The names of places: city statdprovince country continent ocean lake river desert mountain school business street building park, zoo 6.. - 7 CIiAPTER 12 I I CONTENTS 12-1 Adjective c
Trang 11 11-9 USING THE OR 0 WITH NAMES
, - - - rrrr.6
I know 0 Doctor Smith
0 President Rice has been in the new
I) He lives in 0 Eu*ope
0 Asia is the largest continent
Have you ever been in 0 Africa?
) He lives in 0 Fmnce
0 Brazil ia a large country
Have you ever been in 0 Thailand?
(d) He lives in the Unifed Stater
The Netherlands is in Europe
Have YOU ever been in the PhiliWna?
(e) He lives in 0 Paris
0 New York is the largest city in the
United States
Have you ever been in 0 Istanbul?
(f) The Nile River is long
They crossed the Pac& Ocean
The W o w Sea is in Asia
(g) Chicago is on 0 Lake Michigan
0 Lake Titicaca lies on the border
between Peru and Bolivia
(h) We hiked in the Alps
The Andes are in South America
(i) He climbed 0 Mount Evmst
0 Mount Fuji is in Japan
The is NOT used with the names of continents
INCORFSCT: He lives in the Eu-
The is NW used with the names of most countries
INCORFSCP He l i w in the France
The is used in the names of only a few countries, as in the examples Others: the Czcch Republic, the UnitedArab Emimtes, the Dominican Republic
The is NOT used with the names of cities
INCORRECT: He likes in the Paris
The is used with the names of rivers, oceans, and seas
The is NOT used with the names of lakes
The is used with the names of mountain ranges
The is NOT used with the names of individual mountains
EXERCISE 26 Using THE or 8 with names (Chart 11-9)
Direcriom: Complete with the or 0
1 & Rome is in d Italy
.-; , ., ,
2 The Rhine River flows through ,d Germany
United States
7 Doctor Anderson is a good physician
Trang 2CAF'rTALIZE
1 The first word of a
sentence
3 The names of ~ e o ~ l e
3 Titles used with the
names of people
4 Months, days, holidays
5 The names of places:
city
statdprovince
country
continent
ocean
lake
river
desert
mountain
school
business
street
building
park, zoo
6 The names of courses
7 The titles of books,
articles, movies
8 The names of languages
and nationalities
9 The names of religions
10 The pronoun "I"
(a) We saw a movie last night
It was very good
@) I met George Adams yesterday
(c) I saw Donor (Dr.) Smith
Do you know Professor (Prof.) Alston?
~- - (d) I was born in April
Bob arrived last Monday
It snowed on Thankspivine Dav
(e) He lives in Chicago
She was born in California
They are from Mexico
Tibet is in Asia
They crossed the Atlantic Ocean
Chicago is on Lake Michigan
The Nile River flows north
The Sahara Desert is in Africa
We visited the Rocky Mountains
I go to the University of Florida
I work for the General Electric Company
He lives on Grand Avenue
We have class in Ritter Hall
I went jogging in Forest Park
(f) I'm taking Chemistry 101 this term
(g) Gone with the Wind The Old Man and the Sea
@) She speaks Spanish
We discussed Japanese customs
(i) Buddism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism are major religions in the world
Talal is a Moslem
(j) Yesterday I fell off my bicycle
Capitalize = use a big letter, not a small letter
I saw a doctor
NOTE: Seasons are not capitalized:
spring, summer, falllaunrmn, winter
COMPARE
She lives in a city
She lives in New York City
COMPARE
They crossed a river
They crossed the Yellow River
COMPARE
I go to a university
I go to the University of Texas
COMPARE
We went to a park
We went to Central Park
I'm reading a book about psychology
I'm taking Psychology 101 this
Capitalize all other words except articles (the, alan), coordinating
conjunctions (and, bur, or), and short prepositions (with, in, at, etcJ
Words that refer to the names of nations, nationalities, and languages are always capitalized Words that refer to the names of religions are always capitalized
The pronoun "I" is always capitalized
Trang 3EXERCISE 27 Capitalization (Chart 11-10)
~ i t k t i o n s : Add capital letters where necessary
1 We're going to have a test next fuesday
2 Do you know richard smith? he is a professor at this university
3 I know that professor smith teaches at the university of arizona
4 The nile river flows into the mediterranean sea
5 John is a catholic ali is a modem
6 Anna speaks french she studied in france for two years
7 I'm taking a history course this semester
8 I'm taking modern european history 101 this semester
9 We went to Vancouver, british columbia, for our vacation last summer
10 Venezuela is a spanish-speaking country
1 1 Canada is in north america.*
12 Canada is north of the united states
13 The sun rises in the east
14 The mississippi river flows south
7 ' ' 15 The amazon is a river in south america
-
, 16 We went to a zoo We went to brookfield zoo in chicago
17 The title of this book is fundamentals of english grammar
18 I enjoy studying english grammar
,
19 O n valentine's day (february 14), sweethearts give each other presents
20 I read a book entitled the cat and the mouse in my aunt's house
*When nmth, m t h , e&, and west rder to the direction on a compass, they are not capi-
Japan is east of Chino
When they are part of a geographical name, they are capitalized: Japan u in the Far East
Trang 4EXERCISE 28 Capitalization (Chart 11-10)
Directions: Capitalize as necessary
G
(1) Jane @ o d d is a famous scientist She became famous for her studies of
chimpanzees in tanzania
(2) Even though she was born in the heart of london, england, as a child she was always fascinated by animals of all sorts Her favorite books were the jungle book, by
mdyard kipling, and books about tarzan, a fictional character who was raised by apes
(3) Her dream from childhood was to go to afiica After high school, she worked as a secretary and a waitress to earn enough money to go there During that time, she took evening courses in journalism and english literanue One of her favorite poets was t s eliot She saved every penny She put her wages under the carpet in her mother's living room until she had enough money for passage to africa
(4) In the spring of 1957, she sailed through the red sea and southward down the african coast to mombasa in kenya Her uncle had arranged a job for her in nairobi with a british company When she was there, she met louis leakey, a famous anthropologist Under his guidance she began her lifelong study of chimpanzees on the eastern shore of lake tanganyika
(5) Jane goodall lived alone in a tent near the lake Through months and years of patience, she won the trust of the chimps and was able to observe them at close hand Her observations changed forever how we view chimpanzees-and all other animals we share the world with as well
(6) As a young woman, jane couldn't afford to go to a university She never received
an undergraduate degree, but later in her life she received a Ph.D from cambridge
university and became a professor at stanford university She has written several books One of them is my friends, the wild chimpanzees She works tirelessly on behalf of
endangered species and in support of the humane treatment of animals in captivity
Trang 5EXERCISE 29 Error analysis (Chapter 11)
Directims: Correct the mistakes
s
1 Lions are wild animal A
2 There are a lot of informations in that book
3 The oil is a natural resource
4 I was late because there were too many traffics
', 5 I drank two waters
6 Our teacher gives us too many homeworks
7 Nadia knows a lot of vocabularies
8 I had a egg for breakfast
9 There is many kind of trees in the world
, , ,
10 I'm studying the english
11 My cousin living in United State
12 Only twelve student were in class yesterday
13 I need some advices
14 We all have a few problem in the life
' / I
15 There were no job, and people didn't have much moneys
16 I don't know anything about farm animals except for chicken
17 When I am a children, my family had a big farm with the Horses
18 I live with two friend One is &om the chile, and the other is from the Saudi Arabia
19 I think the english is' difficult language
Trang 6- 7 CIiAPTER 12
I
I CONTENTS
12-1 Adjective clauses: introduction 12-4 Using which and that in adjective clauses
12-2 Using who and whom in adjective 12-5 Singular and plural verbs in adjective
-
An adjective modifies a noun "Modify" means to
change a little An adjective describes or gives
information about the noun (See Chart 6-8,
p 166.)
An adjective usually comes in front of a noun
adjective + noun
(a) I met a I kind ' 'msn.'
*GRAMMAR TERMINOLOGY
(1) I met a man = an independent clause; it is a
complete sentence
(2) He 6 'in ~Chicago = an independent clause; it is a
complete sentence
(3) who live in W c a g a = a dependent clause; it is
NOT a complete sentence
(4) I m o f a m a n U h h o l i ~ ~ d i n C h i c g ~ ~ = a n
independent c l a u ~ + a dependent clause; a complete
sentence
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 'I
An adjective clause* modifies a noun It describes
or gives information about a noun
An adjective clause follows a noun
adjective clause
m n + adjective clause
(d) I met a'man' lwho is a famous poet.'
m n + adjective clause
(e) I met a 'man' 1 who lives in Chicago 1
A clnuse is a suucmre that has a subject and a verb
There are two h d s of clauses: i n d e p m d m t and dependent
An independent &we is a main clause and can stand alone as a senrence
A dependent clause cannot stand alone as s
sentence; it must be connected to an independent clause
Trang 71 12-2 USING WHO AND WHOM IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
) The man is friendly rn He lives next to me
iSZ*q;i:.nl , &o
1 7v- k' - , : K.:
,: h
who lives next to me
(b) The man who liwes next to me is friendly
(c) The mag was friendly
(d) The man whom I met was friendly
In (a): He in a subject pronoun He refers to W e man."
To make an adjective clause, change he to who Who is a subject pronoun Who refers to "the man."
In @):An adjective clause immediately follows the
noun it modi6es
INCORRECT: The man b friendly who lives next to me
In (cl: him is an obiect Dronoun Him refers to
"th; man:
To make an adiective clause chanee - him to whom Whom is an object
Whom refers to "the man."
Whom comes at the beginning of an adjective clause
In (d): An adjective clause immediately follows the noun it modifies
INCORRECT: The man was friendly whom I mer
EXERCISE 1 AdJectlve clauses with WHO and WHOM (Charts 12-1 and 12-2)
Direcrions: Combine the two sentences into one sentence Make "b" an adjective clause ' Use who or whom
1 a D o you know the people? b They live in the white house
+ Do you know the people who live in the white house?
2 a The woman gave me some information b I called her
-t The woman whom I calkd gave me some information
', 3 a T h e police officer was friendly b She gave me directions
4 a The waiter was friendly b H e served us dinner
5 a The people were very nice b I met them at the party last night
6 a T h e people have three cars b They live next to me
7 a T h e man talked a lot b I met him on the plane
8 a T h e man talked a lot b He sat next to me
9 a Three women walked into my office b I didn't know them
10 a I talked to the women b They walked into my office