Dans le but de diffuser les nouvelles au Vietnam et ailleurs aux lecteurs internationaux, plus spécifiquement à des lecteurs francophones du monde, cette presse écrite a besoin de la mis
CADRE THÉORIQUE
Néologisme et néologie : Histoire des appellations des concepts
According to Le Petit Robert (1977), the term "neologism" first appeared in the French language in 1735, followed by "neology" in 1759, both derived from the Greek prefix "neo-" meaning "new." Neologism is formed from "-logism" (from "logos," meaning "study") and the suffix "-isme," while neology combines with "-logy," also derived from "logos." Since the 1700s, numerous observations and perspectives on these two concepts have been expressed.
Pierre Beaume asserts that both terms originate from Greek According to him, neology specifically refers to the invention, use, and employment of new terms In contrast, neologism is often viewed negatively, indicating a frequent and affected misuse of such terms He further adds that neology is an art, while neologism represents an abuse.
Mercier (1801) asserts that noology is perceived positively, while neologism is viewed negatively He compares the distinction between these two terms to the difference between religion and fanaticism, as well as between philosophy and philosophism.
According to Boiste (1803), neology refers to the creation and use of new words or the application of old words in new contexts, while neologism signifies the questionable pursuit of new expressions and words.
Franỗois Guizot (1816) remarque que la nộologie est louable, utile et nécessaire et a ses lois et ses règles Il l’a appelé la science de la formation des mots
6 nouveaux Il prétend que ce terme est opposé au néologisme, une notion qui désigne des mots vains et superflus, des mots et des expressions baroques et bizarres
Laveaux (1826) defines neology as a new genre of language characterized by innovative ways of speaking and the creation or application of new terms Neologism signifies the misuse or affectation of using new words and expressions, often involving terms that are absurdly distorted from their natural meanings or ordinary usage.
Comme Darmesteter et Vieweg (1877) ô depuis l'ộpoque classique, on entend des critiques et des grammairiens se plaindre du néologisme qui vient gâter la puretộ de la langue, , dộplorent sa pauvretộ ằ
In the 18th century, definitions of neology were primarily linked to its perceived role as a science governed by specific laws and rules, seen as positive and beneficial In contrast, neologism was viewed negatively, regarded as an abuse that undermined the purity of the language Authors unanimously agree that neology is an "invention" and an "art" of language use, governed by its own principles Conversely, neologism is associated with the notion of a "language abuse," often described using pejorative adjectives such as "vicious" or "strange."
La faỗon nộgative en mentionnant le nộologisme n’existe guốre depuis les années 1900
Beaujean et Littré considèrent la néologie comme l’emploi de mots nouveaux et d’anciens en un sens nouveau et le néologisme comme son synonyme par abus (1900, p 748)
Larousse (1910) defines neology as the introduction of new terms into a language, while neologism refers to the use of new words or the application of old words in a new sense, such as "émotionner," which means to evoke emotions.
Selon Kr Nyrop (1908), les nộologismes sont ô les rộsultats nộcessaires et les marques infaillibles de la vitalitộ forte et saine de la langue ằ
Le dictionnaire de l'Acadộmie franỗaise affirme que le nộologisme est un mot nouveau ou mot détourné de sa signification ordinaire (1935, p 227)
According to Georges (1953), a neologism represents the acceptance of new elements within a language, which can manifest through the introduction of a new word, the redefinition of an existing word with a new meaning, or a shift in grammatical category.
Comme Hatzfeld montre, la néologie et le néologisme représentent l’emploi de mots de création nouvelle, ou de mots anciens dans une nouvelle acception
According to Robert (1977), neology encompasses the processes through which a language's lexicon expands, either through morphological productivity, borrowing, or other methods such as acronyms and initialisms A neologism refers to the use of a new word—whether created, altered, derived, compounded, borrowed, or employed in a new meaning.
Rey (1991) montre une dộfinition trốs simple du nộologisme : ô Mot nouveau ou sens nouveau ằ Cette dộfinition s'utilise jusqu’à maintenant
Gérardin and Morvan (2002) assert that neology involves the creation of new words and expressions within a language They also provide a straightforward definition of neologism as a "new word or new meaning," which aligns closely with Alain Rey's perspective.
Pruvost et Sablayrolles (2003) dộcrivent le nộologisme comme ô un mot nouveau ou un sens nouveau d’un mot existant dộjà dans la langue ằ
Par rapport à ces définitions, on peut observer quelques idées différentes En
In 1910, Larousse stated that the term "neologism" encompasses a broader meaning than "neology," as it refers not only to the creation of new words but also to the new meanings of existing words However, in 1964, Hatzfeld directly asserted the synonymy between these two terms Subsequent definitions in 1977 and 2002 further explore this relationship.
1910, la néologie aborde seulement les mots nouveaux et le néologisme lie à ceux-
In their exploration of neology, Robert defines it as the processes of creating new terms, while distinguishing neologism as the usage of these terms Gôrardin and Morvan further elaborate, viewing the first as the creation of words and the second as the word itself along with its meaning Despite differing perspectives, a common thread emerges in these definitions: the distinction between the two concepts is no longer framed in terms of positive or negative connotations.
Depuis les annộes 2010, la dộfinition du terme ô nộologie ằ et ô nộologisme ằ continue d’ộvoluer
According to Larousse (2012), neology refers to the processes involved in the creation of neologisms, which include derivation, composition, abbreviation, and borrowing A neologism is defined as any newly created term or a word recently borrowed from another language, as well as any new meaning assigned to an existing word or expression In essence, the formation processes of neologisms are encapsulated within the concept of neology.
According to Robert (2014), neology is the creation of new words in a language to enrich it, while neologism refers to the use of a new word, which can be formed through derivation, composition, truncation, abbreviation, borrowing, etc (form neologism), or the use of an existing word or expression in a new sense (sense neologism) As noted in Robert's studies from 1977 and Gourdain and Morvan's work in 2002, neology involves the process of creating a word, whereas neologism pertains to the utilization of that word or a new meaning The definition of neologism becomes clearer when classified into two types: form neologism and sense neologism.
Parmi les dictionnaires les plus récents, nous utilisons la version en ligne car elle est toujours mise à jour
Neologism, as defined by the Dictionnaire de l'Académie française, refers to the formation and usage of new words or the employment of familiar terms in a new context It encompasses the creation of entirely new words or the assignment of a different meaning to existing terms.
Types de néologisme
Vu les dộfinitions ci-dessus, notamment de Trộsor de la langue Franỗaise
The term "neologism," defined as a new word or a new meaning for an existing word, has been explored since the works of Georges in 1953 and Robert in 2014 Neologisms can be categorized into two main types: form neologisms and sense neologisms This article focuses solely on form neologisms, which linguists further classify into six distinct types.
Grevisse et Goosse affirme : ô La dộrivation est l'opộration par laquelle on crée une nouvelle unité lexicale en ajoutant à un mot existant un élément non autonome ou affixe ằ (1986, p 214)
The article explains that when an affix is added to an existing word, it is referred to as a suffix and the process is called suffixation Conversely, if the affix is added before the existing word, it is known as a prefix and the process is called prefixation Additionally, there are two specific forms: parasynthetic derivation, which involves the simultaneous addition of both a prefix and a suffix, and regressive derivation, which entails the removal of a suffix, and less commonly, a prefix.
Il existe donc 4 types de dérivation : suffixation, préfixation, parasynthétique et régressive
According to Grevisse and Goosse, a suffix is defined as a sequence of sounds or letters, which does not exist independently, that is added to the end of an existing word to create a new word (1986, p 215)
Suffixes can alter the grammatical category of a base word, such as transforming "égal" (equal) into "égaliser" (to equalize) or "égaliser" (to equalize) into "égalisation" (equalization), thereby changing an adjective into a verb Similarly, "ample" (ample) becomes "ampleur" (extent), converting an adjective into a noun Additionally, some suffixes do not change the grammatical category but add semantic or stylistic nuances, as seen with "fille" (girl) becoming "fillette" (little girl), indicating diminutive, or "blond" (blonde) turning into "blondasse" (a derogatory term for a blonde) Other examples include "pierre" (stone) evolving into "pierraille" (gravel), showcasing the variety of suffix modifications in the French language.
Grevisse and Goosse define a prefix as a sequence of sounds or letters that lacks independent existence and is added to an existing word to create a new term They assert that prefixes do not change the nature of the words they attach to but merely alter their meaning, stating that prefixation does not cause any formal alteration of the base word, but rather enhances its sense.
The article outlines key prefixes and their meanings, providing examples for clarity The prefix "A-" signifies absence or negation, as seen in words like "amoral" and "areligious." "Co-" is commonly paired with nouns and verbs, exemplified by terms such as "codirector" and "coexist." The prefixes "Dé-" and "dis-" indicate separation, deprivation, or negation, appearing in words like "décharger" and "disparaitre." "É-" serves as a reinforcement prefix "In-" and its variants express negation when added to nouns and adjectives, as in "insuccess" or "inégalité." The prefixes "Mé-" or "més-" often precede vowels to convey negation or a pejorative sense, found in words like "mésintelligence" and "mécontent." "Pré-" denotes anteriority or anticipation in verbs, such as "préétablir." Lastly, "Re-" and its variants indicate repetition, as seen in "retrouver" and "réélire."
According to Grevisse and Goosse (1986, p 251), regressive derivation involves the creation of a new word through the removal of a suffix or prefix They assert that this process primarily produces deverbals, nouns, or adjectives derived from the verb's root, using the root itself for masculine nouns and an elongated root with an 'e' for feminine nouns and adjectives.
Ils montrent plusieurs exemples pour illustrer le fait de la restriction
The process of derivation in language involves significant transformations, such as the conversion of "accorder" to "accord," "galoper" to "galop," and "adresser" to "adresse," with "attaquer" changing to "attaque." Regressive derivation often removes a nominal suffix or a silent final 'e' to create new terms, exemplified by "diplomatique" becoming "diplomate," "litron" changing to "litre," "médecine" to "médecin," and "châtaigne" to "châtain." The elimination of a prefix is a less common occurrence in this process.
Grevisse and Goosse define parasynthetic formation as the creation of a new word, particularly a verb or an adjective ending in -é, by simultaneously adding a prefix and a suffix to a primitive word (1986, pp 253) They provide significant examples to illustrate their definitions, such as the word "débarquer," which derives directly from "barque," noting that neither "débarque" nor "barque" existed prior Additionally, they highlight certain cases they do not classify as true parasynthetic formations, specifically when derivations occur on a syntagm, such as "en terre" transforming into "enterré," and "à rive" into "arriver." They also mention instances involving Latinized or partially Latinized syntagms, like "hors mariage" and "extraconjugal."
Lehmann and Martin assert that composition involves the assembly of two or more words (e.g., cauliflower, wallet), allowing these formations to be classified as compounds It is valid to treat structures such as Preposition + Noun (e.g., backlight), Preposition + Verb (e.g., to float), and Adverb + Adjective (e.g., clumsy) as instances of composition in the same manner as full-word structures like Verb + Noun (e.g., money holder), Noun + Adjective (e.g., safe), and Noun + Noun (e.g., catfish).
Grevisse and Goosse argue that there are hybrids in which one of the elements is French or can be regarded as such They provide examples of names formed from a complementary noun and a modified word.
13 illustrer ce type de composition : ô Le premier ộlộment reỗoit gộnộralement la finale
-o Il est franỗais ô Boulodrome, cocạnomane, gazomốtre Le second ộlộment est franỗais : hộliogravure, pyrogravure ằ (1968, p 266)
Portmanteau words are created by blending two or more words that typically share a syllable These neologisms have become part of everyday language for many, showcasing a playful use of language popularized by avant-garde writers like Raymond Queneau.
Boris Vian Ils décrivent des situations parfois absurdes et paradoxales mais contribuent ộgalement à l’enrichissement de la langue franỗaise et de son ộpoque
Bionics combines biology and electronics, referring to elements inspired by biological systems and created through advanced technology The term "courriel," a Franco-Quebecois adaptation of the English word "email," denotes electronically sent messages This has led to the creation of the portmanteau "pourriel," which merges "poubelle" (trash) and "courriel," indicating unwanted emails Lastly, "Franglais" is a blend of French and English terms, representing French words that originate from English.
Grôsillon defines and comments on the phenomenon of portmanteau words, which have become prevalent in our daily lives These peculiar terms, created by blending two existing words, can often be found in metro advertisements, such as "Consommastuce" (a combination of consumption and tips) and "Vacances à la FRAMỗais" (merging French holidays with FRAM, a travel agency).
Istanbulversant (Istanbul and overwhelming), Bosphormidable (Bosphorus and formidable), and astromômes (astronomers and kids) are examples of clever wordplay that highlight the creativity in language This playful approach is also seen in businesses, such as the restaurant Fer-Play, which combines "fer" (iron) and "fair play," and the café l’Arc-en-miel, merging "arc-en-ciel" (rainbow) with "miel" (honey).
MÉTHODOLOGIE DE LA RECHERCHE
Choix de la presse
Le Courrier du Vietnam is a French-language weekly published by the Vietnam News Agency, under the Ministry of Culture and Information Established in 1952 by the Vietnamese Ministry of Foreign Affairs as a multilingual publication, it transitioned to a weekly format in 1993 and became a daily in October 1994, before reverting to a weekly publication in 2012, now available every Saturday morning In 2023, the journal received a commendation from the Prime Minister In addition to its print edition, Le Courrier du Vietnam operates a website, www.lecourrier.vn, and a television program called Espace francophone, both covering a wide range of topics including politics, economy, society, tourism, sports, and international affairs.
Ce mémoire a pour objectif d’aborder le phénomène du néologisme dans la presse au Vietnam et la réalité linguistique et culturelle de la société vietnamienne
Il se centre sur l'hebdomadaire francophone Le Courrier du Vietnam pour deux raisons :
The French-language newspaper in Vietnam plays a crucial role in disseminating information, providing comprehensive coverage of news related to events, forums, exhibitions, and conferences held in the country.
The Courrier du Vietnam, along with its digital edition, serves as an official source for French-speaking readers interested in exploring Vietnam and obtaining information about the country and the Asia-Pacific region.
This weekly publication covers a diverse range of topics, including politics, economics, and societal issues, alongside entertainment and leisure subjects such as sports and tourism It also incorporates international news, showcased in its "International" and "Francophone" sections Consequently, there are numerous options available during the article selection process and vocabulary analysis.
Ce sont toutes les raisons pour lesquelles le journal Le Courrier du Vietnam est devenu un choix privilégié.
Choix des articles
We focus on articles from January 1, 2021, to December 31, 2022, a period marked by significant upheaval following waves of the COVID-19 pandemic In the aftermath of the epidemic, a surge of concerning new concepts emerged, necessitating the creation of novel terms to describe recent developments Consequently, this timeframe is characterized by the emergence of new words, or neologisms Additionally, this period was selected for its relevance, ensuring that this study aligns closely with contemporary contexts.
Ce sont toutes les raisons pour lesquelles nous nous intéressons à l’évolution de la langue franỗais pendant la pộriode 2021-2022
Le Courrier du Vietnam publishes around 70 articles each month, totaling nearly 1,000 articles annually Due to this extensive volume, it is impractical to explore all sections Therefore, we have chosen to focus on the tourism section, where new vocabulary frequently emerges.
Tourism has been one of the sectors most severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to significant linguistic changes in the French language Research indicates that the pandemic has generated a wave of neologisms related to tourism However, our focus is not solely on terms associated with health and the pandemic; we aim to explore a broader range of topics within the tourism sector This approach allows us to uncover a diverse array of new vocabulary and expressions that reflect the evolving landscape of travel and tourism.
Vietnam is increasingly attracting foreign tourists and promoting international integration Vietnamese journalists are focusing on sharing information about the country's scenic sites, monuments, architecture, and tourism with international readers To enhance understanding while preserving the original meaning, new terms are being created, as existing French words often fail to capture the uniqueness of Vietnam’s original architecture This necessity for new vocabulary allows for a more accurate and comprehensive portrayal for foreign audiences Notable examples include "stilt house" and "One Pillar Pagoda."
Tourism is undeniably one of the continuously evolving sectors, leading to changes in the vocabulary associated with it The term "Sàgonnais" serves as a significant example Previously, Hanoi was the top choice for travelers visiting Vietnam, giving rise to the term "Hanoien" to refer to its residents Over time, other cities have gained recognition, with Saigon emerging as a favored destination, resulting in the creation of the term "Sàgonnais." Consequently, cities like Hue, Danang, and Hoi An may develop their own unique lexicons to describe their inhabitants or local products.
Pour toutes ces raisons, nous avons supposé que le tourisme demeure une
Dépouillement des données
With a total of 1,268 articles comprising approximately 300,000 to 700,000 words, analyzing this extensive corpus manually is extremely challenging The sheer volume of content, averaging between 300 to 600 words per article, makes it nearly impossible to conduct an analysis without the support of automated processes.
Pour y parvenir, nous avons choisi l’outil ô french detector ằ qui utilise le langage de programmation de Python L’outil a besoin de la base de données d’au moins d’un dictionnaire pour scruter tous les mots existant dans les articles Nous avons décidé de choisir la version en ligne de deux dictionnaires, ce sont le Petit Robert (le site Internet www.lerobert.com) et Wikitionnaire (le site Internet https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/
Using two dictionaries is essential for a comprehensive search result, as relying on a single dictionary can lead to a biased outcome For instance, when the Petit Robert dictionary is paired with the French Detector tool, it highlights words that are not yet included in the Petit Robert Therefore, having at least two dictionaries ensures a more accurate analysis However, integrating too many databases can complicate the process, as each website has its own method of evaluating existing words To ensure effective functionality and minimize time delays, it is crucial that the selected databases share similarities This is why this study utilized only two dictionaries for analyzing the words in the articles.
The Petit Robert and Wiktionnaire are two of the most reputable official dictionaries, featuring an extensive collection of words across various fields that are regularly updated.
I often rely on online dictionaries because they are updated more quickly than print versions, which struggle to keep pace with the rapid evolution of language To ensure my work reflects true neological value, it's essential to use dictionaries that include the latest words Additionally, we need resources that can analyze conjugated verbs Both Le Petit Robert and Wiktionnaire excel in this area, offering insights into not just nouns, adjectives, and adverbs, but also conjugated verbs across all tenses and moods Furthermore, Wiktionnaire features a comprehensive database of proper names, including major cities, toponyms, and monuments, making its digital version an invaluable resource for neologism research.
La capture d’ộcran de la source de code de l’outil ô french detector ằ utilisộ pour
24 scruter les mots n’existant pas encore dans les dictionnaires dont la base de données est associée à l’outil
The tool has been set up to analyze both common vocabulary and conjugated verbs from two selected dictionaries using the commands 'ôurl_definition' (to examine nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and infinitive verbs) and 'ôurl_conjugaison' (to scrutinize conjugated verbs), along with their online versions and corresponding website links.
The tool is capable of recognizing both docx and txt files, allowing it to analyze all the words within these documents The docx format, being the most familiar type of document, ensures that the tool operates smoothly Once a docx file is attached to the tool, data analysis can commence Upon launching the tool, a window similar to the image below appears on the screen.
La capture d’ộcran de l’outil ô french detector ằ aprốs s’ajouter la base de donnộes du dictionnaire Le Petit Robert et Wikitionnaire et s’associer un fichier docx
The electronic version of the newspaper simplifies the process of gathering articles and converting the raw text from print to digital formats like DOCX or TXT The selected article was copied into a DOCX file linked to the French detector tool, which consistently indicated a total word count of approximately 2,500.
After launching this tool, it recognizes words in the article and identifies neologisms using dictionary data The software displays the entire text from the associated file immediately, with each word appearing progressively This allows for easy observation of each word, ensuring that the tool examines every term without omitting any.
Les captures d’ộcran de l’outil ô french detector ằ aprốs exộcuter la commande ô py main.py ằ
The software can identify proper names of cities, geographical locations, or monuments if they are present in one of two dictionaries Additionally, this tool is capable of recognizing whether the names in the selected text are proper nouns, even if they coincide with existing vocabulary in French.
La capture d’ộcran de l’outil ô french detector ằ quand il reconnaợt un nom propre (Proper noun)
For instance, in the image above, the tool identifies the word "Trung" (referring to King Quang Trung) as a proper noun Similarly, in the case of the word "Son," which resembles the third-person singular possessive adjective, the tool also confirms that it is a proper noun.
The number of neologisms is relatively low, especially in French-language newspapers published in countries where French is considered a foreign language This explains why many articles lack any neologisms.
La capture d’ộcran de l’outil ô french detector ằ quand il ne reconnaợt aucun néologisme
This tool simplifies and accelerates the process of analysis It identifies new words, or neologisms, that are not yet included in the dictionary After the analysis, all such words are displayed together for easy reference.
La capture d’ộcran de l’outil ô french detector ằ quand il reconnaợt un(des)
After processing the text file with the French detector, we obtained a list of neologisms—words not found in the dictionary—used in articles from the online version of Le Courrier du Vietnam, specifically in the Tourism section during the years 2021-2022.
Méthodes d’analyse et d’interprétation
Ayant obtenu les données, nous avons employé trois méthodes pour les analyser : l'analyse descriptive, l'analyse statistique et l'interprétation des données
The first method aids in mapping the neologisms used in tourism articles from 2021-2022 Statistical analysis is employed to process and interpret the collected data, aiming to establish facts while providing explanations (Nguyen, 2007, p.176) This approach seeks to enhance the understanding of newly coined terms found in the selected articles that are not yet included in dictionaries.
Based on the theoretical framework outlined in the first chapter of the research, various types of neologisms were analyzed using the data corpus Additionally, by examining the formation of these neologisms, we explained their meanings within the context of the articles in which they are used.
By categorizing the obtained words, we were able to address the question of the most commonly used type of neologism The trend of creating French neologisms during article writing has shed light on the style of Vietnamese journalists when thinking in French It clarifies the unique characteristics of using French to disseminate information in Vietnam and demonstrates how to explain a Vietnamese term not yet recognized in French dictionaries.
RÉSULTATS D’ANALYSES
Répartition du corpus selon les types de néologismes
We conducted a detailed analysis of all types of neological processes outlined in the theoretical section Specifically, we identified six categories of formal neologisms; however, based on the words examined by the software, we classified them into just three types.
- Les néologismes dérivés (2 sous-types : dérivés préfixés et dérivés suffixés)
- Les néologismes composés (2 sous-types : composés Nom – Nom et composés Nom - Adjectif)
- Les néologismes par emprunts (4 sous-types : emprunts intégral, emprunts formel, emprunts hybride et calques phraséologique)
In the following section, we categorize neologisms based on their creation type and then arrange them alphabetically We provide explanations for each term by analyzing the contributing elements for the first two types, or by clarifying their origins for borrowed neologisms Additionally, we specify the context of the articles where these terms appeared Our aim is to generally explain the meanings of neologisms within the context of this weekly publication while helping readers grasp the author's intent in using these terms.
ANTI-PANDẫMIE (ô des mesures anti-pandộmie ằ)
The term "anti-pandemic" is derived from the word "pandemic" using the prefix "anti-", which signifies opposition to the concept it modifies "Pandemic" itself is formed from "pan-" and "-démie," serving as a superlative form of "epidemic." It refers to an epidemic that significantly impacts populations across large regions, including multiple countries or continents In this context, COVID-19 represents a global health crisis that affected the entire world from 2020 to 2022.
L’anti-pandémie fait référence donc à ce qui est créé pour lutter contre la pandémie, dans ce cas, le COVID-19
ANTI-ẫPIDẫMIQUE (ô des rộglementations anti-ộpidộmiques ằ)
The term "anti-pandemic" is derived by adding the prefix "anti-" to the word "epidemic." It refers to measures or strategies aimed at countering the rapid and severe spread of a contagious disease affecting a large number of individuals simultaneously in a specific region Understanding this distinction is crucial in addressing public health challenges effectively.
The distinction between the terms "pandemic" and "epidemic" lies in the former's definition, which refers to an outbreak that transcends national borders and can potentially affect entire continents or the world, endangering millions of unvaccinated individuals in the absence of available treatments (Lionnet, 2022) In articles from 2020 to 2022, both terms have been used interchangeably to describe COVID-19, with "anti-pandemic" and "anti-epidemic" movements emerging to combat the coronavirus Additionally, the term "eco-agricultural" combines the prefix "eco-"—relating to ecology or the environment—with "agricultural," signifying a blend of ecology and agriculture It is synonymous with "agroecological," referring to practices that respect environmental principles and ecosystems in agricultural applications.
Eco-agricultural tourism is a form of tourism that allows visitors to engage with agricultural activities, such as visiting strawberry gardens in Môc Châu or exploring farms in Vinh Ngoc, Dông Anh district According to Le Courrier du Vietnam (2022), these tourism activities enhance the living standards of local residents and contribute to the transformation of rural areas The term "eco-compatible" combines the prefix "eco-" with the adjective "compatible," indicating activities or movements that are environmentally friendly and sustainable.
MI-COLONIAL MI-FẫODAL (ô la sociộtộ mi-coloniale mi-fộodale ằ)
The prefix "mi-" indicates the division of something into two equal parts or refers to the location where such a division can occur The term "radical" relates to colonization and colonies, while the adjective "feudal" pertains to the practices, customs, and society of feudalism.
The term "semi-colonial, semi-feudal" describes a society where people endure two overlapping forms of domination: a feudal system represented by a king who lacks real authority and acts merely as a pawn for colonial powers In this scenario, the true leaders are the colonialists themselves, exerting control over the nation.
POST-COVID (ô le fort rebond post-COVID ằ)
Post-COVID is a neologism derived by adding the prefix "post-" to the term "COVID," indicating events or conditions that occur after the COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 has caused numerous fatalities and widespread health issues globally The term Post-COVID refers to the period following the pandemic or the aftermath of an infection related to it This article highlights the initial significance of the term.
The term post-COVID refers to a more comprehensive understanding of the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic It can be written with or without a hyphen between the prefix "post" and "COVID-19," allowing for variations such as "post COVID-19."
Post-distancing is derived from the term distancing, combined with the prefix post- Distancing refers to the act of creating space between oneself and others In the context of social distancing, it specifically means maintaining physical distance to prevent the spread of viruses.
Post-social distancing can be defined as the movements or events that occur after social distancing measures are lifted Specifically, in the tourism sector, this term refers to the activities and tourism patterns that emerge in the aftermath of these measures.
40 promulgation de la loi sur la distanciation sociale
PRẫ-PANDẫMIQUE (ô la pộriode prộ-pandộmique ằ)
The term "pre-pandemic" is derived from the word "pandemic" and serves as its adjective It refers to events or conditions occurring before a pandemic, specifically relating to the period leading up to a global outbreak of disease that affects the entire population.
The term "post-pandemic" is a neologism derived from the prefix "post-" and the noun "pandemic." It refers to the period following a pandemic, specifically the COVID-19 pandemic, which affected millions of people across multiple countries and continents In this context, "post-pandemic" is synonymous with "post-COVID," indicating the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis and its lasting impact on society.
POST-PANDẫMIQUE (ô la reprise socio-ộconomique post-pandộmique ằ)
Post-pandemic is a term derived from the word pandemic, with the prefixes pre- and post- serving as antonyms that indicate prior and subsequent periods, respectively Therefore, post-pandemic contrasts with the term pre-pandemic This new term refers to the period following a pandemic, specifically the COVID-19 pandemic, and can be synonymous with the term post-COVID.
RUSSO-UKRAINIEN (ô conflit russo-ukrainien ằ)
Comparaison des types de néologismes
This section presents a comparison of various types of neologisms, analyzing their frequency based on two criteria: type and source languages The second criterion focuses on borrowing, detailing the total number of borrowed terms from each language and categorizing them into four types of borrowing: integral, formal, hybrid, and phraseological calque.
3.2.1 Confrontation du nombre de termes de chaque type
Having categorized neologisms by type, we easily observed the number of words belonging to each neologism category While the frequency of neologisms does not show a significant gap, notable differences among the subtypes within each category are evident.
Tableau 2 : Le nombre des néologismes utilisés dans les articles de la rubrique ô Tourisme ằ dans Le Courrier du Vietnam 2021-2022 selon chaque type et sous- types
Les types de néologismes dans le corpus
Le nombre de mots de chaque sous-type
According to Table 2, among the three types of neologisms, derivation is the most commonly used, followed by borrowing, while composition is the least prevalent Despite the small difference in the number of words for each type, with only a six-word gap between the most and least used, the trend of creating new words by authors and journalists in this weekly publication is clearly evident.
According to Table 1, our corpus contains a total of 59 neologisms Table 2 reveals that the percentage of each type of neologism is 37.3% for derivation, 27.1% for composition, and 35.6% for borrowing.
Graphique 1 : Le pourcentage de chaque type de néologisme trouvé dans le Courrier du Vietnam pendant les années 2021-
Néologisme dérivéNéologisme composéNéologisme par l'emprunt
Graphique 1 : Le pourcentage de chaque type de néologisme trouvé dans le
Courrier du Vietnam pendant les années 2021-2022
The difference between the types of neologisms in the corpus presented in Table 2 ranges from 1 to 6 words By calculating the percentage of each type and displaying it on a geographical map, this minor discrepancy is more clearly illustrated.
The article highlights a minimal difference in the percentage of derived neologisms (37.3%) compared to borrowed neologisms (35.6%), with only a 1.7% discrepancy Notably, the dominant type of neologism shows a mere 10.2% difference over the least used type, with derived neologisms at 37.3% and compounds at 27.1%.
Morphological derivation allows a single root to generate numerous words with different meanings and categories In essence, one root can produce a stream of words by adding prefixes, suffixes, or both, or by removing them This linguistic phenomenon enables the creation of new words from an existing one Consequently, the derived word has been the most frequently used term in recent years in Le Courrier du Vietnam.
The gap among the types of neologisms in our corpus is minimal, even when comparing the most frequently used words to the least utilized ones However, the subtypes reveal significant differences worth analyzing As shown in Table 2, this trend is evident across all three types of neologisms in the corpus.
The article discusses derived neologisms, focusing on two subtypes of derivation found in the corpus: prefixation and suffixation Out of a total of 22 derived words, 18 neologisms are created by adding prefixes to existing words, while 4 are formed through suffixes A comparison reveals a significant disparity, with 14 terms belonging to each subtype, highlighting the predominance of prefixation in the formation of these neologisms.
Among the three types of neologisms, the largest gap is six terms According to Table 2, the percentage of each subtype of derived neologisms in the corpus is 81.8% for prefixation neologisms and 18.2% for suffixation neologisms.
Graphique 2 : Le pourcentage de néologisme de chaque sous-type de dérivation
The gap between the percentages of prefix and suffix affixation is 63.6%, indicating that the number of prefixed neologisms is twice that of suffixed ones Both types of affixes create new words by adding to a base word, often referred to as the root However, suffixes can change the grammatical category of the base word or add semantic or stylistic nuances, while the core meaning of the root is generally unaffected In contrast, prefixes do not alter the grammatical nature of the words they attach to but modify or enhance their meanings The prevalence of prefixed derived words suggests that derivation plays a significant role in language development.
Graphique 2 : Le pourcentage de néologisme de chaque sous- type de dérivation
The creation of entirely new words, rather than just new terms with existing meanings, is crucial For instance, certain roots, when combined with a prefix, can form words that closely resemble preexisting terms An example of this is "eco-agricultural," which is derived from adding the prefix "eco-" to the adjective "agricultural," effectively becoming synonymous with the existing term "agroecological."
Nevertheless, most cases of prefixation will enrich the system of concepts in the dictionary and help us understand terms that denote the most recent developments, such as those related to the coronavirus pandemic.
In the study of neologisms, there are notable differences among the subtypes of compound neologisms Our analysis reveals two primary categories: Nom-Nom (N-N) and Nom-Adjective (N-A) Out of the 16 compound neologisms identified, 15 fall under the N-N category, while only one is classified as N-A According to the data presented in Table 2, an overwhelming 93.75% of the compound neologisms are formed from two nouns, compared to just 6.25% that consist of a noun and an adjective.
Graphique 3 : Le pourcentage de néologisme de chaque type de composition
Graphique 3 : Le pourcentage de néologisme de chaque type de composition
When comparing the number of terms related to subtypes, both the derived type and the composite type contain 14 terms each However, their percentage comparisons and representations in pie charts reveal different figures for the derivational subtypes Graphs 2 and 3 indicate that the variation among derived subtypes is 63.6%, while for composite subtypes, it stands at 87.5%, resulting in a significant difference of 24.2% This highlights a considerable disparity between the two categories.
Caractéristiques des néologismes dans notre corpus
To gain a deeper understanding of the collected corpus, we chose to analyze the neologisms by categorizing them based on their grammatical classes, the specific domains they address, and their frequency of use.
To understand a word that is not found in the dictionary, whether it is an adjective or a noun, one must rely on the context of the sentence in which it appears Additionally, some English terms can function as both a noun and an adjective This section discusses the classification of terms based on their grammatical category in the selected articles.
Parmi 59 néologismes, nous avons fait plus d’attention à 9 cas et nous devrions nous intéresser au contexte d’utilisation pour identifier correctement leur nature grammaticale Ce sont les mots qui diffèrent par leur nature grammaticale par rapport à leur racine (dans le cas des mots dérivés) ou à leurs éléments (dans le cas des mots siglés), c'est-à-dire les mots qui peuvent être utilisés comme plusieurs classes lexicales
The first case includes five terms that share a common grammatical nature as adjectives, yet their roots and elements can lead to confusion These terms are anti-pandemic, post-pandemic, post-COVID-19, post-COVID, and MICE The first four are derived words, with their root forms being nouns (the pandemic, COVID-19), but they are used as adjectives For instance, one might refer to anti-pandemic measures.
(Les prestataires hôteliers du Vieux quartier reprennent vie, 2022), la reprise post- pandémie (Les recherches Google sur le tourisme vietnamien en hausse de
Post-COVID travel trends indicate that Vietnam is emerging as a popular vacation destination, with significant recovery in the tourism sector observed in regions like Son La The MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, and Exhibitions) sector also plays a vital role in this revival, highlighting the diverse vocabulary associated with travel and tourism in the post-pandemic landscape.
70 complètent ce terme, Meeting, Incentive, Convention et Event (ou dans la version ancienne : Meeting, Incentive, Conference, Exhibition) sont des noms, cependant,
MICE est employé avec le mot tourisme (ou tourism en anglais) comme son adjectif
(MICE tourism ou le tourisme MICE)
The second case includes three terms, two of which are borrowed from English: "sci-tech" and "bleisure," while the third, "huéen," is a derived word All three terms share a similarity in that they can function as both nouns and adjectives The first two, being English borrowings, require consultation of an English dictionary for their grammatical nature In contrast, "huéen" follows a formation similar to "hanọen" or "saigonnais," indicating it can refer to residents (noun) or relate to something (adjective) Based on an examination of tourism articles from 2021-2022, it can be concluded that all three terms are used as adjectives, with "sci-tech" appearing in the noun phrase "sci-tech solutions."
Hai Phong is optimizing technology to enhance tourism development, while the second aspect consistently aligns with tourism initiatives Additionally, Thua Thiên-Huê is preparing to welcome tourists during the national holiday, showcasing its commitment to the tourism sector.
2022) D’ailleurs, dans le mờme article, le mot huộen est utilisộ dans la phrase ô les
Huộens sont rộputộs pour leur grande hospitalitộ ằ Donc, ce terme reprộsente un adjectif est à la fois un nom
After a thorough analysis of the context in which each word was used, we identified 32 nouns and noun groups, along with 25 adjectives, one term that encompasses both classes, and a verb, with no adverbs present The following map details the lexical elements of neologisms found in the "Tourism" section of the weekly publication Le Courrier du Vietnam from the years 2021-2022.
Graphique 8 : Le pourcentage des néologismes selon leur nature grammaticale
The disparity between the dominant class and the two least privileged classes is significant, accounting for 52.5% When comparing the second-ranking class to the lower classes, the difference is also notable at 40.7%.
3.4.2 Sujet parlant de chaque terme
After reviewing the articles in which they appeared, we found that our corpus of 59 neologisms is present across 11 topics, including tourist destinations, modes of tourism, tourist activities, monuments, and the Covid-19 pandemic.
The article discusses various terms such as environment, ecosystem, means of transport, geography, professional life, sports, and internationality, highlighting their applicability across different contexts These terms are categorized based on specific themes For instance, "semi-wild," typically used to describe a category of animals, is also referenced in the context of semi-wild hunting tourism, illustrating a new tourism product Consequently, this term is classified under the topic of "Tourism Activities."
The table below details the number of terms associated with each topic, along with their percentage of the total count The data is organized in descending order to clearly identify which subjects contain the most and the least words.
Graphique 8 : Le pourcentage des néologismes selon leur nature grammaticale
NomAdjectifNom et adjectif à la foisVerbe
Tableau 3 : Le nombre et le pourcentage des néologisme selon le sujet parlant
According to Table 3, 11 terms account for 18.6%, followed by 9 terms at 15.2% and 7 terms at 11.9% The topic of tourist destinations is the most favored, while the SARS-CoV-2 virus outbreak follows with a significant gap Lastly, the topics of travel fashion and activities during trips share the third position.
The top topics related to tourism prominently feature tourism-related neologisms, reflecting the focus of the corpus However, the impact of Covid-19 emerges as a significant theme, ranking second with only 2 terms, accounting for 3.4% of the total Analyzing the tourism sector from 2020 to 2022 reveals that discussions surrounding Covid-19 dominated, as all tourism-related decisions were influenced by the evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 virus Furthermore, language has adapted to incorporate new terminology, with numerous articles highlighting an increase in French vocabulary post-pandemic Mongaillard (2020) stated, "The COVID-19 epidemic even influences our language," emphasizing that the health crisis has reshaped linguistic expression.
The French language rapidly adopts new words, akin to the speed of a virus's spread Audureau (2022) reported that researchers studied 514 new words added to the Larousse and Robert dictionaries since 2020, analyzing the updates from the 2021, 2022, and 2023 editions of Le Petit Robert and Le Petit Larousse illustré This influx of new vocabulary spans various fields.
COVID-19 influence non seulement à l’économie ou l’environnement, mais aussi à la langue