Luận văn a comparative study on conversational implicatures used in political electronic english and vietnamese articles on vietnam china island disputes

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOL UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST- GRADUATE STUDIES XU SEE ORIOLE IE VÕ THỊ MAI PHƯƠNG A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON CONVER

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOL UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF POST- GRADUATE STUDIES

XU SEE ORIOLE IE

VÕ THỊ MAI PHƯƠNG

A GOMPARATIVE STUDY ON CONVERSA TIONAI IMPTLICATƯRES

USED LN SOME POLITICAL ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE ELECTRONIC NEWSPAPER ARTICLES ON THE EVENTS RELATED

TO VIETNAM-CHTINA ISLAND DISPUTE

(Nghiên cứu sơ sánh hàm ngôn hội thoại được sử dụng trong các bài

báo chính trị về các sự kiện liên quan dến tranh chấp biển đáo Việt

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOL UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF POST- GRADUATE STUDIES

XU SEE ORIOLE IE

VÕ THỊ MAI PHƯƠNG

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURES

USED IN SOME POLITICAL ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE

ELECTRONIC NEWSPAPER ARTICLES ON TEE EVENTS RELATED

TO VIETNAM-CHINA ISLAND DISPUTE (Nghiên cứu so sánh hàm ngôn hội thoại dược sử dụng trung các bài

báo chính trị về các sự kiện liên quan đến tranh chấp biển đảo Việt

Nam - Trung Quốc trên một số báu diện tử Tiếng Anh và Tiếng ViệU

M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THES!

DECLARATION

T cortily duit this minor thesis eniled “A comparative study on Conversational Implicatures used in political electronic English and Vietnamese articles on Vietnam - China island disputes” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts is the result of my wark, except otherwise acknowledge and that this minor thesis and any part of the same has not been submitted for a higher depree to any other university or institution

Hani, January 2017

Signature

Võ Thị Mai Phương

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

After the past two years I have received the support and encouragement

{rom many individuals to accomplish this research Therefore, T hereby would like to express my profound gratitude to all of them

Above all, T would like to express iy deepest appreciation to my

supervisor, Doctor Do Thi Thanh Ha for all of her invaluable inspiration,

assistance, critique, sincere guidance and encouragement as | was working on my study

Besides, 1 am grateful to all lectures and staff of Kaculty of Postgraduate Studies, University of Languages and International Studies for their valuable

lessons and precious help Thanks to them, I could get the essential materials for

my paper

Finally, my sincere thanks go to my family and my friends who always

stand by me and support ie when T was domg the research Without their

encouragement, 1 would not have been able to complete this thesis.

ABSTRACT

The lopie en polilies has attractod many rescarchers in aHl fields and

linguistics is not an exception, specially, the announcements of official politicians and commentary, judgments of the specialists informed on the media Nowadays, the political events of the global countries have been updated almost immediately by the assistance of internet Hlectronic newspapers play a very important role and grab much power in the modern life

Tn the world recently, the politcal movements in Asia especially between

Vietnam and China island disputes have wasted the inks and papers of worldwide newspapers The study was conducted to compare the use maxim violation to

generals conversational implicalure of Fnglish and Vicinanesc clectronic

newspapers ou the coverage hottest events on Vietnam - China island disputes in the period from 2011 to 2015 The analysis inclades examining the methads of

goncraling implicature which consisls of violating four conversational maxims

based on Relevance ‘theary of Grice Based on the findings, it is concluded that

both Fnglish and Vietnamese newspapers showed their creativity in using

diferent devices to violate the maxims to generate conversational implicatures

In addition, the two types of newspapers share a lot of similarities Specially, the quality maxim is violated the most frequency among four maxims Besides, the study assumes that the language of politics and journalism affect deeply on the applying of maxim violation to generate conversational implicatures The study also contributes a new finding that conversational implicatures and Relevance theory of Grice both work effectively in not only oral conversations but also in

indirect conversation such as in written texts whose speakers/ hearers interaction

are wnilers/ readers mleraction to convey the meaning and messages

iit

3 Aims Of shuẩy ào

A Scope of the study

5 Methods of the stuxly

6 Orgamuzation of the study

PART B: DEVELOPMENT

CUIAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW

1.1 Theories on conversational implicature

1.1.1 Tmplicature and Co-operation

1.1.3 Conversational and Conventional Imphealures:

CHAPTER 2: METHODS AND PROCEDURES

2.1 Data collection methods

2.2, Data SOULCE 5A

2.3 Data analysis procedure 0

3.1.1 Conversational implicatures gencrated by violating the maxim of quality in tne magazine articles .ccesssssessssstnessnineessiseesstsatnsessenessonee 30

2 Conversational impheatures generated by violating the maxim of quantity

in

3.1.3 Conversational implicalures generated by violating the maxizn of relation

3.1.4 Conversational implicatures generated by violating the maxim of manner

in nglish magazine articles "¬ 34

34

3.2 Conversational implicatures in Finglish electronic maga

3.2.1 Conversational implicalures generated by violating the maxim of quality in

Enalisl nagazine articles ¬ 36 3.2.2 Conversational implicatures generated by violating the maxim of quantity

in linglish magazine articles "` 37

3.2.3Conversational implicatures generated by violating the maxim of relation in English magazine articles 38

3.2.4Conversatioual implicatures generated by violating the maxim of manner in

English magazine articles 0 :cccccceesceee "` 39 3.3 Comparison between Linglish and Vietnamese electronic newspaper articles

3.3.2 Differences cee HH0 HH ren 4

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CP: Cooperative Principle

CNOOC: China National Offshore Oil Corp

CDA: Critical Discourse Analysis

US: United States

USA: United States of America

ASEAN: Association of South Last Asian Nation

CT: Conversational Torplicatire

VN: Vietnam

CN: China

WEF: World Eeonomie Forum

SCS South China Sea

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.2 Vietnam - China island dispule timeline

Table 2.2 ]2ata souree

Table 2.3.2 Coding scheme

Table 3.1 Frequency of maxim violation in Vietnamese articles

‘Table 3.2 Frequency of maxim violation in English articles

Table 3.3 Data comparative

vii

PART A: INTRODUCTION

1 Rationale of the study

Nowadays, online newspapers have indispulably become one of the most useful and convenient source of information Along with the spread of internet, online news is increasingly popular due to the availability and convenience they

provide With internet and computer, the readers have a chance to get a great deal

of diverse online newspapers Political news is always the hot area of information that attracts readers’ attention Due to the fact that news are posted and updated

simullaneously to assure the accurate of the news, especially the uews related to

politics Such news need to express the truth ‘t'hey are also governed by the state power for the political purposes Therefore, the writers have to use some kinds of

pragmatic devies

thal nmplicatures are the most common one To teach to the understanding between the writer and the receivers or readers, using implicatures

as a useful linguistic resource is a useful way Realizing the importance and

significant of implicatures in newspaper article, this study 1s carried out to

investigate the use of implicate in transferring the information to in the

language of Vietnamese and English newspaper articles

2 Research questions

Based on the background and the focus of the research, the writer

proposed three questions for this study, those are:

1) What are the conversational maxims that are violated in the Vietnamese

electronic newspaper articles on Vietnam- China island disputes to generate

conversational implicatures?

2) What are the conversational maxims that are viclated in the Hnglish

electronic newspaper articles on Vietnam- China island disputes to generate

3 Aims of the study

‘The study deals with the exploitation of conversational implicatures in the

Vietnamese and English political newspaper articles Therefore, the study is

aimed specifically:

- To identify the conversational implicatures which are generated and the

conversational maxims which are violated in the political Vietnamese electronic

newspaper article on Vietnan- China island disputes

- To identify the conversational implicature which are generated and the

conversational maximus which are violated in the political English electronic

newspaper article on Vietnam- China island disputes

- To compare the similarity and differences of adopting implicatures in

English and Vietnamese clectrouic newspapera on Viclnam - China island

disputes

4 Scope of the study

The study focuses on analyzing political articles in the press, nol on

television or radio or any other media ‘The Vietnam-China island disputes lasted

from a long tine before However, due to the linnt of ime, this research is only

concemed with the main events in the time from 2011 to 2014 The newspapers

selected are doisongphapluat.com, vietnamnet.vn, ynexpress.net, dantri.com and three other English popular and reputed ones - cnn.com, reuters.com and bbe.com Those newspapers are chosen for the reason that they update and announce the official information from the government, Moreover, they are the

voice of the national law with high reliability and accuracy Therefore, the data collected are reliable to all readers

5 Mcthods of the study

The study is an allempl to carry oul an analysis of Engbsh and Vietnamese

newspaper articles on some of the most important cvents of Vietnam-China island disputes in terms of implicatures Specially, it focuses on how implicatures

is formed to convey the information about the island disputes between the lwo

tk

countries The research applies thơ theory of implicatures and cooperative principle which are proposed by Grice to identify the forming process of

the writer works as the primary instrument of data collection that compiles

words, analyzes then inductively, concerns with the meaning of participants, and describes an expressive language processes (Creswell, 1998) In this case, the

wniter collected Ihe whole data related (o senlences in electronic newspaper

articles Vor a further description of the methods of the study, see chapter 3

6 Organization of the study

This sludy consists of three main parts’ Introduction, Development and

Conelusion

Part A: Introduction presents the rationale, scope, aims and methods of the study

Part B: Development: in this part, three chapters are presen

Chapter 1: Literature Review deals with the theoretical framework relevant to the

topic

Chapter 2; Methods and Procedure gives detailed description of data collection

method and analysis procedure

Chapter 3: Results and Discussion of the results constitutes the main part of the study ‘This part represents the results from the analysis on the utilization on conversational implicatures in the English and Vietnamese newspaper articles and discusses the findings

Part C: Conclusion and Suggestion summarizes the findings of the study with regard to the results of conversational implicature investigated some limitations,

implications and suggestions for further research.

PART B: DEVELOPMENT CUAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW

1.1 Theories on conversational implicatures

1.1.1, Implicatures and Co-operation

Up to now, there are some definitions of implicatures proposed by

scholars and tinguisls Amongst them was Grice, who may be said to introduce

the term of first time in his William James lectures in 1967 Ile defined

implivatures as “a uation which is not explicitly stated but inferable from the

conventional meaning of some linguistic unit in an utterance and taken to be communicated” According to ‘Thomas (1995), Grice’s theory is “an attempt at

explaining how a hearer gets from what is said to whal is meant, from the level of

what you expressed meaning to the level of implied meaning.” To help the readers understand implicatures more, he gave an example of implicatures as

stated below:

“We must remember your telephone bill”, she said, hinting that Louis has talked long, enough “Good bye”, said Louis ringing off It takes the rich to remind one

of the bills, she though

In the example, we can see that when the speaker utters the words “We must remember your telephone bill”, she is implying that she wants to close the

conversation This necessary lo distinguish between implying and inferring, or

implicature and inference Implicatures are generated intentionally by the speaker

and may be understood by the hearer whereas inference is produced by the hearer

deducing something from evidence

Levinson (1983:97) mentions that the projection of the concept of

implicatures in recent work in pragmatics is due to a number of sources First,

implicalures stand as a paradigmatic cxample of the maluro and power of pragmatic explanations of linguistic phenomena Second, implicatwes provide

some explicit account of how il is possible to mean more than what is actually

said, Le more than what is litorally cxpresscd by the eonvcntional senses of the linguistic expression uttered

The

mt the conversation, the speaker and the hearer co-operate with

each other, in other words, they follow the cooperative principles that Grice has

described in term of four categories of special cases, which is called “Maxims” These maxims can briefly be characterized in modified forms below:

1) Maxim of Quantity: Be brie€ Make your contribution as informative as required and no mare

2) Maxim of Quality: Be true Do noi say wial you believe to be false and de not say that for which you lack adequate evidence

3) Maxim of Relation: Be relevant

4) — Maxim of Manner: Be clear Avoid ubseurity and arubiguity

It is suggested that the inferences arise based on the observation of four mentioned conversation maxims With the implicatures in which speakers

deliberately choose lo Nout one of the maxims, we call then fouling

implicatures

11.2 Conversational and Conventional Implicatures

Thomas (1995;58) stated “To imply is to hint, suggest or convey some

meaning indirectly by means of language” (‘Thomas 1995: 58), Lle indicates that

Grice distinguishes between two kinds of implicatures: conversational implicatures and conventional implicatures

Conventional implicatures which convey the same extra meaning regardless of context and is always lexicalized Conventional implicatures are carried by a restricted mumber of words: but, even, therefore, yet

Grice gives the following convincing examples

He is poor bul honest

This is an utterance stating that honesty appears contrary to expectations

in relation to financial under privileges

John is an Englishman therefore he is brave

And this is an utterance which triggers cntailment built on the argumentative of reaching a conclusion based on a set of premises

Premise 1: All Englishmen are brave

Premise 2: John is an Englishman,

Conclusion: John is brave

Conversational implicatures, which convey different meanings according

to different contexts, ie are calculated afresh each time the Speaker and the

Ilearer interacts Take the following example

Az Is that scotch over there?

B: Lelp yourself

A’s utterance is literally a request for information (on the nature of the

liquor), yet B interprets it as a request for a drink Nothing in the literal meaning

of A’s utterance could lead B to that interpretation, which can anly be derived by

means of conversational implicature

1.1.3 Violating implicature

Faced with a speaker's non-observanee of a maxim, a competent hearer

will draw one of several possible conclusions:

a) The speaker is openly ‘opting out’ from the operation of the maxim and is

imwilling to abide by the CP

b) The speaker is deliberately and secretly subverting the maxim and the CP, usually for some self-serving purpose his constitutes an instance of maxim

violation

c) The speaker means to observe the CP, but fails to fulfill a particular maxim

through ineptitude For example, he may ineptly use words too technical for the audience and occasion, thus inadvertently non-observing the Maxim of Manner This is an instance of nuaxim infringement

d) The speaker presumably mcans te observe the CP, and yet s/he is blatantly not observing a maxim; if he is not inept, s/he must mean something additional to whut she is saying

For example, when asked what she thinks of a new restaurant, a woman

who replied: “hey have handsome carpets.” would appear to be flouting the first

Maxim of Quality Tf there ts no reason that she means nol lo be observing the CP

and that she is not inept either, then her remark must mean something other than what it literally asserts - for example, that the food they serve is not the best in

town When non-observance of a maxim is deliberate and intended to be

recognized as deliberate, this is a case of Maxim Mlouting (Hancher, 1978)

Paradoxically enough, more often than not, people fail to observe the

maxims, be it deliberately or aucidentally There are five major ways of failing to

observe a maxim: flouting, violating, infringing, opting out and suspending

Violation is defined as the unostentatious or ‘quiet’ non-observance of a

maxim A speaker whe violates a maxim ‘will be lable to mislead’ (Grice, 1975:

49)

Violating a maxim is quite the opposite of flouting a maxim Violating a

maxim rather prevents or at least discourages the Hearer from secking for implicatures and rather encourages their taking utterances at face value ‘These

following examples were cited from Arif Suryo Priyaimojo, in his article namely

Indonesia Political Language (page 4-6)

Violation of the Maxim of Quantity

Politicians often violate this maxim by giving too much information as the following political language discourses

“OF course, we will discuss over some topics,” (Megawati, Jakarta post 30 April 2009)

This utterance does not give sufficient information since there is no information that readers can get from it

Violation of the Maxim of Quality

"The electricity crisis is a consequence of the rapid growth, but I think

that's not a valid excuse” (Kalla, Jakarta Post, 28 April 2009)

The utterance docs not give sufficient information because the first and the second clause are not related he second clause did not support the first

clause [or he was not quite sure aboul bis information TLis posible that he was

lack of evidence

Violation of the maxim of relation

“Golkar has been providing high quality entertamment in every general

election since the reform era,” (Jeffri Winter, ‘fhe Jakarta Post 29 April 2009)

The utterance violates the maxim of relevance because the addresser

điển! give the relevari information The utterance also failed to address the goal

of the utterances ‘fhe readers were confused in analyzing it because it didn’t have any relation with the topic discussed

1.2 Review of related studies

Conversational implicatures (C1) is a type of indirect communication, first described by the English language philosopher Herberb Paul Grice He

proposes thal an anormal conversation, speakers and listeners share a cooperalive

principle When a speaker appears not to follow the maxims, he implies a

function different the literal meaning of form The speakers assume that the hearers know thal their words should nol be taken ai face value and thal they can

infer the implicit meaning In the electronic newspapers and other political

editors, conversational iuphcalures are used to get the understanding between

the writer and the readers, By using CI, the writer can oxpross their own viewpoint as well as their feeling on the discussed issues Grice’ theory has been

the foundation of many sludies about implicatures in linguislios Tn a study of

Wakhana Putri namely dn analysis of implicatures as found in transcript of interview between Barack Obama and Iisyam Melhem from Al-Arabiya TV, the

author has found thal, imaplicatures may mostly occur in political conversations

and speeches In addition, most of political utterances imply meaning Politicians tend to break the rules of cooperative principles and create conversational

implicatures As in an interview, the politician may perform interestingly in from.

of the audiencc and the interviewer because he or she wants to catch the pcople’s

interest about what he or she talks In this study, by studying the implicatures

used in the inlerview of the two presidents, the author assumed that during (he

process of interview Hisyai Melhem as the interviewer expects the needed response from Obama It fulfils the cooperative principle The result of analysis

shows that Obama violates all of the maxims and this causes the occurrence of

implicature and precisely, he violates Grice’s cooperative principle Moreover, Obama’s reasons using implicature during the interview is that he wants to show

the power of the Uniled State However, the slatements are lias Lo one side only

Nevertheless, he wants to be careful with what he says in commending the point

of view about the wack between Palestinians and Israeli

The multidimensionahty of political discourse has atlracted a great deal of

attention from discourse analysis Studies vary from the role of evasion in political talk (Harris, 1991), the relationship between politics, the government,

and the media (Fairclough, 1998, 2000; van Dijk, 1998), ideology and political

discourse (Hudson, 1978), politival language in general (Wodak, 1989) have all

been given sore atlention In addition, many studies lake CIDA’s perspective lo analyze textual data made by different political leaders from differcut political

background, ages, gender, etc, in order to undertake a detailed investigation of the way political speakers negotiate and maintain face work, show their national power when interacting with each other in such contexts, In the studies about political discourse in diplomatic selationship such as speeches of president Obama (Iwai), political press conferences (Aditi, 2006, Critical discourse analysis and political press conference), political editors (Hussain), political interviews (Dr Dba’, Analyzing Political Discourse: Towards a Pragmatic

Approach), researchers found thal politicia

s mosily rely on pragmatic slalegies

to grapple with the conflict between being uncooperative and truthful It is apparent that political discourse revolves around being manipulative and hedey,

giving less information about the truth of things A politici aclually hides

humself bchind these skills so as not to attach himself to any kind of commitment

Le may use certain pragmatic skills to attack other rival politician's face in order

lo improve his; or simply lo simulate the (oclings of the population and got them

to believe in him or drive them to follow his beliefs According to Wodak (2007

203) such pragmatic devices as implicatures can be analyzed in their multiple functions in political discourse where they frequently serve certain goals

‘The applying implicatures in political text has proved a fact that there is a strict relationship between language, political ideology and power relations

Adiiti’s study gave a closer look at diplomatic talk to communicale political

differences in a positive way to smooth out socio-political and ideological discrepancies that often divide prominent political figures Taking a critical

discourse analysis (CDA) perspective, this article analyses textual data [rom

press conferences involving the former Chinese President Jiang Zemin and the

US President George W Bush, who come from different ideological

backgrounds, also sharing differences in other dimensions such as age,

experience, economic status, socio-political influence and political objectives

The findings reveal three major themes: positivity for the reinforcement of mutual trust, respect and progress; influence and power for subtic persuasion, and

evasion to hedge or avoid responses to probmg and inconvenient questions from

the media

Mostly, the studies on politics collect data from politician speeches,

interviews, conferences and on different media channels This work uses internet

newspapers as a source of information The articles are collected from popular and reputed electronic newspapers From the studying, the writer targets on exploiting the use of conversational implicatures in the studied articles The study hopes to draw oul the reasons how and why implicalures are used so often in political texts The analyzing process focuses on the utilization of conversational implicatures, the features and hidden ideology of each newspaper on the events

of Vietnam - China island disputes.

1.3 Review of Victmam - China isiand dispufes in the pcriod of time from

2011 to 2015

‘The Hast Sea is a semi-enclosed sea in the Pacific Ocean, covering an area

of over 3.5 million sq km It is bordered by nine coastal countries, namely Vietnam, China, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Thailand, Cambodia and Singapore It is abundant in natural resources, especially oil, gas and marine resources Recently, data suggest that the sea has huge reserves of

natural hydrate

The sea is the second busiest maritime route in the world after the

Mediterranean route, with 150 - 200 large-tonnage ships passing through its

walers cvery day Tmports and exports essential for such major economies as

China, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Chinese Taiwan and Hong Kong, depend largely on this shipping route Militarily, the East Sea 1s where naval fleets from

many countries both inside and outside dhe region operate

All these factors have led to an inevitable and obvious situation that in the

Fast Sea the inferesis of many countries are closely iteriwined al different! levels Peace and stability in the East Sea directly affect peace and stability in the

region and the world, China’s recent aggressive acts in the ast Sea has pushed

escalation of tensions in the area and sparked concem that the area is hecoming a

flashpoint with global consequences

The IIoang Sa (Paracel) and Truong Sa (Spratly) archipelagos consist of a

series of tiny coral reefs and banks in the middle of the East Sea At present,

these two archipelagos are at the center of complicated disputes between several countries bordering the Bast Sea The dispute between Vietnam and China is a

dispute over lerrilory and sovereignty over these bwo islands China’s claims on

U-shaped line were the first case mentioned China claims by far the largest portion of territory - an area defined by the so-called “nine-dash line" which

siretches hundreds of miles soulh and cast from ils most southerly proves of

11

Hainan In the noxt step, China did illegal and aggressive acts in the Hast Sca

‘After implementing the closed door policy for a long time, this country began eyeing and encroaching into the Fast Sea The process bas happerted as in the table below

Table 1.2 Vietnam - China istand dispute timeline

Year livent

1909 [Chíma began to occupy Hoang Sa (Paracel) Archipelago This

nation continued ils urmuly hostility by drawing the U-shaped line in

1946, which covers around 80 pereent of the Hast Sea However until May 2009 this line was public as China occupied eastem islands in Hoang Sa Archipelago and Ba Binh Island in Truong Sa (Spratly) Archipelago

1956 | ‘The People’s Republic of China occupied the eastern part of Hoang

Sa while Taiwan held Ba Binh Island in Truong Sa

‘Iwo yeors later, the whole globe shocked with the official claim of China on its sovereignty over IToang Sa and Truong Sa

1974 | The westem part of Hoang Sa was seized by China Some other

islands in Truong Sa were grarlually occupied in 1988, remarkably Vanh Khan Island of ‘Iruong Sa in 1995

1992 | China stipulated unreasonable that the Hast Sea belongs to the

territorial waters of its Hainan province

1999 Visinam and relaled courtries have strongly protesled China’s

groundless and illegal U-shape line map when this map officially

submitted to the United Nations China claims sovereignty over the

whole Hoang Sa Archipelago Hoang Sa aud the adjacont waters were considered as its natural territory It also claims sovereignty over the entire Truong Sa Archipelago and its adjacent waters, but

admits to have disputes

3011 | China has boon taking more aggressive and provoking acts in Ihe

Basl Sea, mecluding eneroachmp Vieiwn”s terrlores and cụt the

cables of Victnam’s sca surveillance and oil exploration ships

named Viking 2 and Binh Minh 2 This country also issued ban on fishing in the Fast Sea, covering the traditional fishing ground of

Vietnam

& 2012

8/2012

The information about China's establishment of the sc-called

"Sansha" city, which includes the island district of Truong Sa (Sprally) of Khanh Hoa province, Vieinam and the Hoang Sa (Paracels) island district of Da Nang, Vietnam was released China announced the opening of international bids for 9 oil and gas lot within Victnam’s oxclusive economic zone and Vietnam's continental shelf

China again opened international bid for the oil and gas block 65/12, seriously violaling Vietnam's sovereignty over the Paracel Islands The nine oi] and gas lots that the CNOOC opened intemational bids for are entirely in the exclusive economic zone of

200 nautical miles and the continental shelf of Vietnam

China published a map of "Sansha," which includes the Lloang Sa and Truong Sa archipelagos and the exclusive economic zone and

continental shelf of Vietnam

/2013 While Vietnam's Binh Minh 02 ship was conducting normal seismic

exploration in the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf of Vietnam, two Chinese fishing vessels deliberately obstructed and

cut the ship’s cable, regardless of the waming signal of factional

13

forces of Vielram

5/2014 | China deployed the mobile HD-98T drilling rig im the exclusive

cconomic zone and continental shelf of Vietnam The chilling rig is escorted by many ships of the coast euard, the naval and fishery

surveillance forces of China Chinese ships altacked vessels of the

law enforcement forces of Vietnam in Vietnam’s waters They also rammed fishing ships of Viemam These acts have been strongly

objected by Vietnam and the international community

‘This study focuses on the events im the period of time from 2011 to 2015

Tn fact, this is the significant period in the Lineline of arguments For this reason,

the witer decided to study all the events related to Vietnam- China island disputes

in this period of time

CHAPTER 2: METHODS AND PROCEDURE

2.1 Data collection methods

In conducting this research, the researcher employs the descriptive

qualitative method and content analysis The researcher focuses on the activ

ies

such as collecting dala, classifying, analyzing, and drawing the conclusion

Sutrisno Ladi (1983:30) states about descriptive method as a type of research,

which only collects, analyzes, and concludes the data without concluding them

commonly Meanwhile, qualitative method is a research procedure, which produces descriptive data in the form of written or aral words of people and behavior, which can be observed (Bogdan & Taylor, in Moleong (2006: 5) The roscarch design was content analysis dealt with wrillen texts According to Ary cL

al (2002) content analysis deals with analyzing and interpreting recorded material

wilhin ils own conlexL such as public records and textbouks

This study based on some following criteria for data selcotion:

Virst, news discourse 1s chosen specifically for analysis, thereby,

television news ancl radio news are not im the mvestigalion The data are collected

from official, reliable, popular and high-quality electronic newspaper They are

included phapluatdoisong.com, dantri.com, nldcom.vn, vietuamnet.vu,

vnexpress.net, reuter.com, cnncom, bbecom Such newspaper as

phapluatdoisong.com, vietnamnet.vn are either the official daily newspapers in Vietnam or the voice of Vietnamese law and political power of Vietnam’s

government, Whereas, reuler.com, cnn.com are Irustworthy mieimalieral

newspaper with high global edition published in 180 countries

Second, all chosen articles from the newspapers have to contain

conversational maxim violation to generale implicature

Third, researcher focuses merely on the articles related to the important

events in the Vietnam-China island disputes in the period of time from 2011 -

2015.

Forth, rescarcher must sort out the sentences or phrases hold

conversational implicatures and put them in the context, ‘The researchers should

oxtrael some neighbouring senlences if possible

implicatures, the study examines 60 articles which are believed to contain

implicatures on the major events of Vietnam - China Island disputes focuses on

the certain period of time from 2012 to 2015

The frequengy of the articles about Vietnam - China island disputes in the

four newspapers are different ‘fo assure an exactly finding for the similarity and differences of Vietnamese and English newspaper articles, the number of chosen

articles are equal with 30 articles for each language

Population is all of individuals to whom the facts which being got will be generalized (Hadi, 1983) The population of this research was conversational

uuplicatuc found in the articles related to the subject of the study There are a lot

of sentences that conversationally imply a meaning to the readers found in every

article However, the researcher chooses them in random The number of

conversational implicates chosen in the whole 60 articles in both language was

60, so the population was 60 The samples of this research are all the

conversational implicatures in the investigated articles.

Table 2.2 Data source

No | Artiele Date of publishing | Source

1 |Tam Sa :*Trung July 26" 2012 hitp:/(vietnannet.vn/vp/thoi

2 |Canh bài gin August 302012 | hitp://vietnamnet.vn/vn/thoi-

3 [Trung Quốc hung May 752014 bitp//nld.com vivihoi-suetrong-

5 |Dap lời Asean, July 21* 2012 hữtp./vietnamnet.vnvn/thoi-

7 |Trumg Quốc cit May 27" 2011 hitp://vnexpress nevtin-tuc/the-

cấp Hiểm đò đầu gioiArung-quoo-pha-cap-taur-thaim-

8 | Việt Nam phản đổi March 3" 2011 http://viemamnet.vn/vn/thoi-

17

trân ở Trường Sa tap-tran-o-truong-sa-]11189.html

9 |Cất cáp dầu Khi May 29" 2011 http./victnamnet.vn/viwthoi-

Trung Quốc nói là trung-quoc-noi-la-binh-thuong-

10 | Việt Nam phản đổi December 4" 2012 | http://vnexpress net’tin-tuc/the-

đít cáp tấu Bình qquuoc-lanu-dul-cap-taucbinkeminih-

11 |VN thông báo với May 25" 2014 hifp:/vietnamnet.vn/vn/thoi-su/vn-

thể giới mỗi de doa thong-bao-voi-the-gioi-moi-de-

12 |Giản khoan Hai June 11" 2014 http:/victnamnet.vo/viytuanvietna

tinh va hé qui trên toan-tinlrva-he-qua-tren=bien=

13 | Trung Quéc di tinh June 15" 2014 http://vietnamnet.vn/vn‘tuanvietna

Tuge-1 80938 hunt

14 | 75 ngày giản khoan July 17" 2014 bitp//vielnanmet vn/vn/thoi-sw/75-

15 [Trung Quốc di May 17" 2015 bitp./vnexpress net/lin-lucfthe-

chuyển giản khoan gioi/trung-quoe-di-chuyen-gian-

đến vị trí mới ở moi-o-bien-dong-321 9641 bial

Biển Đông

16 |Không có chuyện June 27 2014 http://vnexpress nev'tin-tue/thoi-

tàu Việt Nam đâm su/khong-co-chuyen-lau-viel-nam-

17 | Truyén théng July 26 2012 http://ynexpress nevtin-tuc/thoi-

18 | Nội bộ Trung Quốc December 18" | blip //vnexpress net/in-tue/the-

tranh cãi về vụ 2015 gici/phan-tich/noi-bo-trung-quoc-

19 |Hãy mừng vì Tune 19" 2013 bitp//vietnanmuel vn/vn/tuanvictna

20 |Sự tích “dường June 30" 2014 http://victnamnet.vo/viytuanvietna

21 | 5kịch bản cho biên July 3 2014 bitp//vielnanuel vn/vn/tuanvictna

183965.html

22 |“Gác tranh chấp, June ]3”2013 thtp:/viemamnet.vn/vn/tuanvietna

cũng phải triển” ở r/gac-ranh-chapr-oimg-phat-tricn-

23 [Năm 2013: Tnmg December — 27" [iny/www.doisongpiapliaLcomid

Quốc lại khuấy 2013 in-tuc4he-gionam-2013-trung~

al 5833 hil

24 [Biểu Pong, Hoa December 20” [Ety/vietnmmmeLvnAvtvthoi-

Déng - vùng nóng 2013 sw/bien-dong-hoa-dong-vung-

25 |“ Ấn họa” từ canh August 14%2013 |hữip.//vichamnetvn⁄vnthoi-suan-

28 | Biển Đông: Có âm May 15" 2014 bitp//vielnamnel vn/vn/tuanvietna

29 [Trung Quéc ding July 2372012 hitp:/vietnamnet.vn/vn/thoi-su/iq-

chiến luợc “ nghìn dung-chien-luoc-nghin-vel-cal-o-

31 | Vietnam and China May 7" 2014 bitp:/www.bbe.convnewsAvorld-

South China Sea

32 | Vietnam condemns December China's sca claims 1™ 2012 | http: /Avww reuters com/article/us-

as "serious

20

chitia-sea- idUSBRESB303M20121204

33 | Wrecks, rats and Time 6st 2014 http: /edition.com.com/nteractive/

roaches standoff in 201 4/07 Avorld/south-china-sea-

the South China dispute/

Sca

B4 A dangerous Tune 22014 http /ciion.crm.corn/201.4/05/28/

the South China

Sea

35 | Chinese ships May 19” 2014 hitp edition cnn.com/2014/05/19/

extract thousands

of citizens after

deadly altacks

36 [Chinese oil orig July 16" 2014 hitp./Avww reulers.com/article/us-

moved away from china-viemam-rig-

38 | Analysis: China's May 25" 2012 hitp./Avww.ccuters.com/article/as-

nine-dashed line in china-sea-boundary-

39 | Vietnam builds December 18h itp: //ak reulers com/arlicle/nk-

military muscle to 2015 vietnam-china-conflict-insight-

21

40 | China and Vietnam OcloberlI®2011 [hútp.//www.reulers.com/amicleichi

AL | China says September 13° | hitp:/Avww reuters com/article/us-

interests outweigh 2014 chína-victnam-idUSKCNI 100% differences with

Vietnam

42 |Souh Chia Sea May 7th2014 hitp:/Aeww.reuters.com/article/us-

Chỉna — rammed

ships

43 |Cha ASEAN July 21* 2011 http /edition.cnn.com/201 1 WOR

agree on plans to LD/asiapct/07/21 /ehina.sea.conflic

Sea dispute

44 [China oil rig to August 252015 | hitp.//www.ceuters.com/article/us-

with Vietnam

45 | China moves June 26” 2015 http: //www.reuters.conv/article/us-

Vietnam coast

46 | South China Sea May 17" 2014 Cnn.com

Toils: China Sends

Oil Rig Near

Vietnam Again

47 | China-Vietnam May 16” 2014 http://www bbe com/newsAvorld-

22

A9 | China warns May 8" 2014 http://www bbe com/news/world-

slandolT in South

China Sea

50 | Shift as Vietnam January 1S" 2011 | http: /Avww bbe com/news/world-

Sca battle

51 | Video shows June 5" 2014 http://www ccuters.convarticle/us-

collision with,

Chinese vessel

$2 | Vietnam boat sinks May 27" 2014 hitp:/www-bbe.convnews/vorld-

Chinese vessel

53 | Vietram-China May 16" 2014 http://www bbe com/news/vorld-

protests arc not just

jingoism

$4 | China ships May 19" 2014 hitp /Avww bbe com/newsAvorld-

Vietnam anli- May 14" 2014

58 | Chinese ships May 19" 2014 http://edilion.enn.com/201.4/05/19/

reach Vietnam to world/asia/vietnam-china-tensions/ extracl thousands

of citizens after

deadly attacks

59 |Viemamese crew June 2°" 2014 hitp //edition.cnn.com/201 4/06/02/

ship sinking fishing-boat/

disputed waters

60 | Chinese dilemmas June 23” 2011 http //edition.cnn.com/201 1 /OPINI

Sca

2.3 Data analysis procedure

There were also some stages on how to analyze the data, Miles and

Hubennan (1994) reveal three current flows of data analysis, uamely dala reduetion,

24

data display, and conclusion drawing/verification Data reduction is the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and transforming data that exists in the real (ramscriplions Dala display is organized information including the final conclusion Conclusion drawing is meant to state a temporal result of the study

231 Data reduction

In this step, the writer reread the whole articles from the newspaper found

‘The writer only focused on the sentences which violate the conversational maxims Therefore, the writer reduced the data which do not violate the conversational

maxims since the dala would give no contribution and result Lo implicalure analysis

2.3.2 Data analysis

The writer then classified these sentences based on the type of conversational

maxim thal being viclated, the type of conversational implicalurc The data will be

classified based on the type of conversational maxim that being violated as follows:

Table 2.3.2 Coding scheme

‘Quality "Những gì mã các cơ quan liên quan | China's actions are (Providing của Trung Quốc đã làm là cáo hoại | legal

untrue động giảm sát và thực thị luật pháp

information) hoan loàn bình thường ở khu vực biển

thuộc thẫm quyền tài phán của Trung

Quốc”

‘Quantity "Our life here is hard sometimes |Their Hfe is really

(Providing more | because we arc far from our families," | tough

information) Hilbert Bigania, a 30-year-old

sergeant, said "We can't communicate will them, and we're in the middie of

the ocean ‘That's our everyday life

here We can't do anything."

bøf[ore Vielmam's top leader, Nguyen

Phu Trong, is expected to visit the

‘United States, in the first

boost a stralegte Lie Lo

The US as a allics and

defensive mode who was it who "In these seas, China's ships were in a

took the initiative for the clash? Who

was it who created tension on the scene? This is very clear," ITong said Vietnam deserved to be blamed but China

26

CHAPTER 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the research findings and discussion In this chapter, the analysis of the data is in line with the formulated research questions In findings,

there are [our stages to analyze the dala, namely data reduction, data display, dala analysis and conclusion drawing However, the data analysis is written in separate way which then investigates the implicatures that raises as the result of violated

maxim and the types of conversational implicature The discussion part will

globally be explained afer presenting the dala analysis based on the theoretical

frameworks and the previous studies

The author illustrates the findings derived from the research problems in

which the first question concerns on the forming of conversational implicature and

the violation of conversational maxims based on Grice’s theary of implicature

(1975) in Vietnamese electronic newspaper articles, the second one questions the

same maller as the frst one in English electronic newspaper articles and the third

one concerns the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese

electronic newspapers in adopting conversational implicanure

Since there are three stages of finding the result used in this study, the writer

starts reducing some sentences that violate the cooperative principle maxim which

resull conversafional implicalure Afler thal, the real data are displayed using table

and particular The whole data are finally analyzed based on the types of lconversational implicature in English and Vietnamese electronic newspapers

The writer only took the sentences that containing implicature or violating

the Gricean maxim Because conversational implicature can be calculable by

maxim of conversation, the writer found 60 sentences containing conversational

implicatures or sentences which are indicated to violate maxim of conversation

After that all studied sentences are categorized following the table 3 in appendix

3.1 Conversational implicature in Vietnamese electronic magazine articles

After obtaining the data, the writer disousses the findings in order to clarify

the answer of research questions In this part, the writer presents the results from

27