Fundamentals of english grammar third edition part 25 pptx

CONTENTS 6-1 Pronunciation of final 4 - e s 6-10 Personal pronouns: subjects and objects 6-2 Plural forms of nouns 6-1 1 Possessive nouns 6-3 Subjects, verbs, and objects 6-12 Posses

CONTENTS

6-1 Pronunciation of final 4 - e s 6-10 Personal pronouns: subjects and objects

6-2 Plural forms of nouns 6-1 1 Possessive nouns

6-3 Subjects, verbs, and objects 6-12 Possessive pronouns and adjectives

6-4 Objects of prepositions 6- 13 Reflexive pronouns

6-5 Prepositions of time 6-14 Singular forms of other: another vs

6-7 Subject-verb agreement 6-15 Plural forms of other: other(s) vs the

6-8 Using adjectives to describe nouns other(s)

6-9 Using nouns as adjectives 6-1 6 Summary of forms of other

., z, ,,,

EXERCISE 1 Prevlew: grammar terms (Chapter 6)

Directions: This exercise previews grammar terms used in this chapter Identify the

italicized word in each sentence as a NOUN, ADJECTIVE, P R E P O S ~ O N , or PRONOUN

1 Eric is wearing a new shirt today

2 Algeria is in North Africa

3 Steve is in Asia He is traveling

4 I'm thirs~y

5 We have class in this mom every day

6 I know my way to Joanna's house

7 The h a m children squealed with joy

8 I walked to class with Maria

9 Hawaii has eight principal islands

10 The hungry man stufFed his mouth with rice

1 1 Tokyo is the capital of Japan

12 Athens is a beaueiful city

13 My history book is under my desk

14 Do you Wre classical music?

15 I can't find my keys Have you seen them?

1w * r ;

in ~ v e ~ o d t i o h

room way haPm with islands hungry Japan beauttw under music them

1 6-1 PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL -SI-ES

I Final -61-es has three different pronunciations: Isl, Id, and lad

(b) seeds = seedd Id is the sound of "z" in "buzz." Final -8 is pronounced I d after voiced

s r m = starld sounds Examples of voiced* sounds: Id, Irl, IU, /mi, hl, and all vowel

holes = hole/z/ sounds

laws = lnwld

(c) dishes 3 dishlad lad adds a whole syllable to a word F i -61-ea is pronounced lad

matches 3 matchlad after -& -ch, -s, -z, -&?elk&- munds

classes = classlad

sizes 3 sizelad

pages = pagelad

judges = judgelad

*See Chart 2-4, p 28, for more infomtion about voiceless and voiced sounds

(a) seats = seatlsl

maps = maplsl

lakes = lake/d

EXERCISE 2 Pronunclotion of final 41-ES (Chart 6-1)

Directions: Write the correct pronunciations and practice saying the words

Id is the sound of "s" in "bus." Final 4 is pronounced la1 after voiceless sounds Examples of voiceless* sounds: Id, Ipl, I d

1 names = name1 r I 8 hills = hilY / 14 glasses = glass1 I

2 clocks = clock/ s I 9 cars = cad I 15 prices = price/ 1

3 eyes = eye/ I 10 ways = way/ / 16 prizes = prize/ I

4 heads = h e a d / 1 1 months = month1 / 17 faxes = fax/ I

5 boats = boat1 I 12 eyelashes = eyelash/ I 18 bridges = bridge/ 1

6 ribs = rib/ I 13 itches = itch/ 1 19 cages = cage1 /

7 lips = lip/ I

EXERCISE 3 Preview: plural nouns (Chart 6-2)

Directions: These sentences have many mistakes in the use of nouns Underline each noun Write the correct plural form if necessary Do not change any of the other words in the sentences

streets highways

.Aq,

2 Box have six side

3 Big city have many problem

4 Banana grow in hot, humid area

6 Lamb are the offspring of sheep

7 Library keep book on shelf

8 Parent support their child

Nouna ond Pronouns 157

9, Indonesia has several active volcano

10 Baboon are big monkey They have large head and

sharp tooth They eat leaf, root, insect, and egg

(a) one bud two birdr

one street two streets

(b) one dish two &he8

one match two m t c h s s

(c) one baby two babies

(e) one knife two knives

one zoo ., two BOOS

' I

(g) one child two children

one woman two w ~ 1 1 ~ n

two people

(h) one deer two deer

one offspring two Q&W.ng

one soecies two ~ c i e s

(i) one bacterium two bacto*irr

one c a m s two cacti

one crisis two crises

one phenomenon two phenomena

To make most nouns plural, add -s

Add -es to nouns endiing in -sh, -ch, -ss, and -x

If a noun ends in a consonant + -y, change they to 8'and add -es, as in (c)

If -y is preceded by a vowel, add only -s, as in (d)

If a noun ends in -fe or -f, change the endiing to - w s

(Exceptions: beliefs, chief, roof, cuffs, dsffs.)

The plural form of nouns that end in -0 is sometimes - w s

and sometimes -0s

-oes: wmawes,potaroes, hemer, echoes -0s: zoos, radios, studios, pianos, solos, sopmnos, photos, auws, videos

- w s or -0s: zeroes zeros; mlcanoes volcaolcanos,

wrnadoes/wrnados, mosquiwesrmosquiws

Some nouns have irregular plural forms

(Note: The singular form of people can be persun, woman, man, child For example, one man and one child = two people.)

The plural form of some nouns is the same as the singular

form

Some nouns that English has borrowed from other languages have foreign plurals

I7 EXERCISE 4 Plural nouns (Chart 6-2)

Directions: Write the plural forms of the nouns

1 one potato, two ~Otfitoes

2 a library, many

3 one child, two

4 a leaf, a lot of

5 a wish, many

6 one fish, two

7 an opinion, many

8 a mouse, several

9 a sandwich, some

10 a man, many

11 one woman, two

12 a flash, three

13 one tomato, a few

-,

14 one tooth, two

15 one half, two

16 a tax, a lot of

17 a possibility, several

18 a thief, many

19 a hero, many

20 a goose, a lot of

21 an attorney, a few

22 a butterfly, several

23 one category, two

24 a mosquito, a lot of

25 one sheep, two

26 a wolf, some

27 one stitch, two

28 one foot, three

29 one piano, two

30 a belief, many

(c) PPIlntd need water,

(noun) (verb) (noun)

(d) ~ o b is reading a book

(noun) (verb) (noun)

r AnEnglish sentence has a SUBJECT (s) and a VsRB (v)

The SUBJECT is a noun In (a): sun is a noun; it is the subject of the verb shines

Sometimes a VERB is followed by an OBJECT ( 0 ) I

The OBJBCT of a verb is a noun In (c): water is the object of the verb

need

Nouns and Pronouns 159

EXERCISE 5 Subjects, verbs, and objects (Chart 6-3) , "

Directions: Identify the subject (s) and verb (v) of each sentence Also h d the object (0)

of the verb if the sentence has an object

i'

1 The carpenter built a table

s v

2 Birds fly

~ l V e '

3 Cows eat grass

C , .:/

4 My dog barked

5 The dog chased the cat

8 Most birds build nests

9 Our guests arrived

10 Teachers assign homework

1 1 M y roommate opened the window

12 Jack raised his hand

13 Irene

6 Steam rises

7 Accidents happen

- 'r,y,,-,P i : , , :!

is watching her sister's .', .><I;<?!.? ' , i :!

L, i ,: > b : ~ '

,.smo.,J .?.I? I !

children

., - I ' I i I I3 EXERCISE 6 Nouns and verbs (Charts 6-2 and 6-3)

Directions: Some words can be used both as a noun and as a verb If the word in italics is used as a noun, circle n If the word in italics is used as a verb, circle v (n = noun and

v = verb)

People smile when they're happy

Mary has a nice smile when she's happy

Emilv does good - work

Emily and Mike wmk at the c a f e t e r i m ' People usually store milk in the refrigerator

We went to the store to buy some milk es 1

The child wkte her name on the wall with a crayon

People often name their children after relatives

Airplanes land on runways at the airport

The ship reached land after seventeen days at sea

I took a main from NewYork to Boston last week

I main my dogs to sit on command

jt,

Alex visiu his aunt wery week

Alex's aunt enjoys his visirs every week

EXERCISE 7 Nouns and verbs (Charts 6-2 and 6-3)

Directions: Use each word in two different sentences Use the word as a noun (n.) in the first sentence and as a verb (v.) in the second sentence Consult your dictionary if

necessary to find out the different uses and meanings of a word

Example: watch

+ n I a m wearing a watch

v I watched TV a f m dinner last night

1 rain 4 phone 7 water

2 paint 5 shop 8 circle

Other common words that are used as both nouns and verbs are listed below Choose several from the list to make additional sentences Use your dictionary if necessary

centerlcentre* garden question snow

fish promise smoke

(a) Ann put her books on the dark

(noun)

(b) A leaf feu to the ground

(noun)

REPERENCE LIST OF PREPOSITIONS

Many English sentences have prepositional phrases In (a): on the desk is a prepositional phrase A

prepositional phrase consists of a PReposrnoN (PREP) and an OBJEC~ OF A P R E P O S ~ ~ O N (O OF PREP) The object of a preposition is a NOUN

about

a b m

m s s

afrPr

againrt

h n g

among

around

Of

before behind below beneath beside besides between beyond

by

dapite

d m during

for

fmm

in inw like near

<.! : ,

of

" ,; .; " 8 :

out over since through throughout

ti[l

<

to -rd(sl under until

UP

u r n with within without

'American Bnglish: mut; Brirish English: unm

Nouns and Pronouns 161

EXERCISE 8 Subjects, verbs, and objects (Charts 6-3 and 6-4)

Directions: Identify the subjects, verbs, and objects Also identify the preposition (PREP)

and the noun that is used as the object of the preposition (0 OF PREP)

s v o PREP o cF PREP

1 Sara saw a picture on the wall

2 Sara looked at the pictures

3 Emily waited for her friend at a restaurant

4 The sun rises in the east

5 Sue lost her ring in the sand at the beach

6 The moon usually disappears from view during the day

7 Eric talked to his friend on the phone for thirty minutes

8 Children throughout the world play with dolls

9 Astronauts walked on the moon in 1969

10 A woman in a blue suit sat beside me until the end of the meeting

tCISE 9 Preposltlons of place (Chart 6-4)

DirecFMnc Review prepositions of place* by using the following phrases in sentences Demonstrate the meaning of the preposition by some action Work in pairs, in small groups, or as a class

Ezample: above my head

-r I'm holding my hand abwe my head (The speaker demonstrates this action.)

1 across the room

2 against the wall

1 1 below the window

12 beside my book

3 among my books and papers 13 near the door

4 between two pages of my book 14 far from the door

7 on my desk

8 in the room

9 into the room

10 behind me

17 under my desk

18 through the door

19 throughout the room

20 toward($ the door

'Repositions of place BIT also called "prepositions of location."

162 CHAPlER6