VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY VIETNAM - JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN DIEM ANH ECO-TOURISM MODEL AS A SUSTAINABLE APPROACH TO CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION BASED ON INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE OF THE
INTRODUCTION
Problem statement - Local issues in a global context
1.1.1 Climate change and water shortage
January 2023 marked the seventh-warmest January in NOAA's 174-year record, with a high likelihood that 2023 will be among the ten warmest years recorded Over 90% of the world's impoverished population resides in developing countries, heavily reliant on agriculture, making them particularly vulnerable to climate change without adequate support and policies Climate change is accelerating more rapidly than ever, leading to complex impacts on global water resources, including unpredictable rainfall, shrinking ice sheets, rising sea levels, and increased occurrences of floods and droughts This phenomenon exacerbates water scarcity and related hazards by disrupting precipitation patterns and the overall water cycle.
About two billion people worldwide don’t have access to safe drinking water today
[5], and roughly half of the world’s population is experiencing severe water scarcity for
Only 0.5% of Earth's water is usable freshwater, and climate change is severely impacting this limited supply Over the last two decades, terrestrial water storage has declined by 1 cm per year, posing significant risks to water security Limiting global warming to 1.5°C could reduce the number of people facing water scarcity by half, though regional disparities exist Water is essential not only for life but also for livelihoods, serving as a pathway out of poverty for many communities Effective water management is crucial for achieving sustainable development, especially in the face of climate change, rising food and energy costs, and a global economic crisis that intensify poverty and inequality.
Water quality is also affected by climate change, as higher temperatures and more frequent floods and droughts are projected to exacerbate many forms of water pollution
Climate change, rising population, and escalating water scarcity are significantly impacting food supply, as approximately 70% of global freshwater is utilized for agriculture Producing a single person's daily food requires between 2,000 and 5,000 liters of water, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable water management in food production.
Water resources are essential to all facets of life, closely intertwined with social, cultural, economic, and political values, as highlighted by the United Nations They play a crucial role in achieving sustainable development goals, particularly those outlined in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development The theme for World Water Day 2023 is "Forcing Change."
Climate change significantly contributes to water scarcity, which in turn exacerbates food insecurity, particularly impacting the poor and vulnerable populations in developing countries such as Vietnam.
1.1.2 In Vietnam, Water Shortage is increasing, especially in Northern mountainous areas
A report from Vietnam's Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment indicates that the average annual temperature has risen by approximately 0.5°C over the past 50 years, with a continuing upward trend expected throughout the 21st century Vulnerable sectors include agriculture, food security, water resources, and health, particularly affecting coastal and mountainous regions The most at-risk populations comprise the poor, women, children, and ethnic minorities, with the Northern mountainous area being especially susceptible due to its reliance on agriculture and the prevalence of poverty among ethnic minority groups In response, Vietnam is implementing various solutions for climate change adaptation, emphasizing a community-based approach.
On March 2, 2023, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, along with the People's Committee of Hoa Binh province, organized a celebration for World Water Day, World Meteorological Day, and the Earth Hour Campaign.
2023, Deputy Minister of Natural Resources and Environment Vo Tuan Nhan emphasized that climate change is considered a serious challenge for humanity in the
21 st century with negative impacts and threats to sustainable development activities:
Climate change is leading to increasingly severe weather patterns, including intense heat waves, heavy rainfall, and extreme droughts These climatic changes transcend national borders, highlighting the urgent need for global cooperation to address these challenges It is crucial for communities to unite in taking action and fulfilling their responsibilities in response to the impacts of climate change and natural disasters.
Climate change has exacerbated poverty among ethnic minorities in the Northern mountainous region, as their livelihoods heavily rely on natural resources The availability and status of these resources are directly influenced by climate and weather conditions.
4 of the reasons why ethnic minorities still live in the circle of degradation and poverty
Climate change significantly affects crop ecology and production practices among ethnic minorities, particularly through alterations in temperature and rainfall As a result, communities are compelled to adapt by selecting climate-resilient crops and replacing less tolerant varieties Notable examples include the cultivation of cardamom, anise, pear, and tangerine in Lang Son, as well as Shan Tuyet tea, orange, and lemon tea in Ha Giang, and Giao co lam and wire tea in Cao Bang.
Ethnic minorities in mountainous areas with low educational levels are significantly impacted by climate change, particularly through rising temperatures that lead to water shortages during dry seasons, especially in the Central Highlands and Northwest This climate anomaly contributes to biodiversity loss and alters local ecosystems Additionally, extreme cold has detrimental effects on livestock production, with substantial losses of buffaloes and cows reported in northern mountainous regions during colder periods Climate change also triggers flash floods, landslides, cyclones, and hail, which are increasingly common in these areas The North Central mountainous region faces heightened risks of forest fires and further biodiversity loss due to rising temperatures and drought, adversely affecting local communities According to the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in 2016, the average annual damage from climate change in six northern mountainous provinces amounts to approximately 1,500 billion VND, representing about 1.3% of the local GDP.
1.1.3 Talking numbers in the study area:
Tuyen Quang, a mountainous province in North-East Vietnam, is recognized as one of the country's poorest regions Climate change projections indicate that Tuyen Quang will experience a significant rise in average annual and seasonal temperatures, with potential increases of up to 4°C and rainfall surging by 30% to 60% by the end of the century under the RCP8.5 scenario As of 2021, Tuyen Quang's Provincial Competitiveness Index (PCI) ranks 29 out of 63 provinces in Vietnam, highlighting ongoing economic challenges, as noted by Provincial Party Secretary Chẩu Văn Lâm, who emphasized the province's small economic scale.
Tuyen Quang Province faces challenges with a budget that is insufficient for spending, low growth quality, and per capita income at only 70% of the national average To address these issues, the province has identified three strategic breakthroughs: enhancing tourism as a key economic sector, improving transport infrastructure for sustainable regional connectivity, and advancing urban infrastructure alongside agricultural production to elevate standards and add value As of 2021, Tuyen Quang comprises seven district-level administrative units, including one city and six districts, with a total population of 784,811, of which 445,488 are ethnic minorities, representing 56.76% of the population Additionally, the province has 61 communes classified in Region III and 699 villages facing extreme difficulties, including 127 villages in Zone II communes.
Tuyen Quang plays a crucial role in the socio-economic development strategy of Vietnam's Northern Midlands and Mountains, recognized as an above-average province due to its favorable natural conditions and current economic status.
Tuyen Quang, a mountainous province in Vietnam, remains underdeveloped compared to the national average, with a low GDP per capita and a predominantly rural population The region's economic management is inadequate despite its potential, and it faces significant challenges from natural disasters, including droughts, hailstorms, and floods, particularly during the rainy season from May to August With an average annual rainfall of 1,500 to 1,700 mm, these climatic conditions exacerbate the risks of flash floods, especially along the Lo and Gam rivers.
In the Action Plan to implement the national target program to respond to climate change in Tuyen Quang province, temperature change was recorded in 30 years, from
1980 to 2010 as follows: The annual average temperature increased by about 0.62°C
Research objectives and tasks
- To assess the impacts/effects of climate change on study area
- To assess/identify Indigenous Knowledge of 8 ethnic groups in Minh Huong
- To propose an ecotourism model (as a sustainable approach) based on their Indigenous Knowledge and resources
To achieve these objectives, the author analyzed SMART model
Specifically: The specific model for Minh Huong's ecotourism based on their
Indigenous Knowledge, bringing effective livelihoods and sustainable income
Measurable: Double/Triple income for Minh Huong indigenous people
Achievable: Currently, this is the strategy of Ham Yen district and specifically
The People Committee of Minh Huong commune, led by a Vice Chairwoman dedicated to tourism development, is eager to implement a new model for welcoming visitors Travel companies recognize the area's potential, while tourists seek unique experiences The locality is committed to fostering ecotourism in the future, aiming to enhance its appeal as a travel destination.
The climate change crisis in Minh Huong is escalating, with a significant water shortage impacting both daily life and agriculture due to no rainfall from January to mid-April 2023 By late April, a severe heat wave further threatened agricultural productivity, highlighting the vulnerability of the Minh Huong ethnic community to the effects of climate change.
Ecotourism trends bring visitors/customers to this unique land to make income
The project will have the following milestones:
December 2022 - April 2023, Minh Huong people have had significant changes in their perception of livelihood
12 March – 30 April: do survey, seminar, focus group/discussion and deep interview
March and April: Design/create a campaign for raising awareness and Marketing tools Invite a trial guests/tourists to evaluate Minh Huong's different characteristics and Cultural identity
May and June: Transfer all materials/concepts of Minh Huong Ecotourism to local authority – establish Minh Huong Ecotourism Cooperative Group
June: “Express your Nature” campaign to introduce/launch the Minh Huong
Cooperative Group and Minh Huong Ecotourism to the public.
Research question
Drawing from the author's expertise and experiences, specific research questions have been formulated to articulate the thesis problem Consequently, relevant hypotheses and actionable recommendations will be presented for this study.
What are the Impacts of Climate Change on the Minh Huong’s Indigenous People, especially on their Livelihoods?
What is the Indigenous Knowledge of the Minh Huong people which applied to their lives to help them adapt to abnormal weather condition and climate change?
How does the Ecotourism model support/sustain local community well-being? With the above questions, this study will find the right answer and set the basis for
23 giving future research directions and livelihoods/development projects for Minh Huong people towards well-being for 8 ethnic minorities.
Logical framework
Risk/difficulties when collecting data/ideas Main results 1: Assess the impacts/effects of climate change on the people of Minh Huong commune’s indigenous people, especially on livelihoods
1 Survey/in-deep interview the 8 ethnic groups and local authorities
2 Collect the story about climate change’s effects
3 Review/research the report/data of local authorities about this situation in the past
What are the impacts of climate change on the Minh Huong’s indigenous people, especially on their livelihoods?
Collection data and evidence from survey
Questionnaire, deep- interviews, videos and voices
Local authorities often present figures and data that may not accurately reflect reality, leading to the dissemination of incorrect indicators Additionally, engaging face-to-face with ethnic communities can present challenges, as individuals may feel shame or reluctance to share information, necessitating further verification of the data collected.
Main results 2: Identify the Indigenous
Holding events/ seminar Questionnaire, deep-
Mark up figures of local authorities when provide the answer and indicators =>
24 people, especially their difference characteristics comparing other regions
1 Review and record the ethnic people’s experiences/habits/ traditional behaviors of people in livelihood and life
2 Collect story/word of mouth/experiences though local people; sometimes we can learn from their experiences applied to their lives to help them adapt to abnormal weather condition and climate change? interviews, videos and voices wrong figures/indicators
Minh Huong's indigenous people based on their resources by their participation with
1 Develop/training a background/knowledge for local authorities about ecotourism; lesson learnt from
How does the Ecotourism model support/sustain local community well-being?
Questionnaire and deep interview Collect data though website, local authority information, report, conferences…
Evidence in the true story, village conferences,
Hard to find the difference character to create the Minh Huong ecotourism branding Obstacles about behavior/awareness of ethnic people
2 Support local authorities to develop the strategy in
Ecotourism in cooperating with ethnic communities and
3 Support local people in ecotourism: mentor and guide the development their tourism product and facilities, the diversity and the differentiate of culture offers; infrastructure design: homestay; Ham Yen's orange farming tour,
4 Consult/connect the partners for local people to explore for sustainable alternative source of income based on natural resource and usual/daily livelihood
(e.g.: orange production, rice branding, ducks’ production, honey words of mouth
Find the awareness of key issues among community and ethnic people by deep- interview, especially with leaders of ethnic groups
26 production) then use it for ecotourism add- on services
Communication toolkit/promotion in ecotourism To Capture and interactive with ethnic minorities to find
Indigenous Knowledge and Cultural Identity to make it differentiate, use Social Marketing and IEC for develop their ecotourism branding.
Hypothesis
Hypothesis 1: Climate Change, especially the severe Water Shortage, has strongly affected the daily life and livelihood of 8 Minh Huong ethnic groups with more vulnerable and have low income
Hypothesis 2: Indigenous Knowledge such as: weather forecast, house building experience, oral poetry, folk enhance adaptation capacity of Minh Huong’s people to Climate Change
Hypothesis 3: Ecotourism model with the stakeholders' participation is a sustainable approach, helping Minh Huong’s people be strong and proactive in adapting with Climate Change, forward to well-being.
Scope of the research
Scope of the research area: The research is conducted in Minh Huong commune,
Ham Yen district, Tuyen Quang province, Vietnam
Scope of research content: The research focuses on Minh Huong’s 8 ethnic group with Characteristics, Indigenous Knowledge, Cultural Identity and resources/behaviors with developing tourism
Scope of research object: The research was conducted with 30 households with 8 different ethnic groups; in deep interview with local authorities and ethnic groups’ representative persons.
The necessity of the research
This study examines over 10,000 Minh Huong indigenous people from eight ethnic groups across 6,500 hectares, highlighting the significant impact of climate change on their daily lives Historically, their Indigenous Knowledge and Cultural Identity have been crucial for survival and resilience However, the increasing severity of climate conditions has heightened their vulnerability, necessitating stronger adaptation strategies This research, the first of its kind in the region, aims to enhance the incomes of these eight ethnic minorities while addressing the unique characteristics of the area.
Ham Yen district's mountainous commune faces significant challenges, with over 30% of its population living in poverty or near-poverty Climate change has severely impacted the community, leading to noticeable seasonal temperature variations, reduced rainfall, floods, extreme cold, and other unpredictable weather phenomena As a result, many households are slipping deeper into poverty due to these adverse environmental effects.
The commune near Cham Chu Nature Reserve boasts a diverse ecosystem rich in flora and fauna Designated as a Special-use Forest by the FPD of MARD, the reserve spans 58,187 hectares and was established in 2010 Central to this nature reserve is Mount Cham Chu, the highest peak in Tuyen Quang province, reaching an elevation of 1,587 meters.
- The area is home to 8 ethnic groups who has Indigenous Knowledge and a sharp and rich Cultural Identity The Indigenous people are hospitable, friendly, and willing
28 to share their information and their resource with tourists and customers
Local specialties such as Minh Huong gourd duck, Ham Yen orange, Minh Huong rice, and Cham chu wine are renowned for their quality The culinary skills of the local people ensure that the food is not only delicious but also pure and clean.
The People Committee of Minh Huong commune is proactive in enhancing the quality of life for its residents while adhering to district policies on tourism development This commitment makes the commune highly receptive to investments, innovative ideas, and projects aimed at promoting eco-tourism, thereby supporting both governmental initiatives and community growth.
The feasibility of this research is underscored by the accessibility and collection of data The author evaluated the specific impacts of climate change on individuals, emphasizing the significance of translating theoretical knowledge into practical applications This approach highlights the value of applying academic foundations to real-world scenarios.
This study aims to transform traditional nature-based livelihoods into ecotourism, a viable strategy for addressing climate change By utilizing document analysis and both synthetic and statistical methods, an Ecotourism model tailored for Minh Huong's authorities and community will be developed, emphasizing their Cultural Identity and Indigenous Knowledge The research also draws insights from similar regions and integrates climate change knowledge from Vietnam and Japan, alongside the author’s expertise in Communication and Community engagement Ultimately, the findings will be presented to Minh Huong's authorities and residents, fostering sustainable income opportunities, alleviating poverty, and empowering the community to adapt to climate change, ensuring that "No one is left behind."
Keywords: Climate Change, Eco-tourism, Livelihood, Sustainable Approach, Indigenous Knowledge, Cultural Identify, 8 ethnic groups in Minh Huong commune.
Literature review
In this research, the author explores sustainable and effective adaptations to climate change for the community of Minh Huong By reviewing a wide range of literature on climate change, indigenous culture, and ecotourism, the study aims to identify suitable adaptation strategies that enhance the livelihoods of local residents The central question guiding this inquiry is: "What sustainable adaptations can improve life for the people of Minh Huong in the face of climate change?" Utilizing an "Input-Output analysis" approach, the research examines the flow of data and materials as inputs, outlines the necessary activities for transformation, and analyzes the resulting outputs to achieve the thesis's objective of providing actionable solutions.
Figure 1-13: Input – Output Analysis (by author)
The Minh Huong people consist of eight ethnic groups sharing a harmonious environment enriched by Indigenous culture and knowledge Through research activities such as surveys, in-depth interviews, and observations, the expected outcomes include livelihood development, enhanced roles for women, positive tourist feedback, and effective communication campaigns Ultimately, these efforts aim to establish a sustainable ecotourism model and support the Minh Huong Cooperative Group This analysis has clarified and selected key concepts and previous studies for application.
1.8.2 Key terms/concepts in this study research
According to the Table 1.5, the concepts/terms that the author mentions or uses are only one meaning, not all of the meaning Therefore, see note in Italics
Table 1-3 Key terms/concepts, and the meaning used in thesis
Key terms/concepts Definition and the meaning used in this thesis
Climate change is defined as a significant alteration in the climate's state, identifiable through statistical analysis, characterized by shifts in the average and variability of climate properties that endure for decades or more.
Climate change is not directly studied as an object but as a condition to promote the adaptation
Indigenous people, ethnic people – ethnic group/minorities
The term 'Indigenous' refers to communities that share intergenerational ancestry and cultural ties with the original occupants of ancestral lands in specific regions worldwide Membership in an Indigenous community is recognized as a sovereign right, grounded in self-determination and the acceptance of the community itself.
The author employs terms like "Indigenous people," "ethnic people," and "Minh Huong's people" to refer to the residents of Minh Huong commune, the focus of the study There is no intention of discrimination or negative connotation in these terms; rather, they are used to highlight the ethnic identity of the community.
Indigenous Knowledge (IK) encompasses the unique cultural customs, values, beliefs, and worldviews of a civilization or culture It is passed down through generations via oral traditions, reflecting the collective experiences of the community This body of knowledge includes language, classification systems, resource management practices, and social structures, highlighting the intricate relationship between culture and the environment.
Key terms/concepts Definition and the meaning used in this thesis interactions, values, ritual, and spirituality, are fundamentally dependent on this information [8]
In-depth study of indigenous knowledge is essential, as it often relies on insights gathered from village elders, ethnic leaders, and local authorities However, overlooking the complexities of this knowledge can lead to inevitable errors in understanding.
Cultural identity plays a crucial role in shaping an individual's self-conception and self-perception, intertwining with aspects such as nationality, ethnicity, religion, social class, generation, locality, and various social groups that possess unique cultural characteristics.
The same as ‘Indigenous Knowledge’ term, in this thesis, this term is used as the characters of each ethnic groups in Minh Huong
Livelihood is defined as a set of activities essential to everyday life that are conducted over one's life span Such activities could include securing water, food, fodder, medicine, shelter, clothing
The thesis used DFID's livelihood analysis model to evaluate as well as propose the Minh Huong ecotourism
The process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects, in order to moderate harm or exploit beneficial opportunities [9]
Is considered in terms of adaptation to Climate Change
In 2015, all the countries in the United Nations adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development It sets out 17 Goals, which include 169 targets These wide-ranging and ambitious Goals interconnect [8]
Key terms/concepts Definition and the meaning used in this thesis
The author selected 4 goals (SDG 1; 4; 5 and 13) out of 17 to analyze/select in the thesis to concretize the effectiveness of ecotourism to Minh Huong’s people
Social marketing is an approach used to develop activities aimed at changing or maintaining people’s behavior for the benefit of individuals and society as a whole [19]
Leveraging extensive experience in social marketing across diverse target groups, the author effectively and creatively developed strategies to promote Minh Huong Eco-tourism While the outcomes of this marketing approach required time to materialize, the social impact was clearly evident during the course of this study.
Information Education and Communication is an approach which attempts to change or reinforce a set of behavior in a target audience regarding a specific problem in a predefined period of time
The same as Social Marketing, the IEC approach that the author chose to use in research is the author personally judged as an appropriate approach based on personal experience
Well-being is a crucial indicator of positive life experiences, reflecting how individuals feel about their lives It significantly impacts various sectors of society, highlighting the importance of favorable living conditions, such as adequate housing and employment opportunities, as essential components of overall well-being.
Eco-tourism is a form of tourism involving responsible travel (using sustainable transport) to natural areas, conserving the environment, and improving the well-being of the local people
1.8.3 Questions/Lessons learnt based on previous studies:
The concepts and previous studies were clarified and selected to be used as:
1.8.3.1 Poverty reduction requires an understanding of how local livelihoods are conducted and sustained:
Indigenous people of Minh Huong face the risk of poverty, how to help them?
Previous research indicates that addressing existing vulnerabilities is crucial for effective adaptation, with poverty reduction being a key component of this process, as it serves both as a condition and a determinant of vulnerability To effectively reduce poverty, it is essential to comprehend the dynamics of local livelihoods, as the assets and capabilities that define these livelihoods significantly influence poverty levels and the potential for alleviation.
Understanding the livelihoods of impoverished communities is crucial for assessing the impacts of climate change on them It allows us to anticipate their responses based on available resources and informs the development of effective adaptation strategies Since these communities heavily depend on environmental services, incorporating ecosystem management and restoration activities is essential for successful adaptation efforts.
Enhancing community resilience to future threats, such as climate change, can be achieved through a secured natural resource base, minimized exposure to natural hazards, and diversified livelihood activities This adaptive strategy not only addresses immediate development needs but also fosters long-term capacity building, ultimately reducing future vulnerabilities.
1.8.3.2 Indigenous Knowledge (IK) enhance resiliency to climate change in indigenous communities
Indigenous Knowledge (IK) has the potential to significantly enhance global understanding of development challenges, particularly in economically disadvantaged communities, as highlighted by the World Bank Researchers in the knowledge economy are investigating how IK can provide valuable insights and solutions to address pressing issues in agriculture and environmental sustainability By effectively integrating local knowledge, we can better tackle these contemporary challenges.
34 adaptation planning by policy makers, its conservation and application would enhance resiliency to climate change in indigenous communities
Indigenous Knowledge (IK) is defined as the institutionalized local knowledge that is shared orally across generations, forming the foundation for decision-making in rural communities Its integration into disaster risk reduction has demonstrated significant contributions during the preparation, response, and recovery phases following natural disasters In Vietnam, IK encompasses the practices of various ethnic minority communities, developed and refined through collective production processes and transmitted orally from one generation to the next.
The limitations of the study
1.9.1 Limited number of sample size
Due to the author's recent leg surgery in December 2022, the research for this thesis involved a selection of 30 households for questionnaires and 10 households from 8 different ethnic groups for in-depth interviews Consequently, the findings may present challenges and potential biases, and the survey results may not accurately represent all households in Minh Huong commune.
1.9.2 Lack of available or reliable data on the climate situation of the area
Minh Huong commune, being a mountainous area, faces numerous challenges that affect the accuracy and professionalism of its statistical data Historical records on population, natural conditions, climate, and the impacts of climate change have not been maintained for an extended period Accessing reliable data requires significant time and coordination with local authorities and specialized officers to verify documents and evidence To address these limitations, the author utilized alternative resources for this thesis while ensuring that the findings remain trustworthy and valid.
1.9.3 Prejudice/Bias in answering questionnaires and from the researcher
The analysis revealed significant gaps and biases in people's responses, stemming from inconsistencies in mindset and limited knowledge Researchers often perceive ethnic minorities as vulnerable to climate change; however, these communities may view themselves as more disadvantaged compared to other groups, resulting in skewed perspectives Additionally, language barriers hindered effective communication during research, interviews, and discussions, complicating the understanding of the issues at hand Furthermore, some commune authorities provided overstated information due to the pressure of leadership performance, which ultimately led to inaccurate conclusions.
The study's scope is limited due to the lack of similar research data The researcher primarily relied on documents and the insights of community leaders to gather opinions on climate change, Indigenous knowledge, and adaptation strategies Future research should aim to enhance these findings for a more comprehensive understanding.
The author's proposed model, derived from the research findings, may not be applicable to the people of Minh Huong Consequently, further studies are essential to evaluate and discuss the author's suggestions more comprehensively.
With limited time, it was not enough for the author to understand the survey results in depth
THEORIES AND METHODOLOGIES
Theoretical basis- Clarifying research concepts and their relationships
2.1.1 The importance of Indigenous Knowledge in the Ethnic minorities’ life supporting to adapt with climate change
Indigenous Knowledge (IK) is increasingly recognized as a vital resource in climate science, particularly in areas like agro-forestry, traditional medicine, and biodiversity conservation This knowledge fosters resilience against climate change by promoting diversified resources, secure livelihoods, and strong social networks To enhance the resilience of indigenous communities, policymakers should integrate IK into climate adaptation strategies, focusing on its conservation and application IK provides crucial local insights into climate change, reflecting the experiences of those most affected by weather extremes and variability.
Vietnam, an agricultural nation, is significantly impacted by climate change, which exacerbates natural disasters, particularly affecting poorer rural populations in mountainous and coastal areas The country is home to 54 ethnic groups, many of whom reside in the northern mountains and possess unique cultural traditions and agricultural practices These mountain communities often depend on traditional knowledge and environmental observations to navigate the challenges posed by climate change.
The rapid development of the world is causing a significant loss of indigenous knowledge, which is increasingly valued by older generations but largely overlooked by the youth Young people are often drawn to urban areas in search of higher-paying jobs, resulting in a decline in the preservation of traditional skills and wisdom passed down from elders.
Prof Le Trong Cuc, an expert in Indigenous Knowledge, emphasizes that understanding the land is crucial for advancing agriculture, rural development, health, education, and resource management, all of which contribute to the sustainable development of both provincial and mountainous ecosystems This knowledge is invaluable for scientists and planners Additionally, the information center can be evaluated against international knowledge systems to identify beneficial elements and areas for improvement through techniques and technologies rooted in this knowledge and modern science.
Folklore has been a vital source of knowledge for highlanders, enabling them to navigate natural disasters, adapt to climate change, and enhance their livelihoods over generations Each ethnic group possesses unique characteristics tied to their specific land, including distinct soil, geomorphology, and hydrology Therefore, the traditional knowledge of these communities is inherently linked to their environment and plays a crucial role in their ability to respond to nature.
Some examples of types of indigenous knowledge
Indigenous knowledge plays a crucial role in determining suitable living areas, particularly for communities whose economic activities rely heavily on forests Researcher Ngo Van Le highlights that mountainous communities classify forests based on their unique characteristics, such as old forests, which are rich in large, perennial trees and serve as vital watershed areas protected by local deities Each community, guided by its cultural traditions, fosters a strong commitment to forest conservation, with customary laws in place to address violations As these ethnic minority communities depend on the forest, they practice sustainable exploitation, adhering to specific regulations that prevent damage to forest ecosystems Their deep connection to the land ensures that they exploit resources responsibly, safeguarding the forest's self-healing capacity.
Over-exploitation of forests can lead to unpredictable disasters, as mountain communities are unable to manage the forests alone Unplanned deforestation has resulted in severe consequences, including flash floods and landslides that have devastated newly established villages.
Indigenous knowledge (IK) plays a crucial role in the daily lives of ethnic communities, particularly for the Mong people who inhabit high mountain slopes Their agricultural practices are centered around upland fields that are strategically oriented to maximize sunlight When preparing these fields, the Mong people employ a traditional method of burning from low to high, effectively utilizing wind power to enhance their farming efficiency.
When the Mong people settle in a new location, they always bring an indigo tree, which is essential for their dyeing process Indigo is typically planted in February and harvested by July The leaves are cut and crushed to extract dye water, which is then poured into pine barrels This mixture passes through kitchen ash, is placed in sacks, and is filtered before being soaked for about a week Local wisdom emphasizes the importance of kitchen ash in preserving the indigo's vibrant color over time.
Indigenous knowledge (IK) plays a crucial role in utilizing various local plant and animal varieties that exhibit high adaptability to specific climatic conditions, such as drought and cold This expertise enhances agricultural production by adapting farming practices to arid environments, implementing effective intercropping strategies to improve soil health while minimizing the need for fertilizers and controlling weeds Additionally, the selection of suitable soil types and the cultivation of drought-resistant rice varieties, including the Neptune rice cultivated by the Dao ethnic group, are vital components of sustainable farming practices in these regions.
- IK in forecasting weather and natural disasters based on color changes of leaves, flowers and plants; rely on animal behavior; based on observing environmental changes
The Tay people hold a belief that in the Nhuân year, abundant rainfall occurs alongside fruitful trees, influencing their agricultural practices They transplant yellow-spotted fruit trees and sow seeds of Unity when rice flowers fall Similarly, the Dao people wait for the blooming of oval flowers to plant green beans They recognize that during years of fruit harvest, early sowing is essential to ensure crops can be harvested after the August drought Additionally, the movement of crabs from streams is seen as a sign of impending flooding, guiding their farming decisions.
An information system focused on plants highlights species that can thrive together in the same cultivation area, emphasizing effective plant indexes This knowledge is traditionally shared through folk methods, such as chiseling, carving, or inscribing messages on bamboo cards, reflecting the cultural practices of information exchange.
+ Technology: Technical skills include cultivation and husbandry techniques, and methods of seed storage, food processing, and healing skills for people and livestock and poultry
Beliefs significantly influence livelihoods, healthcare, and environmental stewardship, with sacred forests (GOD forests) being preserved for cultural reasons that help sustain vibrant watersheds Additionally, religious festivals serve as vital opportunities to enhance food security and nutrition for local communities facing daily food scarcity.
The tools of IK are shown in the labor tools equipped for farming and harvesting crops Cooking tools as well as the implementation of accompanying activities
+ Architectural materials: are shown with construction materials, materials for household appliances as well as traditional handicrafts
+ Experience: Farmers often accumulate experience during cultivation, introducing new seed materials to endemic farming systems Many exceptional healing results are accumulated through the use of local botanical sources
+ Biological resources: Preliminary knowledge is expressed through the process of selecting livestock breeds and crops
Human resources play a vital role in local organizations, with experienced professionals like healers and blacksmiths exemplifying the importance of Indigenous Knowledge (IK) These experts often serve as representatives within clan groups, village patriarchal councils, and collaborative work-sharing groups.
+ Education: how to pass the profession on to apprentices, learn through observation and experiments, practice on the spot
Indigenous Knowledge (IK) significantly contributes to climate change research by helping individuals identify their cultural context, which fosters community cohesion and safety while reducing the risk of social isolation Moreover, IK is increasingly aligning with scientific approaches, enhancing its relevance in addressing climate challenges.
Methodological approach
In 2014, Professor Tamura and colleagues developed a model that integrates two distinct approaches to climate change adaptation and mitigation: a top-down scientific approach and a bottom-up regional approach The top-down method focuses on global climate projections, which are then tailored to inform long-term adaptation strategies for central and local governments Conversely, the bottom-up approach emphasizes community engagement, allowing stakeholders to collaboratively address challenges and formulate effective adaptation measures, known as community-based adaptation This participatory model empowers communities to recognize potential risks and actively contribute to the planning process, thereby enhancing adaptation strategies The success of climate change adaptation lies at the intersection of these two approaches, where dialogue and effective cooperation among stakeholders are essential.
Figure 2-4: Dual approach for climate change adaptation [38]
Figure 2-5: Top-down and Bottom-up approach for Minh Huong Ecotourism
Learning, connecting and developing with this thesis, the author chose the Top- down and Bottom-up approaches to find out the suitable approach for the research area
It is a framework tool to find solutions for Minh Huong ethnic groups in climate change adaptation based on Indigenous Knowledge
The Top-down approach is a regional approach, from global to local situations,
This article explores how indigenous communities, particularly in regions like Vietnam's mountainous areas, can adapt to climate change by examining observations from Japan and other localities with similar geographical conditions and resources.
Climate change is a global issue impacting all nations, particularly vulnerable populations In Japan's Ibaraki prefecture, apple farmers in Daigo town have experienced significant changes in harvest times over the past 15 years due to global warming Similarly, Vietnam is identified by the IPCC as one of the countries most affected by climate change, facing challenges from its extensive coastline, floodplains, and susceptibility to typhoons, alongside a large impoverished population In response, Vietnam is committed to combating climate change through initiatives like COP 26 and aligns its national strategy with the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals, ensuring that no one is left behind, particularly ethnic minorities and the poor.
In addition, author researched more on similar areas to learn from ecotourism's experiences in mountainous areas, such as: Sin Suoi Ho, Thai Hai village…
Over the past 15 years, the author has worked closely with Tuyen Quang province, which boasts the highest percentage of ethnic minorities in Vietnam This experience has allowed the author to witness firsthand the profound effects of climate change on indigenous communities, particularly regarding their livelihoods Additionally, the author has explored the growing trend of tourism in Vietnam, where travelers seek unique experiences and cultural immersion Tourists visiting mountainous regions often feel a connection to minority communities, gaining a sense of purpose and contributing positively to local life Young families also encourage their children to understand the challenges faced by these communities, fostering gratitude for their own circumstances Foreign tourists, often drawn to the area for educational pursuits or adventure, demonstrate a commitment to preserving the landscape and supporting local initiatives Ultimately, all types of tourists become Key Opinion Leaders (KOLs) by sharing their experiences on social media platforms like blogs, Facebook, Twitter, and TikTok, influencing others to appreciate and engage with these cultures.
The Yen district and Minh Huong commune, with their unique characteristics and diverse populations, present ecotourism as a viable livelihood strategy to enhance local incomes and boost self-confidence in the face of climate change By attracting eco-conscious tourists, Minh Huong can establish a sustainable income stream that empowers ethnic communities and improves their overall well-being Ecotourism not only effectively leverages local resources and cultural identity but also enables indigenous people to gain financial independence, engage in policy-making, and adapt to climate change This approach embodies the concept of "thinking globally, understanding locally."
The Minh Huong ethnic minorities, comprising eight distinct groups and over 10,000 individuals across 6,500 hectares, embody a rich Indigenous Knowledge (IK) that reflects their adaptive strategies to climate change, honed over generations Their resilience is evident in their hospitality, genuine character, and kind nature, which are integral to their cultural identity expressed through traditional singing, dancing, and unique costumes However, recent climate change impacts have destabilized their livelihoods, particularly in farming, animal husbandry, and forest exploitation, leading to increased poverty The Minh Huong people possess invaluable local expertise, such as constructing climate-resilient homes and selecting seedlings for the renowned Ham Yen orange tree, alongside cultivating rice and maize and raising the native Minh Huong ducklings By promoting their cultural heritage and Indigenous Knowledge through ecotourism, they can enhance their identity and pride while fostering sustainable development goals (SDGs) that prioritize well-being and humanity A cooperative model of ecotourism co-management, centered on the Minh Huong indigenous community, represents a modern and humane approach to sustainable development.
The intersection and connection between the two main approaches is the dialogue between stakeholders, they are 3P: Public – Private and Community Partnerships - to bring a sustainable development
2.2.2 Bottom-up – Top-down approach interactive with Risks and Benefits
Figure 2-6: Bottom up – Top-down approach interactive with Risks and Benefits
Top-down approach: Ecotourism as a sustainable approach to climate change adaptation
This approach offers significant benefits, including the preservation of ecosystem resilience and the safeguarding of Indigenous knowledge and cultural identity, while also fostering economic growth and self-sufficiency among local communities.
70 confidence; Increased interest in and knowledge of climate change issues not only among locals but also tourists
Ecotourism has the potential to create benefits; however, these advantages may not be distributed equitably, leading to increased inequality Traditional communities that rely on and manage natural resources may face barriers, exacerbating issues of overexploitation and deforestation.
Bottom-up approach – Minh Huong Ecotourism Cooperative Group - Co- management model There are both benefits and risks that could be expected from this approach
Engaging in ecotourism co-management initiatives stimulates participation among ethnic groups and local authorities, fostering collaboration and oversight This partnership benefits all stakeholders, promoting forest conservation and supporting sustainable livelihoods for indigenous communities Ultimately, the restoration and preservation of forests, landscapes, and indigenous specialties are achieved, ensuring a harmonious balance between nature and local culture.
The initiative faces several risks, including the fragile relationship between local communities and various partners such as environmental agencies, NGOs, and the private sector Additionally, insufficient monitoring of the co-management efforts and excessive institutional enforcement could pose significant challenges Moreover, there is a heightened risk of illegal exploitation, which could lead to detrimental outcomes for the initiative.
The potential consequences of increased deforestation include ecological degradation, economic losses from diminished environmental services and ecotourism, and cultural detachment from local communities, including the erosion of Indigenous Knowledge To address these challenges, alternative co-management initiatives focused on forest recovery and the restoration of degraded areas may be effective A positive outcome could enhance ecological integrity, boost economic opportunities through Payment for Environmental Services and ecotourism, and foster social and cultural benefits by engaging local communities and preserving Indigenous Knowledge These interconnected benefits could ultimately lead to greater resilience and adaptation, exemplified by the Minh Huong Co-management model and Climate Change Fund.
In addition to the above diagram, some benefits and risks for Minh Huong Ecotourism will be listed specifically as:
1 Ecotourism helps in protections of sensitive environmental locations (local flora and fauna) to maintain their unique qualities of environment Preservation of nature is must maintain ecological balance of nature Ecotourism helps to get closer to the nature beauty
2 Ecotourism helps indigenous people live cleaner, more civilized lives, and at the same time take pride in expressing their cultural identity and indigenous knowledge
3 Ecotourism helps in minimizing the environmental impact on the earth The awareness programs should be conducted in the tour to make understand the people about importance of environment Good to educate the children and next generations
4 Ecotourism helps in generates income opportunities for the local people Tourism offers direct jobs to tourist guides, agriculture, food and homestay It helps in improving the standard of the local people
5 Ecotourism helps in learning and understanding cultures of different communities Its helps to knowing the different religion and lifestyles of the people
6 Ecotourism creates an awareness to conserve environment The protection of forest should be done on the large scale to preserve the nature, the flora and fauna should be protected which would definitely not only preserve but also increase the production of endangered species
1 Ecotourism can disturb local wildlife to a certain extent
2 Ecotourism can lead to environmental pollution and overconsumption
3 Wild animals can get used to humans Some rare animals/products may be sold as souvenirs or taken away illegally Therefore, ecological imbalance is possible
4 When there is income, there will be a conflict of interest between parties such as partners/stakeholders/government and local people
5 Some ecotourism activities may become too popular
6 Tourists may be exploited, or pay more than they are worth
7 Loss of control of ecotourism business and resources to large corporations and
72 individuals outside the local community
Research Methodology
The author adopts Interpretivism as the Research Philosophy to deeply explore the unique experiences of Minh Huong's ethnic individuals, recognizing each as a distinct entity with their own personality With origins from eight different ethnic groups in Vietnam, they possess diverse Indigenous Knowledge, Cultural Identities, and adaptation strategies to Climate Change Interpretivism facilitates the author's inquiry and observation, enabling a comprehensive understanding of each community member's perspective.
The author selected Deductive Research to address the challenges faced by the Minh Huong community in transitioning to ecotourism, drawing on her experiences and knowledge Having observed and evaluated Indigenous people in similar circumstances, she employs a confirmatory research approach centered around hypothesis testing.
The primary research method involves synthesizing and analyzing documents, alongside utilizing statistical techniques to select study areas, survey samples, and evaluate criteria This research employs a mixed-method approach, integrating both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies.
A comprehensive survey was conducted to collect data on the Minh Huong ethnic group, utilizing both open- and closed-ended questions, with 30 households from eight ethnic groups participating The majority of respondents had low educational levels and belonged to poor or near-poor households, yet they were proficient in understanding, speaking, and writing Vietnamese In addition to the survey, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions were held, including direct or phone interviews with eight village heads and three commune leaders, comprising the Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Minh Huong commune People's Committee, along with a cultural and social officer The author also gathered various data sources, including annual and monthly reports from local administrative bodies, and combined these findings with personal observations and insights from experts and experimental tourists to evaluate the research problem in alignment with the study's objectives.
2.3.4 Study site and data collection method
Minh Huong commune, Ham Yen district, Tuyen Quang province, Vietnam
The author's profession offers numerous opportunities for travel and work in Vietnam's Northern Provinces During this journey, the author has had the privilege of meeting and supporting children and individuals from ethnic minority communities A visit to Ham Yen district provided a unique chance to pursue this research study, leading to the selection of Minh Huong commune as the study area based on careful consideration of the author's skills and knowledge.
Minh Huong commune, located in the mountainous Ham Yen district, spans an area of 6,439.80 hectares with a population density of just 0.6 hectares per person Over 30% of its residents live in poverty or near-poverty, significantly hindering their ability to adapt to climate change Indigenous communities are particularly vulnerable, experiencing notable impacts such as seasonal temperature fluctuations, reduced rainfall, and increased flooding These climate challenges are pushing many households further into poverty, highlighting the urgent need for resources and knowledge to enhance resilience.
The region is inhabited by eight distinct ethnic groups, each possessing unique Indigenous Knowledge and a vibrant cultural identity The locals are known for their hospitality and friendliness, readily sharing their information and resources with others.
The Cham Chu Nature Reserve, located in Tuyen Quang and Ha Giang Provinces, is a diverse ecosystem featuring a rich variety of flora Spanning 58,187 hectares, it was designated as a Special-use Forest by the FPD of MARD in 2010 The reserve is centered around Mount Cham Chu, the highest peak in Tuyen Quang at 1,587 meters Additionally, approximately 8 km southwest of the mountain lies a significant limestone karst area, intersected by the Lo River.
- The local infrastructure has recently improved in terms of physical assets such as the system of roads, electricity, Internet, telephone, bridges, etc It is easy to move to the
75 commune from many sides and roads, the main highway is 20km; commune road is provincial road standards
- Currently, there are a few households that can welcome tourists in their homestays and motels
Local specialties like Minh Huong gourd duck, Ham Yen orange, Minh Huong rice, and Cham chu wine are renowned for their quality The skilled local cooks prepare these dishes with a focus on purity and cleanliness, ensuring an exceptional culinary experience.
The dynamic commune government prioritizes the well-being of its villagers while adhering to district policies on tourism development This welcoming approach fosters investments, innovative ideas, and projects aimed at enhancing eco-tourism, benefiting both the government and the local community.
The author developed strong relationships with the children of Minh Huong, local authorities, teachers, parents, and villagers through previous visits to Minh Phu Primary School as part of the Building School project aimed at supporting ethnic children.
The author conducted a direct survey at Minh Huong, seeking assistance from the local officers and collaborators The Vice Chairman of the Commune People's Committee, a young and dynamic woman responsible for cultural and social initiatives, facilitated effective collaboration with the author.
The feasibility of this research, along with the accessibility and collection of data, highlights its potential for future development within the commune By presenting the findings, the project aims to enhance sustainable and effective income opportunities for the people of Minh Huong, ultimately contributing to poverty reduction and promoting human value.
Previous research has examined climate change impacts in Ham Yen and Minh Huong, focusing on hydrometeorological data such as annual temperature and precipitation trends Additionally, a policy analysis of the local authorities in these areas has been conducted to understand their responses to climate challenges Group discussions further contributed to insights on the region's climate adaptation strategies.
+ In-depth interviews with people and experts/local authorities/elders of
- Primary data collection method: Household survey: Select survey households, combine survey and in-depth interview
+ Observation: Combine topographic survey, interview to check information
A structured questionnaire was developed for a face-to-face survey to gather data based on insights from the MCCD theoretical framework and practical experiences from study trips to Xuan Thuy National Park, Da Nang, and Hoi An The questionnaire encompassed socio-demographic information, including household characteristics, income activities, social interventions, experiences with shocks, climate change adaptation strategies, and indicators of livelihood capitals It also assessed respondents' awareness of climate change, indigenous knowledge, adaptability to climate change, resources for developing ecotourism, and willingness to engage in community ecotourism activities A total of 30 completed questionnaires representing 30 households in Minh Huong were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software.
Figure 2-8 and Figure 2-9: Author and households in in-deep interview and answer questionnaire
2.3.4.4 Content of In-deep Interview
The Methodological Limitations
After recently undergoing knee surgery, the author faced significant challenges in mobility but persevered to conduct face-to-face interviews with eight households from the Minh Huong ethnic group Despite the limited accessibility due to their remote locations, the author, accompanied by a support person, made the effort to reach these families directly.
The research conducted over a two-month period may not have fully met the desired outcomes, partly due to the author's limited budget, as personal funds were used to support the survey and collect samples.
With 44 household samples as formula, author only selected 30 samples of sufficient quality for analysis The remaining numbers were not of good quality because the respondents did not know the question well or the answers are inconsistent In addition, only 7/8 ethnic groups belonged to 8 ethnic groups in Minh Huong commune because there was only one ethnic group, La Chi, which cannot be accessed Therefore, when using the survey results, it is possible to be biased because the results are not representative of the entire commune population and ethnic minorities in the commune
This study raises concerns about the accuracy of the collected information, as several factors may influence respondents' answers Ethnic individuals may struggle with fluency in the Kinh language, leading to misunderstandings during questioning Additionally, some respondents might contradict their earlier statements due to a lack of openness or fear of revealing the truth, often stemming from feelings of shame or pressure to present themselves positively Furthermore, limited education can hinder their ability to provide precise answers, particularly regarding concepts, numbers, and language Geographic isolation also plays a significant role, as many households are located 15-20 km from urban centers, often in remote mountainous areas lacking reliable electricity and internet access, which restricts their awareness and information access.
In conclusion, this thesis presents a detailed examination of how climate change impacts the Minh Huong indigenous peoples, offering suitable solutions and insights Conducting surveys and interviews is crucial for gathering information, and the research methodology employed, including a logical framework and both top-down and bottom-up approaches, enriches the understanding of the Minh Huong community.
There are always two sides of an issue as well as this thesis is found on the basis
80 of the hypothesis, may be true, may be false That's why the results/findings in chapter
3 will help author to have the confirmation for thesis argument and will have a basis to bring value to the Minh Huong’s Indigenous people