Critical discourse analysis of made in china 2025

Critical discourse analysis of made in china 2025 Phân tích diễn ngôn quan trọng của Made in China 2025

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI

UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

MAI VĂN KẾT

CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF MADE IN CHINA 2025 (PHÂN TÍCH DIỄN NGÔN VĂN BẢN MADE IN CHINA 2025)

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment

of the requirements for the degree of Doctor

of Philosophy in Linguistics

HANOI 2025

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment

of the requirements for the degree of Doctor

of Philosophy in Linguistics

SUPERVISOR: PROF NGUYỄN HOÀ

STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP

I, the undersigned, hereby confirm that the thesis entitled "Critical

discourse analysis of Made in China 2025" is my own work To the best of my

knowledge, the thesis contains no work previously published or written by another person, except where due reference is made

Signature

MAI VĂN KẾT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This thesis marks the culmination of a long academic journey, and I am deeply indebted to all those who supported and guided me throughout this process

First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Nguyễn Hoà, for his invaluable guidance, patience, and encouragement His insightful feedback and constant support helped me navigate through the complexities of this research, and his dedication has been

an inspiration throughout my academic career

To the lecturers and staff in the Faculty of Postgraduate Studies, ULIS, VNU, Hanoi, I would like to thank them for the countless discussions, their camaraderie, and for creating an intellectually stimulating environment Special thanks to Doctor Huỳnh Anh Tuấn and Associate Professor Lê Hùng Tiến, whose feedback and support were particularly helpful during challenging moments

I would like to extend my gratitude to my family for their unwavering belief in me Their love, sacrifices, and encouragement have sustained me through the ups and downs of this journey Thank you for your patience, understanding, and for being my constant source of strength and joy

This thesis is the result of contributions from many individuals, and I am deeply grateful to each and every one of them

Thank you all

ABSTRACT

This study employs Norman Fairclough's (2015) critical discourse analysis to investigate how the "Made in China 2025" (MIC25) initiative constructs images of New China rooted in innovation, self-reliance, and global leadership in technology within the broader context of Industry 4.0 By analysing the strategic language and discursive strategies embedded in the data, this research reveals how linguistic choices such as leadership language, intertextuality, and temporal framing are used to position New China as a technological powerhouse The study explores how MIC25 uses repetition and lexical framing to emphasize technological self-sufficiency, intertwining national pride with aspirations for global competitiveness It also examines the role of cooperative rhetoric and standardization language in aligning China's aspirations with broader socio-political aspirations, including the Chinese Dream Furthermore, the analysis incorporates theories like technological nationalism and cultural political economy to explain the socio-political motivations behind New China The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how language in state policy shapes perceptions of national power, providing insights into the interplay between discourse, ideology, and global technological competition This research extends CDA's application to non-Western contexts, highlighting the complex ways in which MIC25 articulates China's vision of economic and technological leadership

TABLE OF CONTENTS

STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii

ABSTRACT iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iv

ABBREVIATIONS vii

LIST OF TABLES viii

LIST OF FIGURES ix

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Rationale for the research 1

1.2 Research problem 4

1.3 Aim and research questions 4

1.4 Research methodology 5

1.5 Scope of the study 5

1.6 Significance of the study 6

1.7 Structure of the thesis 8

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW 10

2.1 Made in China 2025 10

2.1.1 Industry 4.0 10

2.1.2 New China 12

2.2 Critical discourse analysis 13

2.2.1 Defining critical discourse analysis 13

2.2.2 Conceptual framework 18

2.2.3 Discursive strategies 26

2.2.3 Cultural values and social theories 36

2.3 Review of related literature 40

2.3.1 Studies on MIC25 40

2.3.2 Studies on Industry 4.0 41

2.3.3 Studies on CDA to policies 47

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 56

3.1 Research approach and design of the study 56

3.2 Research process 57

3.3 Data 60

3.4 Data analytical framework 62

3.5 Research procedure 72

3.6 Trustworthiness and ethical considerations 74

3.6.1 Trustworthiness 74

3.6.2 Ethical considerations 77

3.7 Chapter summary 78

CHAPTER IV: IMAGES OF NEW CHINA 79

4.1 New China as an innovation-driven nation 79

4.1.1 Technological innovation 79

4.1.2 Manufacturing innovation 101

4.1.3 Talent and skills development 109

4.1.4 Quality and brand innovation 118

4.2 New China as a self-reliant nation 126

4.2.1 Reducing external dependence 127

4.2.2 Policy and regulatory sovereignty 147

4.2.3 Cultural and ideological sovereignty 159

4.3 New China as a global leader 166

4.3.1 Technological leadership 167

4.3.2 Global influence and presence 183

4.3.3 Policy and strategic positioning 193

4.4 Chapter summary 206

CHAPTER V: DISCURSIVE CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW CHINA 208

5.1 Lexical choices as discursive strategies 208

5.1.1 Lexicalizing innovation 208

5.1.2 Lexicalizing self-reliance 212

5.1.3 Lexicalizing technological leadership 216

5.2 Intertextuality and interdiscursivity 218

5.2.1 Intertextuality 218

5.2.2 Interdiscursivity 234

5.3 Modality 243

5.3.1 Certainty 243

5.3.2 Obligation 247

5.3.3 Possibility 251

5.3.4 Tense usage 257

5.4 Chapter summary 263

CHAPTER VI: MOTIVATIONS BEHIND NEW CHINA 264

6.1 Building innovation ecosystems 264

6.1.1 Policy support 264

6.1.2 Technological innovation 269

6.1.3 Collaboration model 273

6.2 Protecting national sovereignty 275

6.2.1 Indigenous innovation 275

6.2.2 Supply chains 277

6.2.3 Regulatory support 279

6.2.4 Workforce development 281

6.2.5 Self-sufficiency 283

6.3 Constructing the Chinese Dream 286

6.3.1 National rejuvenation 286

6.3.2 Global leadership 289

6.3.3 Innovation 293

6.4 Chapter summary 297

CHAPTER VII: CONCLUSION 298

7.1 Overview of the study 298

7.2 Main findings 299

7.3 Contributions and impact 306

7.4 Limitations and recommendations for future research 311

7.5 Final remarks 313

ABBREVIATIONS

University-research-industry collaborations URIC

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1: Innovation-Driven Nation Coding Scheme 63

Table 3.2: Self-Reliant Nation Coding Scheme 65

Table 3.3: Global Leader Coding Scheme 66

Table 3.4: Discursive Strategies Coding Scheme 68

Table 3.5:Modality Coding Scheme 69

Table 3.6: Intertextuality and Interdiscursivity Coding Scheme 70

Table 5.1: Direct Quotations 216

Table 5.2:Paraphrased References 220

Table 5.3:Implicit Allusions 229

Table 5.4:Certainty 244

Table 5.5:Obligation and Necessity 247

Table 5.6:Possibility and Probability 252

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.2:Analytical Framework 62

Figure 3.3: Qualitative Data Analysis Procedure (Adapted from Creswell (2022)) 72

Figure 4.1:Technological Innovation Focus 79

Figure 4.2:R&D and Core Technologies 84

Figure 4.3:Digital Transformation 87

Figure 4.4:Intelligent Manufacturing 91

Figure 4.5: Green Innovation 96

Figure 4.6:Process Improvement 101

Figure 4.7:Intelligent Processes 106

Figure 4.8:Technical Skills Training 110

Figure 4.9:Leadership and R&D Talent 114

Figure 4.10:Quality Enhancement 119

Figure 4.11:Branding Building 123

Figure 4.12: Economic Sovereignty 128

Figure 4.13:Technological Sovereignty 131

Figure 4.13: Industrial Self-sufficiency 136

Figure 4.15:Defence and Security 140

Figure 4.16:Resource Independence 144

Figure 4.17:Market and Trade Control 148

Figure 4.18:Strategic Industry Protection 152

Figure 4.19:Intellectual Property Protection 156

Figure 4.20:Promotion of National Values 160

Figure 4.21:Resilience against Foreign Influence 163

Figure 4.22:Leading Superiority 168

Figure 4.23:Manufacturing Superiority 172

Figure 4.24:Standards and Regulatory Influence 175

Figure 4.25:Sustainable Development Leadership 177

Figure 4.26:Strategic Industry Leadership 180

Figure 4.27:Market Expansion and Global Trade 184

Figure 4.28:Investment and Partnerships 187

Figure 4.29:Cultural and Ideological Leadership 190

Figure 4.30:Long-term Vision and Planning 194

Figure 4.31:Resilience and Adaptability 198

Figure 4.32:Diplomatic and Soft Power 202

Figure 5.1: Repetition and Lexical Framing 210

Figure 5.2:Cooperative Rhetoric 213

Figure 5.3:Leadership Language 216

LIST OF DOCUMENTS List of documents 342

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale for the research

The Fourth Industrial Revolution, often referred to as Industry 4.0, represents a profound shift in global technological and industrial practices Driven by advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), automation, and smart manufacturing, Industry 4.0 not only transforms the processes of production but also reshapes the global geopolitical and economic landscape Central to this transformation is the discourse surrounding these technologies, which plays a critical role in constructing national identities and global power relations

Within this context, the Made in China 2025 (MIC25) initiative emerges

as a pivotal industrial initiative, aiming to transform China from the "world's factory" into New China - a global leader in technology, innovation-driven, and self-reliance nation This transformation is not merely an economic shift but is deeply embedded in discourse, making MIC25 a rich and compelling subject for analysis Consequently, Fairclough's (2015) Dialectical-Relational Discourse Analysis (CDA) was selected as the primary analytical method, offering a robust framework for unpacking the intricate ways in which language constructs and conveys China's strategic aspirations

The rationale for this research stems from the understanding that the discourses surrounding MIC25 are instrumental in constructing images of New China as a formidable technological and industrial powerhouse These images symbolize a break from a century of national humiliation, underscoring China's aspiration to reclaim global prestige and leadership While these representations are undeniably influential, they also intensify geopolitical tensions and provoke economic confrontations, often manifesting as "trade wars."

Beyond being simple images, these representations of New China function more as strategic "brands" that China seeks to promote globally They

embody "national identities" designed to project an impression of technological and industrial prowess on the world stage At the same time, they resonate internally as a "dream" that fuels national pride and aspirations among the Chinese people, encapsulating a vision of a modern, self-reliant, and globally respected China

This dream is a fusion of China's rich past, enduring legacies, and standing traditions, intertwined with an imagined future where innovation evolves into a comprehensive innovation ecosystem, self-reliance transforms into national sovereignty, and aspirations for global leadership in technology align with the overarching vision of the Chinese Dream

long-Furthermore, as an individual deeply engaged with technologies, this research carries both academic and personal significance to me My expertise

in CDA may provide a solid foundation for dissecting the complex ways in which discourse is articulated, dialectically interrelates with social structures, and exists meaningfully within its own context Furthermore, as a person immersed in technologies, I have witnessed first-hand the profound impact that technological advancements in Industry 4.0 have on global economies and societal structures This background fuels my interest in exploring how each concept within MIC25 carries meaning and manifests in real-world contexts, recognizing that, ultimately, every idea, strategy and ideology begins as a concept before it starts to shape and be shaped by its world

When this study began in 2018, the trade war between China and the United States dominated international headlines (Bown, 2020; Shu Shang & Shen, 2021), amplifying the fact that each concept can turn into a battleground where economic, political, and cultural stakes collide, driving conflict Take AI

as an example AI is not just about technology; it has massive economic implications, like dominating future industries and creating economic

lead in AI can gain military and strategic superiority Culturally, AI advancements can become a matter of national pride, symbolizing progress and strength Thus, a concept can motivate people, coerce actions and even fuel a war This understanding motivated me to take on this opportunity to make a timely and not less compelling decision to carry out this research

Besides there are several research areas in the existing literature that remain unexplored, motivating me to pursue this research First, CDA approach has been extensively used to study social inequalities in terms of gender, race, and class (Nguyen, 2024) but is underutilized in examining industrial and technological issues in industrial policíe like MIC25 Existing research has mostly analysed political speeches, media texts, and education (Nguyen, 2024) rather than exploring how industrial policy language shapes economic and technological narratives

Second, there remains a significant lack of understanding regarding how industrial policies like MIC25 construct national images While some research addresses national identities through media or cultural discourse, few studies investigate how industrial policy language connects with ideas like technological sovereignty and economic self-reliance to project national strength Additionally, CDA research has predominantly focused on Western policies, overlooking non-Western contexts such as China's state-led strategies This highlights the need to explore how MIC25's discourse asserts China's technological leadership and provides an ideologically distinct perspective

Fourth, recent studies on Industry 4.0 policies emphasize economic and technological outcomes, often ignoring ideological dimensions MIC25's emphasis on national rejuvenation and self-sufficiency indicates a need for CDA to understand how these concepts support China's broader vision Finally, the use of specific discursive strategies in MIC25, like leadership language, narrative of continuity, and temporal markers, remains under-researched

by intertwining concepts such as innovation and self-reliance is essential, particularly given the lack of research in non-neoliberal contexts like China Recent studies predominantly focus on economic and technological impacts, overlooking the ideological dimensions embedded in these policies Finally, investigating the use of specific discursive strategies in MIC25 can uncover how the policy communicates themes of national rejuvenation and The Chinese Dream, contributing to a more nuanced understanding of its broader objectives

1.3 Aim and research questions

The overarching aim of the research is to analyse and understand how the concept of New China is represented, constructed, and justified in the discourse of the MIC25 policy This includes examining the specific images portrayed, the linguistic and discursive strategies used to construct these images, and the underlying reasons or motivations for employing such constructions

These research questions will serve the aim and form the guiding framework for the subsequent chapters of the thesis:

Research question 1: What are the images of New China in MIC25?

Research question 2: How is New China discursively constructed in MIC25? Research question 3: Why is New China discursively constructed in such ways?

1.4 Research methodology

This thesis adopts a critical research paradigm to investigate how the MIC25 initiative discursively constructs New China's images This design allows for a detailed and in-depth analysis of the discursive strategies employed

in MIC25, while the explanatory nature of CDA seeks to uncover the underlying cultural political and economic motivations behind them The cross-sectional design refers to the specific period during which MIC25 has been issued, offering a snapshot of China's strategic positioning in Industry 4.0

The research approach used in this thesis is Critical Discourse Analysis, based on the approach developed by Norman Fairclough (2015) CDA is ideal for addressing the research aim because it examines how language constructs and legitimizes social realities and ideologies It effectively analyses the discursive strategies and power relations in MIC25 to uncover how images of New China are presented and explains the broader social motivations behind these constructions

1.5 Scope of the study

This section outlines the study's scope, centring on how the official MIC25 discourse uses strategic language to project visions of technological independence and global competitiveness The research focuses on several key areas: (Drudy et al.) analysing the English version of MIC25 to uncover images

of New China as a global leader, self-reliant, and innovation-driven; (2) examining how these images are constructed discursively within the policy; (3) investigating the motivations behind the use of this discourse

The study treats the texts as self-contained, emphasizing their discursive impact and the social meanings embedded within the language While acknowledging that images of New China could be explored through broader data sources such as media or interviews, this analysis is limited to the MIC25 text itself The research also considers intertextual and interdiscursive strategies across various genres, like environmental or academic contexts

This study avails itself of Norman Fairclough's CDA (2015) framework, which is particularly effective in linking language to social practices and uncovering how discourse constructs power and ideology It excludes cognitive and historical analysis, as Fairclough's approach does not require these elements, making it suitable for analysing MIC25's strategic language Finally, the research findings are explained from cultural political economy to provide

a comprehensive understanding of the discourse

1.6 Significance of the study

The significance of this study lies in its contributions to understanding how discourse within industrial policies, specifically MIC25, constructs national identity and exerts ideological influence in the era of Industry 4.0 By analysing how MIC25 uses language to project images of a technologically self-reliant and globally competitive China, this research offers valuable insights into the strategic deployment of discourse for nation-building and global positioning

Firstly, this study provides a comprehensive examination of how MIC25 constructs the images of New China as a technological leader and innovator MIC25 uses strategic lexical choices, such as terms like "develop,"

"breakthrough," and "technology," to project a vision of continuous progress and technological dominance These terms are not incidental but serve to frame China as a self-reliant actor in the global tech arena, moving from dependency

on foreign technologies to pioneering advancements in artificial intelligence, robotics, and other next-generation industries to academic discourse by illustrating how industrial policies are embedded with nationalistic and competitive aspirations, extending the scope of CDA beyond its traditional domains

Secondly, delving into the discursive strategies that MIC25 employs,

industrial aspirations The use of terms like "lead," "guide," and "dominate" positions China as an authority in global industrial standards and technological innovation These rhetorical choices align with Fairclough's concept of

"ideological work," demonstrating how language promotes China's vision of technological self-sufficiency and its strategic intent to reshape global manufacturing landscape This aspect of policy discourse can be analysed to uncover underlying ideological frameworks, enriching our understanding of how states use language to assert influence

Third, the frameworks of innovation ecosystems, national sovereignty, and the Chinese Dream provide critical insights into how China's discourse weaves together historical, cultural, and political narratives to legitimize its aspirations and strengthen its global standing

Beyond its academic contributions, critical implications for policymakers and international analysts It provides a framework for understanding how nations, particularly in the Global South, can use language strategically to assert their technological independence and compete on the global stage Policymakers can apply these findings to craft narratives that inspire national pride and foster innovation, while also being mindful of the challenges, such as balancing self-reliance with global collaboration, that MIC25 highlights

Finally, this is particularly significant for the field of China studies from across the academia as it offers a comprehensive analysis of how discourse shapes and reflects China's evolving images and geopolitical strategies

Overall, this research significantly advances the field its application to industrial policy discourse, demonstrating how language shapes national images and global influence It also provides new perspectives on non-Western state-led strategies, offering a robust analysis of how China's policy narratives are crafted to navigate and redefine international norms

1.7 Structure of the thesis

This thesis is organized into seven chapters, each building upon the research questions as a guideline

Chapter 1: Introduction:

The introductory chapter provides a rationale of the research, establishing the aim and research questions that guide the study It introduces the significance of the study as well as the research methodology This chapter also emphasizes the scope and importance of the study

Chapter 2: Literature Review:

This chapter reviews existing scholarly literature on Industry 4.0 as the context, MIC25 as discourse and the subject of this study, and the conceptual framework of CDA It also provides the theoretical foundation to understand the innovation ecosystem, national sovereignty and the Chinese Dream before

a comprehensive review of related studies and gaps being presented

Chapter 3: Research Methodology:

This chapter outlines the research approach and design as well as the research process It details the analytical framework guiding by the research questions The chapter also discusses the rationale for selecting MIC25, the research procedure and the trustworthiness of the study

Chapter 4: Images of New China:

This chapter focuses on how China constructs its images as a global leader, an innovator and a self-reliance nation It resents and discusses key lexical choices, such as "innovation," "self-reliant," and "global leadership," which serve to discursively construct the images

Chapter 5: Discursive Construction of the New China:

Building on the previous chapter, Chapter 5 delves deeper into the discursive strategies used to legitimize China's aspirations under MIC25 It

choices for images of New China It also does the same for modality, intertextuality and interdiscursivity

Chapter 6: Motivations behind the New China:

Thisc chapter broadens the analysis by examining the socio-political and economic motivations behind China's discourse It presents and discusses three concepts of innovation ecosystem, national sovereignty and the Chinese Dream, which draws from the previous findings and the explanations of cultural political economy

Chapter 7: Conclusion:

The final chapter gives an overview of the study before summarizing the key findings of the thesis It also discusses the broader implications of these findings and offers recommendations for future research

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter first give the context of MIC25 in industry 4.0 and discuss industrial policy as discourse and as subject of this study before it provides the understanding of images of New China in Industry 4.0 After it delves into the theoretical foundation of CDA and the conceptual framework of the study The last section of the chapter review related studies and present gaps alongside

The concept of Industry 4.0 was initially developed at the Hanover Fair

by a working group on a mandate from the Research Union Economy-Science

of the German Ministry of Education and Research in Germany in 2011 as a strategy to maintain the country's industrial competitiveness and has since influenced economies worldwide (Lasi et al., 2014) The digital transformation inherent in Industry 4.0 emphasizes efficiency, productivity, and adaptability, reshaping global manufacturing processes Key principles include the use of CPS (Cyber-physical systems) for seamless integration of the physical and digital worlds, and leveraging big data for predictive maintenance and

Industry 4.0 has also triggered significant geopolitical and economic shifts Countries are actively investing in these advanced technologies to gain a competitive edge and assert dominance in the global economy In this context, MIC25 emerges as China's strategic initiative to transition from a low-cost manufacturing base to a global leader in high-tech industries MIC25 aims to strengthen China's technological self-reliance and innovation capabilities, focusing on key sectors like robotics, AI, and green technologies, which align with the transformative objectives of Industry 4.0 (Li, 2018; Wübbeke et al., 2016)

Industry 4.0 also provides a crucial contextual framework, highlighting the interplay between technological advancement and discourse The language and narratives embedded in policies like MIC25 are not merely descriptive but serve to construct national images, legitimize economic goals, and reposition New China in this framework Prominently, MIC25 strategically uses emphasizes technological self-reliance, national pride, and international competitiveness (Li, 2018)

MIC25, when examined as a discourse, refers to the strategic and intentional use of language by the Chinese government (China) to articulate national aspirations and shape perceptions of China's transformation from the

"world factory" to "smart factory" As a discourse, MIC25 is more than just an industrial policy framework; it embodies a set of narratives and rhetorical strategies designed to construct images of New China as self-reliance, innovation, and global competitiveness This discourse also constructs a national identity that emphasizes progress, modernization, and sovereignty, using language to legitimize state intervention in critical sectors and to mobilize both domestic and international support for its transformation

MIC25 within cultural political economy (CPE), as conceptualized by Fairclough (2006), integrates processes and systems of cultural and discursive practices within political and economic structures To explain this, MIC25 is not merely reflections of economic and political realities but are integral to the construction and transformation of these material realities

To clarify this, MIC25 is intertwined with the "material world" (Fairclough, 2015, p 17) to influence political and economic practices and societal, cultural values The discourses surrounding MIC25 frame China's technological advancement as essential for national sovereignty and economic resilience, emphasizing the need to develop core technologies domestically and reduce dependency on foreign technologies

2.1.2 New China

The Chinese Dream, a vision articulated by President Xi Jinping (Wang, 2014), aims to rejuvenate the nation and secure its place as a global power, reminiscent of its historical prominence

In the context of MIC25, New China represents a strategic shift towards

a more advanced, innovative, and sustainable industrial economy It aims to transform China from a manufacturing giant into a leader in high-tech industries, driven by quality, innovation, and environmental sustainability (Li, 2018) Besides, New China is an evolving multifaceted concept that captures the country's ongoing transformation across various domains, driven by economic self-efficacy, cultural shifts, political changes, and technological advancements This transformation is reshaping China's role both domestically and on the global stage (Y Guo, 2019)

The images of New China within MIC25 refers to the carefully constructed narrative and evolving perception This image involves three aspects of China's repositioning, including innovation, self-reliance, and technological leadership, strategically communicated through lexical choices within the MIC25 discourse For example, specific terms like "standards,"

"reliability," "culture," and "quality" are repeated to construct an image of New China as a nation that not only aligns with global norms but also sets them, aiming to redefine its global identity as a technologically advanced and

In this study, the relationship between New China and the Chinese Dream is portrayed as a symbiotic alignment where both concepts reinforce China's national aspirations for rejuvenation and technological autonomy New China aligns with the broader ideological goals of the Chinese Dream, which envisions national rejuvenation, economic modernization, and the reclaiming

of historical prominence

To clarify this, the discourse within MIC25 constructs the Chinese Dream with collective pride and unity and New China as a foundation The document states, "we will strive to transform China into the global manufacturing leader before the centennial of the founding of New China, which will lay the foundation for the realization of the Chinese dream to rejuvenate the Chinese nation" (State Council, 2015, p 1, introduction) Through references to historical narratives, the policy fosters a shared sense of purpose among citizens, highlighting that each technological and industrial achievement contributes to the realization of the Chinese Dream, which is underpinned by two primary pillars: becoming a world leader in high-tech innovation and rejuvenating the nation to reclaim its status as a global power

2.2 Critical discourse analysis

This section provides a conceptual and theoretical framework, beginning with reviewing the approaches within Critical Discourse Analysis, then drawing on Fairclough's (2015) work to understand how language within MIC25 constructs China's industrial aspirations and the power structures it supports Exploring CDA's role in deconstructing policy language offers insights into images of New China

2.2.1 Defining critical discourse analysis

Critical discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary approach that examines texts in terms of their wider social and political significance and integrates social criticism with linguistic analysis to provide empirical support for

critiques of social phenomena (Fairclough, 2010) It is a qualitative analytical approach that critically examines the ways in which discourses construct, maintain, and legitimize social struggles It is based on the premise that language use is purposeful, whether the choices are conscious or unconscious,

it aims to uncover the ideological biases embedded in texts and spoken language (Fairclough, 2015; Toolan, 1997)

CDA has gained prominence largely due to the influential work of Norman Fairclough (2015, first published in 1989) CDA is rooted in the assumption that language is a form of social practice and that it both shapes and

is shaped by society This approach is particularly concerned with issues of power, ideology, and social inequalities as they are manifested in language There are four main approaches in CDA:

First, Wodak's (2001) discourse-historical approach (DHA) integrates a strong emphasis on historical context into the analysis of discourse, making it

a comprehensive method for understanding how discourses evolve over time Wodak (2001) posits that language cannot be fully understood in isolation from its historical roots, as discourses are shaped and reshaped by events, social transformations, and power relations across time The DHA method examines how specific words, phrases, or narratives are constructed and legitimized through repeated use in historical contexts, and how these elements reflect broader social and political shifts By tracing the genealogies of discourses, this approach uncovers how historical memory and past events inform and influence contemporary linguistic practices

Second, van Dijk's (2014) socio-cognitive approach emphasizes the role

of cognition in the production and interpretation of discourse He explores how social power and dominance are enacted, reproduced, and resisted through text and talk A cognitive dimension to discourse analysis, emphasizing how

considers the psychological underpinnings of how people process, internalize, and reproduce language van Dijk (2014) argues that discourse both shapes and

is shaped by social cognition, meaning the shared beliefs, ideologies, and mental models that influence how groups understand and react to social phenomena The cognitive approach is particularly concerned with how discourse constructs and reinforces social power and dominance It explores how certain linguistic structures can manipulate cognition, making ideologies appear natural or unquestionable, and how people resist or internalize these power dynamics

Finally, Fairclough's (2015) dialectical-relational discourse analysis (CDA) It is one of the most well-known and widely used framework His approach combines linguistic analysis with social theory to explore how discourse shapes and is shaped by social structures Fairclough's (2015) work often focuses on neo-liberal discourses and employs linguistic descriptions that serve political motivations and judgments

Fairclough's (2015) approach to textual analysis is deeply rooted in systemic functional linguistics (SFL) (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2013) and critical theory (Fowler et al., 2019) He integrates linguistic analysis with social theory, drawing on the works of theorists like Bourdieu (1977), Gramsci (1971) and Habermas (1984) to link the micro-analysis of texts to the macro-analysis

of social relations (Fairclough, 2003) This dual focus allows the researcher to explore how language both reflects and shapes social structures

Fairclough's (2015) three-dimensional framework for CDA is a seminal approach that examines how language functions as a form of social practice The framework proposes that discourse operates simultaneously on three interconnected levels: text analysis, discursive practice, and social practice Fairclough's (2015) first dimension of text analysis involves a detailed examination of linguistic features such as vocabulary, grammar, and textual structures This micro-level analysis is essential for understanding how texts

produce and reproduce social power relations For instance, Fairclough's (2015) framework includes analysing the choice of words, sentence structures, and the overall organization of the text to reveal hidden ideologies and power imbalances

The second dimension of Fairclough's (2015), interpretation, focuses on the relationship between the text and its production, distribution, and consumption It analyses how discourse is shaped by socio-cultural factors, focusing on how communicative practices draw upon existing knowledge, norms, and institutional influences This dimension looks at both the micro-level (text analysis) and macro-level (social practice) to understand how discourse functions within its context For instance, analysing the MIC25 document involves examining how it is perceived and positioned in broader socio-economic goals

The third dimension considers the relationship between discourse and broader social structures It seeks to explain how language influences and is influenced by societal power relations, ideologies, and social practices This stage highlights the role of discourse in maintaining or challenging power dynamics and includes analysing the concept of hegemony - how dominant ideologies gain consent and shape social order For example, the dimension would involve understanding how the discourse of Industry 4.0 promotes government intervention and legitimizes China's technological aspirations

Analysing the discourse of Industry 4.0 to reveal how it construct images

of New China, the discursive strategies and motivations behind these images requires a framework that can address the complex interplay between language, power, and social practice Norman Fairclough's (2015) CDA is particularly well-suited for this task for several reasons

First thing first, it is because of Fairclough's (2015) emphasis on the relationship between language and power, and its foundation in the Marxist

political economy As Jacobs (2006) points out, Fairclough's (2015) CDA is well-suited for analysing the recursive relationship between discourse, power, and the socio-economic structures that shape policy discourses In the context

of Industry 4.0, this approach allows for a detailed examination of how technological discourse is constructed and how they reflect broader socio-political and power dynamics, and material realities (Fairclough, 2006, 2015)

Second, Fairclough's (2015) emphasis on neo-liberal discourses aligns well with the economic and political ideologies that underpin Industry 4.0 policies His CDA can help uncover how these ideologies are promoted and naturalized through language (Poole, 2010) For example, a study by Babaii and Sheikhi (2018) on English teaching materials using Fairclough's (2015) CDA method revealed that textbooks often propagate neo-liberal values such

as market dynamics, consumerism, and individual marketability These materials also tend to present a superficial, non-critical multiculturalism, which serves to create an idealized image of the West This practice of "inculcation" underscores the pervasive influence of neo-liberal ideologies in educational contexts, mirroring the ideological underpinnings of Industry 4.0

Third, Fairclough's (2015) CDA has been applied to various contexts, from government discourse to media texts among others as reviewed by Nguyen (2024), demonstrating its flexibility and robustness This versatility is beneficial for analysing the multifaceted and global nature of Industry 4.0 policies For example, Fairclough's (2015) CDA has been effectively applied to government discourse, demonstrating its capacity to reveal underlying power dynamics and ideological constructs By focusing on the language used in policy documents and political speeches, researchers have been able to uncover the ways in which language shapes and is shaped by political agendas This application underscores the flexibility of CDA in addressing complex and multifaceted issues within governmental contexts (Poole, 2010)

Fourth, Fairclough's (2015) approach is inherently critical, aiming to reveal the power relations and ideological processes embedded in discourse This critical stance is essential for scrutinizing innovation, self-reliance and technological leadership associated with MIC25, along with issues of labour disparity, green development, and economic inequality (Poole, 2010)

Fairclough's (2015) CDA is particularly effective in analysing how hegemony is constructed and contested within discourse Industry 4.0 discourse is

a strategic attempt to challenge existing hegemonic structures, especially in the realm of technology and economic influence Using Fairclough's (2015) CDA helps to uncover how language is used to legitimize China's pursuit of global technological dominance and how this discourse aims to construct an alternative power structure that challenges Western hegemony (Fairclough, 2015)

Fifth, Fairclough's (2015) three-dimensional CDA offers a comprehensive framework for analysing the discourse of Industry 4.0 such as MIC25 This multidimensional approach helps to connect the micro-level linguistic features of the text to the macro-level socio-political processes It allows the researcher to analyse not only what is said in the policy but also how

it is said and why it is said, linking linguistic analysis to broader socio-political and economic structures

2.2.2 Conceptual framework

This section reviews key concepts developed by Fairclough's (2015) CDA's three-dimensional framework of description, interpretation and explanation

2.2.2.1 Description

Fairclough's (1992, p 76) use of "lexicalizing" involves examining the specific words and phrases used in a text An example of "lexicalizing" in the discourse of MIC25 is the frequent use of terms such as "innovation-driven,"

deliberate and serve to convey underlying ideologies that prioritize technological advancement and economic modernization The term

"innovation-driven" suggests a forward-thinking and dynamic economy, while

"smart products" implies efficiency and technological superiority By using words like "technology upgrading," the discourse implies that traditional manufacturing practices are outdated or inferior, thus legitimizing the push for technological transformation

These lexical choices are far from neutral; they frame MIC2025's initiatives as inherently positive and necessary, while subtly marginalizing or disregarding the interests of those who may be negatively affected, such as workers in traditional industries or small enterprises that struggle to compete This strategic language works to shape public perception, making technological change appear as an unquestionable path to national progress and prosperity

Fairclough (2010) also highlights the thematic use of lexical items to show how they contribute to the overall message of the text For example, in the analysis of a speech by Bajri and Mariesel (2020), lexical items were used thematically to either glorify the revolution or describe the sacrifices of soldiers, thereby shaping the audience's perception of the events Another example of a lexical item in MIC25 is the phrase "rejuvenation." This term is strategically chosen to evoke a sense of historical and cultural pride, tapping into the ideology of China's resurgence as a global manufacturing power The connotations of "rejuvenation" suggest not only economic and technological advancement but also a revival of national strength and prestige, framing MIC2025 as a patriotic endeavour rather than just an economic policy Such lexical items can generate broader themes that reinforce key messages For example, the term "rejuvenation" creates a theme of collective effort, rallying citizens around the idea that technological and industrial advancement is crucial for the construction of the Chinese Dream

Fairclough (2015) further emphasizes the significance of the frequency

of lexical items in discourse analysis, as repeated words or phrases play a crucial role in reinforcing particular ideologies and social meanings He asserts that frequent repetition can make certain ideas appear "naturalized" or self-evident, embedding them into the social consciousness (Fairclough, 2015, p 165) Moreover, he discusses how lexical frequency helps establish dominant discourses Word frequency may create "emancipatory discourse" which challenges, breaks through, and may ultimately transform the dominant orders

of discourse, as a part of the struggle of oppressed social groupings against the dominant bloc (Fairclough, 1992, p 234) This use of repetition, thus, focuses the audience's attention on specific themes, while simultaneously marginalizing alternative perspectives

The lexical choice is not limited to the words themselves but extends to their social and political implications Fairclough (1992) adds that lexical choices can reveal much about the social relations and power dynamics at play

A lexical item is also a concept that "brings particular perspectives on domain

of experience into wider theoretical, scientific, cultural or ideological purview" (Fairclough, 1992, p 191)

For instance, the choice of certain terms over others can indicate an attempt to naturalize specific ideologies, making them appear as common sense Practically, central to MIC25 is the frequent use of terms like

"innovation," "technologies," and "reducing external dependence." These items are not neutral descriptors but serve as linguistic tools to frame China's industrial policy as an inevitable pathway toward global leadership The emphasis on "innovation" positions New China as a forward-thinking, future-oriented power, while "technologies" and "reducing external dependence " highlight the country's desire to reduce dependency on foreign technologies,

2.2.2.2 Interpretation

This dimension examines how texts are produced, distributed, and consumed It focuses on the processes and practices that surround the creation and interpretation of a text, considering how meaning is constructed in specific contexts

First, "production" (Fairclough, 2015) refers to the processes involved in

creating texts and how these processes are influenced by and reflect social contexts and power relations Fairclough's CDA framework emphasizes the interplay between text production, discourse practices, and sociocultural practices For example, the concept of "dependence" in MIC25 can be illustrated by the emphasis on reducing the reliance on foreign technology The text discusses China's aspiration to move away from a reliance on imported high-tech components and instead focus on developing domestic capabilities Besides, the mention of "reducing dependence" on foreign semiconductor chips reflects the political and economic vulnerability perceived by China, as this reliance poses risks in case of trade restrictions or sanctions from other countries This type of "dependence" reflects the broader power relations at play between New China and technology-leading countries, and how these relations are manifested in strategic discourse about industrial policy and innovation This text production, shaped by these power dynamics, aims to persuade both domestic and international audiences of China's goals to become

a more self-reliant nation

Second, "distribution" (Fairclough, 2015) refers to the phase in which

discourses are disseminated and circulated within society This phase is crucial

as it determines how the produced texts reach their audience and the manner in which they are consumed and interpreted by different social groups Take

"green" as an example, this discourse on green technology and sustainable industrial practices is distributed through various channels, such as government

publications, media reports, international conferences, and policy announcements By widely disseminating information about investments in renewable energy technologies and environmental innovations, China aims to shape public perception, both domestically and internationally, about its commitment to reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainable practices The discourse, once distributed, may be interpreted by different groups - environmental advocates may see it as progress, while critics might view it as insufficient or greenwashing The phase of distribution thus determines the reach and the impact of these green initiatives and how they contribute to New China's image as a leader in developing technologies for sustainable development

Third, "consumption" (Fairclough, 2015) encompasses how audiences

interpret discourse For example, domestically, the concept of " Běidǒu" (北斗) in the "Beidou Navigation Satellite System" (DBS) used in MIC25 refers to the "Big Dipper" constellation In Chinese, "北斗" (Běidǒu) means "Northern Dipper" or "North Star," a reference to the prominent star pattern in the northern sky The choice of this name symbolizes guidance and positioning, as the Big Dipper has traditionally been used for navigation (Sun et al., 2012) Citizens might see it as a rallying call for national pride and modernization, aligning with China's broader goals of self-reliance and global influence Internationally, however, the BDS is perceived as China's strategic alternative to other global satellite navigation systems like the United States' Global Positioning System (GPS), Russia's GLONASS (Global navigation satellite system), and the European Union's Galileo Beidou is often viewed as a symbol of China's technological aspirations and geopolitical strategy (Agarwala & Chaudhary, 2021) The West, thus, may concern about the fact that MIC25 could disrupt the existing technological dominance The initiative's focus on achieving

technological independence and self-reliance has been met with opposition, manifesting in various forms of trade restrictions, including tariff and non-tariff measures (Agarwala & Chaudhary, 2021) Thus, this interpretation highlights how MIC25 is strategically crafted to resonate with diverse audiences, adapting its narrative to serve domestic and international ideological objectives

2.2.2.3 Explanation

Fairclough (2015) focuses on examining the broader cultural, historical, and social contexts that shape and are shaped by both the text and discursive practices This dimension emphasizes understanding how discourse interacts with and contributes to social practices, particularly within the framework of

globalization It explores how discourse constructs and reinforces power, hegemony, and ideology, often creating and legitimizing "imaginaries" that

become naturalized and widely accepted as common sense

Fairclough (2006) credited the notion of globalization within CPE as a

"neutral flow of ideas" where it is heavily influenced by dominant powers who shape the narrative to serve their own interests In this accreditation, positioning MIC25 as "innovation-driven" serves to integrate China's discourse within an international framework of Industry 4.0 that seems neutral and universally beneficial

"Power" (Fairclough, 2015) is understood as the capacity to control and

influence through discourse In the analysis of MIC25, the power of discourse

is evident in its ability to construct an image of New China as a global leader, reinforce ideologies of self-reliance and technological advancement, and shape political economic practices Thus, MIC25 serves as a powerful discursive tool

to advance China's economic and political interests, solidifying its influence both within the country and in the global arena

"Hegemony", as a concept from Gramsci (1971), involves the dominance

of one group over others, often maintained through a combination of economic,

political, and ideological means Fairclough (1992, p 92) defines that

"hegemony is a focus of constant struggle around points of greatest instability between classes and blocs, to construct or sustain or fracture alliances and relations of domination/subordination, which takes economic; political and ideological forms" In the context of MIC25, this struggle for hegemony is evident in China's strategic efforts to position itself as a global leader in technology and manufacturing Economically, China aims to dominate through the MIC25 initiative, which seeks to upgrade the country's manufacturing capabilities and reduce reliance on foreign technology This strategy involves significant investments in high-tech industries such as robotics, aerospace, and new energy vehicles By advancing its technological capabilities, China aims

to shift the global economic balance in its favour, challenging the current dominance of Western countries, particularly the United States (Jun, 2022)

Fairclough (2015) emphasizes the role of language in the construction and maintenance of power dynamics and hegemonic structures within society A study

by Sikandar and Hussain (2018) investigating power and hegemony in research consultations found that language ideologies play a crucial role in establishing asymmetrical power relations between supervisors and supervisees The study revealed that in some cases, language is used to sustain the dominant position of the supervisor, thereby perpetuating power imbalances

Fairclough (2015) argues that language connects with the society

through being the primary domain of "ideology", and through being a site of,

and stake in, struggles for power This means that language is not just a medium

of communication but a crucial arena where ideological battles are fought and power relations are established and maintained This perspective is rooted in the dialectical-relational approach, where ideologies are embedded in social practices, shaping both individual perceptions and societal structures

"IoT," and "big data" carry significant ideological weight These terms construct an imaginary vision of the future where automation and data management are central to economic development, reflecting the interests of dominant technological and economic actors and shaping public perception around technological progress Thus, they mobilize support and encourage actions that have the potential to manifest as tangible, material outcomes

Fairclough's (2015, p 37) CDA provides a robust framework for

understanding how "imaginary" constructs are embedded within texts and

social practices This triadic model allows for a nuanced examination of how imaginary constructs are woven into the material fabric of discourse in forms

of goals These goals can be selected, decided upon and implemented and "such implemented actions may have real, material effects which contribute to making those imaginaries material realities" (Fairclough, 2015, p 45)

In the analysis by Sheibeh and Deedari (2016), CDA framework (Fairclough, 2015) is applied to reveal how the protagonist constructs an imagined world as a way to conceal or cope with his suppressed identity This example demonstrates how discourse shapes and reinforces these “imaginary” constructs Specifically, the protagonist, Humbert, narrates his fictional reality through a subjective and often unreliable perspective, blending memories with ideological versions of reality The "imaginary" constructs in Humbert's narrative, while initially intangible, influence his actions and behaviours, showing how such

“imaginaries” can shape real outcomes and have material effects

Fairclough's (2015, p 113) concept of "naturalization" is the process by

which certain actions, ideas, or social practices are presented as natural, inevitable, or common sense, thereby legitimizing them without overt justification This concept is crucial in understanding how power and ideology are maintained and reproduced through language

This concept explains how the language of MIC25 works to legitimize

existing power structures The concept of "digital transformation" is framed to convey that adopting digital technologies is necessary for economic survival and global competitiveness, suggesting that any resistance to digital change is impractical or backward By emphasizing progressive connotations, the term evokes a sense of forward movement and modernization, implying that societies or organizations that fail to adapt will be left behind This framing strategy also tends to downplay or minimize concerns such as the socioeconomic impacts on smaller businesses, the displacement of low-skilled workers, or the environmental consequences of increased technological infrastructure By naturalising the benefits and inevitability of digital transformation, the discourse often neglects or marginalizes these broader, more complex issues

These strategies are intentionally employed to create a positive presentation, strengthening text-producers' credibility and aligning their messages with the goals of China in Industry 4.0

self-2.2.3 Discursive strategies

2.2.3.1 Lexical choice strategies

The strategies of lexical choice used in discourse can be grouped into three thematic categories, each intricately linked to power, hegemony, ideology, and the construction of imaginaries that become naturalized

The first category, persuasion, emphasis, and urgency strategies for

innovation, serves to propel forward-thinking initiatives and establish an

ideological framework that positions technological progress as essential and inevitable This category includes the use of innovation terms, repetition and lexical framing, positive framing and temporal markers

Innovation terms can be understood as linguistic constructs that reflect

and reinforce the interplay between language, ideology, and social power,

about the necessity of constant advancement They serve as a mechanism through which actors can challenge and reshape dominant structures Concepts such as "reducing external dependence," "core technologies" and "breakthrough" can help to resolve existing dilemmas, such as economic dependency or technological inferiority, while projecting an image of innovation and self-reliance This strategic use of language aligns with Fairclough's (1992) idea of hegemonic struggle, where innovation terms becomes a means to not only address internal issues but also assert power in a global context It frames the actor as forward-thinking and capable of overcoming traditional limitations, thereby reshaping perceptions and altering the balance of power

The concept of discursive events provides a robust theoretical foundation for understanding "innovation" Fairclough (1992, p 97) posits that a discursive event may contribute to preserving and reproducing traditional power relations and hegemonies and "may therefore draw upon problematized conventions, or may be a contribution to transforming those relations through hegemonic struggle and may therefore try to resolve the dilemmas through innovation." This argument suggests that when innovation language is employed, it becomes

a deliberate strategy to disrupt entrenched power relations, repositioning groups

or nations within a broader socio-political and economic context and mark the paradigm shift of Industry 4.0

Repetition and lexical framing embed the degree of key concepts in a

theme or their "scale" (Fairclough, 2003, p 124) to generate how much of the

"material world" they include, while positive framing highlights the benefits of technological change, naturalizing the idea that such advancements are universally good Thus, repetition or the frequency of terms ensures that specific ideas become memorable and ingrained in the audience's mind This lexical framing involves carefully choosing words to generate a theme that may influences how the audience interprets messages

For example, in MIC25, the repetition of terms related to "innovation" in discourse is a strategic use of language designed to emphasize the importance and inevitability of technological progress By repeatedly using words like

"innovation," "core," and "breakthrough," China embeds these concepts into the audience's consciousness, making them seem indispensable and central to future success According to Fairclough (2003), this repetition amplifies the "scale" of the theme "innovation", making the idea of "innovation" appear all-encompassing, as if it touches every aspect of the material world This strategy naturalizes the notion that embracing "innovation" is not just beneficial but a fundamental necessity for survival and growth As a result, the constant reiteration of innovation terms works to shape public perception, making the audience more likely to interpret messages about technological advancement positively and view resistance to change as irrational or backward The effect is

to make both the concept and theme of "innovation" a universally accepted and unquestioned ideal for foreseeable material realities, deeply ingrained through frequency and lexical framing

Positive framing or what Fairclough (2010, p 35) "the predominance of

self-promotion in positive self-evaluations" involves presenting information in

a way that highlights the benefits of technological change, naturalizing the idea that such advancements are universally good and minimizes drawbacks This strategy is particularly useful in discourse, where optimism can inspire and motivate Lakoff's (2014) work on framing underscores the power of language

to shape perceptions and influence cognitive processes, making positive framing a potent tool for social change (Lakoff, 2004) China may frame its messages to emphasize hope, opportunity, and benefits, which can effectively garner support and foster loyalty

Temporal markers create a sense of urgency, framing immediate action