The word it has the same meaning as the infinitive phrase at the end of the sentence: it means w *It is also correct but less comm6n muse an infinitive as the subject of s sentence: To
Trang 1I 13-7 USING GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS; USING IT +
INFINITIVE
(c) Coming to d a s s on time is important
(d) It is important to come to class o n time
sentence The word it has the same meaning as the
infinitive phrase at the end of the sentence: it means w
*It is also correct (but less comm6n) muse an infinitive as the subject of s sentence: To rida hmrw isfun,
Directions: Create sentences with the same meaning by using a gerund as the subject
1 It is important to get daily exercise 4 Gemflg daily exercise is important
3 It is easy to cook rice
4 It is relaxing to take a long walk
5 Is it difficult to learn a second language?
6 It is wrong to cheat during a test
7 Ia it expensive to live in an apartment?
8 It isn't easy to live in a foreign counay
9 It takes time to make new friends
0 EXERCISE 21 IT + inflnltlve (Chart 13-7)
Directions: Create sentences with the same meaning by using it + an infinitive
1 Having good friends is important 4 It's important to have goodfrienh
2 Playing tennis is fun
3 Being polite to other people is important
4 Learning about other cultures is interesting
5 Walking alone at night in that part of the city is dangerous
6 Is riding a motorcycle easy?
7 Having a cold isn't much fun
8 Learning a second language takes a long time
9 Cooking a soft-boiled egg takes three minutes
EXERCISE 22 Gerunds as subjects; IT + infinitive (Chart 13-7)
Directions: Work in pairs
Speaker A: Ask the given question Your book is open
Speaker B: Answer the question Begin with "It's ." and use an infinitive Your book is
closed
Speaker A: Respond by saying "I agree" followed by a gerund subject (Or, if you wish,
say "I don't agree I think that ." followed by a gerund subject.)
Gerund8 and lnnnmvea 387
Trang 2: .L Example: ., '-+ ' , '
,.*,
~
: -, S ~ A @OOk &n): R Whiccis easier: to make money or to spend money?
.+y -
& ' ' SPEAKER B (book closed): It's easier to spend money than (it is) to make money
SPEAKER A @wok open): I agree Spending money is easier than making money OR
I don't agree I think that making money is easier than spending money
1 Which is more fun: to study at the library or to go to a movie?
2 Which is more difficult: to write English or to read English?
3 Which is easier: to write English or to speak English?
4 Which is more expensive: to go to a movie or to go to a concert?
5 Which is more interesting: to talk to people or to watch people?
Switch roles
7 Which is more satisfying: to give gifts or to receive them?
8 Which is more dangerous: to ride in a car or to ride in an airplane?
9 Which is more important: to come to class on time or to get an extra hour of sleep in the morning?
10 Which is better: to light one candle or to curse the darkness?
(a) You ~dy hard (a) and @) have a similar meaning
(b) It is importantforyou to study hard Notice the pattern in @):
(c) Mary should study hard
(d) It is importantfor Mary to study hard
(e) We don't have to go to the meeting
(f) It isn't necessaryfor us to go to the meeting
(g) A dog can'r talk
Q It is impossiblefw a dog to talk
EXERCISE 23 Uslng FOR (SOMEONE) (Chart 13-8)
Directions: Use the given information to complete each sentence Use for (someone) and
an infinitive phrase in each completion
It's imponant Fov s t u e ~ t - s to do their howerrrovk
2 Teachers should speak clearly
It's important
3 W2 don't haw to hurry
There's plenty of time It isn't necessary
Trang 34 A fish can't live out of water for more than a few minutes
It's impossible
5 Studenu have to budget their time carefully
It's necessary
6 A child usually can't sit s d l for a long time
It's diacult
It's traditional
8 People can rake nips to the moon
Will it be possible
# " within the next fifty years?
9 I usually can4 wdersrand Mr Alvarez
It's hard He talks too fast
10 The guests usually wait u n d the hostess begins w eat
At a formal dinner party, it's customary
After she takes the first bite, the guests also start to eat
wedding cake
It's traditional
12 I can understand our teacher
It's easy
: ,, , ;
,,
Gerunds and lnflnltlves 389
Trang 4EXERCISE 24 Gerunds as subjects; IT + Inflnltlve (Charts 13-7 and 13-8)
Directions: Create sentences by combining ideas from Column A and Column B Use gerund subjects or it + an infinitive
Exam&: Riding a bicycle is easy I dangerous I fun / relaxing OR
It's easy I dangerous 1 fun I relaxing to ride a bicycle
Column A
1 ride a bicycle
2 read newspapers
3 study grammar
4 play tennis
5 steal cars
6 Listen to a two-hour speech
7 predict the exact time of an earthquake
8 forget someone's name
9 walk alone through a dark forest at night
10 go fishing with your friends
11 know the meaning of every word in a dictionary
12 be honest with yourself at all times
13 change a flat tire
14 visit museums
15 log on to the Internet
Column B
A against the law
B boring
C dangerous
D easy
E educational
F embarrassing
G exciting
H frightening
I fun
J hard
K important
L impossible
M relaxing
N a waste of time
EXERCISE 25 IT + FOR (SOMEONE) + Inflnltlve (Charts 13-7 and 13-8)
Directions: Create sentences using it +for (someone) + an infinitive by combining ideas from Columns A, B, and C Add your own words if you wish
Example: difficult
+ It's dt9culr for me to be on time for class
It's dz#icult for some people w learn how to swim
It's dz#cult for children w understand adults'behavior
Column A Column B
1 difficult anyone
2 easy children
4 important most people
5 impossible some people
6 enjoyable students
., 7 interesting
" 8 possible t.;:<3@@
t
t
Column C
spend time with friends predict the exact time of an earthquake change a flat tire
be on time for class understand adults' behavior obey their parents
observe animals in their wild habitat visit new places
learn how to swim live on the planet Mars
Trang 5EXERCISE 26 IT + FOR (SOMEONE) + inflnltive (Charts 13-7 and 13-8)
Direcrions: Complete the sentences with your own words
1 It's easy for to
2 It's traditional for to
3 It's impossible for to
4 It takes (a length of time) for to
5 It's sensible for to
6 Is it necessary for to ?
7 It's important for to
8 It's d a c u l t for to
EXERCISE 27 IT + TAKE + infinitive (Charts 5-13 and 13-8)
Directions: Use your own words to complete the sentences
Example: It takes hours to
+ It takes five hours to fly from Los Angeles to Honolulu
Example: It takes a lot of work for to
+ It takes a lot of workfor most small businesses to succeed
1 It takes time for to
2 It takes a lot of money to
3 It takes minutes to
4 How long does it take to ?
5 It will take years for to
6 It takes patience I courage / skill to
7 It takes hard work for to
8 It takes stamina and determination to
' I /
I
-W%y did you go to the post ofice?
(a) I went to the post office because I wnrea w mad a letter
@) I went to the post office in order to mail a lener
(c) I went to the post office to mail a lener
(d) I went to the post officefor some stamps
(e) I went to the post office to buy some stamps
I N C O R R E C ~ : I went w the post o f l e f o r to buy some stamps
INCORRECT: I went to the post ofice for buying some stamps
In order to expresses purpose It answers the question "Why?"
In (c): in ordsr is frequently omitted
(a) (bh and (c) have the same meanina
-
For is also used to express purpose, but it is
a preposition and is followed by a noun phrase, as in (d)
Gerunds and lnflniilves 391
Trang 6EXERCISE 28 Uslng IN ORDER TO (Chart 13-9)
Directions: Add i n order to the sentences whenever possible
1 I wenr to the bank to cash a check
+ I wenr w the bank in order to cash a check
2 I'd like to see that movie
+ (No change The infinitive does not express purpose.)
3 Sam went to the hospital to visit: a friend
4 I need to go to the bank today
5 I need to go to the bank today to deposit my paycheck
6 On my way home from school, I stopped at the drugstore to buy some shampoo
7 Carmen looked in her dictionary to find the correct spelling of a word
8 Masako went to the cafeteria to eat lunch
9 Jack and Linda have decided to get married
10 Pedro watches T V to improve his English
11 I didn't forget to pay my rent
12 Kim wrote to the university to ask for a catalog
13 Sally touched my shoulder to get my attention
14 Donna expects to graduate next spring
15 Jerry needs to go to the bookstore to buy a spiral notebook
EXERCISE 29 Uslng (IN ORDER) TO (Chart 13-9)
Directions: Complete the sentences in Column A by using the ideas in Column B
Connect the ideas with (in ovder) t o
Examp&: I called the hotel desk
-r I called the hotel desk (in order) to ask for an extra pillow
Column A
1 I called the hotel desk A keep their feet warm and dry Column B
" I turned on the radio B reach the top shelf
I looked on the Internet -,.;#-~ z: , ,.:'.+y, C listen to a ball game , ?,
L ,
People wear boots ' k4 $,' & 3; ., , ~ ~ , aj.i \ I 2 , D find the population of Malaysia
5 Andy went to Egypt ,: ,,: J E ask for an extra pillow
6 Ms Lane stood on tiptoes F chase a stray dog away
7 The dentist moved the light closer to my face G help her pay the rent
8 I clapped my hands and yelled H get some fresh air and exercise
< ,d .>
, 9 Maria took a walk in the park I see the ancient pyramids
10 I offered my cousin some money J look into my mouth
Trang 7!CISE 30 Expressing purpose with TO and FOR (Chart 13-9)
Directions: Complete the sentences by using to orfor ,
1 I went to Chicago $ 6 ~ a visit
2 1 went to Chicago t o visit my aunt and uncle
3 I take long walks relax
4 I take long walks relaxation
5 I'm going to school a good education
6 I'm going to school get a good education
7 I'm not going to school just have fun
8 I'm not going to school just fun
9 I turned on the radio Listen to the news
10 I listened to the radio news about the earthquake in Peru
1 1 I sent a card to Carol wish her a happy birthday
12 Two police officers came to my apartment ask me about my cousin
13 Mr Wong works in his garden the pure pleasure of it
14 1 looked in the encyclopedia information about Ecuador
15 My three brothers, two sisters, and parents all came to town
attend my graduation
EXERCISE 31 Expressing purpose with TO and FOR (Chart 13-9)
Directions: Answer why-questions in your own words Show purpose by using an infinitive
phrase or aforphrase Work in pairs or as a class
r*
, ,
Example:
SPEAKER A: Yesterday you turned on the TV Why?
SPEAKER B: Yesterday I turned on the TV (to listen to the news I for the latest news about
the earthquake I etc.)
1 You went to the supermarket Why?
2 You need to go to the bookstore Why?
3 You went to the post office Why?
4 You went to the health c h i c Why?
5 You reached into your pocketlpurse Why?
(Switch roles if working in pairs.)
71 ,ri .i 6 You came to this school Why)
JI 7 You borrowed some money from ( ) Why?
8 You stopped at the service station Why?
9 You play (soccer, tennis, etc.) Why?
' 10 You had to go out last night Why?
Gerunds and lnflnltlves 393