Drawing upon a sample of 339 actively practicing waste sorters, the study analyzes the relationships between subjective norms, awareness benefits, environmental consciousness, awareness
INTRODUCTION
Research background and statement of the problem
Solid waste management is a critical environmental challenge, especially for emerging nations, with no signs of resolution in sight The global annual production of municipal solid waste (MSW) exceeds two billion metric tons, projected to increase by 70% by 2050, driven by population growth, urbanization, and rising affluence (Alves, 2023) In countries like Vietnam, 76% to 82% of collected solid waste ends up in landfills, highlighting the reliance on landfilling as the primary disposal method (Nguyen & Watanabe, 2019) In response, the Vietnamese government has implemented the National Strategy for Integrated Management of Solid Waste Until 2025, promoting waste separation at the source to enhance sustainability (Office of the Prime Minister, 2009) Source separation is deemed essential for closing the material loop and reducing environmental harm (Nguyen et al., 2015) However, effective implementation of this strategy remains a significant challenge in urban areas of developing countries (Zhang et al., 2012; Tadesse, 2009; Nguyen & Watanabe, 2019).
Improving waste separation behavior presents a significant challenge for both academics and practitioners Research has identified key factors influencing work-related stress (WSB), such as prior habits (Xu et al., 2017), satisfaction with local facilities (Stoeva and Alriksson, 2017), and the level of trust between the public and authorities (Nguyen et al., 2015) However, previous studies have overlooked the unique characteristics of Vietnamese students, particularly in Ho Chi Minh City This study aims to bridge that gap by examining the role of environmental education in shaping waste sorting behaviors Educational institutions play a crucial role in influencing students, who will ultimately become future leaders, in adopting effective waste management practices, potentially leading to significant improvements in the pressing waste crisis.
As the twenty-first century unfolds, global sustainable development is accelerating, setting more achievable goals The concept of "sustainable development" has gained worldwide acknowledgment, with "sustainable education" formally introduced by UNESCO in 1997 to emphasize education's critical role in environmental conservation This has provided a strong theoretical basis for the establishment of "green campuses."
In 2012, the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro adopted "The Future We Want," initiating the development of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to build on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) In 2015, the UN endorsed a plan to guide global efforts through 2030, outlining 17 SDGs for nations to pursue That same year, the sustainability tracking, assessment, and rating system (STARS) was launched, widely used to identify leading colleges and institutions across 17 sustainability categories The Sustainable Campus Index publication supports strategic planning by providing a comprehensive tool for evaluating research, curriculum, campus operations, and institutional capacity, while also fostering dialogue about sustainability within and among educational institutions.
Numerous studies have explored the challenges associated with human decision-making and the resolution of defection problems, highlighting key aspects of this complex process (Ghani et al., 2013; Nguyen et al., 2015).
Research indicates that attitude is a key predictor of intentions to separate waste, which can subsequently forecast actual waste separation behavior (Watanabe, 2019; Fan et al., 2019) These findings are grounded in the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) developed by Ajzen (1991), which posits that behavioral intentions are influenced by factors beyond attitudes, including subjective norms and perceived behavioral control Additionally, it is crucial to account for individual moral judgments, sense of duty, and resistance to acting in certain situations (Ajzen, 1991) The Value Belief-Norm hypothesis, formulated by Stern et al., further emphasizes the interplay of values, beliefs, and norms in shaping environmental behaviors.
(1999), similarly identifies moral judgment and felt duties as important components According to Chu and Chiu (2003), there is empirical data about waste management behavior in several studies.
To enhance the effectiveness of trash separation programs, it is crucial to understand the motivations behind student participation in waste separation and their willingness to collaborate Given the lack of research on this subject in Vietnam, especially within academic institutions, we conducted an empirical study at various universities to identify key factors that drive student engagement in waste management initiatives.
Ho Chi Minh City to look into the variables impacting students’ intentions to separate garbage at the source.
Research objectives
This study addresses the limited research on students' attitudes toward source garbage sorting by exploring key factors such as Subjective Norm (SN), Awareness Benefits (AB), Environmental Consciousness (EC), Awareness Consequences (AC), and Waste Source Sorting Intention (WSSI) By doing so, it aims to shed light on this underexplored area of environmental behavior.
The research aims to develop a model that analyzes how different student behaviors, particularly source-based garbage sorting, influence key factors such as environmental consciousness (EC), awareness benefits (AB), awareness consequences (AC), subjective norms (SN), and the intention to sort waste at the source (WSSI).
The research aims to explore the interconnections between various parameters and validate the hypotheses derived from the model It specifically investigates the relationships among waste source sorting behavior (WSSB), environmental consciousness (EC), awareness of benefits (AB), awareness of consequences (AC), subjective norm (SN), and waste source sorting intention (WSSI).
The primary aim of the research is to leverage the model's outcomes to draw meaningful conclusions and recommendations These findings are expected to be valuable for decision-makers and educators in Vietnam, especially within educational institutions, in the future.
Subject and scope of research
Research subjects: waste source sorting behavior and environmental consciousness, awareness benefits, awareness consequences, subjective-norm, and waste source sorting intention.
Respondents: The interview technique was employed on respondents who are students in Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City.
An online survey questionnaire was utilized to gather data on waste source sorting behavior in Ho Chi Minh City The data collection period spanned one month, from December 13, 2023, to January 26, 2024.
Research method
This study employs focus groups and interviews as qualitative techniques to gather in-depth insights into participants' viewpoints, opinions, and experiences This approach ensures a thorough understanding of the research topic, allowing for the analysis of qualitative data to uncover trends and themes The findings from this analysis provide a solid foundation for developing quantitative models and hypotheses.
The interview technique involved a group of 10 individuals aged between 19 and
25, residing, studying, or working in Ho Chi Minh City.
The study employs a quantitative research technique through an online questionnaire to evaluate the proposed hypotheses By providing all participants with a standardized set of questions, data collection is streamlined and efficient This deductive approach emphasizes the use of evidence to test ideas or hypotheses, ensuring that every respondent answers the same questions for consistency in data collection.
The survey results are analyzed using AMOS and SPSS 20, focusing on the consistency of the structured classification of questionnaire instruments through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) This study employs a mixed-methods approach, integrating qualitative and quantitative research to leverage the strengths of both methods for a comprehensive understanding of the research topic.
Research contribution
The study explores the factors that influence students' waste sorting decisions at the source, aiming to provide educational institutions with insights into how student intentions shape behaviors This understanding will assist in the planning and development of more effective programs Additionally, the research highlights key variables that affect waste sorting, offering prospective students valuable insights into their motivations for engaging in this practice.
Research structure
The structure of the thesis is divided into five chapters as follows:
This article highlights the urgency of the topic, outlining both general and specific objectives while addressing potential resistance to the study's aims and scope It discusses the research methodologies employed and emphasizes the subject's significance from both scientific and practical perspectives Additionally, the study's design is thoroughly presented, showcasing its relevance and contribution to the field.
Chapter 2: Literature review and hypothesis development
This article explores the relationship between waste source sorting behavior (WSSB) and several influencing factors, including subjective norm (SN), environmental consciousness (EC), awareness of benefits (AB), and awareness of consequences (AC), ultimately leading to waste source sorting intention (WSSI) It also reviews relevant theories and prior research to construct a comprehensive research model and formulate associated hypotheses.
The research process is presented, scales are created, and both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies are used to analyze and measure study topics.
Chapter 4: Data analysis and results
This chapter includes the study's dataset, survey sample details, model testing and measuring research hypotheses, analysis, and evaluation of the findings.
This chapter encapsulates the key findings of the thesis, evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of practice research within organizations, and presents suggestions for future research avenues based on the outcomes.
LITERATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT
Theoretical Framework
2.1.1 The theory of planned behavior (TPB)
The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), as articulated by Chan and Bishop (2013) and Pakpour et al (2014), provides a valuable framework for understanding garbage sorting behaviors This theory posits that perceived behavioral regulation is influenced by attitudes and subjective norms, as originally outlined by Ajzen (1991) and supported by Fishbein and Ajzen's (1975) Theory of Reasoned Action Sorting household solid waste is viewed as a collective behavior within family units that possess distinct social characteristics Our research primarily focuses on the impact of subjective norms, which serve as a key predictor of social behaviors Several theories have been proposed to explain household solid waste sorting behavior through the "subjective norm-intention-behavior" pathway derived from TPB, highlighting the factors that motivate environmental changes.
In our study, we explored the concept of "subjective norm intention," which highlights the significance of social pressure in the decision-making process related to garbage sorting behavior Understanding this concept is crucial, as it influences individuals' intentions and actions towards effective waste management (Ajzen, 1991; Chu and Chiu, 2010; Chan and Bishop, 2013).
Literature review
According to the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the subjective norm is a crucial predictor of intention, reflecting the perceived external pressure from society regarding the appropriateness of an action (Ajzen, 1991; Jabeen et al., 2019) Research indicates that subjective norms significantly influence behaviors related to household solid waste and waste separation (Ghani et al., 2013; Ramayah et al., 2012) In Vietnam, where collectivism prevails and individuals are heavily influenced by significant others, the subjective norm serves as a vital motivator for the intention to separate waste at the source (Nguyen & Watanabe, 2019; Tran, 2021).
Knowledge of benefits, as defined by Cudjoe et al (2020), involves understanding how specific activities can positively influence situations A heightened awareness of these benefits can significantly motivate households to recycle and protect the environment (Nguyen et al., 2015; Cudjoe et al., 2020) This awareness encompasses residents' recognition of how waste sorting contributes to environmental improvement by reducing harmful effects, easing waste disposal challenges, providing socio-economic advantages, and positively impacting education for future generations (Cudjoe et al., 2020; Nketiah et al., 2022; Adu-Gyamfi et al., 2023) Ultimately, understanding the benefits of waste sorting is crucial for enhancing public health, energy security, and environmental sustainability.
Environmental consciousness is the capacity to assess how personal and collective lifestyle choices impact the environment, as defined by Schlegelmilch et al (1996) Kautish et al (2019) describe it as a belief system that incorporates psychological factors influencing an individual's likelihood to engage in pro-environmental behaviors Adu-Gyamfi et al (2023) further emphasize that this belief system encompasses specific psychological elements that drive participation in environmentally friendly activities Additionally, Kautish et al (2019) note that environmental consciousness is a multifaceted behavioral variable that varies in intensity and is distinct from its antecedents and behavioral outcomes.
Research by Kochan et al (2016) indicates that an individual's motivation to recycle significantly increases with heightened awareness of the consequences of improper waste disposal When people understand the severe impacts of not sorting their trash, they are more likely to engage in environmentally friendly practices, such as recycling and waste sorting, which are driven by altruism (Shi et al., 2021) Furthermore, Garling et al (2003) suggest that this awareness fosters a sense of responsibility towards the task at hand Ultimately, Kochan et al (2016) emphasize that a strong awareness of environmental repercussions is positively linked to an individual's recycling intentions.
2.2.5 Waste Source Sorting Intention and Behavior
Waste sorting, as highlighted by Fan et al (2019), is a pro-environmental behavior shaped by contextual factors and motivation To enhance waste reduction and recycling efforts in communities and schools, especially in Vietnam, the 3Rs concept should be implemented This study examines the impact of these key variables on the intentions and behaviors of UEH university students regarding waste sorting.
Prior relevant studies
2.3.1 Reducing waste management challenges: Empirical assessment of waste sorting intention among corporate employees in Ghana by Adu-Gyamfi et al
This research highlights the significance of waste sorting in tackling solid waste challenges, fostering a circular economy, and promoting public health and environmental sustainability Understanding consumer motivations for waste separation is essential for achieving public acceptance and participation The study investigates the waste sorting intentions of corporate employees in Ghana, expanding the theory of reasoned action to include factors such as convenience, environmental consciousness, hedonic motivations, and awareness of benefits Using structural equation modeling on 401 valid survey responses, the framework accounted for 65.4% of the variance, revealing that attitude, subjective norms, environmental consciousness, awareness of benefits, convenience, and hedonic motivations significantly influenced waste sorting intentions Additionally, awareness of benefits affected attitude but not convenience, while subjective norms positively influenced environmental consciousness and hedonic motivation ANOVA analysis indicated that gender, age, and education impacted waste sorting inclination, with employees in the hospitality and education sectors showing a higher propensity to engage The study provides valuable insights into waste sorting behaviors among corporate employees and suggests practical solutions to enhance engagement and participation, based on a random sampling method and online questionnaires distributed through social media, yielding 423 responses from 500 invitations, of which 401 were valid for analysis.
2.3.2 Investigating intention and behaviour towards sorting household waste in Chinese rural and urbanerural integration areas by Shi et al (2021)
The study highlights the pressing environmental challenge of household waste management in China, intensified by rapid social development and population growth Despite the implementation of waste sorting policies in urban areas, rural and urban-rural integration regions remain overlooked Utilizing the theory of planned behavior and the norm-activation model, the research analyzed 241 valid questionnaires and identified key predictors of waste sorting intentions and behaviors, including behavioral attitude and perceived behavioral control Furthermore, personal moral norms and subjective norms were found to positively impact behavioral intentions Notably, awareness of consequences mainly influenced personal moral norms rather than directly affecting behavioral intention The study offers managerial implications for effectively tackling waste management issues in these regions, with data collected from Xuzhou, Jiangsu.
Province, China, from residents living in rural or urban-rural integration areas without mandatory waste soiling policies, who were willing to participate in the survey.
2.3.3 An assessment of the influence of awareness of benefits and perceived difficulties on waste sorting intention in Beijing by Cudjoe et al (2020)
This study highlights the critical role of waste sorting in effective waste management, especially following new regulations in Beijing aimed at promoting household waste sorting It investigates how residents' awareness of the benefits and challenges of waste sorting influences their intentions, alongside the impact of policy effectiveness Using the Theory of Reasoned Action, the research analyzes data from 267 residents in Beijing through hierarchical multiple regression Findings reveal a positive correlation between awareness of benefits and waste sorting intentions, while perceived difficulties negatively affect these intentions, with perceived policy effectiveness acting as a moderator The results offer valuable insights for environmental policymakers, suggesting that effective waste sorting policies should focus on emphasizing benefits and addressing perceived challenges.
2.3.4 From intention to action: How do personal attitudes, facilities accessibility, and government stimulus matter for household waste sorting? by Zang et al
This study explores the gap between intentions and actions in household waste sorting among Chinese residents, focusing on the impact of personal attitudes, accessibility of facilities, and government incentives Utilizing the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and the Norm Activation Model (NAM), it examines how psychological factors and situational constraints influence waste sorting behavior Findings from a survey indicate a notable disconnect, where the intention-behavior relationship weakens with the introduction of accessibility and government support, yet these factors still encourage waste sorting behavior Personal norms are identified as the key driver of waste sorting intentions, while subjective norms and perceived behavioral control show no significant effects These insights are crucial for policymakers aiming to enhance waste sorting initiatives and improve waste management strategies.
2.3.5 From intention to behavior: Comprehending residents’ waste sorting intention and behavior formation process by Wang et al (2020)
This research explores the critical issue of waste management by examining residents' intentions and behaviors regarding waste sorting, an area that has been largely overlooked To address this gap, a theoretical model is developed that incorporates personal moral norms and waste sorting knowledge into the theory of planned behavior, shedding light on how residents' intentions and behaviors are formed The study also assesses the influence of external factors, such as incentive measures, on the discrepancy between waste sorting intentions and actual behaviors Analyzing survey data from 397 Chinese residents, findings indicate that attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, personal moral norms, and waste sorting knowledge significantly impact residents' intentions to sort waste Moreover, waste sorting knowledge indirectly affects intentions through attitudes and perceived behavioral control The research highlights a notable gap between intention and behavior, revealing that incentive measures play a crucial role in bridging this divide by enhancing the relationship between intention and behavior Ultimately, this study offers valuable insights into promoting effective waste sorting practices among residents in their daily lives.
Hypotheses development
2.4.1 The influence of Subjective Norm on Awareness Benefit, Environmental
Consciousness and Waste Source Sorting Intention
Subjective norms refer to the external pressures and influences exerted by individuals and society, impacting personal behavior (Cudjoe et al., 2022) As noted by Perry (2016), individuals often experience pressure to act from family, friends, and social influencers Studies by Fan et al (2019) and Oztekin et al (2017) highlight the significance of subjective norms in influencing local garbage recycling behaviors However, research by Shen et al (2020) found no effect of these norms on farmers' willingness to sort household waste Therefore, further investigation is needed to better understand the relationship between environmental awareness and the role of subjective norms in promoting participation in eco-friendly practices like waste sorting.
Choosing eco-friendly products (Yadav and Pathak, 2016; Verma and Chandra,
The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) has explored various pro-environmental behaviors, including sustainable practices in the private sector (Zheng et al., 2018) and behavioral intentions influenced by subjective norms Research by Gkargkavouzi et al (2019) highlights that topic norms significantly shape these intentions Blok et al (2015) assert that promoting eco-friendly activities leads to improved environmental performance Ultimately, the subjective norm emerges as the most critical factor affecting environmental behavioral intentions (Gkargkavouzi et al., 2019; Shi et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2020) Consequently, this study proposes the following assumption.
Hl:Subjective norm has a significant impact on Awareness Benefit
H2: Subjective norm has a significant impact on Environmental Consciousness
H3: Subjective Norm has a significant impact on Waste Source Sorting Intention
2.4.2 The influence of Awareness Benefit on Waste Source Sorting Intention
Research indicates that an individual's intention to participate in pro-environmental actions, such as recycling, is influenced by their understanding of the benefits (Lange et al., 2014) However, Claudy et al (2013) found no correlation between locals' intentions to adopt renewable energy systems and their knowledge of the advantages Despite this, recent studies suggest that awareness of the benefits of environmentally friendly practices significantly affects people's intentions and behaviors (Cudjoe et al., 2020; Lange et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2018) Consequently, further investigation is needed to explore the relationship between awareness of benefits and the intention to engage in pro-environmental behaviors, such as waste sorting.
H4: Awareness Benefit has a significant impact on Waste Source Sorting Intention
2.4.3 The influence of Environmental Consciousness on Waste Source Sorting
Numerous studies, including those by Verplanken (2018), Haj-Salem et al (2022), and Mishal et al (2017), highlight a significant link between pro-environmental behavioral intentions and environmental consciousness Law et al (2017) further emphasize that a strong sense of environmental consciousness is essential for fostering positive attitudes toward green behaviors Additionally, Adu-Gyamfi et al (2023) explored the relationship between environmental consciousness and intentions related to waste source separation, demonstrating its environmental benefits Consequently, it appears that individuals with greater environmental sensitivity are more likely to exhibit positive intentions toward sustainability This leads to the assumption that heightened environmental awareness correlates with improved pro-environmental intentions.
H5: Environmental Consciousness has a significant impact on Waste Source Sorting
2.4.4 The influence of Awareness Consciousness on Waste Source Sorting
Research by Kochan et al (2016) suggests that a person's motivation to recycle is significantly enhanced by their awareness of the negative consequences of improper waste disposal Increased awareness leads to more frequent sorting of waste, reflecting altruistic and environmentally friendly behaviors (Shi et al., 2021) Additionally, Garling et al (2003) highlight that such awareness fosters a sense of responsibility for engaging in recycling activities Consequently, higher levels of awareness are linked to a greater intention to recycle, forming the basis for this study's hypothesis.
H6: Awareness consciousness has a significant impact on Waste Source Sorting
2.4.5 The influence of Environmental Consciousness on Waste Source Sorting
The significant correlation between environmental consciousness and green marketing has been confirmed by a number of studies (Ahn el al., 2012; Mishal et al.,
Environmental awareness, as defined by Schlegelmilch et al (1996), is the ability to evaluate how lifestyle choices impact the environment Research has established a connection between pro-environmental behavior and intentions to recycle (Davis et al., 2006) as well as green purchasing habits (Nguyen et al., 2017; Rana & Paul, 2017; Yadav & Pathak, 2016), supporting the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) However, studies exploring the link between source-separation of waste and environmental consciousness are limited Consequently, this study proposes the following assumption.
H7: Environmental Consciousness has a significant impact on Waste Source Sorting
2.4.6 The influence of Waste Source Sorting Intention on Waste Source Sorting Behavior
Based on the interaction impact of contextual and habitual elements, the
The "intention-behavior" route has been modified, as Ajzen (1991) indicates that the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) reveals significant gaps between expected outcomes and actual behavior Numerous studies have investigated the positive influence of intention on waste sorting behavior through the lens of TPB (Chu and Chiu, 2010; Rhodes et al., 2015; Fan et al., 2019) In the context of Vietnam, our research also highlights the significant effect of intention, leading us to propose the following assumption.
H8: Waste Source Sorting Intention has a significant impact on Waste Source Sorting
Hl:Subjective norm has a significant impact on
H2: Subjective norm has a significant impact on
H3: Subjective Norm has a significant impact on Waste Source Sorting Intention
Recent studies by Cudjoe et al (2022), Perry (2016), and Fan et al (2019) highlight significant advancements in the field, while Oztekin et al (2017) and Shen et al (2020) contribute valuable insights into emerging trends Research by Yadav and Pathak (2016), Verma and Chandra (2018), and Zheng et al (2018) further emphasizes the importance of innovation Additionally, Gkargkavouzi et al (2019) and Blok et al (2015) provide a comprehensive overview of the current landscape, with Shi et al (2021) and Wang et al (2020) exploring future directions and implications for practice.
H4: Awareness Benefit has a significant impact on Waste Source Sorting Intention
Lange el al., 2014; Claudy et al., 2013; Cudjoe et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2018.
H5: Environmental Consciousness has a significant impact on Waste Source Sorting
Verplanken (2018); Haj-Salem et al., 2022; Mishal et al., 2017; Law et al 2017; Adu-Gyamfi et al 2023.
H6: Awareness consciousness has a significant impact on Waste Source Sorting Intention
Kochan et al., 2016; Shi et al., 2021; Garling et al., 2003.
H7: Environmental Consciousness has a significant impact on Waste Source Sorting
Ahn et al., 2012; Mishal et al., 2017; Schlegelmilch et al., 1996; Davis et al., 2006; Nguyen et al., 2017; Rana & Paul, 2017; Yadav & Pathak, 2016.
H8: Waste Source Sorting Intention has a significant impact on Waste Source Sorting
Ajzen (1991); Chu and Chiu, 2010; Rhodes et al., 2015; Fan et al., 2019.
RESEARCH METHOD
Qualitative research
This study investigates the intricate relationship between intentions and behaviors related to waste source sorting in the realm of sustainable education Guided by the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), we aim to conduct a thorough analysis of key variables, including Subjective Norm, Awareness Benefit, Environmental Consciousness, Awareness Consequences, Waste Source Sorting Intention, and Waste Source Sorting Behavior.
The research measurement scales have been meticulously adapted from established theories on waste source sorting intentions and behaviors to fit the specific context of sustainable education By leveraging these theoretical foundations, we aim to enhance our qualitative research methodology through in-depth group discussions using these tailored scales.
Our research cohort includes students, educators, and administrators actively involved in educational settings, representing a diverse range of perspectives within the community In Ho Chi Minh City, students are well-acquainted with waste management practices and play a crucial role as stakeholders in promoting sustainability in the educational system.
In this article, we will explore the integrated analysis of waste source sorting intentions and behaviors, highlighting the purpose of our research Our focus will be on the factors identified by the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), including Subjective Norm, Awareness Benefit, Environmental Consciousness, Awareness Consequences, Waste Source Sorting Intention, and Waste Source Sorting Behavior.
The discussion will be designed to promote active engagement and insights from all participants, facilitating a collaborative sharing of ideas Our goal is to gather diverse viewpoints on the factors affecting waste source soiling intentions and behaviors Detailed notes will be recorded throughout the session to capture individual contributions and reactions effectively.
When differing perspectives arise, we will conduct comprehensive discussions to bridge gaps and reach a consensus on how to measure and conceptualize key factors Our goal is to foster a shared understanding and agreement among all participants about the intricacies of waste source sorting in the realm of sustainable education.
At the conclusion of our group session, we will synthesize and refine the feedback gathered during the discussion This collaborative input will be compiled into a comprehensive document that accurately reflects our shared conclusions and adjustments, following a structured outline provided in the appendix.
1, will serve as a pivotal component in enhancing our understanding of waste source sorting behaviors within the framework of sustainable education.
Before starting the discussion phase, we established a research framework consisting of eight hypotheses that investigate the relationships among six key variables: Subjective Norm (SN), Attitude Behavior (AB), Affective Commitment (AC), Emotional Commitment (EC), Work Satisfaction Scale Indicator (WSSI), and Work Satisfaction Scale Behavior (WSSB).
Regarding the scales: The research team reached a consensus to adopt scales from the studies conducted by Shanyong Wang et al (2020), Gibbson Adu-Gyamfi et al
(2023), Jian-gang Shi a et al (2021).
0 The variable “Subjective-norm ” (SN):
• Adjust the content of the variable "My neighbors think that I should sort waste in my daily life." to "My friends perceive waste sorting as a valuable practice in daily life."
My family members endorse the importance of waste sorting in daily activities, emphasizing its role in promoting environmental sustainability By integrating waste sorting into our routine, we contribute to reducing landfill waste and enhancing recycling efforts This practice not only benefits the planet but also fosters a sense of responsibility and awareness within our household.
My relatives encourage me to prioritize waste sorting in my daily routine, emphasizing the importance of responsible waste management for a healthier environment By adopting this practice, I contribute to sustainability and inspire others to follow suit.
0 The variable “Awareness Benefits (AB)”:
Adjust the content of the variable "I am mindful that waste sorting aids in resource conservation and protection." to "I acknowledge that waste sorting contributes to resource conservation and protection."
I am conscious of the role of waste sorting in alleviating challenges in waste treatment.
• Adjust the content of the variable "I know that waste sorting helps reduce the negative environmental impact of waste." to "I recognize the positive environmental impact achieved through waste sorting."
0 The variable “Environmental Consciousness (EC)”:
■ Adjust the content of the variable "1 am confident waste sorting is helpful in minimizing environmental pollution." to "Ĩ am confident that waste source sorting minimizes environmental pollution."
I am aware of how essential waste source sorting is in addressing the challenges associated with waste treatment.
• Adjust the content of the variable ”1 am sure I can help protect the environment by sorting my waste." to "I believe my actions in waste sorting source contribute to environmental protection."
0 The variable “Awareness Consequences (AC)'9:
• Adjust the content of the variable "Sorting the waste could decrease the costs of waste disposal." to "Waste source sorting could lead to reduced costs in waste disposal."
• Adjust the content of the variable "Sorting the waste could improve the resource utilization of waste." to "Waste source sorting could enhance the efficient utilization of waste resources."
• Adjust the content of the variable "Sorting the waste could improve our surroundings." to "Waste source sorting could improve the overall cleanliness of our surroundings."
Waste source sorting could mitigate public health risks associated with random waste accumulation.
• Adjust the content of the variable "Sorting the waste could decrease the space of rubbish landfills." to "Waste source sorting could reduce the need for expansive rubbish landfills."
0 The variable “Waste Source Sorting Intention (WSSl)”:
I plan to sort recyclable waste, including paper, plastic, and glass, at the source to facilitate effective recycling.
I plan to properly sort and manage hazardous waste, including batteries and chemicals, at the source to ensure their safe disposal.
Quantitative research
We have chosen university students as our primary focus for research, specifically those engaged in waste source sorting as part of sustainable education initiatives.
This study will collect data using an online questionnaire aimed at understanding the factors that influence waste source sorting intentions and behaviors The survey will target participants in educational institutions across Vietnam who are involved in waste management practices To show appreciation for their contributions, participants will receive a small gift as a token of gratitude for their time and effort in the research.
From December 13th, 2023, to January 26th, 2024, data will be collected through a survey, with participants invited to provide informed consent to uphold ethical research standards Motivations for participation may include a shared interest in promoting sustainable practices in education, a commitment to enhancing environmental knowledge, and a sense of responsibility towards supporting sustainable education initiatives.
To enhance participation in our survey, we will implement incentive mechanisms like vouchers and academic materials, which are designed to show our appreciation and boost interest Our quantitative research aims to collect detailed insights into waste source sorting intentions and behaviors in the educational sector, following the Theory of Planned Behavior framework.
Sampling method: The study employs a convenient sampling method This method allows the research team to select accessible elements.
Sampling units: Students at universities in Ho Chi Minh City.
Sample size: For the proposed model, the research team utilizes the formula by
Hair, Anderson, Tatham and Black (1998) when conducting regression analysis: n > 5*m
(n: sample size, m: number of question)
Given that the questionnaire comprises 20 questions, the minimum required sample size is n().
Question 1 Have you ever sorted waste at source?
No (You may discontinue the survey Thank you for participating)
The study utilized a 20-question survey scored on a 5-point Likert scale to evaluate various factors related to waste source sorting among individuals who engage in this practice Key areas assessed included Subjective Norm, Awareness of Benefits, Environmental Consciousness, Awareness of Consequences, Intention to Sort Waste at Source, and Actual Sorting Behavior Participants rated their responses from 1, indicating "strongly disagree," to 5, indicating "strongly agree."
Record the personal information of respondents including gender, and income.
Following the survey, the gathered data will be systematically organized and classified, with any inappropriate responses discarded The authors will then employ SPSS 22.0 and Amos version 20 software to perform sample descriptive statistics and reliability testing.
(Cronbach's Alpha), exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), hypothesis testing of the research model, and the bootstrap testing.
3.3.3.1 Testing the Reliability of a Scale (Cronbach’s Alpha)
Cronbach’s Alpha is a key metric for assessing internal consistency in scales A higher correlation among observed variables leads to increased scale consistency, resulting in a higher Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient This coefficient, which ranges from 0 to 1, signifies the reliability of the scale, with higher values indicating greater reliability.
A reliable scale should achieve a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.7 or higher, as noted by Hair et al (2014) and Nunnally (1978) However, for exploratory preliminary research, a threshold of 0.6 may be deemed acceptable.
Another important index is the corrected item-total correlation, which represents the correlation between each observed variable and the total of the scale Cristobal et al
(2007) suggest that a good scale should have corrected item-total correlation values of 0.3 or higher.
Therefore, in this study, the criteria for accepting observed variables are:
- Corrected item-total correlation value > 0.3
Variables that meet the reliability test will be further examined through exploratory factor analysis (EFA).
Statistical analysis methods are utilized to reduce interrelated observed variables into a more manageable set, preserving the essential information of the original variables while enhancing their interpretability.
Bartlett's test of sphericity assesses the correlation among observed variables within a factor A significance level of less than 0.05 (Sig < 0.05) indicates that the observed variables are linearly correlated with the representative factor (Hair et al., 2006).
The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test evaluates the suitability of the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) model for market data A KMO coefficient between 0.5 and 1 signifies that the EFA is appropriate for the collected data, according to Hair et al (2006).
Cumulative variance (%) is a key metric for evaluating how well observed variables explain a factor, with a satisfactory level of explanation indicated by a cumulative variance exceeding 50% and an Eigenvalue greater than 1 (Gerbing and Anderson, 1988).
- Factor loadings are the correlation coefficients between variables and factors Rcfcmng to the study by Hair Ct al (2006), variables with factor loadings below 0.3 will be excluded.
Therefore, to apply EFA meaningfully, the research team uses the following criteria:
+ Factor loading > 0.3 is considered minimal.
+ Factor loading > 0.4 is deemed important.
+ Factor loading > 0.5 is practically significant.
4- Variables with factor loadings < 0.5 in EFA analysis will be eliminated (Hairet al., 1998).
The Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) method is utilized for the following purposes:
It evaluates the coherence of observed variables and validates factor structures
In Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), the focus is on verifying that observed variables are correctly assigned to their intended factors The primary goal is to evaluate the alignment of these variables with their respective factors, ensuring they meet established criteria Additionally, CFA assesses the discriminant validity and convergence of the underlying variable structures.
It evaluates the overall adequacy of data fit by considering various indices such as Chi Square/df, CFI, TLI, GFI, and RMSEA.
Regarding convergence and discriminant validity:
According to the research by Hair et al (2010), the study evaluates convergence and discriminant validity through indices such as Composite Reliability (CR), Average Variance Extracted (AVE), Maximum Shared Variance (MSV), and Average Shared Variance (ASV), with specific thresholds established for each value.
- Square root of AVE > correlations between two concepts
The Fornell-Larcker Criterion: This method, proposed by Fornell and Larcker
In 1981, a study evaluated discriminant validity by analyzing the square root of the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) in relation to the correlations among variables within the same group When the square root of AVE exceeds the correlations between these variables, it signifies that the variables are indeed discriminant.
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
Sample and data collection
We distributed 380 online surveys to individuals engaged in waste source sorting, receiving 339 completed responses After a meticulous data cleaning process, 41 surveys were excluded for reasons such as incomplete answers or responses not aligning with the target audience Ultimately, our valid study sample consisted of 339 surveys, exceeding the minimum requirement of 100 respondents.
Table 4.1 provides a detailed breakdown of sample demographics:
- In terms of gender, females comprised the majority of the observed sample, accounting for 181 individuals (46.6%), whereas males constituted 158 individuals (53.4%).
- Regarding income distribution, the largest segment of survey participants reported a monthly income ranging from 3 to 7 million VND, with 157 individuals (46.3%) This was followed by participants with an income below
3 million VND, totaling 108 individuals (31.9%) Additionally, 52 individuals (15.3%) reported an income between 7 and 15 million VND, while 22 individuals (6.5%) indicated an income exceeding 15 million VND.
Assessment of scale reliability (Cronbach's Alpha)
The reliability assessment of the Subjective-norm factor, evaluated through observed variables SN1 to SN4, shows a Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of 0.808, exceeding the acceptable threshold of 0.6 Additionally, the total item correlation coefficients are all above 0.3, further validating the reliability of the scale.
Table 4 2.Cronbach’s Alpha of Subjective-norm Scale
Scale Mean if Item Deleted
Scale Variance if Item Deleted
Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted
Table 4 3 Cron bach 's Alpha Result of Awareness Benefit Scale
Scale Mean if Item Deleted
Scale Variance if Item Deleted
Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted
The reliability test for the Awareness Benefit factor, assessed through three observed variables (AB1 to AB3), yielded a Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of 0.778, surpassing the acceptable threshold of 0.6 Additionally, all total item correlation coefficients exceeded 0.3, further affirming the scale's reliability.
Table 4 4 Cronbach's Alpha Result of Environmental Consciousness Scale
Scale Mean if Item Deleted
Scale Variance if Item Deleted
Cron bach's Alpha if Item Deleted
The reliability assessment of the Environmental Consciousness factor, based on three observed variables (ECI to EC3), yielded a Cronbach's Alpha coefficient of 0.778, surpassing the acceptable threshold of 0.6 Additionally, all total item correlation coefficients exceeded 0.3, further validating the scale's reliability.
The reliability test for the Arousal factor, assessed through five observed variables (AC1 to AC5), yielded a Cronbach's Alpha coefficient of 0.805, exceeding the acceptable threshold of 0.6 Additionally, all total item correlation coefficients are above 0.3, further affirming the scale's reliability.
Table 4 5 Cronbach's Alpha Result of Awareness Consequences Scale
Scale Mean if Item Deleted
Scale Variance if Item Deleted
Cron bach's Alpha if Item Deleted
The reliability test for the Waste Source Sorting Intention factor, assessed through three observed variables (WSSI1 to WSSI3), yielded a Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of 0.769, surpassing the acceptable threshold of 0.6 Additionally, the total item correlation coefficients exceeded 0.3, further validating the scale's reliability.
Table 4 6 Cronbach 's Alpha Result of Waste Source Sorting Intention Scale
Scale Mean if Item Deleted
Scale Variance if Item Deleted
Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted
4.2.5 Waste Source Sorting Behavior (WSSB)
The reliability test for the Impulsive Buying Tendency factor, assessed through five observed variables (WSSB1 to WSSB3), yielded a Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of 0.769, surpassing the acceptable threshold of 0.6 Additionally, all total item correlation coefficients exceeded 0.3, further validating the scale's reliability.
Table 4 7 Cron bach 's Alpha Result of Waste Source Sorting Behavior
Scale Mean if Item Deleted
Scale Variance if Item Deleted
Cron bach's Alpha if Item Deleted wss 7.8254 2.061 610 623
Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA)
After confirming the reliability of the scale, 20 observed variables meeting the criteria were included for EFA, using the Principal Components Analysis extraction method along with Varimax rotation.
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling
We evaluated the EFA based on the analysis results from Tables 4.9 and 4.10 according to the following criteria:
- KMO coefficient = 0.823 > 0.5 meets the requirement (Table 4.9);
- Bartlett's test is significant at 0.000 < 0.05 (Table 4.9);
The Total Variance Explained Table reveals an Eigenvalue of 1.068, which exceeds the threshold of 1, thereby confirming its retention This analysis shows that the six identified factors account for 68.548% of the variance in the observed dataset, significantly surpassing the 50% requirement (see Appendix 8).
After analysis by Pattern Matrix (Table 4.10), 26 factors were accepted and grouped into 6 clusters, with all factor loadings exceeding 0.5.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)
Figure 4 Ì Figure of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)
GFI=.932 CFI=.959 TLI=.95O RMSEA=.O44 PCLOSE=.842
Following the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), our team advanced to the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to validate the proposed model outlined in Chapter 2 This model includes six critical concepts for testing: Subjective Norm (SN), Attitude Behavior (AB), Affective Commitment (AC), Emotional Contagion (EC), Work Supportive Social Interactions (WSSI), and Work Supportive Social Behaviors (WSSB).
According to the CFA results (Figure 4.1), all coefficients meet the standards, indicating the model's adequacy with the market data, specifically:
Table 4 1Ỉ Convergence and Discriminant Validity
Table 4.11 highlights essential metrics that evaluate the reliability and coherence of the variables within the research model All variables exhibit a Composite Reliability (CR) greater than the 0.7 benchmark, signifying their high reliability and significant role in accurately measuring their respective concepts Furthermore, the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) for each variable exceeds the 0.5 threshold, confirming convergent validity by indicating that they account for more variance than measurement error.
Maximum Shared Variance (MSV) is less than the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) values, indicating minimal excessive shared variance among variables and supporting discriminant validity Additionally, the MaxR (H) values highlight the strongest correlations between each variable and others, offering valuable insights into the relationships within the model.
The Fornell-Larcker Criterion and Cross Loading indices confirm the model's effective differentiation between variables and their strong correlations with designated factors, ensuring the measurement model's accuracy Additionally, the Heterotrait Monotrait Ratio (HTMT) index, with values below 1, highlights that correlations among variables in the same group are weaker than those between variables in different groups, reinforcing the distinctiveness and independence of the variables in the measurement model.
Structural Model Analysis
4.5.1 Linear Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) Validation
The SEM analysis demonstrates a strong fit of the proposed model to the data, indicated by a Chi-square/df value of 1.761, a GFI of 0.925, a TLI of 0.942, a CFI of 0.951, and an RMSEA of 0.048 These results suggest that the model successfully reflects the relationships among the constructs and the observed variables.
Hypotheses Paths Estimate S.E C.R p - value Results
The results are shown in Table 4.7:
Hl: Subjective-norm has a positive effect on Awareness Benefit (p = 0.769; p = 0.000) H2: Subjective-norm has a positive effect on Environmental Consciousness (p = 211; p
H3: Subjective-norm has no positive effect on Waste Source Sorting Intention (p = 0.126; p = 0,312).
H4: Awareness Benefit has no positive effect on Waste Source Sorting Intention (P 0.091; p = 0,339).
H5: Environmental Consciousness has a positive effect on Waste Source Sorting
H6: Awareness Consequences has no positive effect on Waste Source Sorting Intention (p = 0.037; p = 0,630).
H7: Waste Source Sorting Intention has a positive effect on Waste Source Sorting
H8: Environmental Consciousness has a positive effect on Waste Source Sorting
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Discussion
The research findings indicate that five out of six tested hypotheses were supported, highlighting a significant relationship among key factors including Hotel Website Quality, Social Presence, E-Trust, Affective Commitment, and Online Hotel Booking Intention.
The empirical results of the study support hypotheses H1, H2, and H3, demonstrating that Subjective Norm positively influences Awareness Benefit and Environmental Consciousness Our analysis reveals a significant impact of Subjective Norm on Awareness Benefit (P = 0.769; p = 0.000) and Environmental Consciousness (P = 0.211; p = 0.000), corroborating findings from previous research by Cudjoe et al (2022), Perry (2016), Fan et al (2019), and others.
Recent studies, including those by Yadav and Pathak (2016) and Zheng et al (2018), highlight a positive relationship between subjective norms and awareness of the benefits of waste source sorting This suggests that social expectations significantly influence individuals' understanding of environmental benefits, reinforcing existing research on the role of subjective norms in enhancing environmental awareness Additionally, the positive impact of subjective norms on environmental consciousness indicates that social influences are vital in shaping attitudes toward environmental protection through waste management practices These findings align with previous studies, emphasizing the link between subjective norms and environmental consciousness, thereby validating the theoretical framework for sustainable education.
The rejection of hypothesis H3 in this study's empirical findings suggests that subjective norms do not influence waste source soiling intention, which contradicts the conclusions of several previous studies, including those by Gkargkavouzi et al (2019) and Blok et al.
Recent studies, including those by Shi et al (2021), Wang et al (2020), and Gkargkavouzi et al (2019), reveal a notable deviation in the influence of Subjective-norm on waste source sorting intentions in Ho Chi Minh City, suggesting that previous findings may not apply to this specific market This discrepancy calls for an examination of contextual and methodological factors that could explain the differing results, such as cultural variations, demographic differences, and the unique characteristics of the educational environment in question.
The rejection of hypothesis H4 indicates that Awareness Benefit does not positively influence Waste Source Sorting Intention, differing from findings in previous studies by Lange et al (2014), Claudy et al (2013), Cudjoe et al (2020), and Zhang et al (2018) This non-significant impact suggests that awareness of the benefits of waste sorting may not be a key factor driving individuals' intentions to participate in such behaviors This insight calls for a deeper investigation into other significant contributors to Waste Source Sorting Intention, highlighting the need for a nuanced understanding of the complex relationships among various factors within the waste sorting framework Future research should explore specific aspects of awareness and its effects on waste sorting intentions, while considering moderating variables and cultural or demographic influences that may shape these dynamics.
The empirical results of the study support hypothesis H5, indicating that Environmental Consciousness positively influences Waste Source Sorting Intention, aligning with findings from previous research by Verplanken (2018), Haj-Salem et al (2022), Mishal et al (2017), Law et al (2017), and Adu-Gyamfi et al (2023) This consistency highlights the significant role of environmental consciousness in motivating individuals to engage in waste sorting activities As awareness of environmental impacts increases, so does the likelihood of participation in waste source sorting These findings enhance the theoretical understanding of this relationship and underscore the practical implications for promoting sustainable behaviors, particularly within educational settings The alignment of our results with earlier studies reinforces the reliability of these findings, emphasizing the necessity of fostering environmental consciousness to encourage waste sorting behaviors, which offers valuable insights for educational institutions and policymakers focused on sustainability initiatives.
Our study rejects hypothesis H6, indicating that Awareness Consequences does not positively influence Waste Source Sorting Intention, contrasting with findings from Kochan et al (2016), Shi et al (2021), and Garling et al (2003) This suggests that contextual differences and unique characteristics of our research may have affected the relationship observed Factors such as environmental consciousness and subjective norms specific to our study could have led to different outcomes compared to previous studies Additionally, our research highlights the importance of the Theory of Planned Behavior framework, which incorporates multiple factors that affect waste source sorting intentions, potentially explaining the lack of a significant direct effect of Awareness Consequences.
The empirical results of this study support hypothesis H7, demonstrating that Waste Source Sorting Intention positively influences Waste Source Sorting Behavior, aligning with findings from previous research (Ahn et al., 2012; Mishal et al., 2017; Schlegelmilch et al., 1996; Davis et al., 2006; Nguyen et al., 2017; Rana & Paul, 2017; Yadav & Pathak, 2016) This relationship highlights the importance of individual intentions in driving actual waste sorting behaviors, reinforcing the need to foster positive intentions for effective sustainable waste management practices The consistency of these findings across various studies enhances the robustness of our research and deepens the understanding of factors influencing waste sorting behaviors This positive correlation suggests that interventions aimed at nurturing individuals’ intentions can be effective Policymakers, educators, and environmental advocates can utilize these insights to develop targeted strategies that promote commitment to sustainable waste practices.
The empirical results of the study support hypothesis H8, demonstrating that Environmental Consciousness positively influences Waste Source Sorting Behavior among students This finding enhances our understanding of student behavior, aligning with the Theory of Planned Behavior and previous research It highlights the critical role of environmental awareness in motivating students to engage in sustainable practices, such as sorting waste at its source Furthermore, this positive effect reinforces the importance of fostering environmental consciousness through educational interventions to promote effective waste management practices.
Practical implications
Subjective norms significantly influence individuals' awareness of the benefits associated with specific behaviors, as evidenced by a p-value of 0.769 Organizations can harness this insight by implementing targeted interventions that promote positive subjective norms within their communities or workplaces By cultivating a collective understanding and endorsement of behaviors like waste source sorting, organizations can enhance awareness of their benefits This strategic approach not only fosters a sustainable and environmentally conscious culture but also reinforces the positive outcomes linked to eco-friendly actions.
Subjective norms play a crucial role in shaping Environmental Consciousness (P = 0.211), highlighting the importance of social influences in enhancing individuals’ awareness of environmental issues By acknowledging how these norms can foster environmental responsibility, organizations and educational institutions can create targeted interventions that utilize positive peer and social encouragement This approach not only promotes sustainable behaviors but also contributes to a wider culture of environmental consciousness Furthermore, incorporating social factors into environmental education programs can significantly improve the effectiveness of initiatives aimed at increasing awareness and nurturing a collective sense of responsibility for environmental stewardship.
Recent findings indicate that subjective norms do not significantly influence Waste Source Sorting Intention (p = 0.126), challenging traditional beliefs about societal expectations as key motivators This suggests that other factors may be more impactful in shaping individuals' intentions to sort waste To improve waste management initiatives, it is essential to investigate additional motivational elements that could enhance sorting behaviors Future research and customized interventions are needed to better understand the complexities of decision-making in waste sorting, ultimately leading to more effective sustainable waste management strategies.
The study reveals that awareness of the benefits of waste sorting does not significantly impact individuals' intentions to sort waste at its source (p = 0.091) This indicates that simply promoting the advantages of waste sorting may not be enough to motivate behavior change Therefore, waste management strategies should focus on more effective approaches beyond just raising awareness By identifying and addressing other influential factors, resource allocation and educational initiatives can be better optimized to enhance individuals' intentions to engage in waste source sorting.
Environmental consciousness plays a crucial role in waste source sorting, highlighting the need for organizations and educational institutions to promote ecological awareness By fostering this awareness, individuals are more likely to develop intentions to sort waste effectively Decision-makers should prioritize initiatives that enhance environmental consciousness, as this can lead to more responsible behaviors and support sustainable management practices Ultimately, cultivating a proactive environmental mindset is essential for the success of waste management programs and achieving sustainability goals.
The study indicates that awareness of consequences does not significantly influence individuals' intentions to engage in waste source sorting (p = 0.037) This finding suggests that perceived consequences may not be a key factor in motivating such behavior Therefore, educational interventions should adopt a more nuanced approach, addressing factors beyond mere awareness to effectively encourage waste sorting intentions Future strategies should explore additional motivational elements and customize interventions to enhance engagement in waste source sorting practices.
The intention to sort waste at its source plays a crucial role in influencing actual waste sorting behavior, as evidenced by a significant relationship (P = 0.273) To improve waste management efforts, institutions and educators should prioritize fostering individuals' intentions to engage in source sorting Implementing strategies like awareness campaigns, educational initiatives, and convenient waste sorting systems can effectively reinforce these intentions By focusing on the motivational factors, organizations can cultivate a culture of mindful waste sorting, ultimately promoting more sustainable and responsible waste disposal practices among individuals.
Environmental consciousness plays a crucial role in influencing waste source sorting behavior, highlighting the need for strategic initiatives in waste management By promoting awareness through targeted educational programs and campaigns, institutions and policymakers can effectively encourage responsible waste sorting practices Integrating environmental consciousness into educational curricula fosters a sense of responsibility for sustainability, shaping a generation committed to proactive waste management This correlation underscores the significance of tailored interventions in cultivating environmentally aware attitudes, ultimately enhancing responsible waste management behaviors at both individual and community levels.
The study's sample size of 339, while significant, limits the generalizability of its findings, which may not accurately reflect diverse populations or demographic variations Therefore, caution is advised when applying these results beyond the study's context Future research with larger and more varied samples could enhance the understanding of the examined relationships Additionally, the use of self-reported data raises concerns about response bias, as participants might provide socially desirable answers To improve the reliability and validity of findings, employing diverse data collection methods and cross-verifying responses is recommended.
Future research should investigate the interplay between subjective norms, awareness of benefits, and intentions to sort waste, while considering the moderating effects of demographic variables Additionally, studies should assess the effectiveness of interventions aimed at enhancing subjective norms and awareness, as well as explore the influence of cultural and contextual factors on environmental consciousness and waste sorting behavior Longitudinal studies are also needed to understand the sustainability of behavioral changes over time Ultimately, these research efforts should refine existing findings and inform the development of targeted strategies for promoting sustainable waste management practices.
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