Petroleum products handbook By Virgil B. Guthrie potx

1-38 Guide to Current and Primary Reference Data .... 3-40 Guide to Current and Primary Reference Data .... 4-51 Guide to Current and Primary Reference Data .... 6-32 Guide to Current an

Contents

Contributing Editors vii

Preface xi

Guide for Handbook Users xiii

Petroleum Flow Chart from the Well through the

Refinery xv

Section 1 The Raw Material, Crude Petroleum

and Natural Gas 1-1

Part I Petroleum, Our Man of all Work 1-1 Nature and Occurrence of Petroleum 1-3 How the Oil Industry Functions 1-6 Nature and Composition of Crude Oil 1-9 Transforming Crude Oil into Products 1-10 Products from Petroleum and Natural Gas 1-14 Bibliography 1-28

Part II Natural Gasoline a Source of Liquid Products 1-30

Birth in the Early Pennsylvania Oil Fields 1-32 Research for Broader Markets 1-35 Wider Use in Motor Fuel 1-35 Specifications and Properties 1-37

xvi Contents

Testing Methods 1-37 References 1-38 Bibliography 1-38 Guide to Current and Primary Reference Data 1-39 Appendix A: Check List of Commercial Petroleum

Products 1-40

Section 2 Additives for Petroleum Products 2-1

General Properties of Additives 2-3 Selection and Control of Additives 2-4 Liquid Fuel Additives 2-6 Additives for Automotive Lubricants 2-18 Additives in Oil Specifications 2-24 Additives for Industrial Oils 2-30 Bibliography 2-42

Section 3 Liquefied Petroleum Gas 3-1

Properties of LP-Gas Hydrocarbons 3-2 Production and Treating of LP-Gas 3-6 Specifications and Test Methods 3-10 Storage and Handling of LP-Gas 3-13 Rules, Regulations, and Standards 3-18 Distribution Methods 3-21 Utilization of LP-Gas 3-25 Sizing of Tanks and Piping 3-29 Receipt of Shipments 3-30 Taxes Applicable to LP-Gas 3-34 Toxicity of LP-Gas Hydrocarbons 3-35 Securing Maximum Performance 3-35 References 3-39

Contents xvii Glossary of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Terms 3-40 Guide to Current and Primary Reference Data 3-46

Section 4 Gasoline 4-1

General Performance Requirements 4-6 Chemical Composition of Gasoline 4-8 Motor Fuel Gasoline 4-11 Alcohol Blends 4-37 Aviation Gasoline 4-38 Marine Gasoline 4-42 Gasoline Tractor Fuel 4-44 References 4-45 Bibliography 4-47 Appendix A: Tentative Specifications for Gasoline 4-48 Appendix B: Tentative Specifications for Aviation

Gasolines 4-51 Guide to Current and Primary Reference Data 4-54

Section 5 Aircraft Gas Turbine Fuels and

Lubricants 5-1

Principles of Operation and Types 5-2 Fuel Developments and Specifications 5-6 Aircraft Gas Turbine Fuel Manufacture 5-10 Fuel Requirements and Properties 5-10 Aircraft Gas Turbine Lubricants 5-23 References 5-27

Section 6 Diesel Fuel Oils 6-1

Diesel Fuel Economics 6-1 Composition of Fuel an Important Factor 6-4

xviii Contents

Properties Determining Fuel Performance 6-5 Test Methods for Diesel Fuel Oils 6-9 Significance of Tests on Diesel Fuels 6-12 Utilization of Diesel Fuels 6-13 Growth Trends in Diesel-Engine Field 6-29 Storage, Shipping, and Handling 6-31 References 6-32 Bibliography 6-32 Guide to Current and Primary Reference Data 6-33

Section 7 Distillate Heating Oils 7-1

Status of the Heating-Oil Industry 7-3 Burners, Controls, and Tanks 7-9 Central-Heating Systems 7-15 Specifications and Testing 7-24 Burning Qualities in Oils 7-28 Stability in Heating Oils 7-37 Handling and Delivery 7-46 References 7-50 Bibliography 7-51 Guide to Current and Primary Reference Data 7-52

Section 8 Residual Fuel Oils 8-1

Historical 8-1 Statistical 8-2 Specifications for Residual Fuels 8-3 Properties of Commercial Residual Fuels 8-11 Detailed Inspections of Heavy Fuels 8-23 End Uses of Residual Fuel Oils 8-27 Problems Associated with Utilization 8-30

Contents xix The Combustion of Residual Fuels 8-36 Specific Heat of Fuel Oils 8-48 Residual Fuel Oil Burners 8-49 References 8-50 Bibliography 8-50 Guide to Current and Primary Reference Data 8-51

Section 9 Lubricating Oils and Greases 9-1

Part I Automotive Oils 9-1 Performance Characteristics 9-2 Fluid Characteristic - Viscosity 9-5

"Boundary" Lubrication 9-24 Stability and Chemical Inertness 9-28 Evaluating Automotive Lubricants 9-28 References 9-31

Part II Industrial Lubrication 9-34

Engine and Machine Oils 9-34 Steam Cylinder Oils 9-37 Diesel Engine Oils 9-41 Steam Turbine Oils 9-43 Speed Reduction Gear Lubrication 9-47 Compressor Oils 9-49 Electric-Motor Bearing Oils 9-53 Hydraulic Fluids 9-56 Industrial Circulating Oils 9-58 Wire-Rope Lubrication 9-62 Industrial Gear Oils 9-64 Spindle Oils 9-65

xx Contents

Instrument Lubricants 9-67 Pneumatic Tool Oils 9-68 Oil-Spray Lubrication 9-70 Insulating and Transformer Oils 9-71 Metalworking and Cutting Oils 9-72 Bibliography 9-74

Part III Lubricating Greases 9-75

Functions of a Lubricating Grease 9-78 Evaluating Lubricating Greases 9-79 Properties that Influence Selection 9-85 Availability of Specific Greases 9-90 Types of Bearings to Be Lubricated 9-91 Specific Industry Applications 9-96 Special Greases and Trends 9-120 Handling and Storing Greases 9-121 References 9-122 Bibliography 9-123

Part IV Reclaiming Lubricating Oils 9-124

Contaminants from Two Sources 9-127 Effects of Oil Contamination 9-128 Oxidation 9-128 Oil-Reclamation Methods 9-129

Section 10 The Petroleum Waxes 10-1

Wax Production Methods 10-2 Petroleum-Wax Uses by Volume 10-6 Paraffin Waxes, Natural and Synthetic 10-6 Microcrystalline Waxes 10-11

Contents xxi Petrolatums 10-13 Petroleum-Wax Industrial Uses 10-17 The Future of Petroleum Waxes 10-28 Bibliography 10-28

Section 11 Miscellaneous Light Oils 11-1

Part I Kerosine (Illuminating Oils) 11-1

The Essential Properties of Kerosine 11-3 References 11-7 Guide to Current and Primary Reference Data 11-7

Part II Industrial Naphthas 11-8

Chemistry of Industrial Solvents 11-9 Manufacture of Industrial Naphthas 11-12 Distributing Methods Modernized 11-14 Utilization and Standardization 11-15 Physical and Chemical Tests 11-18 Safety Precautions Essential 11-23 Guide to Current and Primary Reference Data 11-24 Appendix A: Properties of Standard Industrial

Naphthas and Related Materials 11-25 References 11-29

Part III Use of Petroleum as Pesticides 11-30

Insecticides 11-30 Herbicides 11-42 Fungicides 11-44 Solvents for Agricultural Pesticides 11-44 References 11-51

xxii Contents

Section 12 Petrochemicals 12-1

History of Petrochemicals 12-2 Growth Pattern, Past and Future 12-4 Three Types of Petrochemicals 12-7 Petrochemical Statistics 12-9 Where Petrochemicals Come from 12-12 Marketing Petrochemicals 12-25 Glossary of Petrochemicals 12-29 References 12-39

Section 13 Petroleum Asphalt 13-1

Types of Petroleum Asphalt 13-1 Asphalt Cement 13-2 Liquid Asphalts 13-5 Blown Asphalts 13-12 Uses of Petroleum Asphalt 13-13 References 13-17 Bibliography 13-18

Section 14 Petroleum Coke 14-1

Economics of Coking 14-1 Commercial Coking Processes 14-3 Petroleum-Coke Quality 14-6 Utilization of Raw Petroleum Coke 14-12 Utilization of Calcined Coke 14-15

Bibliography and References 14-20Section 15 Carbon Black 15-1

Manufacturing Processes and Types of Carbon

Blacks 15-2

Contents xxiii Properties and Evaluation 15-7 Applications and Uses 15-10 References 15-15

Section 16 Reference Data Section 16-1

Introduction 16-1 Contents 16-1

Part I Reference Data Directory 16-2

Part II Sampling and Measurement of Liquid Petroleum

Products 16-10

Sampling Petroleum Products 16-10 Measurement and Calculation of Volume 16-10 The ASTM-IP Petroleum Measurement Tables 16-12 Nomograph for Volume and Gravity Corrections 16-15 Tables of Volumetric and Weight Measures 16-16 Sources for General Reference Data 16-18

Part III Test Methods, Product Specifications, and

Antiknock Scale Conversions 16-19

Guide to ASTM Petroleum Product Test Methods 16-19 ASTM Specifications for Petroleum Products by Title 16-25 Federal Specifications for Petroleum Products

by Title 16-27 Federal Specifications for Commercial Products 16-28 Crankcase-Oil Viscosity Classification, SAE

Recommended Practice 16-43 Transmission and Axle-Lubricant Classification, SAE

Recommended Practice 16-44 Conversions of Antiknock Scales 16-45

xxiv Contents

Sources for General Reference Data 16-55

Part IV Storage, Handling, and Transportation of

Petroleum Products 16-56

General Reference Data Sources 16-56

Part V Directory of United States Petroleum

Refineries 16-57

Sources for General Reference Data 16-66

Part VI Motor Fuel Tax and Tax Refund Procedures;

Product Inspection by States 16-67

Motor Fuel Tax Refund Procedures 16-67 Petroleum Product Inspection by States 16-77 Sources for General Reference Data 16-78

Part VII Petroleum Products Supply-Demand,

Utilization, and Price Statistics 16-79

General Reference Data Sources 16-93

Section 17 Petroleum Trade Glossary 17-1

Abel Tester to Azeotropic Distillation 17-1 Balanced Gasoline to Byproduct 17-3

°C to Cylinder Stock 17-5 Deasphalting to Dry Point 17-8 Emulsification to Extractive Distillation 17-10

°F (Degrees Fahrenheit) to Furnace Oils 17-11 Gallon (Imperial) to Gum Tests 17-13 Heart Cut to Hydrometer 17-14 IBP (Initial Boiling Point) to Isopropyl Alcohol,

Isopropanol [(CH3)2CHOH] 17-15

Contents xxv

Jet Engine (Aircraft) to Jump 17-16 K-factor to Knock Suppressor 17-16 Lacquer to Lubricity 17-17 Mahogany Acids to Multipurpose-type Grease 17-18 Naphtha to Normal (N) Heptane 17-20

Octane (C8H18) to Ozokerite 17-21 Painters' Naphtha to Pyrethrum 17-22 Qualitative Test to Quenching Oil 17-24 Raffinate to RVP (Reid Vapor Pressure) 17-25 SAE Numbers to Synthetic Rubber 17-26 Tackiness Agent to Turnaround 17-30 Ullage to USP Acid Test 17-31 Vacuum Distillation to Volatility 17-32 Wash to Worked Penetration 17-33

Xylenes, Xylol [C6H4(CH3)2] 17-34

Yellow Scale to Yield 17-34

Index I-17

Index

A

Abrasive solids, effect on diesel engines 6-13

Absorption, recovery of hydrocarbons by 1-6

Activated charcoal in LP-Gas manufacture 3-8

corrosion inhibitors and rust preventives,

detergent-dispersant inhibitors, for distillate

2-36 2-37 2-47 9-42

extreme-pressure, for lubricating greases 9-84

2-48 9-46 9-58 9-61 9-62

oxidation inhibitors and stability improvers,

9-57 9-59 9-60 9-67

pour point depressants, for lubricating oils 2-23 2-30 2-32 2-48

Air requirements and products of

Aircraft turbine fuels (Continued)

12-35

Aniline point, of automotive lubricants 9-29

Aniline Point of Hydrocarbon

API Service GL-4 multipurpose gear

Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Olefin-free

Gasoline by Silica Gel Adsorption test 11-22

Aromatic solvents (Continued)

8-33

emulsified, specifications for, table 13-11

medium-curing, specifications for, table 13-10

rapid-curing, specifications for, table 13-9

slow-curing, specifications for, table 13-11

in relation to other petroleum products,

ASTM closed cup test for flash point 11-20

relative production and consumption

Automatic transmission fluid additives 2-26 2-27

Automobiles, engine performance, chart 4-13

Automotive combat gasoline specifications 2-4 2-10

Automotive diesel engines, fuels for 6-21

Automotive lubricants (Continued)

Axle lubricants (see Transmission and axle

lubricants)

B

Babbitt metal bearings, operating limits for,

Bacteria counteraction in soluble oils 2-48 9-73

Bearing temperatures in aircraft turbines 5-24

(See also Ball-bearing greases; Ball-bearing

Boiling point, of hydrocarbon gases, table 14-3

Boundary lubrication (Continued)

Brake fluid (see Hydraulic brake fluid)

Brass filter for testing stability of fuel oil,

Bunker fuel (see Residual fuel oil)

Burner-fuel oils (see Light heating oils;

Residual fuel oil)

Burner-fuel oil surveys, geographical areas

Burning oil (see Kerosine)

12-32 12-34

3-7

commercial, average properties of, table 3-5

Carbide furnaces, raw materials for, table 14-14

Carbon black (Continued)

Carbon deposits, in aircraft gas turbine

(See also Carbon residue)

Carbon-hydrogen ratios of refinery gases

Central-heating systems (Continued)

installations of, in United States, graph 7-4

Chemical-stability test for paraffin wax 10-9 10-10

Chemical treatment in oil purification 9-141

Chromatographic methods of testing LP-Gas 3-12 3-13

Clay-products machinery, greases for 9-101 9-102

Cleaners’ naphtha (see Dry-cleaning

naphtha)

Cleaning solutions, petrochemicals in 12-31

Cleveland Open Cup test for flash point 9-30 11-20

Cloud point, of automotive lubricants 9-30

Coal oil (see Kerosine)

Coefficient of friction, of diesel fuel 6-7

Coking operations (Continued)

Combustion-chamber deposits, effect of 4-21 4-30

Combustion-chamber design of oil burners 7-10 7-11

Combustion efficiency, definition of 5-14

Combustion systems

Commercial kerosine, inspection data on 5-11 5-12

Commercial petroleum products (see

Petroleum products)

Communication equipment, greases used for 9-102

Consistency, of asphalt (Continued)

Containers, microcrystalline wax used for 10-14

Contamination, of aircraft gas turbine fuels 5-16

Continuous bypass method of oil treatment 9-130

Copper, corrosion of, in aircraft fuel systems 5-19

Corrosion, aircraft gas turbine engine

determination of, in natural gasoline 1-38

Crankcase oils (see Motor oils)

Crude oil (Continued)

Cylinders

I-36

Diesel fuels (Continued)

Diesel fuels (Continued)

(See also Detergent-dispersant inhibitors)

(See also Degree-days)

Distillation range, of insecticides 11-40

Distillation temperatures, average, table 4-26

Distillation tests, for gasoline volatility 4-25

(See also Color)

E

Eastern Europe, petroleum reserves in 1-4

Electrical equipment, microcrystalline wax

Electrical properties of aircraft turbine fuels 5-21 5-22