hasan (1976), cohesion is classified according to

linguistic fonn Types of cohesion depends cither on scmantic relation in the

linguistic system or on lexico-grammiatical relations In other words, the cohesive relation can be interpreted as being sither lexicogrammatical in nature or semantic

It can be illustrated clearly in the following description:

(Naliday and Hasan, 1976:304;

Table 1.1: Types of Cohesion

Reference, substitution and ellipsis and conjuetions are fom types of grammatical cohesion while lexical cohesion encompasses reiteration and

collocation We can refer to grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion as follows:

- Clausal substitution - Adjective | Noun

Lexical cohesion refers to close relationships in meaning between lexical

items in a text and, more precisely, content words and the relationship between them Apparently, cohesion occurs when the interpretation of some components in

the discourse is dependent on that of another There are two main kinds of lexical cohesion which are reiteration (including repetition, synonym, near-synonym, superordinate) and collocation,

1.1.4.1, Reiteration

Reiteration is a form of lexical cohesion which comprises the repetition of a lexical item, or the use of words which have similar meaning, so-called synonym or neat-synonym, or the use of words which have specifie — general relation as in superordinate

Repetition

Repetition is concemed with words that are repeated in a text This involves words which are milected for tense or number and words which are derived from

particular items such as Stu and Stuart

In the following example, mshroum is repeated twice to ensure the cohesion

of the text:

There was a large nuishroon growiug near her, about the same height as herself,

and when che had looked under it, it occurred to her that she might as well lock and

see what was on the top of it

She stretched herself up ơn tiptoe, and pecped over the edge of the mushroom,

(Halliday and Hassan 1976:278)

Necdless to say, this is the anost occuring form of lexical coliesion since il is

merely idenliced to (he procedinys lexical items:

Climb refers back ta ascent im a way that both tans have ihe same level of

gencrality and are therefore synonym in a natrower sense

Near-synonym

Near synonyms are words that have the same meaning but differ in lexical nuances, Hassan and Halliday (1976) exemplified this issue with the following

extract!

Then quickly rose Sir Bedivere, and ran,

And leaping down the ridges lightly, plung’d

Among the bulrtsh beds, and cluich’d the sword

And lightly wheel’d and threw it The great brand

Made light’nings in the spendour of the moon

In this example, brand refers back to sword, of which itis a near synonym

1.1.4.2 Collocation

Collocation refers to the natural combination of words, the way in which

English words are closely associated with each other

Benson, Benson and Ison (1986a-b) defined collocation as follows:

In English, as in other languages, there are many fixed, identifiable, non-idiomatic phrases and constructions Such group of words are called recurrent combinations, fixed combinations, or collocations Collocations fall into two major groups grammatical collocatians and lexical callocations (1986b: 1x)

Examples of grammatical collocations inclnde: account for, by accident, take over, etc They consist of a nom, an adjective, or a verb, plus a preposition of grammatical structure such as an infinitive or clause, Lexical collocations, on the other hand, donot eonlain prepositions, infinitives, or clauses, bul consist of various combinations of nouns, adjectives verbs and adverbs Benson (1986) categorizes

several types of lexical collocations:

1, Verb+ Noun: anake decision, run a company,

2 Adjective » Noun: strong coffee, profitable business

3, Noun + Verb; economy grows, sales increase

4 Nounl +Nound: a herd of buffalo, business tip

5, Adverb | Adjective: slightly different, hugely profitable

6, Verb + Adverb; change rapidly, spend lavishly

Within the scope af this unnor thesis, the author has no ambition to cover

both grammatical and Icxical collocation Instead, she just makes an attempt to

explore the use of lexical collocation in business news on both English and

Vietnamese newspapers

1.2 Online newspapers

1.2.1 Definition of online newspaper

An online newspaper is the online version of a newspaper, either as a stand-

alone publication or as the online version of a printed periodical Online newspapers

stand many good chances of competing with broadcast journalism (such as radio and television) in updating breaking news in a more timely manner Actually, online newspapers share some common features with printed newspapers, such as having

legal boundaries regarding libel, pricacy and copyright

Nowadays, there is an increasing number of online newspapers offering news about all aspects of life ranging from education to business Most visited newpapers

in English include: BBC, CNN, Bloomberg, etc The logos of some best-known

sites in English are presented below

ÔWWcm mm

ADP Associated Press REUTERS

Figure 1.1: Logos of some prestigious English online newspapers

Regarding online newspapers in Vietnam, on November 19" 1997, our

country officially joined global information network as a direct consequence of radical growth in online newspapers worldwide In February 1998, the online

version of “Que ương” became the first electronic Vietnamese

newspapers on the Internet Up to the present days, Vietnam has witnessed a

boom in the development of hundreds of online newspapers The following logos represent prestigious sites of Vietnamese online newspapers

Figure 1.2: Logos of some famous Vietnamese online newspapers

1.2.2 Features of online newspapers

Online newspapers have the following noticeable features:

© Online newspaper can be published in real time, updating breaking news and events every minute

© Online newspaper can comprise multimedia elements such as: text and graphics

(newspapers and books), sound, music, motion video, and animation (broadcast

radio, TV, film), 3D, ete

e There is a high interactivity on online newspapers Precisely, hyperlinks help to

link various elements of a lengthy and complex work, introduce numerous

points of view, and add depth and detail Sometimes online newspapers comprise of hyperlinked set of web pages which can themselves include

hyperlinks to other websites,

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* Readers can respond instantly to articles presented by the online journalists; this response can take several forms Email to the reporter or editor resembles the

traditional letter to editor of print publications, but email letters can be published

much sooner onfing than in pr

© Online newspapers can also take advantage of threaded discussions that let readers respond immediately to an article, and to the comments of other readers, ina bulletin board-style discussion that can be accessed at any time

1.3 News

1.3.1 Definition

According to Richard Campbell (2013), news was defined as follows:

“News is the communication of selected information on current events which is presented by print, broadeast, Internet, or word of mouth to a third party or mass

audience.”

Oxtord Advanced Leamers’ dictionary explains that news is “reports of recent events that appear in newspapers or on television or radio”

Anoflur noteworthy definition specifies that news is ull of the following

- information, especially information you haven'theard before,

- something interesting ar important to you,

- something that has or will have an impact on you and others,

- wha the media repor!

Qarnes Schaffer, 2009)

Putting it all iogether, we say news is information we haven't had before that

is delivered throngh a mass medium and has some impact on our lives

1.3.2 Characteristics of news

People, events and information that are newsworthy share common identifiable characteristics Not all characteristics are present in every news story, but every item that is newsworthy will have one or more of these characteristics:

timeliness, prominence, proximity, conflict, impact and human interest

© Timeliness: an cvent is reported ws soon as it happens An accident, a fire, the

signing of ponce treaty or the resull of an clection is news when it happens

* Proninence: is about someone whose name or job (such as the president of the United States) is well known and easily revoynized by the public

« Proximity: refers to a news story that happens close to home

© Conflict: involes two sides engaged in a “battle” from which one will emerge the

wine, such as a story about war, an athictic competition ot an election

«Impact: is based on the effect or cosequence the story will have on the audience

« Human interest: refers to story that satisfies your curiosity about other people and what happens to them,

1.3.3 Business news

It is without a doubt that business news involves news about business and

investwent The Telegraph online specifics thal business news involves “what is happening in the cconomy, companics, share and moncy markets and how you can

make the most of your personal finances.”

With regards to business news on Ringlish online newspaper, there is a wide range of topies such as Markels, Reonomy, Tnvesting, Small business,

Enireprencurship, Companies, Stock markels, Likewise, business news ơn

Vietnamese online newspapers is cơmmnonly œdcgorized into various groups Hike Stock Market, Entreprencur, Real Estate, Market, Tech, Commpanics, Finance and

Banking, Macro-economics

Obviously, all the articles on both English and Vietnamese online newspapers share the same visible fealures For instance, both present firrancial facts and figures, snalyze and evaluate current situations and give prediction ta the

future,

1.4 Related studies

Cohesion in general and lexical cohesive devices in particular has long been of great interest to many researchers, For instance, in her graduation paper, Bui Thi Nhung (2007) has made an attempt to analyse lexical cohesive devices used in English Istters of enquiry The paper draws some conclusions about the frequently used devices including reiteration and collocation in letters of enquiry im Tìnglish and makes some suggestions for further studies Likewase, Tran Thi Thanh Hai (2001) has conducted a study entitled: “A Contrastive Analysis of English and Victnamese Sales Letters” to identify the similarities and differences between the use of lexical cohesive devices, namely reiteration (including repetition, synonyms, near- synonyms, superordinate) and collocation (comprising Noun-collocations and others) in English and Viemamese sales tetiers It is also worth mentioning a another research by Pham Phuong Lan (2012) which analyses lexical cohesive devi

s from some reading texts of the couse book "English for Busi

Sindy"

Pharm puinls out some commun lexical devices used m several selected texts in

Business English course book based on the taxonomy of cohesion by Halliday and

Hasan The res t of study shows that of all the đevices, repelition securs most

frequently in ercating the cohesion of the texts

Apparently, among previous studies, none las been talked about the use of

Jexival cohesive devices in business news, to be more specific, in business online

16

news in English and Vietnamese newspapers This encourages the author to do rescarch on this issucs with the hope to bring to light the similarities and differenees

in the use of lexical cohesive devices in English and Vietnamese business online

news.

CIIAPTER 3: RESEARCII METHOD

2.1 The subject of the study

The subjects of the study comprise 30 pieces of news of which 15 pieces

come from English online newspapers and the same amount are taken from Vietnamese ones With regard to English news, two world-wide prestigious news agencies, namely IBC and CNN are fully exploited Specifically, the author

gathered news in business section on http:/Avww.bbe.com/ews/business/ and hitp:/inoncy.erm.com/, Tn an effort lo compare and contrast the use of texical cohesive devices belween English and Victnarnese online news, two Viclnaniese

sites: http://vncconomy viv and http:/cafef.vn/_arc taken advantage of

The length of these news items varies ftom 126 to 500 words and covers a

wide range of business-related topics As seen from the homepage display of BBC,

the business sectioss on Ittp:/www bbe.comn/news/business! is categorized into:

Market Data, Economy, Entreprenewship, Busmess of Sport, Companies,

Technologies of Business, and Knowledge of Economy Whereas, business news on

hitp://money.cnn.com/ is composed of Market, Investing, Economy, Tech, Personal Finance, Small Business, Luxury, Media Regarding Vietnamese news on

hitp://vneconomy viv, the following sections are displayed on homepage: Breaking

news, Finance, Stock Market, Real Tistate, Market, World, Tech Meanwhile,

hitp:/cafefvn/ offers to readers various sections including Stock Market, Real

Estate, Companies, Finanez and Banking, International Finance, Macroccononrics, Mechandise, Data

To ensure the reliability and validaty of the study, a variety of topics on the above mentioned newspapers are exploited and exantined thoroughly for later

calenlation and synthesis of lexical coliesive devic

The following tables state th

30 selected news in English and Victnamese online newspapers

released NEO | Hocing raises 2014 prafit forecast up:Sewwrhbe.com/ncwsimsiness- 24 April

BNE02 | Microsoft set to axe 18,000 jobs hữtp:/rwns bbc.com/ncwslbusiness- 17 ly

BNED [US car makers report strong seles | hllp:iwww.0bc.com/newsibusiness- 2 Nme

RNEO | Hewlett-Packard te cut up to 16,000 | http::Anww.bbc.com/news/business- 23 May

BNET | Another fruit company wants to merge | http:money.cnn.conv2014/08/LLin August

with Chiquita ewsicompaniesichiquita-bananay 11,2014 BNEW | Sony reporls ira annual profit im ñve | hllp/wavw.bbc.cominewsbusmes- 9 May

TANEOS [Russian import han fucls food pricc | hỦpArwwhbecomincwwwmld- 18 Angust

BNELO | Billionaire buys $201 million life | http:/money.cnn.conv/2014/03/16in March 16,

insurance policy ews/billionaire-life-insurance! 2014 BNEL [UK bank bil with $300 million New | hilp:moncy.cnn.com/2014/0815n Augus

York fine cws/companics/stancharianoncy- — 20, 2014

laundering’

RNEIZ [McDonalds coffee coming la |húpmoneyenncom:20i408Điôm Angug

BNEIS [Google revenue helped by ads as | hUpiwarwbbccominewsbusinesse- l§ July

BNEI4 |Hmrozane inflation falls to 0.5% in | http:‘Avvw.bbe.com/news/business- 31 March

19

BNEIS [Franch business output grew in [hữpi/vwwbbccominewsbusines- 24 Maich

Table 2.1: List of business news on English online newspapers

Code lews’ Headlines Source Date released

BYNOT QuýT, chứng khoán Việt Nam táng | hữp:cafefvnahii-truona-chung- | 02/0472014

TRVN03 TEN “lai vuạt kế hoạch" nhớ tăng | hftp:2vneconamy.vnlthi- 30/6/20141

giá điện truong/evn-lai-vuot-ke-hoach-

20140630115053927.him

TVN04 Vi sao thị tang bat động sản | hftp:2vneconsmy.vnlhi- 30/05/2014

không sup 487 Icuang/bat-<tong-san-

TIVN07 Doanh thu của Starbucks ở Việt | hftp:vneconemy.vn/doanh- 18/5/2013

Nam “vượt Kỷ vọng” nhan/đoanh-thu-cua-starbtcks-o-

vid-nant-vuot-ky-vong 20130518010825479.hìm

BYNOS Goi 30.000 lý: Lãi suật vẫn cao, | hữp:vnceonomy.vnbacdang | 18/4/2014

hạn vay lại ngắt san/goi-3000(-1y-lai -suat-vam-

cao-han-vay-lai-ngan-

20140418102414363.hùn

BVN09 HUDI: Lợi nhuận ting 23% sau | lưtp:2cafef.vn/doanh- 98/04/2014

20

lại nhuận sau thuế năm 2013 thêm | nghien/huẢI-loi-nhuan-tang-23-

20140108001 3278677ca36.cha BVNII | 7 thang: VietSet det doob thu hou |7 thang: Vietlet dat doanh dn | 0014

3.800 tỷ đồng, nộp ngân sách gin | hon 3.800 tỳ đẳng, nộp ngân cách

RVNT2 [Nga amin rét š tý USD vao foc | hiipVcatef mw/kinhte-vimo- | 22/08/2017

dau Dung Quit dau-tvinga-muon-rot-3-1y-usd-

‘vao-Loc-dau-durig-qual- 21408221124012077ca33.cha RVNIS — [VST: Chua hạch toán 51 tý đồng | hñpz/cafefvnnloanh-nghiqvvsr- | 23/08/2014

chỉ phí lãi vay, 6 tháng vấn lễ ròng | chua-hach4oan-51-ty-donghn-

63,6 tý đồng phi-lai-vay-6-thang.van-lo-rong-

636-ty-dong- 201408181450250303ca36.chn BVNI1 [Kimmagiáđáicolhetimggẩpđôi |hfpzwneconomyvnibardong | 22/8/2014

sandkhung-pia-dat-co-the-tang- gap-doi-

201408221 22444623 him BVNI5 - | Giá xăng trang nuốc giảm 600 | http:/meconomy.vivthi- 18/8/2014

trương/gia-xantg-lrong-Tfuoc- giam-600-đongtil-

20140818034152802,him

Table 2.2: List of business mews on Vienamese online newspapers

2.2 Methodulegy

To attain the contrastive analysis of lexical cohesive deviess used in business

news on English and Vietmamese online newspapers, the thesis adopts the following, steps and corresponding methods:

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Step 1 - Qualitative method: desuription amd imerpretation of some tations

bascd on the works of gurus and outstanding authors related to cohesion, lexical

cohesion, online newspapers and news ave revealed Alongside, the author’s

observation through a number of articles on online newspapers also helps to

envision the overall features of online news in genreral and the use of lexical

cohesive devices in both English and Vietnamese news in particular

Step 2 - Quantitative method: Bach type of cohesive deviecs in both English and Vietnamese news are discovered, then counted separately, and finally calculated into the fonm of percentage for comparison,

Step 3 - A combination of Qualitative aid Quanttaiive metheds: the

percentage of each type of cohesive devices in English and Vietnamese news are categorized in groups for comparing and contrasting It is through this process that

the significant level of each lexical cohesive devices used im business news 15 explored thoroughly

CILAPTER 3: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Frequency of using lexical cohesive devices in English and Vietnamese online newspapers

Repetition Synonym Near- Superordinate

synonym

Table 3.3: The frequency of reitcration in business ncws on English and

Vietnamese online newspapers

As shown ftom tables above, repetition constitutes the largest portion of all, which respectively accounts for 79.1% and 80% in English and Viemamese news

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Aocordingly, synơnymn, new-synonvrn, nud snperorfinale mercly mske up a sual

percentage It is noticcable that English news cmploys twice as many synonyms as

Vietnamese one; the former occupies 7.3% and the later only make up a modest percentage of 3.6% Additionally, there is a slight difference in the use of near-

synonym in English and Vietnamese news: 5.2% in English as compared to 6% in Vietnamese Lastly, the percentage shows that superordinate ranks second afer repetition in terms of frequency of ocourrence Business Vietnamese news has the tendency to use more superordinate rather than English one Precisely, about 8.4%

of superordinale is adopted in crealing the cohesion of the text in English whereas, a higher pe

ectitage of 10.4% is utilized in Victmamese news

In general, the above figures unfold the fact that repetition is hy far the most frequently used in business news in both English and Vietnamese Needless to say,

il proves lo be the most effective tool to uwintain the cohesion in any: text Furthermore, other lexical cohesive devices like synonym, nearsynonym and

to identify which subtype is mostly used iu English and Vieuramese news and then

the contrast between the two will be analyzed

25

BNE €alocaicn | YSN | ASREN [ NIV [ NITN2 [AiwtAdi[ VrAlv

qGiat N3)

newspapers

BNVN Collocation | V4N ad}iN | NHV © NI-N2 | Adv-Aaj | ViAdv

ot N3)

Table 3.6: The frequenuy of colloeation in business news on English and

Vieinamese online newspapers

The table 2.8 reveals that in English news, Adjcctive+Noun is the most

frequently used among all sublypes of collocation with the poreentage of 28.9% On

the contrary, a very low portion, approximately 5.3% of Adjective+Noun is used in

Vietnamese news Another aspect conceming Nour+Noun collocation shows that

Vietnamese news has the highest usage of this type which represents 43.9%;

whereas only 26.7% is practised in English news As far a3 Verb | Noun collocation

is concerned, there is a considerable rate of Verb+Noun collocation in English and

27

Vichmese wilh 28.6% and 29.6% rospeolivcly Although NountVerb collocation appears to take a small pereontage of 12.2% in English and 10.6% in Victnamese, the proportion of Adverb+ Adj is even lower than Noun+ Verb which makes up 4.4%

in English and 1.5% in Vietnamese It is noteworthy that Verb+Adverb collocation merely constitutes 2.2% in English news, however in Viemamese news the percentage is neatly five times as much as English one

It can be concluded that in English business news, AdjectivetNoun is likely preferable than any other types of collocation, Meanwhile in Vietnamese business news, Noun+Noun collocation is deemed the most effective tool to maintain the

cohesion of the text

3.2 Similarities and Differences in the use of lexical cohesive devices in

business news on English and Vietramese online newspapers

imilariiex

‘The first noticeable similarity is that the mostly used cohesive device in

both languages is the repetition of the content words or sometimes key words throughout the articles In English 8, the frequently ocewted words are listed as

fallows:

Profit, earning, quarter, share, revenue, firnt, sales, jobs, business, employee,

company, econanty, cle

Meanwhile, Vietnamese news inclines to use the following words at high frequency

doanh nghiép, doanh thu, khách hàng, thị trường, lãi suất, ngân hàng, lợi nhuận,

“thuế, dự ân, đầu tr, eto

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Actually, such words in both languagcs occurcd sơ Íioquently dục to the fieL that they arc associated with key issuos in busincss such ns profii, revenue, company, ete, These commen temns are always of great concern for readers as well

as firms or those who take interest in economy

The second common thing in lexical cohesive devices between Rngtish and Victramese news is the repetition of proper nouns including proper names, company names, countries, cities, ote, For instance, the following words are mentioned repeatedly in some English and Vietnamese news rtems

CEO Howard Schultz, Boeing Microsoft, UK, US HP, Sony, Russia, , Hud, Ranh keo Hii Ha, VieWet, Nua, Gazprom Nef, VST, Handi

‘The third prominent similarity is easily recognizable through the use of superordinate, Truly, superordinate in both English and Viemamese rank second

= Income: pay, bonus, salary, wage (RNRO6)

= Fruit: oranges, apples, peaches, lemons (3NEO7)

e Currency: yon, US dollar (BNE08)

ve City: Moscow, St Petersburg (BNEO9}

ve Coumry: Russia, Ukrame, US, Chma (BNEO9)

2 Quée gia: Viét Nam, Dubai, Philippines, Ai Cap, Quartar, Indonesia, Nga,

‘Trung Quắc (BNVNU1)

29

2 Ngắn hang: HD tank, Ocean bank, AB bank, Ngan hàng Nhà nước (BNVN02)

s_ Euật Luệt nhà ở, luật kinh doanh bắt đồng sản (BNVN04)

ø_ Giá: giả lương thực thực phẩm, giá hàng hỏa cơ bản (BNVN05)

3 Fay: vay néi té, vay ngoại tệ (BNVN08)

& Thanh phé- London, New York, Hé Chi Minh, Bangkok (BNVNO7)

Finally, in terms of collocation, English and Victnamesc share onc thing in

common which is clearly seen from the figures above Both languages make use ot

a small percentage of Noun+Verb pattem, and both even use smaller portion of

Adverb—Adjective collocation Undoubtedly, not much attention is given to these

two types in the process of unifying the whole text in both Mnglish and Vietnamese news

Some examples of N+V in English news are:

3 Gid didn ting

o Von din tit

ao =