English practice grammar with answers

11 Present perfect or past simple 12 Present perfect continuous 13 Past perfect and past simple 14 Future with going to 15 Future with wall 16 Future continuous 17 Future perfect 18 Futu

» WITH ANSWERS |

Bese RES CEN ees Ge CN Se a ER TL M

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in 2022 with funding from Kahle/Austin Foundation

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Dr Abdel Halim A Abo Jalalah

Muda ics srougn College

Published by Garnet Publishing Ltd

8 Southern Court, South Street, Reading,

Berkshire RG] 4QS, UK

© 1995 Garnet Publishing Ltd

First edition 1995,

reprinted ,1998 , 2003

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is:available from the British Library

ISBN 1 85964 065 6

All rights reserved

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any

form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including

information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review

Editor: Jane Hobbs

Arabic consultant: Dr Abdel Halim A Abo Jalalah

Design: David Rose and Mark Slader

Illustration: Mark Stock

Typesetting: Samantha Abley and Vicky Henriksen

Printed in Lebanon

11 Present perfect or past simple

12 Present perfect continuous

13 Past perfect and past simple

14 Future with going to

15 Future with wall

16 Future continuous

17 Future perfect

18 Future review

19 have and have got

20 Review: main verb forms

21 Review: auxiliary verb forms

22 Short form or full form

Question forms and answers

28 Soand Neither/Nor so and not

Modal auxiliary verbs

29 Modal auxiliary verbs 1

30 Modal auxiliary verbs 2

31 Modal auxiliary verbs 3

32 Modal auxiliary verbs 4

33 Modal auxiliary verbs 5

34 Modal auxiliary verbs 6

35 Modal auxiliary verbs 7: past forms

36 Review: modal auxiliary verbs

nw

Passive verb forms

37 Passive verb forms |

38 Passive verb forms 2

Infinitives and ing forms

39 Verb + to + infinitive or verb + img form 1

40 Verb + to + infinitive or verb + img form 2

41 Verb + object + to + infinitive

42 Verb/adjective + preposition + img form

Conditional forms

43 Conditional forms: type 0 and type 1

44 Conditional forms: type 2

45 Conditional forms: type 3

Reported speech

46 Reported speech 1: statements

47 Reported speech 2: questions

48 Reported speech 3: orders, promises, etc

Nouns and articles

49 Singular and plural

50 Irregular noun forms

51 Countable and uncountable nouns

52 Articles 1: a, an, the and some

53 Articles 2: general and specific

Other determiners and pronouns

54 Demonstratives one and ones

62 Direct and indirect objects

63 something, anybody, everyone, etc

71 Adverb positions

72 Adverb types

73 Comparison 1: adjective and adverb forms

74 Comparison 2: sentence patterns

75 too and enough

76 a bit, very much, a lot so, such

Illustrated

grammar situation

Explanations and

examples

Introduction to the student

Is English Practice Grammar the right level for me?

@ Yes, if you are no longer a beginner

@ Yes, if you are not yet an advanced user of English

@ Yes, if you feel that you still need further explanation in your own language

How can this book help me?

Study English Practice Grammar when you have a problem with a particular point It will help you to understand it and practise it

Do not try to read the book from the beginning to the end It is not a course book! What does the book contain and why?

The Contents on pages 3 to 5 and the Index on pages 217 to 224 help you to find the

grammar point you want

The 88 Units on pages 8 to 205 explain the essential grammar of English and provide practice exercises for each point Most of the Units have two pages — a page of grammar

on the left and a page of practice exercises on the right Some important grammar points have two pages of explanation and two pages of exercises

The Answer key on pages 225 to 245 allows you to check the answers to the exercises The Appendix sections on pages 206 to 216 give you information about irregular verbs, spelling rules, punctuation, numbers, days, dates and times

What’s in a Unit?

Grammatical forms

Se Present simple or present continuous Exercises

He usually plays Today he's watching

1 Weite the verbs in positive, ocgative or 9 The fener breshers sore che part 16 he

am 4s calling her bother, Tom 10 We cam ee ont or wy cam cay at hom question forms of the present continvoas, crery day (walt r:

1 Pam: Wher art you doing teday?(ren/de) = (nenimund

Raamples: | don! ee cw) mech thew dew Wher aire the how dovna

1 Step! Yew seine the wrong way emdermend the problem

3 Whei nn dene a! the momen Today he's watchrings (hem om 1V Ann he Viday he's wveteimgg 1m th factory ‘ Nick and Sally soins home soon

S Wher cme the plame leare

re) Tow re erry welcome

2 Write the verbs in positive, negative or question forms of the present simple

Ww ramary Tt has 1 food at thes 4 Write the verte in the correct forms, hare)

Buamples: [hy a

SA pg padad wt gs ae YS Gast

Ue ek 58 Ba Rash chika aa Beh atl al gt 9 all oj Bad

Se sh A a th

tome work for college, and I sell amy lervers (fimush) (erty)

Explanations in Arabic

you have understood everything

3 Do the exercises

4 Check your answers in the Answer key

5 Ifyou have made any mistakes, read the grammar explanation again to understand what you did wrong

6 Study the Appendix sections if you want information about irregular verbs, spelling

rules, punctuation, numbers, days, dates and times

Introduction to the teacher

English Practice Grammar is designed mainly for self-study by students who may be learning at secondary school, college or adult levels You may want to recommend that students study particular Units to supplement, reinforce or revise work that has been done

in class The exercise material can of course also be used in class, the reference materials

then being used as a reminder and summary of your own language presentations

Acknowledgements

To my many students who have helped me find ways of explaining that thing that is so difficult to explain — English grammar

To my Editor, Jane Hobbs, and Tony Hobbs for all their help and encouragement

over a very long period

To Dr Abdel Halim A Abo Jalalah for his advice and Arabic explanations

To David Rose and Mark Slader for the design

To Mark Stock for the illustrations

To Samantha Abley and Vicky Henriksen for preparing the typescript

Dedication

This book ts dedicated to Ishitaro Nitoka who, more than most, understood the need for language and the power of communication

q Imperatives

Light the firework

The basic imperative is the infinitive, or dictionary form of a verb Use a

main verb infinitive for an action

Light the firework and stand back!

Make a formal or written negative imperative with Do not

Do not hold the firework

Make an informal spoken negative with Don’t

Dow t hold the firework

Use be + adjective

Be careful! Don’t be stupid!

Use imperatives to give orders

Be quiet! Don’t talk!

Use imperatives to give instructions, eg for operating machines and in

cookery books

Turn the handle to the left and press the red button

Chop an onion and fry it in oil until tt 1s brown

Use imperatives for polite instructions

Please turn to page 15

Use imperatives for warnings

Look out! It’s going to fall! Be careful not to hurt yourself

Don’t play with that knife or you'll hurt yourself:

Use imperatives for friendly advice

Relax! Don’t worry! Everything will be all right

Use imperatives for invitations

Come and have dinner on Saturday

Hello! Come in and sit down Make yourself at home

Use imperatives for directions

Go straight on, take the first turning on the left, eross the bridge,

and the bank ts on the right,

Use Let’s + imperative to suggest doing something together

Let’s buy some fireworks

Form the negative with Let’s not

Let’s not go out today

sash WW foal acto (ye SU TUL coll, a

jpsciuull

OgSis GES! dic ptciuns sll disois pS) dairal! LJ

Do not cy

Don't a» 8 pneaiae

sic JloI) 54 LS slashed! lecY ¥! dase pscind,

fell LOS (8 WIS, Le Ui Jus

edadll wie psdaus Gal LS

coll Sues GS be jaded sli! sic audi bi LS

-disas 5lLe

eLall casi sic Let’s = 43 gisue tl deuce ptdinsly

plate Uaettas .Let’s not

1 Complete the imperative sentences

se Y) dives GIG foot us 5 aS! _\

Example: The bus leaves at exactly 4.00, so don’t be

late

1 l= quiet, everyone You’re too noisy

2 @ Is the plane going to crash?

O Oh, 0 silly Of course tt isn’t

Cont careful with that knife It’s sharp

mean, Joe Give Sam the toys

he quick, Larry There isn’t much time

e)

4

5

6 Drive carefully such an tdiot!

7 _be helpful to your mother She’s very busy

8 Why are you crying? ~J.n».t Le so sad

2 Complete the imperative sentences with

these verbs : JLsy) ois po ye! Ges LILI oat! faSI_Y

drive, forget, go, play, press, take, talk, turn off, write

Example: Go_ home now It’s late

den lui) with matches Theyre dangerous

la K ¢ this money to the bank, please

an To open the machine, [—=—=K¢

so fast You'll have an accident

oOo

oN on Te your name, age and address here,

please, madam

Od Complete the instructions with these

verbs : JLSY) oda pe slate! [aSt_Y

choose, enjoy, place, press, pull down, push, put,

put in, take

Ben: How do I work this drinks machine, Sam? Pd

really like some coffee

Sam: It’s easy Do you want milk and sugar?

Ben: Sugar, please, but no milk

Sam: OK, first pull down a plastic cup from this

hole on the right Then '_{_~ T 4)_ your money

Now ? | »[_ the cup under here and

the sugar button Now 4+ Cheeses 2 your drink - black coffee

| your cup under here, las the button and the coffee comes out And now just’ <1)

8_ Tas it!

Ben: Thanks, Sam

your coffee and

Study the map and complete the directions to May’s Garage Use these verbs

cross, drive, follow, go, pass, take, turn ,

a

To get to May’s Garage, go to the end of this road

ee eer right into the High Street

aI right again at the first traffic lights

the second left opposite the Plaza Hotel

the bank on the right

_ frie // @G) _ the road to the end and

I oe right at the post office

the bridge and

ot Ve along the side of the river and

Ap It x the third left May’s Garage is near the corner, on the left

Present simple

Ann works at A.B.C

Ann works from 8.00 to 4.30 every day

In positive statements a verb usually has no ending

Iwork Youtalk Wewrite Theygo

The 3rd person singular is different The verb usually ends in s

Heworks It moves

If the verb ends in y, change the y to zes

cry > cries, fly — flies, try > tries

If the verb ends in 0, ch, sh, ss or x, add es

go — goes, watch > watches, wish > wishes, miss > misses,

box — boxes

Verbs in negative statements and most questions have no ending They

all need the auxiliary verb do/does (See Unit 21 for information about

do/does as a main verb and auxiliary verb.)

I don’t like this music She doesn’t talk

Do you know him? Does it work?

When do they start? Where does he live?

Use the present simple for permanent states and situations

llive in London Ihave two sisters

Use the present simple for things which always happen

The sun rises in the east Water boils at 100° C

Use the present simple for repeated actions and events

Tget up at 7.00 most days Ann often bas coffee at 11.00

Use the present simple for facts about future events

Flight 765 leaves at 10.30

The President arrives at midday tomorrow

Some verbs usually take the present simple and not the present

continuous (See Unit 5 for a list of these.)

Iknow what to do next Susan doesn’t like cold weather

Do they understand English?

It | does nor work

_ Wh questions Full answers”

Where do you work? ‘I work at A.B.C

When does Ann start work? She starts work at 8.00 :

Short forms: donot =don’t — does not = doesn’t

Sale Goi Glies Y aS G sl ost! 65 4S sic

bls ol

Saji AGIs eee ee

aul (sos f ipl genes Lee sie

1€S4

$185 X 91,88 sh ch, 04 455 Jlasl alssiusl sic y

cob WAS g «ai Ue (8 Gas foot! plusiua! sic

Jail oblgs ool Gas Y duolgaiy! Joa! alas

unit 21 43!) does si do scl! Jodi! asdius J

Sra 5 usd J2sS do/does J 5a ole slall cys sal

os

call Bad Se jai bowl ¢ ball assis,

bss Slaak ghis

golall 3 Sule A (Il SLY Gs de yeas lia,

edge 4a55U! bs!) patel ¢ LAM (68 Gauls esau

(unit 5 (8 Jlasyt

Write the verbs in the correct forms

Example: Rob often watches TV (watch)

We es in London (live)

I really this picture of you (like)

That baby _ every night! (cry)

Ann and Mary work at 8.30 (start)

Ann “0% home at 4.30 (go)

at 5.00 (fetch)

Our cat fish for lunch every day (have)

Write the verbs in positive or negative

forms

Examples: We need to explain again (need) She

doesn’t understand (not/understand)

Ty Jou to visit Rome again (want) I really

the city (love)

We sometimes , the stereo, but tt

_very well (use) (not/work)

Charlies fat! He

and he

_ any exercise, too much! (not/get) (eat)

They aren°t interested in sport They

football, and they volleyball

either (not/like) (not/enjoy)

Roy_ Ace © very often, but Andy

swimming every day (not/swim) (go)

Io _ coffee before bed time because tt

me awake (not/drink) (keep)

to work (not/drive) (walk)

Write the questions for the answers

Example: (come/from Britain)

O Yes, she does She’s fluent

(Fred and Mary/live/near here)

@ Vey r €A Lik

O Yes, they do They live in the next road

Change the statements into questions

Example: I go swimming (How often)

Tom goes to work (How)

Sally visits her parents (When)

They go on holiday every year (Where)

I get home in the evening (What time)

We always make mistakes (Why)

The children watch TV after school (How long)

The cat has lunch at 1.00 (What)

ll

3 Present simple: be

Jim 1s a really good player

Jim is a really

good player

Use the present simple of be for any state

Age: Pm 22 Carol tsv’t 10 Shes 11

Description: Jim is tall and dark How tallis Ann?

Height: She’s 1 metre 70 Is he as tall as me?

Weight: Jim ts 78 kilos How heavy is the parcel?

Feelings: Were tired, hungry and angry!

Distance: The town is about five kilometres away

Size: The room ts five metres by six

Price: How much are these shoes, please?

Time: What time is it? What's the time?

Use the present simple of be in there 1s/there are

@ Is there a post office near here?

O Yes, there’s one in the next street

Use Yes/No questions to check information Form them like this

She is clever > Is she clever?

The students are in Room 1 > Are the students in Room 1?

You can answer Yes/No questions with short answers

@ Is she clever? O Yes, shets

@ Are the studentsin Room 1? = O7 No, they arent

We always use full forms in Yes answers, when the verb is the last word

Yes, Iam Yes, heis Yes, they are

We usually use short forms in No answers

No, she isnt No, we arent (But No, Pm not.)

Use Wh questions to get more information

@ Whois she? O Her namets Pam Woods

@ Where ts she now? =O She’s in Room 1

he not “we are not =e aren’s 5 were not

dsl ¢lball G5 YS be 45 44S)) 2d ascii

Gall SLI! G2 ol Ge sald

Ot oil) desea! ¢ LAM Gey gd be Jad audio s

.there is/ there are «ta 93» ine

(Sy gl eaain a Yae Clay (All Una Yl ¢ 5 askin

ga US OSBy tyes Lge ge slut

eae

apis (Ek, Se pill ea ie tal Ie

OSG Lethe «arin Ge PI sie JLeis Yl pssing Vy

Udea J gb LalS 3.7 aul

coVs ile Vivace s eas peal eee

cle Jysoall algaiust Slob 15 a ahi y| assis

be glad Gye aol

Complete the statements and questions

Examples: T/is /s_ my book

Are_these your books?

Those your shoes

that your teacher?

The time 10.30

I late for the bus? Oh, no!

they the new students?

Ann Roste’s best friend

you from Japan?

Dear Sir,

My brother and I are writing in reply to your

~ advertisement today in the Daily Times I _ 20

years old, and he 19 We both experienced

arivers

BP

WwW

NHN &

Write the short forms

Examples: she is she’s

we are not we_qaren’l/we’re not

Correct the statements

Example: Swe is a nurse (doctor)

Sue isn’ She’

@ Is Sam from LA? (No) (Miamt1)

O No, he isn’t He’s from Miami

@ Is Sally from London? (Yes)

Nick is 25 He is a designer at A.B.C His office is on

the second floor There are six other people in the same

room Nick’s desk is the one by the window

a

= (Which/desk)

@

O

Present continuous

Pm flying!

Form the present continuous with am, 1s, are + main verb + img (See

Unit 21 for information about be as a main verb and auxiliary verb.)

Peter ts flying to New York now

Are the boys stopping for a rest?

If the main verb ends in é¢, leave it out

move —> moving, come — coming, drive > driving

If the main verb ends in a single consonant after a short vowel, double

the consonant

stop — stopping, run > running, swim —> swimming

If the main verb ends in ze, change ze to y

die > dying, lie > lying

-» Use the present continuous for things which are happening now

Look! Pm flying!

Listen! Something is moving over there

’ Use the present continuous for temporary states and activities

Pm staying with friends for a month

Paul ts painting his house this week

Use the present continuous for future plans

Sam ts playing football tomorrow

Are you doing anything on Saturday?

Some verbs usually take the present simple and not the present

continuous (See Unit 5 for a list of these.)

Iknow what to do next Susan doesn’t like cold weather

Do they understand English?

Jaal + are gi is slam (yo pciuall ¢ Lal 6 Su

Jg> cle glall Gyo soba! unit 21 bs!) ing J GLa

-deline JaiS 9 puusS » JaiS be

OAS yo CoS! 8 aI GS «jae ol yas Sau Lagslasl Goes ie 2 yey QeuLa Yl Jaall GIs 131

(ill Sloe Ge sai jal ¢ Lal) asdiuw

-pelatl 3 sll 8 cya

SY ge jail jell ¢ Lal eae

Ls bs! Lb,

bhai ge ousill etal pole usa,

laveull g Lal 505 G8 Bale padiud Jlail dla

ed JLB! ogs Ta5Y 63!) jehuall s Lal ge La ye

(unit 5

1 Write the short forms

Examples: She is going She’s going

We are not going

we aren’t/we-re not going

Examples: You re lalking too much (talk)

Let’s go out It isnt LGINING now (not/rain)

Be careful! You _6\-—* _ too fast (go)

It’s dark! The lights MONG (not/work)

The phone_\C (4) , but Cathy

it (ring) (not/answer)

(not/work) He our Paris

office (visit)

@ Hello Can I speak to Alice, please?

O Pm afraia not She a bath at the

moment (have)

Paul and Pat television

(not/watch) They to some

of their favourite music (listen)

Complete the questions and answers

Examples: ® What are YOU doing? (you/do)

O I 2m mending the door (mend)

@ What

(the children/do)

O Yes, I It’s really good

O No, she She’s very tired

(the boys/wash)

O No, they the grass (they/cut)

7 @ What

(the cat/eat)

4 Write these verbs in the correct forms

choose, cut, get, have, leave, make, plan, write

Example: She ’s having a cup of tea

Professor?

CASE

pieces, Dad?

7 Sarah a cake (make)

5 Write these verbs in the correct forms build, do, go, start, study, train, work

Two old college friends meet by chance

Nina: Hello, Alan! What Gre you doing here?

construction company We ? some offices here in London Tell me, 3

a banker

Alan: And 7 your brother still ® to school?

Nina: No, he’s left school now He °

at college next month

Present simple or present continuous

He usually plays

Present simple

Use the present simple for regular

actions or events

Jim usually plays for his team

Alan usually works in the office

regular actions/events

Use the present simple for things

which are always true — permanent

states

Ann lives in London

Rome stands on the River Tiber

Use the present simple for facts

about future events

The game starts at 2.30

When does school start next term?

Today he’s watching

Present continuous Use the present continuous for

something which is happening now

Today he’s watching them on TV

Today he’s working in the factory

now

a continuing action/event happening now

Use the present continuous for things which are true around now

— temporary states

Pm living with friends for a few

months

Theyre standing at the bus stop

Use the present continuous for future plans

Were playing again next week

What are you doing tomorrow?

Verbs which express permanent feelings, permanent states of mind and the

senses are usually in the present/past simple, not the present /past

continuous These are the most common: appear, believe, belong, detest,

forget, hate, hear, know, ltke, look, love, mean, need, own, prefer, realize,

remember, see (understand), seem, smell, sound, taste, understand

I know the way to town Jenny loves old American films

What sort of music do you like? They don’t understand

We can use a few verbs in the present simple and the present continuous —

with a change of meaning The most common are think and have

I think we'll win (1 believe.)

Pm thinking about the future (I’m looking at ideas.)

Terry has three houses (He owns.)

Terry is having dinner (He’s eating.)

(laa stelus Vise ssaill taco ose ater

all pads sy Spbie us Jods Lo gas 5 Se (il

All Je ailtie Jody JladVly Shad Ss as

ee

JES Se sai jell gl bell pssinns

OWS gual oA VW Slay

cf dll Syste Golde Gas sll aul] ney

GALS! 35 Sl

CUAS 5 SB! Ge jase ell ¢ Lal pssinas {Fateall PLAN Gl ol jibe ee ac Gils Upiney Gives ll LEY Ge eet asses

ERG SILI Ge ellis, GIS AN glia ye jue Lesall ¢ Lal padi

GLsiul|

YL gf Lala GelaN ge jad Si JLEY 3)

SE Gals GL SII JL! MIS 5 «Leblal FARO

ps 25 hy ball gLeall Ges (go Sule

Opeth sls ¢ LSU 05 68 Gals bese!

LIU ca (gad JLABYI ob AS,

MS gs psdind al JES Ge ls ssc dla, DaHS ge peluull ¢ Lally basal ¢ slat once jt

Jad Lea lo gut SYI geal, “ipa! Lins

ifaw have jalguiias gliel iiss ethal

- J glide 5) elles

1 Write the verbs in positive, negative or

Tom: Of course you can We ©

question forms of the present continuous

Pam is calling her brother, Tom

Pam: What Gre YOu doing today? (you/do)

(you/go)

Tom: No, we aren’t What about you? 2

anything? (you/do)

Pam: Yes, we are You know that Marie 3

with me (stay) Well, I 4

her to Windsor today (take) Tom: That’s very near us

Pam: Yes, so can we visit you after Windsor — if you

5 ; anything? (not/do)

anywhere (not/go) How long’

to stay at Windsor? (you/plan)

Pam: Until about 5.00, I think

evening (have) Youre very welcome

Write the verbs in positive, negative or

question forms of the present simple

Examples: The cat is hungry It has its food at this

time every day (have) It’s full now It doesn’t want any more

(not/want)

How much does it eal a day? (it/eat)

more (not/need)

Go to bed You tired (look)

How this word? (you/say)

I hate winter I the cold (not/like)

here?

(the bus/stop)

6 Rob’s school report ts bad He

any work (not/do)

(he/leave)

Jim to work by bike every morning (40)

9 The Jones brothers across the park to school every day (walk)

10 We can go out or we can stay at home I

(not/minda )

3 Complete the statements and questions

Examples: I don’l go out much these days

What are the boys doing?

1 Stop! You Going the wrong way

2 1 understand this problem

3 What Ann doing at the moment?

4 Nick and Sally going home soon?

5 What time the plane leave?

6 How you say this in English?

7 He’s busy, so he coming to the party

8 Im sure Tom know the answer

° the children want dinner?

10 @ Why you working today?

O It’s a holiday

4 Write the verbs in the correct forms Mark is a new student in New York He is writing

home to his parents in London

Dear Mum and Dad, How are you all? I2m well and I2m having a

wonderful time (be) (have) I)

a lot of new friends and I?

with three of them until I can find my own place to

live (make) (stay)

Let me tell you what I3 every day here (do) I

8.00 in the morning (get up) (start) Later, I usually

G Past simple

I washed them yesterday

Use the past simple for actions which started and finished in the past

Look for past time markers such as yesterday

Ann phoned us yesterday Leo arrived home last night

In past simple statements the verb usually ends with ed

She washed his jeans He played with his friends all morning

If the verb ends in e, add d

We moved to our new house a month ago

If the verb ends in a y, we usually cut y and add zed (But not in say, pay

and /ay See Appendix | for the past forms of these verbs )

I hurried to catch the bus — She carried her baby to bed

If the verb ends in a single consonant after a short vowel, double the

consonant

We stopped work for lunch ‘They fitted the pieces together

A lot of important verbs are irregular, and their past forms do not end

in ed You have to learn these one by one (See Appendix 1 for a list of

these.)

come — came, go > went, drink > drank, eat > ate

Positive statements need only a main verb

I went to the cinema last night I enjoyed the film

Most questions and negatives need the auxiliary verb did (See Unit 21

for information about do as a main verb and auxiliary verb.)

@ What did you see’? Did you enjoy it?

O I saw Robocop 4 I didn’t enjoy it much

Some verbs usually take the past simple and not the past continuous

(See Unit 5 for a list of these )

Iknew what todo next Susan didw’t like cold weather

We can use the form used to + verb for something that often happened

in the past, but does not happen now

I used to go training every day I didn’t use to smoke

How often did Alan use to go abroad?

I washed your

What did she do? She washed his jeans

Short form: did not = didn’t

clay SU JLSY! Ge jae baal oll padi

cde Jo oLS Jaatl css + eel sf agl,

yesterday Jie sul

Nasal) ool 58 Sad) fool gd Jaall gan Sule

ae Gosue dode OE Gao Ge Jail O'S 13

scaSia cole See ee

Ase 65 Vy sls we dogll JES! G2 wall

SS pels Gas JES! oday eds ls Lol oust! (A gall i Sli Vaigs BEY selec shat uate ull as oat ee Mail) Jot) WIS s Golgi! foot! Ge clas, ols glall G2 w5l unit 21 _b31) did seLull Jaall II

(se line JasS 5 aud, J2sS do J ga

Hoses! oll S05 458 Sule SL Le JS Ge dha, Unit (8 ys da5Y Bil) peieall oll 05 8 Gul

(5 sae Jas Ge pari Jas t+ used to dare asdindy -pdlat 8 oll 68 Sass Vy Sl 6g S gaa

1 Write the past forms

Examples: clean cleqned sell sold

Which verbs are irregular?

Which verbs can be main verbs and auxiliary verbs?

Complete the paragraph with verbs from

Exercise 1

This morning, I woke up late When I!

out of bed, and I

bread, and I°

¢ the house at 8.00, and I”

at 100 kph ali the way to work!

the time, I?

a ptece of

a glass of orange juice I

Write statements with positive and

negative forms

Example: (see//1s parents v ) (see/his sister X )

Sam sqw_ his parents last night, but he

didnt see his sister

(find/my old suit J) (find/my new one X)

(clean/her red shoes / ) (clean/her black ones X )

morning, but she

(call/their mother / ) (call/thetr sister X )

They

day, but they

the other

mn

Write questions and short answers

Example: J went to the beach (Ben) (Yes)

@ Did Ben go to the beach too? Dee senie wigs

Andy visited Paris last year (Tim and Fred) (No) cad

O

Sue ran well in the race (Ann) (Yes)

@

O They had a Maths test (French) (No)

® (@)

Peter practised the violin (piano) (Yes)

&

O

Read Then write questions for the

answers Use these question words

How, What time, When, Where, Who, Why Example: @ Where did Susan Hill gor

O She went to London

Susan Hill went to London last Thursday because she

wanted to buy a wedding present for her sister She went by train and she got there at 10.30 She met an old school friend at the station and they went shopping

together

8

O She went there last Thursday

O She went by train

Because she wanted to buy a wedding present

She got there at 10.30

O She met an old school friend

O They met at the station

19

7 Past simple: be

They were by my bed

were by my bed

all the time!

Use the past simple of de for any state

Age: The boys werent 15 They were 16

Description: She was beautiful with fair hair

Height:

Weight: Iwas 80 kilos last week

Feelings: Were you sad at the end of the holiday?

Distance: How far were they from the sea?

Size: The house was about 2,000 square metres

Price: Was that watch expensive?

Time: What time was your lesson yesterday?

Use the past simple of e in there was/there were

@ Was there a big match on Saturday?

O Yes, and there were thousands of fans at the match

He was only 1 metre 50 when he was 13

How heavy was the parcel?

Statements Yes/No questions

Wh questions Full answers

It was an animal

They were at home

What was that noise?

Where were they?

Short forms: was not =wasn’t were not = weren't

te (3 Tall o¥LaII

there was Gass 68 be Jas Go sll asdiun sy

.there were,

ss «YX» 3 (aay = lyic wl, Fe, rUerr * YI ada 5 39

ALA (55 3ohy 58 US 9555 9 cle gall Gyo

Use Yes/No questions to check information Form them like this

The students were in Room 1 > Were the students in Room 1?

You can answer Yes/No questions with short answers

@ Was she clever? O Yes she was

@ Were the students in Room 1?

We always use full forms in Yes answers, when the verb is the last word

Yes, Iwas Yes, he was Yes, they were

We usually use short forms in No answers

No, she wasn’t No, we werent

Use Wh questions to get more information

@ Whowas she? O Her name was Pam Woods

@ Where was she? O She was in Room 1

O No, they werent

LY)» 3) «arin > (gic

wary a GRY we Gils dls duel! asaius,

deat! 3 dalS 57 Jaall 6) So Lesic

Yo LY Race B ypwat ll Auoll Sule adaius

1

Oo

uN

Complete the statements and questions

Example: © How old were_ you in 1989?

O I wa@s_ 13

Tt _'/-S late, and the children

The Johnson brothers

a medical student, and Harry and Tony

tired

at the same college Rod law students

We Seve 30 minutes early for the party and there

nobody there The room

@ How long _«i- you and your wife in Cairo?

Orl we

there for only two

empty!

there for three years, but she

Complete the conversation

Two friends meet after a party

Jenny: We were sad that you werent at the party

Robin: [}_9 sorry to miss tt too * it a

Good one?

Jenny: Yes, 262 There + a lot of old

friends there Where ° you and the

family?

Robin: Dad ° away on business, and Mum

g very well And my brothers

° back from holiday They

eae still away

Read Then write questions and answer

them

Example: (When/they/at the house)

@ When were they at the house?

O Last night

We saw a lovely house yesterday We were there last

night It was about 100 years old, and we wanted to

buy it immediately There were four bedrooms upstairs

Downstairs, there was a beautiful dining-room, and the

living-room was very big — 12 x 5 metres The kitchen

at the back of the house was large too, and very

modern Outside there was a beautiful garden with a

stream We loved the house! The only problem was the

Complete the statements

Example: Maria wasn’l good at English at school,

but she 2s excellent now

Go and see the old city There thousands of old buildings there Some of them over 500 years old

Simon at home yesterday, but he there now

We wrong to leave the main road Now

home today Here

at work yesterday, but he at

his phone number You can

call him

Past continuous

It was raining again

They looked out of the window It was raining again

Form the past continuous with was, were + main verb + ing (See Unit

21 for information about Je as a main verb and auxiliary verb.)

Iwas reading all last night What were you doing at 2.00

Remember the spelling rules with zug (See Unit 4.)

move —> moving, stop > stopping, die > dying

Use the past continuous for things which were continuing at a certain

moment in the past

@ What were you doing at 12.00? O Iwas going home for lunch

Use the past continuous for emphasizing that something was continuing

for a long time — often something unwanted

The baby was crying all night

Use the past continuous for things which were continuing (a continuing

action) when something else suddenly happened (a short action)

a continuing action/event (past continuous)

When the two actions are in one sentence, use the connectors when, as

or while to join the two sentence parts

Jenny was reading when Ann phoned

The truck hit my car as Iwas turning

The policeman arrived while we were having dinner

Do not confuse these two different ideas

When Tom arrived, we were having tea (Tea was continuing.)

When Tom arrived, we had tea (Yom arrived Then tea started.)

Some verbs usually take the past simple and not the past continuous (See

Unit 5 for a list of these.)

IT knew what to do next Susan didwt like cold weather

Statements Yes/No questions

1 was looking Was | I looking?

Wh questions Full answers What was she doing? She was reading

Where were they sitting? They were sitting in the garden

Short forms: was not = wasn’t were not = werent

(sLioe aati + were 5! Was (yo paiuull ell Ops

.ing 4J

lay! aad ing Lal sie SLY sel 3 Slel 2 Gas

(unit 4,3!) cel Sls Yl Ge sae petal! ell! pusiny

Bll gb stare 5s 5 UGS gta pais

33 Ls Gas ol gle aSEU pial! sll psdiug

Gas GS le ies dll 6 Sash Gyse pcius

428 3652 oat

G gta yeh! Soe Ge jail) pct) ell asding

531 Und Gyan JS Lesic (peiewe Jad) dll (5 ae! mony (ee Jes) Gale JSe, bls GS 5 cc paitl LA JIS Ge Saat! Go| pail cof ela gull LoS! ed asad AT bse | pc

deetist| when Las I SLs assind Caled Alea cc ga5 Laie

-dlaatl iss = bs J while slas 5!

CSU haat oS lSal Go Gbas Goh oO! Liles

OGG G Glatt Laghies (2) gd Bale SE SII JLSY Ge de gene alias 4a8Y jb!) dual SoS 468 Gundy banal all

-(unit 5 (,8 JS YI odgs

Write the verbs in the correct forms

The Carter family all remember what they were doing

when the last Californian earthquake happened

Example: Sally: J_was Cooking lunch for John (cook)

John: I

(call)

Ron and Sue: We

with Paul (swim)

at the lake

Tom: I 2

TV (watch)

Ann and Carol: We

at the Corner Café (have)

a football game on

a Pepsi

Flo: I

some friends (get)

Tim and Bill: We

in the park (ride)

ready to go out with

our bikes

Complete the questions and answers

Examples: © Was Sally cooking dinner? (cook)

O No, she_wasn’t She was cooking lunch

@ What were Ann and Carol _doing? (do)

O They were having a Pepsi at the

Corner Café (have)

their bikes in the park

(call) his boss

John

my boss in New York

Write the verbs in the correct forms

Examples: I was making lunch when the earthquake

happened (make) (happen)

What were the children doing at this

time last week? (the children/do)

yesterday? (you/do)

10.00 last night? (he/run)

(drive) (break down)

I the window (open) The sun

(shine)

the phone (work) (ring)

The storm the boat as it

to reach the harbour (hit) (try)

The plane to land when it

(try) (crash)

Write the verbs in the correct forms

When I weal out at 9.00 the sun was shining (go)

(shine) It} a beautiful spring day and the birds

when suddenly [4 my old friend, John

with his son in the park (play) 1° to him and

he? round in surprise (call) (look) Then he

Jo to the lake and hire a boat (eat) (decide) Then

something terrible \4 (happen) Just as I

to move away, and [17 straight into the water

between the boat and the shore (get) (start) (fall)

they all \° (watch) (laugh) [2°

really embarrassed! (feel)

+2

£209

= Present perfect 1

TPve washed the car

Look, Dad! Ive

Form the present perfect with have, has + past participle With regular

verbs the past participle is the same as the past simple form — main verb

+ ed

Pve washed the car Pve just finished

@ Has she finished dinner? =O No, she haswt

If the verb ends in e, add d

The train has arrived There it 1s! Let’s run

If the verb ends in y, change the y to zed

Mary has carried the case for an hour She’s tired

These are different

say — said, pay > paid, lay laid

If the verb ends in a single consonant after a short vowel, double the

consonant

The bus has stopped We can get off now

A lot of important verbs are irregular, and their past forms do not end

in ed The verbs be, do and have are all irregular (See Unit 21 for

information about /ave as a main verb and auxiliary verb.)

Infinitive Past form Past participle

be was/were been

do did done

have had had

Many common main verbs are irregular too You have to learn these

one by one (See Appendix | for a list of these.)

Infinitive Past form Past participle

They : He has

I have washed the car

How long has the job taken? It has taken an hour

Short forms: I/you/we/they have = Ive, youve, we've, they've he/she/it has = he’s, she’s, it’s have not = haven’t

has not = hasn’t

SSG as etl! + has si have Gye alll ¢ JLall 6 Si

cui yh Luslill ULE SII Gy eilly fail uct ged TLL: 6 9SSs gay terull Ll! Ziv

jaa bis d el] GLa, e 5 gis Jaill GIS lily

ied» Jaill 3 dle lily Gal Jan ellis

ANU JSS Guill GRAS Jlatly

hate bas Gyrus GE Ge foal Gis cols 151

S52 eG! 3 ja GS jae coll LB SUI gill Ge Ll! JLEY ye wosll dba

do , be Usd leis edo gis (Sl dure 455 Y

oe wall unit 21 bi!) Gauls ¥ bs, chave, (seline JasSy ud) J2sS have Jad J ga ole slat

gol ce Tesla! doula! JL! Ge sual ellie, DESI) 4a le JS pals Gos ills Gas! Lad

(1 Gat (58 JLSYI odgs Uasy

Ann has broken her arm (So now she can’t write.)

Use the present perfect when something started in the past and Ul 68 fa Sas Ge pail alll ¢ |Leal assis

continues to the present Look out for the words yet and just o4d datainds dla! ods/l Ga Goin pcisly

yet means ‘up to now’ : just 4olS 5 (GY) ae pinig) yer dolS Jaa

®@ Have they repaired the car yet?

O No, they haven’t had time yet They’re going to do it tomorrow

just means ‘only a very short time ago’ 4533 5 paved dd ys Mie just lS 1255

Our new car has just arrived Come and look

We sometimes use yet and just together dsaly dle 3 Ghai Les just 9g yet GalS asainndy

O Not yet: Pve just finished question 1, but I havent finished

question 2 (I’m doing it now.)

Use still not for something that happens late Soe cle Qa svi not gs) jail) asdins

I started this last week and I still haven't finished Go GRY AG

Use already for something that happens early Loran Gay URW) tae desl alrendy tae ees

We sometimes use stz// not and already together dha (3 las already g still not asad Ghai,

O You're wrong He’s already finished!

The ’*sshort form can mean ts or has, so check the main part of the oll 29! chas gi is Ll 's Sees dave 25 5

She’s coming home (?s coming = 1s coming)

Exercises

1 Write the past participles

Example: buy bought happen happened

Which verbs are irregular?

Which verbs can be main verbs and auxiliary verbs?

2 Complete the paragraph with verbs from

Exercise 1 (including the examples)

Dear Mum,

Well, a lot of things have happened since our move to

Australia Larry has ' a good job at a bank,

and we have * a small house outside town for

$70,000 Peter and Sally have *

school, and theyre very happy there Peter has

at their new

: the football team and Sally has °

a lot of good friends tn her class I have ° all

the neighbours now, and they have ’ very kind

In fact, our next-door neighbour has * all of

us to a barbecue lunch on Sunday

3 Write these verbs in the correct forms

arrive, break, catch, get, paint, win

Example: Tom has cleaned the car Now it looks

like new

2 The police

Theyre at the police station now

the bank robbers

4 My parents

champion

Thetr car ts outside

4 Write statements with positive and negative forms

Example: (find/a job / ) (find/a house X)

Alan has found @ job, but he hasnt

found G house

(join/the school drama group V ) (join/the tennis club X)

Tony

but he

(make/a cake / ) (make/any sandwiches X )

(bring/their books ¥ ) (bring/thetr pens X )

they (choose/the carpets for their new house / ) (choose/any furniture X)

Ian and Sue

Write questions and and short answers

Examples: Lisa has cleaned her shoes (boots) (Yes)

@Has she cleaned her boots too?

OYes, she has

Peter has eaten his lunch (Bill) (No)

eHas Bill eaten his lunch too?

ONo, he hasn’t

The boys have done their Maths homework

(French homework) (No)

@

O

3 Barry has learnt to fly (you) (Yes)

7 Write the answers Use just or yet

Examples: @ Is the TV working? (Yes) (mend/it)

O Yes, P’ve just mended it

@ Have you seen your picture in today’s newspaper? (No) (buy/one)

O No, I havent bought one yet

1 @ Has Ruth moved? (Yes) (go to/Rome)

Examples: Tom’s boots are dirty (clean/them xX)

But he still hasn’t cleaned them

Ann works very fast (do/her Maths ¥ )

She’s already done her Maths

I asked you to talk to Bill yesterday (call/him X )

We’re planning to go to Spain (buy/the tickets v )

I asked you to get ready (pack/your bag X)

She’s saving for a CD player (get/£50 ¥ )

Number 33 1s moving fast now (do/300 kph 7 )

I write three weeks ago (have/a reply X)

Present perfect 2

Pve lived here for 35 years

How long have you lived here?

Pve lived here for 35 years This has been my home since

I was a young

man

Present perfect + for/since

Use the present perfect when something started in the past and it

continues to the present We often use for and since for shows how long

something has continued since shows when something started

Karen has been a nurse for 15 years OR since 1980

Present perfect + number of times

Use the present perfect when things have happened in a period of time

that started in the past and continue to the present We often use ever and

never and time expressions such as this year, this week, today, since 1960

a point in

actions/events in a period of time

@ Have you ever been back to Sydney? (In the 35-year period.)

O Three times

@ Have you ever visited Scotland?

O Yes, Pve been there many times OR No, Pve never been there

Study the different meanings of been and gone

He’s been to India He went there last year (And now he’s

home again.)

He’s gone to India He’s working in Calcutta (He’s there now.)

Have you ever visited Scotland?

Present perfect + for/since

T have lived here for 35 years

for a long time

for ages

since I was young

since 1960

since yesterany

Present perfect + number of times

@ Have you ever been back to Sydney?

O Yes, I have been back three times

She has visited Spain

I haven’t lived here

once or twice

four times this year every year since 19885

oof he ad Ge jad Lesie alll ¢ jLall assis

Lo Weg dla! adsl Ga Sgn petals all 44/8 (ny since 4 for sels Ub)! oda 68 assis

CAS One 8 Stal a shel SI! Ge 5! 8 a! for

- jadi] S pss Glu dbs since dalS

id since Glas Aa Jy Vl agua! ie aus It mud gay

8 sll Se GS el a Ge! 8 aul! for WS Se

(SSI geal!) puclat

Shes Slial Ge jail al ¢ Lal) assiua,

SB yl So pela aol 3 oly daisy 853 JMR

48La| never, ever aes assius eer eS

-cl this year fic dso MN UYU! ol be Il

Ades 88 JUS Sasa GUS 345 au pidge

thy Sy ¥l aged! Us jas LS el (68 Sis,

WS (J) ate LS slat asl! (Ga Lal cil

el aqua!

sie ial] GGA (cle UY! JMS Gye GG yatll Gan

-gone 5 been alssiust

—

Write statements

Examples: (Charlie/live/there/35 years)

(he/be/there/20 years old)

He’s been there since he was 20

years old

(this land/belong to/Mr Hill/1950)

(Sally/have/the same car/five years)

(we/live/in this house/I was 25)

Complete the questions and answers

Example: @ [ /ive in London

O How long have y ou _lived there?

@ Since 1985 OR Eor ten years

@ Nick and Sue have a Mercedes

© My brother works for IBM

® The Carter family want to move house

@ Mr Carter got a job in London

@ Nick Ellis lives on # small island

® most of his life

Write negative answers for the questions

Example: @ When was the last time you had an

ice-cream? (ages) OR (last week) OTL havent had _an_ice-creqam {or

ages OR since last week,

@ When did Tim last see Susan? (three weeks)

Examples: (you/stay/in Miamz) (three times)

@ Have you ever stayed in Miami?

O Yes, Pve_ stayed there three times

(How often/he/stay/there) (once)

@ How offen has he stayed there?

O He’s stayed there once

@

© (How often/it/rain/today) (twice)

@

O

Complete the questions and answers

Example: ® Does Susan like sailing?

O She loves it! She 2s_been_ sailing every weekend this year She 2s_ gone again this weekend

O No, but my brother

this week He’s there now

@ Where’s Alan?

O He

to the bank to get some money

It has opened

Look! The new

sports shop has

Use the present perfect when

something happened in the past,

but you do not know when

The new sports shop bas opened

Use the present perfect when

something happened in the past,

but it affects us now

He’s broken his leg (The leg is

still broken.)

Use the present perfect when

something started in the past and

it continues to the present

Mary has lived in London for

seven years (And she still lives

there now.)

Use the present perfect when

something has happened in a

period of time up to the present,

eg today, this year

She’s written three letters

today

Have you had exams this year?

Use the present perfect to find

out if something has happened,

not when

Has Peter gone home yet?

We often start to talk about an

event at an unstated time in the

It opened last week

Use the past simple when something started and finished in the past and you know when

He broke his leg last year (His

leg is OK now.)

Use the past simple when something started and finished in the past

Mary lived in London for seven years (But she doesn’t live

She wrote five letters yesterday

Did you have exams last year?

Use the past simple to find out when something happened

When did Peter go home?

We then fix the details of the event in the past with the past simple

@ When were you last there?

OT stayed there last summer

q Present perfect or past simple

ES

el (69 same

sh tly as ed ye jal bal! sll! pssinns

aa

pele! aaoll Ge o Gl oll, ley

sh tly Ie Ged Ge jail baad! ell essing

8 tly 1p ed Ge jal bal! ell! assis

spgacalll

53 JUS Sas Jed Se jail aU ¢ |Lel assis

(abled Ios si asall) lat! asl) Ge ostel de

dane JSts de 535 G05 OF

dias JSis

ib siae pb oly a Le Sue Fydy Ye Sted L WE

pel!

el Saat! los duels stad cle Jars ai

BaNwere| aN} ee Ul alasiw L

1 Write the verbs in positive, negative or

question forms of the past simple

Rob: You know, last night was terrible (be) I

locked myself out of the house (lock)

Oh, no! What '

Rob: [2

for an open window (go) (look)

Lyn: (you/do)

round the house and [3

Rob: There 5 any on the ground floor,

but there © one upstairs (not/be) (be)

(not/call) You’re always welcome to stay here

Rob: [1° the police (phone)

Write the verbs in positive, negative or

question forms of the present perfect

Tina and Bill are getting ready for school

Example: Mum: {ave YOu had enough to eat?

(you/have) Tina: Thanks, Mum I?ve ealen lots (eat)

Bill: Well, I_haven2t I’m still hungry

(you/put)

Bill of your coat since last

week (not/see)

school, Tina? (you/pack)

Tima: Yes, but I my pencil case

upstairs (leave)

money, Bill? (Dad/give)

Bill: No, he Can you give me some?

door (bring) Are you ready to go?

Bill: Lam, but Tina upstairs for her

pencil case (go)

3 Write the past forms and past participles

Examples: write wrote written

Which verbs can be main verbs and auxiliary verbs?

4 Complete the statements and questions

Examples: Helen Aas never been to Canada

Did you spend much money yesterday?

1 How long Ann been at home?

2 Im sure Peter make a mistake

3 Tom finished work yet

4 _ anybody see the news at 1.00?

5 We found the way, but were trying

7 When the accident happen?

8 How many times you seen that film?

5 Write the verbs in the correct forms

Mark is writing home to his parents in London

6th November Dear Mum and Dad,

Well, I arrived here in New York on 6th September, so

I 2ve_been here for two months (arrive) (be) I'm sorry

but life very busy (not/write) (be)

lot of things to do (begin) (have) Is Rod in my last letter (tell) He Mts place since I first’

you about

me stay at

here (let) (get) But, at

[9 the agreement with the owner last night, and he \0 me a key (stgn) (give)

31

y Present perfect continuous

Dve been waiting for an hour

i have been waiting Have | I been waiting?

How long has he been waiting? He has been waiting for an hour

Short forms: [/you/we/they have = Ive, you've, weve, they’ve he/she/it bas = he’s, she’s, it’s have not =haven’t has not =hasn’t

We often use the present perfect continuous instead of the present perfect oe Lidge yeiull alll ¢ lall assis L Wile

We use it to emphasize that something has continued for a long time $2) da Saf le stall Sig ate ee

Tom has been building that boat since 1985 Will he ever finish? C05 Ge dh gb 3 iil How long have you been learning English? sic ssl! (8 db Ge adil Glas aust! qd gy

the past a period of time ; now die Sl Saal Jigb Goss Sl suls «JS 9! aqui

a continuing action/event in a period of time Soe Se soe) pout! alll ¢ SLAl alas! Sas

a2 ; POMS g xe - : ial: ui} = ss oe

We can use the present perfect continuous when something stops just Beh oat ee ae before the present, but it affects us now

Look, the road is wet ts been raining be Guedll; cat abi) Seat aise Slee ee

Bob has been travelling on business, but he’s home now

We've been going to France for our holidays for ten years 4G Oo Gall Spa SIG Sica! asl id gy

a point in

a continually repeating action/event in a period of time

We use many adverbs and other expressions of time to help emphasize dio slaw, cis Bil 5 a Fleece?

‘how long’, eg for, since, lately, recently, all morning/day/week, No epee wie

the whole morning/day/week (See Unit 10 for the difference between fee ore EES et See

Weve been waiting for an hour [ve been feeling ill lately

Weve been working since 6.00 this morning

Complete the answers

Example: @ Why are you so tired?

O Ive been studying all night (study)

® Hello! Where have you been recently?

@ Why are the children so dirty?

garden (play)

@ I can’t find my Walkman Where is it?

@ Why haven’t you washed the car yet?

@ Maria speaks very good English

O Yes She

very hard (study)

Complete the answers

Example: @ Have the children been helping Mum?

O No, they havent been helping her

They -ve_been watching TV (watch)

@ Has Tony been spending all his money?

O No, he it

He it (save)

@ Have we been going the wrong way?

O No, we

right way (go)

@ Has Ann been doing her homework?

O No, she

CD (listen)

Complete the questions

Examples: You meet an old friend who is now at

college

@ How have you been gelling on at

college? (you/get on) You ask about your friend’s brother He’s

recently started at a new school

@ Has your brother been enjoying

his new school? (your brother/enjoy)

1 You meet a friend You haven’t seen her for a month

@ What recently? (you/do)

You ask Tom’s sister about him He’s been studying

Spanish in Spain

@ How

in Spain? (he/get on)

You want to know about [Tom’s studies

Write questions and answer them

Examples: Joe is travelling round the world He left at

the end of last year OR six months ago

@ What has _ Joe been doing recently?

O_He?’s been travelling round the _world

@ How long has he been doing that?

O _Since the end of last year OR For six months

Pam is looking for a new job She started last month

O

O Nick and Andy are training for the London Marathon They began three months ago

When they arrived the film had started

3 Past perfect and past simple

When they arrived the film had started

Form the past perfect with /ad + past participle

The film had started before we arrived

Had it begun before you arrived?

Use the past perfect for a past event before another past event Use it to

show the time connection between two events

Ist past action/event 2nd past action/event

(past perfect) (past simple) now

At the airport I couldn't find my passport Pd left it at home

The rain had just stopped, so we decided to go out for a walk

I got to the party at 8.00 My friends had already gone

The past perfect shows the end of one past event before the start of

another past event We can talk about these two events in one sentence

Use these words to connect the two sentence parts: when, after, before,

once, until, as soon as

When the last person had finally come, the meeting started

Susan cried for ages after her brother had gone

We went out as soon as the rain had stopped

Do not over-use the past perfect Use the past simple for two events

that happen quickly after one another

I saw Peter and I said hello

When I got home, I sat down and turned on the TV

Note the difference in meaning between the following

When the Director arrived, the meeting started (First the

Director arrived and then the meeting started.)

When the Director arrived, the meeting had started (First the

meeting started and then the Director arrived.)

Wh questions Full answers

What film had they gone to see? They had gone to see

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Write the verbs in the correct forms

Example: It was a strange house Nobody had_lived

there for years (live)

(take)

The biscuit tin was empty Tim

them all (eat)

I didn’t recognize old Mr Jarvis He

a lot (change)

We decided to buy a sofa which we the

weekend before (see)

We went back to the shop to get the sofa, but somebody

CSG ee tt (BUY)

I wanted to speak to Mr Jones, so I phoned his office

Unfortunately he

(leave)

Bob was late for football practice and they

without him (start)

five minutes before

Write the verbs in the correct forms

Example: We ?d_only been at home for a few

minutes when the phone rang (only/be)

I invited Pat, but she

to go out (already/arrange)

They were amazed They

such a beautiful place (never/see)

when the police called (just/start)

Mrs Spear was worried She

her sons accident

(recently/hear about)

I phoned the garage, but they

my car (still/not/repair) Tony wanted to buy a bike with the money, but Tina

tt

(already/spent)

house for a year when it burned down (only/have)

Write the verbs in the correct forms

Example: Alan had lost his key, so he broke a

window to get in (lose) (break)

I at the party at 8.00, but my friends

(arrive) (go)

the gate (get away) (close)

to move faster (cross) (be able)

The manager us all there until we

everything possthle (leave) (do)

food and water

(turn back) (run out of)

4 Join each pair of statements to make one

statement Use when

Example: We went out We had breakfast

We went out when we’d_had breakfast

We drove out of town We loaded the jeep

We stopped for a rest We drove tnto the hills

We started again We had a good rest

We stopped for the night We were on the road for ten hours

We started to cook dinner We unpacked the jeep

We went to sleep We finished dinner

4 Future with going to

Were going to drive

Statements Yes/No questions We're going to I am going todrive Am | I going to drive?

Use going to to explain future plans

@ What are you going to do on Saturday?

O Pm going to visit my grandparents

Use going to to talk about a decision to do something in the very near

future

I'm just going to make some salad Then we can have dinner

@ Dad, can you help me with my homework?

O Sure, Pm just going to watch the news Dll help you when it’s

finished

Use going to when it is clear that something must happen soon

Look at the clouds IPs going to rain

Listen to the car! Its going to break down!

Use going to with go, just like any other verb

Were going to go to the cinema

Present continuous

We often use the present

continuous to talk about future

@ What are you going to do’

O First were going to take a trip on the river Then were going to see a film

Where are they going to drive?

How long 1s the trip going to take?

Short forms: J am =m we/you/they are = we're, youre, they're

he is not = he isn’t, he’s not

Full answers They are going to drive to Perth

It is going to take a month

he/she/it is = he’s, she’s, it’s

Iam not = I’m not

we are not = we arent, were not

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Mom cy 5AM Juda 63 Le

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Complete the answers

Example: @ Have you had dinner yet? (later)

O No, not yet I’m going to_have_it later

@ Have you washed the car yet? (after lunch)

O No, not yet I

@ Has Tessa cleaned her shoes yet? (now)

O No, not yet She

@ Have the boys mended their bikes yet? (this evening)

O No, not yet They

@ Has the cat had its food yet? (in a minute)

O No, not yet It

Write the verbs in positive or negative forms

Example: Your local football team are in the cup final,

but they’re playing badly

@ They ve going to lose (lose)

O They arent going to win (not/win)

You’re in the hills There are black clouds

@ It

O We _

(rain)

very wet (get)

Alan should be on his way to the airport to catch a plane,

but he’s still in bed

(not/get)

Your car is very low on petrol, and you’re still a long way

from the petrol station

(run out of)

petrol station in time (not/reach)

Your friend is in a marathon race He’s very tired, but

he’s very near the end of the race

Write questions and short answers

Example: (we/be/late) (No)

@ Ave we going lo be lale?

Where are you going to go?

@ Ann has bought some lovely flowers LG ve

O (Where/she/ put them)

@ The Smith family have sold their house

O (When/they/ move out)

@ [’m making some cakes for the party

O (How many/you/ao)

@ Bill is planning to go to the cinema

O (What/he/ see)

Future with will

People will live in space

Statements Yes/No questions

d will start Will | I | start?

Wb questions Full answers

When will they build the They will start soon

space station?

Use wall to express future facts

Sam will be 20 next month The new road will be eight lanes wide

Use will to predict something in the future — something that you know

or believe will happen

One day soon people will live in space

Don’t worry! I’m sure yowll pass your exams

Use will to say what you decide to do at the time of speaking

Dve left the window open PU go back and close it

Use will to offer, promise or threaten to do something

That looks heavy Plhelp you — I promise I won’t be late

Use will to ask somebody to do something and to agree or refuse to do it

@ Will you post this card for me? O Yes, PU post it on my way home

We use will to predict the future, so we often use it with words such as

sure, certain, probably, definitely and certainly Note that the /y words

change position in will and won’t sentences

HeUu definitely love Rome He probably won’t want to come home

Do not use will to express plans and arrangements

I can’t see you tomorrow as Pm visiting/going to visit my

parents (not will visit)

will often goes with verbs like expect, think and know

I expect PU be late home tonight

I don’t think hell agree to the idea

We sometimes use shall/shall not (shan’t) instead of will/will not, but

only with J or we We usually use it for suggestions, offers and asking for

instructions or suggestions

You look terrible! Shall we call a doctor?

Pve finished this job What shall I do next?

Where will the station be? It will be between the

Earth and the Moon

Short forms: [/you/he/she/it/we/they will = ll, you'll, hell, shell, itll, we'll, theyll will not = won't

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