Luận văn a study on expressions of futurity in english in comparison with their vietnamese equivalents

Scope of the study I can study about future expressions but in this paper, I only focus on expressions of futurity in English with restrictions on their forms aud usage as well as Vietna

A STUDY ON EXPRESSIONS OF FUTURITY IN ENGLISH

IN COMPARISON WITH THEIR VIETNAMESE

Mai Thuý Phương, M.A

HAI PHONG, IUNE - 2009

BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO 'TR- ỜNG DẠI HỌC DAN LAP HAI PHONG

NHIỆM VỤ ĐỀ TÀI TỐT NGHIỆP

NHIỆM VỤ ĐỀ TÀI

1 Nội dung và các yêu cẩu can giải quyết trong nhiệm vụ để tài tốt nghiệp

(Về lý luận, thực tiễn, các số liệu cần tỉnh toán và các bản vẽ)

2, Cức số liệu cầu thiết để thiết kế, lính toáu

3 Địa điểm thực lập tốt nghiệp

CAN BO LL ONG DAN ĐỀ TÀI TỐT NGHIỆP

Ng- ol b- Ong dn thit nhat:

TH và lên:

Hoc him, he vis

Cỡ quan công TÁC: cọ nh HH HH HH H0 HH HH HH nang dung

Dé (ai (6t nghiệp đ- ợc giao ngày tháng nắm 2009

Yêu cầu phải hoàu thành xong tr- ốc ngày thắng nâm 2009

Đã nhận nhiệm vụ Ð.T.T.N Đã giao nhiệm vụ Ð.T.T.N

Sinh viên Cán bộ h- ứng dẫn dể tài tốt nghiệp

Hải Phòng, ngày tháng năm 2009

CỦA CÁN BỘ CHẤM PHẢN BIỆN ĐỀ TÀI TỐT NGHIỆP

1, Đánh giá chất l-ợng để lài tối nghiệp về các uất thu nhập và phân tích số liệu ban đi:

luận chọn ph- ơng án tổi -u, cách tính toán chất l- ợng thuyết minh và bản vẽ, giá trị lý luận và

thực tiễn của đề tài

ILL Scope of the study

TV Method of the study

V

Part two: Development

Chapter one: Theoretical baclkpround <ec xaeeeeeireeeriie

» The morphology of lexical €TÙs so te

Regular lexical verbs

Irregular lexical verbs

Classification of lexical verbs

‘Tense and Aspect

L Expressions of foturity in EnglislL sec re 16

IL Differences between the expressions of fnturity in English in comparison

Chapter three: Some Problems Possibly Faced by Vietnamese Learners,

Suggestions and Solutions

L Possible problems faced by Vietnamese learme ts umenin mnnmnnaneminimnn mnie

1 Misusing between Will and Going to

In terms of showing Intention

Tn tens of showing Drcdicliou

In terms of showing Conditions

2 Misusing between Simple Future aud Future Continuous

A Specific time

Question about sumebody’s intention

Non-continuous verbs/Mixed verbs e

3 Misusape betweeu Future Continuous aud Future Perfect Continuous

1I Some solutions †o overcone te pTObÏ€1T1 sec seeeeteexerierrerrerrie

1 Salutious to problems of misusage between Will and Going to:

2 Solutions to problems of misusage between Simple Lurure and Mature

PART ONE: INTRODUCTION

I Rationale

Tanguage is a typical individual (cature of cach country Th is a mean of communicating and exchanging information, culture, techaology, scicnce, cíc However, to communicate and exchange them among conatry all over the world, it

is necessary for people to use a commou language As you know, Euglish is described as global language It has becume increasingly important In the global

infegration process, English plays a main cole Thank to English, people can connect each other, then enhance the understanding among the countries in all aspect of life, aud together create a developing world As a result, English step by step becomes the universal language

It is the fact that using Euglish effectively cau belp everyone to lind ä good job;

therefore, improving the Euglish skills aud levels is very uccessary for peuple That

is the reason why English is becoming compulsory subject at all schools The

English curriculum improves learners’ ability to communicate and also fosters a strong liberal arts background, marketable communication skills etc

Iu the aspects of language, Grammar which plays an important role ia governing the

use of a given natural language is a field of linguistics ‘'raditionally, grammar

included morphology and syntax; in modern linguistics these subficlds are complemented by phonctics, phonology, scmantics, and prapmatics English graumnar is a body of rules specifying how meanings are created in English

English grammar is investigated and studied by many grammarians with many aspects, in which the futurity expressions in Lnglish are a popular phenomenon

‘The futurity in Unoglish can be express in several different ways depending on

context of the surrounding information, semantic, timing, speaker attitude or

opinion, etc ‘These are quite complex to determine As the literatnre concerning the

future in English is wide, it may take many years of study for a learner to accomplish wative s

peaker-like usc of these constrictions

Furthermore, each language has individual references to the future time Thus when studying these expressions of futurity in English, many foreign learners, especially

Vietnamese leamers have difficulties in mastering ‘Those are the reasons why 1

want to focus on Lixpressious of futurty in l¿nglisù in comparison with their Vietnamese equivalents | hope that the study will belp Vietnamese learners to

nnderstand more cleatly and usc more effectively these expressions

1L Aims of the study

The study is aimed at:

e Supplying au overall investigation into expressions of futurity in English with

focns on form and usage

« Figuring out the similarities and differences between these expressions

e Identifying some possible problems faced by learners in using these

expressions and some solutions

II Scope of the study

I can study about future expressions but in this paper, I only focus on expressions of futurity in English with restrictions on their forms aud usage as well as Vietnamese equivalents Because each langue has its individual grammar, Vietnamese grammar

is different from English one In grammar Vietnamese, the parts such as: “teuse” or

‘aspect™ are rather uofamiliar, therefore, it is very difficult for Vietnamese learners

not to make mistakes when studying future tense, especially expressions of futurity

in English ‘Thus, in this study, what are expressions of futusity in English, their

forms & usage as well as Victnamesc cquivalcats which are made out

12

Hffort was made to do this paper as I expect that this study to some extent will provide for those who pay attention to sonic problems faced by Vicluanesc loarucrs

when Icarning Expressions of English fnturity

IV Methods of the study

‘Vo carry out the study, data are first collected from reliable books and websites then

they are analysed to find out the common use of futurity expressions as weil as their

distinctive meanings

Next to, a comparative study is made between expressions of futurity in English their Vietnamese equivalents (only ai level of trauslatiag English sentences conlaining expressions of futurity in Euplish into Vietuamese)

The results attained from the comparative study are then analysed in order to Lind

out the basis on which futurity cxpressious are used and reflect their mucauings

Also, some problems are hypothesized and then addressed with certain effective

measures fo tackle

V Design of the study

The study consists of ree main parts, namely:

e The iatreduction in which rationale, aims of the stmdy, scope, methods and

design are presented

©) The Development includes:

Chapter oue presenting au averview of verbs and related issues

Chapter two elaborating Expressious of Cuturity in English in comparison with

their Vietnamese equivalents

Chapter three dealing with problems possibly encountered by Vietnamese

learners, suggestions and solutions to these problems

® The conclusion, in which related issues in the study are summed up and some suggestions for further study are preseuted

13

PART TWO: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER ONE; THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

1 Verb

1 Definition

Verb is the part of speech (or word class) that describes an action or occurrence or

indicates a state of being

(www prammar about.com)

2 Types of verb

‘There are various ways in which will be necessary to classify verbs According to

Quirk (1994: 25) basing on the functions of verb phrases, they are classified into

- Auxiliary 1/ Primary be, do, have

2/ Modal can, may, could, cic

3 Verbal forms

According to Quirk (1994: 25), many Fnglish verbs have tive forms: the BASE, the -s FORM, the PAST, the -ING PARTICIPLR, and the -ED PARTICTPLE Example of these forms and an indication of their functions are given ia the table below Regular lexical verbs have the same -ed infloction for both the past tense and the -cJ participle (called) Iregular lexical verb forms vary from three (©.g pul, pots, pulling) (o cight (be, am, are, was, were, being, becu) The medal auxiliaries are defective in not having infinitive (* to may), -ing participle (*

maying), -ed participle (* mayed), or imperative (* may!)

14

Form Symbol E.g Function

(1) base Vv Call (a) all the present tense except 3° person

Dri singular: I/you/wesilicy call every day

Put (b) subjunctive: He demanded that she

call and sec him (e) the bare infinitive: He may call; and

the to infinitive: Te wauls her to call

Q) sfom(3" Vs Calls 3" person singular present tense:

(4) ing Ving Calling —_(a) progressive aspect (be + V ing): He’s

(present Putting (>) ining participle clauses: Calling

participle) carly, [found her al boc

(5) ed V-ed2 Called —_(a} perfective aspect (have + V-ed2): Ie

participle (past Drak has drunk the water

participle) Put (b) passive voice (be + V-ed2}: Ile is

called Jack

(c) in -ed participle clauses: Called early,

he had a quick breakfast

The abbreviation V-ed will he used to where V-cd1 has the same form as V-cd2

IL Lexical verbs

1 The morphology of lexical yerbs

According to Quirk, R et al (1994: 27), we will consider lexical verbs under two

heads: regular (such as call) and irregular (such as drink) In all of them, the —s form and —ing participle are predictable from the base form They different in that the edl,and ed2 forms in irregular verbs cannot be predicted from the base

Regular lexical verbs

« Regular lexical verbs have the following forms:

v Base Call Like Try

Viing — -ing participle Calling «Liking Trying

Ves-+s Fom Calls — Likes Tries

V-ed Past/-ed Participle Called = Liked — Tred

« The -ing and -s forms

‘The -ing form is straightforward addition to the base

The s form is also predictable from the base It has three spoken realizations: /iz/,

fzf, and /s/, and two spellings -s and -es

(2) Prouomneed fiz/ after bases ending in voiced or voiccless sibilant and spelled

-cs uuliess the base already ends in —c:

Pass — passes budge - budges

(2) Pronounced /2/ and spelled s after bases ending in other voiced sounds:

Call - calls rab — robs Now — lows

16

(3) Pronounced /s/ and spelled -s after bases ending in other voiceless sounds:

Cut — cuts lock — locks sap — saps

« The past and the -ed participle

‘The past (V-edl) and the -ed participle (V-ed2) regular verbs (spelling -ed unless

the base ends in -e) have three spoken realizations:

Aid/ after bases ending in /df and /t/:

Pad — padded pat — patted

/df after bases ending in voiced sounds other then /d/:

t/ after bases ending in voiceless sounds other than A/-

Pass — passed pack —packed

Irregular lexical verbs

lrregular verbs have a varying, aumber of distinct forms Since the -s and -ing forms are predictable for regular and irregular verbs alike, the only forms that need be listed for irregular verbs are the base (V), the past (V-cdl), aud the past participle (¥-cd2) Most ieregular verbs have, like mgular verbs, only one common variation

in this cespect, as the table shows:

All different Speak Spoke Spoken

« Classification

Class 1: V edl is identical with V ed2

Suffixation is used but voicing is variable

Vowel identify in all the parts

Class 2: V-edl is identical with V-ed2

Suffixation is used but voicing is variable Change of base: vowel

Vv YV-ed Vv V-ed

Creep Crept Catch Caught

Class 3: All three parts V, VedI, and V-ed2 are identical

No suffix of change of the base vowel

Class 4: V-cdL is identical with V-cd2

No suffixation

Change of base vowel

Dig Dug fight Fought

18

Class 5: V-ed is regnlar; V-ed2 has two forms, one regular, the other nasal

Mow Mowed Mown(R) Swell Swelled Swollen (R)

Class 6: V-edl and V-ed2 are irregular, the latter always suffixed and usually

with -(e)n ‘There are subclasses as Fallows:

A: V-ed1 and V-ed2 have the same vowel

H: V and V-ed2 have the same vowel

C: all three parts have different vowels

D: all three parts have the same vowel

F: V-edl and V-cd2 have different vowels

Wear Wore Worn D Beat Beat Beaten

Begin Began Begun

2 Classification of lexical verbs

There are four ways to classify lexical verbs According to:

® Propressive aspecfnal confrast

2 types: Dynamic verbs

Stative verbs

© The relationship between Verbs and other scotence elements:

2 types: Intensive verbs For example: She is beautiful

Lxtensive verbs lior Example: She dislikes apples

«© Word formation (morphologically):

types: Simple verbs: mn, go, drive, cíc

Derive verbs: a root aud more than au affix enlarge

Compound verbs: uadergo, undertake, ete

Complextransitive: SVOC, SVOA

II Tense and Aspect

1 Tense

Time is a universal, non-linguistic concept with three divisious: past, present and future; by tense we understand the correspondence between the form of the verh

and our concept of time

Tu English, there ar three basic tenses: past, present and future

1.1 Present

We need distingnish three basic fypes of present:

© Timeless, expressed with the simple present form:

- I falways) write with a special pen (when J sign my name}

(Quirk 1994: 40)

As well as expressing habitual action as here, the timeless present is used for

universal statements such as:

The sun sets in the west

(Quick 1994 40)

- Spiders have eight legs

(Qnirk 1994: 40)

« Limited, expressed with the present progressive:

I am writing (on this occasion) with a new pen (since I have misiaid my

An action in the past may be seen:

« As having taken place at a particular point of time:

- Iwrote my letter of 16 Tane 1972 with a special pen

(Qmrk 1994: 41)

® As over period extending up to the present:

I have written with a special pen since 1972

(Qmrk 1994: 41)

As over period relating to only past having been completed:

T wrote with a special pen from 1969 to 1972

(Quirk 1994: 41)

A\s over period to past, not having been completed:

Twas wniting poetry with a special pen

(Quirk 1994: 41) 1.3 Future

According to Quirk (1994: 46) there is no obvious future tense in English, future

time is rendered by means of modal auxiliaries, semi-auxiliaries, simple present

forms or progressive forms For examples:

They will have finished their book by next year (Modal auxiliary: will)

(Quirk 1994 47) When are you going ta get married? (Be going to + infinitive)

2 Aspect

Aspect refers to the nature of the action described by ihe verb There are four

aspects: indefinite (or simple), complete (or perfect), coulinuing (or progressive)

and perfect coutinuous

2.1 Simple aspect

‘Vhe simple aspect, which is the base form of the verb- is often used, on the other

hand, to describe permanent aclions or events:

- The children are very naughty

(BBC World Service Tcarning English Ask about English.com)

This example we use the simple aspect of the present tense of the verb “to be”, in which the children’s uaughtiness is not seen as a temporary event, but as a permanent state ‘hey are oot going though a naughty stage — they are always naughty!

Agaiu, you have shown your perspective on the duration of the event, the

naughtiness, by choosing the simple aspect, “are naughty”

2.2 Perfect aspect

Have + V-ed

The perfect aspect is expressed with the auxiliary Aave and the third form of the

verb, which is also called the past participle Depending on the time of the action,

we use the past, prescut or modal | infinitive orm of have

The perfect aspect expresses that the action had, has or will have been completed by

a particular point of time This point of tine cau be defined by 4 time expression or

a clause (by 5 o'clock, by the lime she gels home)

- I've never been to China

- By Sa’clock he had finished the letter

- Kevin will have done the irening by the time Susan gets home

yerb, which is also called the present participle Depending on the time of the

action, we use the past, prescot or modal | infinitive form of be

‘The continuous aspect expresses that the action was, is or will be in progress at a particular point of time or over a period of time A point of time can be defined by a

time expression (now, at 5 o'clock) or a clause (when 7 came home,) For a period of

time we can also use a time expression (all day yesterday) or a clause (while she

was reading)

- Are you enjoying yourself?

- AS o'clock | was siting on the bus

- When l came home, she was sleeping

- While she was reading, George was doing the dishes

(Dinglish grammar.com)

2.4 Perfect continuous aspect

Have been + ¥-ing

This is uol an aspect in itself Lut the combination of the perfect and continuous aspects Depending ou the time of the actiou, we use the past, present, modal +

infinitive form of have The perfect continuous means that the action had, has or

will have been in progress for some time at a particular point of time This point of lime can be defined by a time expression or a clause (af 5 o'clock, when she gets

home)

24

-_ 1 haue been waking Jor this moment all my life

- At S o'clock he had been writing his homework for an hour

- Whea she gels home, Kevin will have been sleeping for hours

(Faglish grammar.com)

CHAPTER TWO: EXPRESSIONS OF FUTURITY IN ENGLISH IN COMPARISON WITH THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS

1H Expressions of futurity in English

Fulure tense is the teuse ur time form of a verb used to refer to an event or

occurence thal has not yet happened or is expected (o happeu im the future, In English, there is uv obvious future tense corresponding lo the fime/teuse relation Lor

present and past Instead there are several possibilities for denoting future time Tlowever, each expression of futurity has an individual feature so it is uot easy to distinguish Some expressious are the followings:

11.Be going to + infinitive

12.Simple future/ will

13.Future continuous

14.Future perfect

15.Future perfect continuons

16.Simple present for future

17.Present continnous for future

18.Be 1o + infinitive

19.1 due to + infinitive

20 Future time in the past

These expressions in comparison with their Vietuamese equivalents there are no

change ‘Chey will be made out clearly in the next in this chapter

IV Differences between the expressions of futurity in English in comparison with their Vietnamese equivalents

1 Be going ta + infinitive

26

- This team is definitely going to win the competition

(English tenses with catoon.com)

Questions (interrogative sentences):

I can see dark clouds in the sky Is it going to rain?

(Linglish tenses with catoon.com)

- The Government is not going to lower the taxes

(English tcuscs with catvon.com)

1.2 Usuge

This construction denotes “future fulfillment of the present” Look at more carefully, be going to has some more specific meanings:

© Future of present intention:

This meaning, be going to is used chiefly with personal subjects

- When are you going ta get married?

{Quirk 1994: 47) (Bạn định khi nào kết hôn?)

Be going io expresses the idea thal someone plausfintends to do something in the

future It does not matter whether the plan/inteution is realistic or not

- A: Whenare we going to meet each other tonight?

(Tối nay mấy giờ chúng †a sẽ gặp nhau?)

-Ö' We are going lơ meet ai 6 PM

(www englishpage.com/verbpage.htm)

(Chúng ta sẽ gập nhau lúc 6 giờ.)

Tam going to read this book (That's why I have borrowed it.)

(www.the web of English granmar.com/praumaring, his)

(Tôi sữ đọc quyền sách này.)

© Future of present cause

You cam use going to predict future events which are very near This use is impersonal, Le independent of the speaker's opiniou There is usually a sign or evidence of the future event in the present This meaning is found with both personal and non-personal subjects Studying the following example:

- Louk at these black clouds! IVs going to rain (ihe clouds are there now)

{opera.com//sun0626/blog/20009/03/31) (Hãy nhìn những đám may đen kia! Trời sắp m- a rồi.)

This example does uot show that the speaker wants it to rain on purpose because

there is a clearly present cause, Le that the presen! indications (black clouds) suggest it will rain

‘The other:

28

- Tam going to faint (It is hot and 1 am already feeling sick.)

(opera.ccm/jeun0626/hlog/2009/03/31)

(Tôi sắp ngất rồi.)

« Noin the main clanse of conditional sentences

Be going to is not generally nsod ïn the main elanse of conditional scntences, will/°lI

or shall being preferred instead:

- If you leave now, you il never regret it

{Quirk 1994: 47)

(Nếu nh- bạn đi ngay bây giờ, bạn sé không bao giờ phải hối tiếc.)

« Contracied to gonna in spoken English

Gonna is a contraction of going to in spoken English

- I'm gonna buy a new computer

(www.cuplishlcnscswilheartoons.com/pageftenses)

(Tôi định mua một cái vỉ tính mới)

2, Simple Future/Will

The simple future tense is often called will, because we make the simple future

tense with the modal auxiliary will

For ucgative sentences in the simple future tense, we insert not between the

auxiliary verb and main verb For question senteuces, we exchange the subject and

Subject | Auxiliary verb Main verb

We will not leave yet

I will not I won't

We use the simple future tense when there is no plan or decision to do something

before we speak We make the decision spontaneously at the time of speaking

Tn this usage, wil! oftcn suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily A

voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else Often, we use will

fo respond to someone clse's complaint or request for help We also use wild when

we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us Similarly, we use wii] not or won't when we refuse to voluntarily do something

Offer:

- Came on, Tim, I'll help you carry those bags (seeing that your friead is

struggling with his Inggage)

- A:lneed some money

(Tôi cần ii Hến.}

= B: Don'tworry Pil lend you some

31

(opera.ccm/jsun0626/hlog/2009/03/31)

(Dừng lo Tôi sẻ chơ anh m- ợn.)

Request:

- A: You know that book I lend you? Can I have it back?

(Bạn còn nhớ cuốn sách tôi cho bạn m- ợn chứ? Tôi có thể lấy lại chứ?)

- B: Of couse I'll bring back this afternoon

{opera.com//sun0626/blag/2009/03/31)

(Tấi nhiên rồi Tôi sé mang trả bạn chiến nay.)

= Will you wait for me this evening?

(www leuchong,com/pag/Defanlt.asp?Menn T=1 &Prog T1)=14&Grammar T1D=182)

(Tối nay bạn đợi tôi nhé?)

Will for requests is quite strong and often used when the expected answer is “Yes”

Otherwise can is more polite: "Can you wait for me this evening?”

« ‘To express a promise

Will is usually used in promises For examples:

- Thank you for lending me the money 1’ll pay you back on Friday

(Cảm ơn bạn đã cho tôi m- ơn tiền Tôi sẽ trả lại bạn vào thứ sáu.)

- I promise I'll phone you as soon as arrive

{opera.com//sun0626/blog/2009/03/31)

(Tôi hứa sẽ gợi cho bạn ngay khi tôi tới nơi.)

© Prediction

32

We often use the simple future tense to make a prediction about the foture Again, there is uo linm plan We are saying what wo think will happen Here are some

examples:

- As Who do you think will win the election?

(Bạn nghĩ Đảng nào sẽ đắc cử?)

— Bo Pm aot sure but] think the current party will win

(Tôi không chắc nh- ng thco tôi Đảng cẩm quyền sẽ dắc cử.)

Will gives the similar meanings of other expressions for logical necessity and

habitual present The contracted form “IL is conmon

» Using with some words

We often use will with:

33

Probably, most {will prebably be home late this evening

I think Tom will like the present you bought for him

(1) think

(Tôi nghĩ rằng Tom sé thích món quà mà anh đã mua tặng anh ấy)

Don't worry about the exam 1 am sure you'll pass

(Im) sure

(Đừng lo lắng về kỳ tlú Tôi chắc chấn là ban sẽ dé ma.)

I wonder (jf, Ïwonder what will happen

what, ete.) (Tôi tự hỏi điều gì sẽ xảy ra.)

T haven't seen Caral today 1 expect she'll phone this evening

lexpect (Hôm nay tôi không gặp Carol lôi mong tối nay cỏ ấy sẽ gọi điện

cho téi.)

« Be

When the maiu verb is be, we can use the simple future teuse even if we have a fia

plan ot decision before speaking Por examples:

- I'll be in London tomorrow

(Ngày mai tôi sẽ đến Luân Đôn.) Will you be at work tomerrow?

(www englishclub.com/grammar/verb tenses) (Ngày mai bạn có đi làm không?}

Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with

time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if,

unless, etc, Instead of Simple linture, Simple Present is used

34

- When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner Not correct

= When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner Correct

3 Future Continuous

3.1 Structure

(www englishpage.cam/verbpage htm)

Future Continuous has two different fons: “will be doing “ and "be going to be

doing.” These forms are usually interchangeable

® Form Future Continuous with "Will":

subject | +

auxiliary verb WILL + | auxiliaryverb BE |+ main verb

will be hase + ing

For negative sentences in the Tuture coulinuous icusc, we insert not between will

and be For question sentences, we exchange the subject and will Look at these

example sentences with the future coutinuous tense:

subject — auxiliary auxiliary | main verb

+ {I will be working at 0am

+ | You will be lying on a beach tomorrow

- | She will not using ‘the car

- | We will vot = be having, dinaer at home

We sometimes use shall instead of will in 1° persou only, chiclly BrE

«® Form Future Continuous with “Be going to”:

Subject Auxiliary Auxiliary Auxiliary Main verb

participle amiis/are going to be basing +verb

For negative sentences in the future continuous tense, we insert not between be aud

going to For question sentences, we exchange the subject and he Look at these

example sentences with the future continuous tense:

subject | auxiliary auxiliary | auxiliary | main verb

+ 1 am going to be working at 10 am _ She is not going tơ be using the car

3.2 Usage

It is possible to use either will or be going to to create the Future Continuous with

little difference in meaning

» Interrupted Action in the Future

36

Use the Future Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the future will be interrupted by a shorter action in the future Remember this can be a real

interruption or just an interruption in time Study the following examples:

- will be watching 1V when she arrives tonight,

(Tối nay khi tôi đang xem tí vi cô ấy sẽ đến.)

- Twill be waiting for you when your bus arri x

(aww englishclub.com/grammar/verb-tenses)

(Xe buýi của bạn sẽ đến khi tôi đang đợi bạn)

Notice in the examples above that the imterruplious (garked in underlines) are in

Simple Preseat rather than Simple l‘uture ‘Fhis is because the interruptions are in

time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses

e Specific Time as an Interruption in the Future

Tnuse deseribed above, the Entuee Continous is interrupted by a short action in the future In addition to using short actions as interruptions, you can also use a specific

timc as an interruption For examples:

‘Tomorrow 1 will start work at 2pm and stop work at 6pm:

= At midnight tonight, we will still be driving through the desert

We will be in the process of driving through the desert

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