2— Usage Connected With Prepositions 3— Punctuation of Prepositional Phrases, Correct Usage 4— Developing Sentences by Adding Prepositional Phrases, Word Study 5— Review of Nouns, the No
Trang 1Drills & Tests for High School
Trang 22— Usage Connected With Prepositions
3— Punctuation of Prepositional Phrases, Correct Usage
4— Developing Sentences by Adding Prepositional Phrases, Word Study
5— Review of Nouns, the Noun as Subject
6— Prepositional Phrases, Subjects, Verbs, Correct Usage, Word Study
7— Adjectives, Correct Usage, Word Study
8— Predicate Adjectives, Correct Usage
9— Usage Connected With Adjectives, Word Study
10— Punctuation With Adjectives, Revision of Sentences
11— Adverbs, Correct Usage
12— Identifying Adjectives and Adverbs, Word Study
13— Uses of Prepositional Phrases
14— Developing Sentences, Correct Usage, Word Study
15— Usage Connected with Adverbs, Word Study
16—Appositive, Possessive, Nominative of Address, Nominative of Exclamation, Correct
Usage
17— Punctuation: the Apostrophe
18— Punctuation: Some Uses of the Comma; Correct Usage
19— Punctuation of Quotations, Word Study
20—Clauses and the Compound Sentence, Punctuation of the Compound Sentence, Review
Word Study
21—The Direct Object and the Predicate Nominative, Correct Usage
22—The Indirect Object and the Object Complement
23— The Adverbial Objective, Diagram of Noun Use
24— Principal Parts of Verbs, Correct Usage, Word Study
25— Practice in Selecting Correct Verb Forms
26— Forms of the Verb Lie and Lay, Correct Usage
27 ae pe of Rise and Raise, Sit and Set, and Other Troublesome Verbs; Word
tudy
28— Practice in Selecting Correct Verb Forms, Word Study
29— Agreement Between Subject and Verb, and Between a Pronoun and Its Antecedent
Correct Usage
30— Usage of Shall and Will, Special Forms Due to Mood, Correct Usage, Word Study
31—Classification of Verbs, Word Study
32— Tense, Correct Usage
33— The Retained Object, Correct Usage
34— Further Practice in Classification of Verbs, Word Study
35—Verbals: the Gerund
36— Identifying Gerunds, Correct Usage
37—Verbals: the Infinitive; Word Study
38— Identifying Infinitives and Gerunds
39—Verbals; the Participle, Punctuation with Participles; Word Study
40— Identifying and Punctuating Participles, Correct Usage
41— Sentence Revision
42— The Nominative Absolute, Correct Usage
43— Review of Gerunds, Infinitives, Participles; Word Study
44— Subordinate Clauses: the Noun Clause
45— Additional Practice in Noun Clauses, Correct Usage, Word Study
46— Subordinate Clauses: the Adjective Clause
47— Punctuation of Adjective Clauses, Noun and Adjective Clauses
48— Subordinate Clauses: the Adverb Clause; Correct Usage
49— Punctuation with Adverb Clauses
50— Review of the Three Kinds of Subordinate Clauses, Word Study
51—Sentence Revision with Subordinate Clauses, Word Study
52— Forms of Pronouns and Their Uses, Correct Sg Word Study
53— Additional Practice in Using Pronouns, Correct Usage
54— Punctuation: Semicolon, Colon, Dash, Parentheses, Review
55— Practice in Punctuation, Correct Usage
56— Practice in Punctuation, Word Study
57— Review
ENGLISH GRAMMAR GUIDEBOOK 1
Trang 3Practice, pp 4 & 14: 1 (On stormy nights, ) when the wind shook
the four corners (of the house,) and the surf roared (along the cove)
and (up the clitts,) | would see him (in a thousand forms) and (with
a thousand diabolical expressions.) 2 Often | have heard the
house shaking [with "Yo-ho-ho, and a bottle (of rum")]; all the
neighbors joining in (for dear life) (with the fear) (of death) (upon
them,) and each singing louder than the other sang, to avoid
remark 3 | remember the appearance (of his coat) which he
patched himself upstairs (in his room,) and which (before the end,)
was nothing (but patches ) A (In the meantime ,) the c ae
gradually brightened up (at his own music) and (at last) flapped flapped his
hand (upon the table) (before him) (in a way) we all knew to
mean—silence 5 | lost no time, (of course,) [(in telling) my
mother]* all that | knew, and should perhaps have told long before;
and we saw ourselves (at once) (in a difficult and dangerous
position.) 6 A strong smell (of fobacco and tar) rose (from the
interior) but nothing was to be seen (on the top) (except a suit) (of
very good clothes,) carefully brushed and folded 7 My mother
pulled it up (with impatience;) and there lay (before us,) a bundle
tied up (in oilcloth ,) and a canvas bag, that gave forth, (at a
touch,) the jingle (of gold) 8 Promptly afterwards, fresh sounds (of
astonishment) arose; the window (of the captain's room) was
thrown open (with a slam and a jingle) (of broken glass;) and a
man leaned out (into the moonlight.) and addressed the blind
beggar (on the road) (below him.) 9.1 went back (with him) (to the
"Admiral Benbow,") and you cannot imagine a house (in such a
state) (of smash ;) the very clock had been thrown down (by these
fellows) (in their furious hunt) (after my hicthertand myself) and
though nothing had actually been taken away (except the captain's
money-bag) and a litle silver, (from the till,) | could see (at once)
that we were ruined 10 The supervisor stood up, straight and
stiff, and told his story (like a lesson;) and you should have seen
how the two gentlemen leaned forward and looked (at each other)
and forgot to smoke (in their surprise and interest.) 11 Silver
hobbled, grunting, (on his crutch;) he plucked furiously (at the line)
that held me (to him) and, (from time) (to time,) turned his eyes
Hayes School Publishing Co., Inc., Printed in USA
which he managed (with wonderful dexterity) hopping about (upon it) (like a bird.) 13 (Before a big fire) lay Captain Smollett; and (in
a far corner,) only duskily flickered over (by a blaze,) | beheld great heaps (of coins) and quadrilaterals built (of bars) (of gold.)
*The brackets indicate material which may be included in the phrase
Correct Usage 1 1 came 2 were 3 doesn't 4 were
5 doesn't 6 were 7 came Word Study 1 (to) contrive: verb—to devise; fascinating:
adjective (participle)—captivating; inevitable: adjective—
unavoidable; dilapidated: adjective (participle)—partially ruined from neglect; versatile: adjective—able to do many things well;
many-sided
SECTION 2
Practice, p 8: A 1 into 2 from 3 between 4 at 5 for
6 have 7 behind 8 from 9 besides 10 from 11 among
12 from 13 off 14 with 15 into 16 behind 17 among
18 from 19 from 20 besides B 1 Where is the club meeting?
2 The class is to be divided into three sections 3 Where was he living when you last heard from him? 4 The speech ended with a plea for money for the hospital 5 Where was he going when you met him? 6 On our way to the show we met some friends who were going there too 7 Where shall we go this evening?
8 Where were you when | called you on the telephone this morning?
SECTION 3
Practice, p 10: 1 After an unusually loud clap of thunder, the storm broke 2 On the contrary, | feel even more determined than before 3 Her graceful skating, with its bird-like swooping and turning, won a burst of applause from the audience 4 The children raced wildly down the lane, through the gate, and into the pasture 5 In the Dunes State Park we saw hundreds of beautiful white trilliums, with their gleaming petals and graceful leaves in symmetrical groups of three 6 In the first place, your mother had never really consented to your going 7 At the signal from the leader of the game, the children hid among the shrubs, behind the
trees, and around the corners of the house 8 In fact, his long and
involved explanation, with the frequent hesitation and confused changes of statement, has made me doubt the whole story 9 On the whole, we were satisfied with the arrangements 10 The vacation in Florida, with the lazy hours on the beach and the opportunity for exercise in the sunshine and fresh air, was apparently just what she needed 11 During the celebration of the anniversary of Shakespeare's birth, scenes from his plays were presented in classrooms, in outdoor theaters, and in civic auditoriums 12 On the other hand, a completely carefree
Trang 4Correct Usage 2 1 me 2 us 3.me 4 us 5 him 6 her
7 them 8 her
SECTION 4
Practice, p 11: Answers will vary
Word Study 2, p 11: (to) discriminate: verb—to differentiate, to
observe the differences; intricate: adjective—complicated;
turbulent: adjective—tumultuous, disorderly and noisy;
casualty: noun—accident, serious accident; reticence: noun—
reserve in speech, habit of remaining silent (usually on certain
subjects)
SECTION 5
Practice, p 14: See answers under Practice in Section 1, p 4
SECTION 6
Practice, p 15: 1 (Beneath the porch) [(of the country-seat] called
Tanglewood,] one fine autumnal morning, was assembled a merry
party (of litile folks,) (with a tall youth) (in the midst) (of them.)
(among the children,) as a narrator (of wonderful stories;) and
though he sometimes pretended to be annoyed, when they teased
him (for more) yet | really doubt whether he liked anything quite so
well as to tell them 3 ("At the slightest interruption,) whether (from
great, naughty Primrose, little Dandelion, or any other child,) | shall
bite the story short off (between my teeth,) and swallow the untold
part." 4 The news quickly spread abroad that Perseus had
undertaken to cut off the head (of Medusa} (with the snaky locks.)
5 Straight downward, two or three thousand feet (below him,)
Perseus perceived a small island, (with the sea) breaking] (into
white fran) all (around its rocky shore,) (except (on one side,) )
where there was a beach (of snowy sand.) 6 King Midas was
enjoying himself (in his treasure-room) one day, as usual, when he
perceived a shadow fall (over the heaps) (of gold;) and, looking
suddenly up, what should he behold (but the figure) (of a stranger)
standing] (in the bright and narrow sunbeam.) 7 As Pandora
raised the lid, the cottage grew very dark and dismal; for the black
cloud had now swept quite (over the sun,) and seemed to have
buried it alive 8 Some (of you) have probably heard that this
Pegasus was a snow-white steed, (with beautiful silvery wings, who
spent most (of his time) (on the summit) (of Mount Helicon.)
9 If he could only succeed [(in putting) the golden bit] (into the
mouth) (of Pegasus,) the winged horse would be submissive, and
would own Bellerophon (for his master] and fly whithersoever he
might choose to turn the rein 10 So Circe waved her wand again
and repeated a few magic words, (at the sound) (of which] the two
and twenty hogs pricked up their pendulous ears 11 (At the appointed hour,) you might again have seen Prince Jason and the Princess Medea, stealing (through the streets) (of Colchis,) (on their way) (to the sacred grove,) (in the center) (of which} the Golden Fleece was suspended (to a pee)
Correct Usage 3, p 16: 1 drunk 2 ridden 3 rung 4 ridden
5 drunk 6 rung
Word Study 3 catastrophe: noun—disaster; incessant:
adjective—continual; placid: adjective—calm, serene; insipid:
adjective—uninteresting, without flavor; ovation: noun—
acclamation of popularity
SECTION 7
Practice, p 20: 1 1 swift-climbing—dawns 2 strange—nights _ 3 tense—nights 4 breathless—nights 5 some—hill
6 far-away—hill 7 fainter—answer 2 1 symmetrical—form
2 mighty—pillars 3 sloping—back 4 wide-apart—eyes
5 intelligent—eyes 6 latent—might 7 agile—he 8 quick—he
3 1 huge—creature 2 wrinkled—creature 3 yellow-tusked—
creature 4 scarred—creature 5 thousand—fights 6 litle—eyes
7 red—eyes 8 young—twenty-five-year-olds 9 scarred—
veterans 10 crafty—veterans 11 sixty—years 4 1 first—
meeting 2 this—boy 3 restless—boy 4 swift—rivers
5 boyish—figure 6 full—face 7 fine—nose 8 bold—nose
9 restless—mouth 10 mischievous—mouth 11 white—teeth
12 strong—teeth 13 even—teeth 14 sparkling—eyes
15 hazel—eyes 16 living—flash 17 bright—rapids
18 skillful—he Correct Usage 4, p.21: 1 We 2 us 3 we 4 we 5 us 6 us Word Study 4, p 21: competent: adjective—capable; (to) facilitate: verb—to make easier; opportune: adjective—favorable,
seasonable; enervating: adjective (participle)—weakening; (to)
extricate: verb—to disentangle, to free
SECTION 8
Practice, p 23: (1) 1 fair 2 settled 3 cloudless (2)
1 time-worn 2 weather-beaten (3) 1 pliant 2 malleable (4) 1 ragged 2 wild (5) 1 worse 2 worse 3 keener (6)
1 warm 2 spring-like 3 grey 4 bronze 5 black (7)
1 gay 2 bird-like 3 brilliant 4 grey 5 ruffled 6 untidy (8)
1 wet 2 brown 3 quiet 4 ill 5 dull 6 happy 7 contented Correct Usage 5, p 24: 1.1 2 my mother 3 his 4.1 5 his
6 a policeman 7 my 8 Their
SECTION 9
Practice, p 26: 1 healthful 2 an 3 more delicate 4 delicious
5 latest 6 fewer 7 queer 8 healthful 9 really 10 an
11 younger 12 eager 13 well 14 well 15 really 16 taller,
ENGLISH GRAMMAR GUIDEBOOK 2
ANSWER KEY — PULL
TO REMOVE
Trang 5better 17 anxious 18 wel! 19 clever or more clever 20 easiest
21: an 22 good 23 sweet 24 simplest 25 foolish
26 treacherous 27 well
Word Study 5, p 27: abominable: ‘adjective—detestable;
fantastic: adjective—imaginary, exceedingly or unbelievably great;
ultimate: adjective—final; alacrity: noun—cheerful
willingness, promptitude; intangible: adjective—vague
SECTION 10
Practice, p 29: 1 She spoke in a tense, shrill, unpleasant voice
2 Three huge pine trees towered above the farmhouse
3 The church was dim and cool and restful 4 The silver moon,
pale and aloof, moved across a cloudless sky 5 Our new friend
was calm and self-controlled in manner, clever and quick in speech,
cultured and somewhat sophisticated in appearance 6 His
awkward, gaunt figure seemed to tower above his companions
7 David has been an efficient, energetic chairman 8 Our dog,
alert and dependable, barked in warning as a car approached
9 Correct 10 He conducted the meeting in an easy, assured,
| capable manner that won our approval 11 Three qualified
ANSWER
KEY —
PULL TO REMOVE
students, serious and dignified, took over the discussion period
12 The rough, clumsy, unkempt man proved to be an angel in
disguise
The following sentences have been revised; students may find
other possibilities
1 The elephant was clumsy but intelligent in appearance, with
big flapping ears and little red eyes 2 The cleverly designed
floats were decorated elaborately, with banners, streamers, and
many beautiful flowers 3 Jack is sturdily built, and he is an
excellent athlete, for he is quick in his movements and has good
muscular control 4 The small lake, with its wooded shore and
sandy beaches at some points, was well stocked with fish
SECTION 11
Practice, p 31: (1) 1 not 2 vertically 3 up 4 obliquely
_ 5 first 6 instantly 7 Then 8 slowly 9 finally (2) 1 Once
| 2 horribly 3 ahead 4 slowly 5 suddenly 6 violently
7 backwards (3) 1 completely 2 furtively 3 ominously
A fairly 5 out 6 easily 7 never 8 merely 9 aimlessly
10 actually 11 on 12 supremely
Correct Usage 6, p 32: 1 as 2 as if, were 3 as if, were 4 as
5 as
SECTION 12
Practice, p 33: 1 adverb 2 predicate adjective 3 adverb
4 predicate adjective 5 adverb 6 adjective 7 adverb
8 adjective 9 adverb 10 11 adverb 12 adjective
13 adverb 14 adverb 15 predicate adjective 16 adjective
17 predicate adjective 18 19 adjective 20 adjective
21 22 adjective 23 adjective 24 adverb 25
Word Study 6, p 34: discretion: noun—prudence, good
energetic, forceful; lurid: adjective—ghastly, causing horror or revulsion; petulant: adjective—tretful, insolent or rude in speech
SECTION 13
Practice, p 35: 1 adj 2 adj 3 adv 4 adv 5 adj 6 adv
7 adv 8 adj 9 adv 10 adv 11 adj 12 adj 13 adj
14 adv 15 adv 16 adv 17 adj 18 adj 19 adj 20 adv
21 adj 22 adj 23 adj 24 adv
SECTION 14
Practice, p 37: Answers 1-4 will vary
Correct Usage 7, p 37: 1 said 2 let 3 said 4 let 5 said
6 let
Word Study 7, p 38: eccentric: adjective—peculiar; intolerable:
adjective—unbearable; (to) utilize: verb—to use; accessible:
adjective—approachable, attainable; deficit: noun—shortage
SECTION 15
Practice, p 40:
10 "safely" should follow
Trang 6perpetuate: verb—to preserve; trivial: adjective—insignificant,
unimportant; agility: noun—nimbleness; egotism: noun—self
anything new (for fear) (of making) a mistake.] 2 Jane's initiative
and Anne's sense (of responsibility) make them capable officers (of
tet club,) he CinaAihiene Club.] 3 Jack Smith, the president (of
the class,) has discussed the matter (with Mr Sharpe, Jone] {of the
class sponsors.) 4 Goodness, child, what have you spilled (on the
floor?) 5 She has lost Charles's notebook, the leather one that his
uncle sent him (from New York.) 6 Grevit Scot! You can never
pitcher 9 Helen, have you sent that report (to Miss Gray,) the
sponsor] (of the club?) 10 ae good sportsmanship, ‘his ability fo
adjust himself (to either defeat or victory,) was commended (by Mr
Hull,) the basketball coach
Correct Usage 8, p 44: 1 ought 2 began 3 ought 4 began
§ began 6 ought not
SECTION 17
Practice, p 45: 1 Here's as beautiful a view as you'll see in a
day's journey 2 The girls' lockers were more crowded than the
boys' 3 It's really an error in spelling to fail to cross one's t's
A It's a good thing that it's still early, for you've many things to do
5 | think you're right about the children's bedtime 6 Charles's
book was lying on the floor with its pages torn and crumpled (or
Charles') 7 That's a difficult problem in little Billy's lesson, for it
has three 19's in it 8 The men's clothing is on the first and sec-
ond floors; the women's department is on the third 9 Our auto-
mobile license number is easy to remember, as it has four 6's in it
10 We took a ride in the Jones' new car 11 Did you notice that
you've used three so's in this sentence? 12 The Smiths' radio is a
neighborhood nuisance, for it's continually blaring jazz music
13 | can't remember which is ours and which is yours 14 John's
puppy wagged its tail in a friendly fashion 15 Hasn't the mail
arrived yet? 16 The Davis' new home is very attractive 17 I've
been wondering whose hat that is 18 Who's that talking in the
living room? 19 Here's luck to you! 20 Whose paper is this with
its endorsement missing? 21 There's much truth in what you've
been saying 22 Won't you tell me who's responsible for that
article? 23 I've just finished a section of typing and placed a row
of x's across the page 24 There are too many and's in his theme
25 Dolores' and Martha's reports are equally good (or Dolores's)
26 Charles and Bill's canoe is their most prized possession
27 Charles Dickens's novels contain many unforgettable characters (or Dickens') 28 You'll have fo admit that people's | opinions differ on many vital problems 29 The boys' gymnasium
is larger than the girls', but it's not adequate to accommodate the crowds 30 We're afraid that we can't take the trip that we'd planned 31 Louise and Helen's mother has been ill 32 Anne's explanation is better than Jeanne's, for it's more complete 33 The horse arched its neck beautifully and kept time to the music
34 They're sure that they can't go with us 35 They've decided that the blue bowls from our grandmother's old set ought to be theirs 36 The pupils' answers have proved that they're able to
follow instructions
SECTION 18
Practice, p 47: 1 Please send my magazine to 267 Davis Street, Cleveland, Ohio, after September 1 2 Her brother, a constant reader of good books, has just completed Long Remember, a novel centered around the Battle of Gettysburg 3 Well, that is the point
| shall have to consider carefully 4 Just remember, my young friend, that the years bring valuable experience 5 We left New York on July 6, 1935, and sailed directly to Liverpool 6 Above, the moon seemed to float on a sea of silver clouds 7 Do you suppose, Mother, that | should accept this invitation? 8 Yes, | think that such a reception, a more dignified affair than any you have yet attended, will be good experience for you 9 Bob said, "Yes, | think that | shall go." 10 Before the big policeman, stood a small frightened trespasser 11 Beneath, the city lay glittering with col- ored lights as our plane soared over it in the darkness 12 Her
address will be 614 Harrison Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, during the summer 13 Jane's young sister, Catherine, has just read Little Women for the first time 14 It was in July, 1936, that
the tragedy occurred 15 Martha's mother said that she could go
to camp next summer 16 His explanation did reveal, quite
unexpectedly, a thorough knowledge of the machine 17 Our puppy, in spite of our efforts to train him, continued to chew the bedroom slippers ANSWER KEY DULL TO REMOVE —
Correct Usage 9, p 48: 1 Were 2 are 3 were 4 were 5 Are
6 were 7 are 8 Are
SECTION 19
Practice, p 49: 1 "| should think," said Jane, "that the party would have to be postponed." 2 "I'm going to spend the evening reading The Trumpeter of Krakow," Carl announced 3 Martha asked, "Where is Krakow?" 4 "I can't allow you to go, John,"
said his father "I do not think it is a good place for a boy." 5 Jim
asked, "Did you hear him mutter, 'l am lost'?" 6 "This snow,"
remarked Anne, "will probably spoil our plans." 7 "I think the illustrations in Alice in Wonderland are very queer," said Jane
8 "But it seems to me they just fit the story," protested Martha
9 Sue asked, "Where did you get the book?" 10 "It is a bad evening to take a long drive," said Dick "I am afraid, Helen, that you'll have slippery roads." 11 "I've lost my pen," said Bob, "and I'm afraid | shall never see it again." 12 "Where do you think you may have lost it?" asked John 13 "Is your new book called Adam
of the Road?" Mother asked 14 "| have just finished reading A
Trang 7White Bird Flying," remarked Jane 15 "The books of Bess
Streeter Aldrich are very interesting to most girls," said Helen "I
believe, Alice, you would like them too."
Word Study 9, p 50: (to) absolve: verb—to free from blame;
incredible: adjective—unbelievable; indolent: adjective—lazy,
indulging in ease; incorrigible: adjective—depraved, bad beyond
reform; intolerant: adjective—narrow-minded
SECTION 20
Practice, p 52: 1 William Shakespeare is a shadowy figure; -
however, the few known facts are very interesting 2 He went to
London as a penniless country lad of twenty-two years, and he
returned to the village of Stratford twenty-five years later a wealthy
man 3 During these years he had proved himself to be a
remarkable man; he was highly intelligent and capable of a
prodigious amount of work 4 Not only was he a great
literary genius but also he was a good business man 5 He
owned shares in the Globe Theatre; moreover (or*moreover,) he
was himself a member of the theatrical.company 6 On returning
to Stratford he purchased one of the finest houses in the town; there
he lived until his death in 1616 7 This home would now be a
fascinating place to visit, but because of one man's uncontrollable
temper, it was destroyed 8 Near the year 1760 the owner
became very angry about the disturbance caused by interested
' visitors; consequently he ordered the house to be razed to the
_ ground (or consequently,) 9 Either the place should have been
kept as a shrine by the villagers themselves or it should have been
turned over to the government 10 In the garden was a great
mulberry tree planted there by Shakespeare himself; this tree was
cut down and the wood sold (or down, and) 11 The large
garden at the back is now a public garden, and in it is a mulberry
tree descended from the poet's own tree 12 Only the foundation
_ of the house is visible; moreover it has to be kept under gratings to
protect it from souvenir-hunting tourists (or moreover,)
PUNCTUATION REVIEW Practice, p 53: 1 "Anne, | hope that you'll read this book,"
Charles remarked, "for I'd like to talk it over with you."
_ 2 "There are several books about Chinese life," said Jane, "that |
_ believe one should read." 3 Charles asked, "Have you read?"
A After the long anxious hours and the vain efforts to accomplish
something, he felt utterly exhausted 5 He carelessly
splattered the paint on the window-sill, on the floor, and even on
the rug 6 The girl was highly intelligent, efficient, and reliable;
consequently we felt that we could recommend her for the position
| (or consequently,) 7 Without, the place looked shabby and
neglected; however, within, it was cozy and attractive 8 The
things that a man should have done were left undone, but a
woman's hands had transformed the interior into a home 9 The
_ agent's manner, enthusiastic and convincing, helped him to make
many sales 10 The curving line of the shore, with its narrow
beach of yellow sand overshadowed by dark fir and cedar trees,
made the little inland lake a beautiful spot 11 The old man
looked tired and lonely and discouraged 12 The girls' instructor,
take part in a recital 13 Out over the bay the foghorn sent its
warning voice, muffled and mournful (or bay,) 14 In fact, we
think we've reached the best solution of the problem 15 Martha's report has been handed in; mine is not yet finished 16 The delicate, graceful blossoms, fragrant and glowing with color, made
a charming bouquet
Word Study 10, p 54: apathy: noun—indifference; baffling: adjective—perplexing; gratis: adj or adverb—free, without charge; altruistic: adjective—benevolent; garrulous: adjective— talkative
SECTION 21
Practice, p 55: 1 Astronomy, the study (of the stars and planets,) is the oldest and noblest science 2 Everyone should have some knowledge (of the sun, moon, and stars,) for they are
an intensely interesting part (of our universe.) 3 The astronomer has been the pioneer and explorer (in realms) unknown] 4 He has extended his explorations (into the farthest regions) (of space) and has brought back proce ores (of giant suns) and estimates (of the form and extent) (of the universe.) 5 There is a fascination [(about knowing) the stars and constellations] (by their names) and (in their seasons.) 6 Brilliant blue-white Vega and ruddy Arcturus will become real raids: we shall watch (for their return) and greet them as we greet old pen inionce: 7 The stars and the moon and the planets rise daily (in the east) and set (in the west.)
8 However, (from our point) (of observation) the Big Dipper is a canciallahich that is (above the horizon) (at all hours) (of the day and night) and (at all times) (of the year.) 9 Orion, the Warrior, is the finest poaeeichon (of the winter heavens.) 10 The deep-red, first magnitude star (on his right shoulder) is Betelgeuse 11 The first-magnitude stars are the brightest and most conspicuous énes
12 Betelgeuse would make about thirty million Sune the size (of our own sun.) 13 The three evenly spaced stars that attract our
our = (from these stars) are the same rays that left the stars more
than six centuries ago
Correct Usage 10, p 56: 1 certainly 2 this 3 surely 4 this
5 certainly 6 this
SECTION 22
Practice, p 57 1 (In England) a distinguished poet becomes Poet
Trang 8Robert Bridges died (in 1930), Kin George V appointed John
Massie Poet Laureate 3 The king gave ahi this hone (for his
Masefield is a
tall, thin fr fran (with silver hair and a wistful face.) 5 When he was
splendid ce vovernsais (in the field) (of poetry.): 4 M
.O
a boy (of fourteen,) he went (to sea) and began a life (of
adventure); and he has used his experiences superbly (in his
poems.) 6 (In his heart) he is a fan (of the sea) and always a
wahderer (over the waters.) 7 His sensitive and expressive hands
can handle the a (of a sailing vessel) {in a storm,) but they can
also hold a delicate gq [(without injuring) the feathers.] 8 He has
called one (of his narrative poems) “Dauber.” 9 "Dauber" is the
story (of an English lad) who feels the RRoincton (of ships and the
sea.) 10 He has s spent his is boyhod (on a farm), but the work (of a
farmer) does not give him eae ren and fulfiflitent, 11 Only the
beauty (of the woods) and (of the farm animals) can make fic
contented 12 One day he finds his dead mother's We eh (in
a little storeroom) (under the eaves.) 13 The pictures give aa an
eee and (in a flash) he sees his Bat (before him.) 14 The
mother's love (of art) has always made the father very angry
15 Now he turns his an (upon the boy) and calls ia a
Worse idienetonthe son leaves ce and gets a job (ona
sailing vessel.) 17 He spends all his spare ae [(in painting) the
sea and the ship.] 18 ate sailors consider ane a joke (with his
"daubs.") 19 They call ae "Dauber" and make his (fe miserable
(for him.) 20 However, success [(in getting) just the correct line or
color] gives oes infinite 1 21 When the terrible storms ers (off
Cape Horn), he plays his aaa (like a man} and wins the respect i
all the other sailors.) 22 (In a terrible storm) Dauber loses his § grip
(on the ropes) and falls (fo the deck.) 23 The sailors give him
honorable Boral (at sea.) 24 They now consider ie a worthy
seaman, but their opinions no longer trouble the Beles 25 The
poem reflects Masefield's own love (of the sea) and erin
(of its power and beauty.)
SECTION 23
Practice, p 59: 1 One (of the most magnificent spots) (in our
country) is Yosemite Valley (in California.) 2 (During the gold
rush) (to California,) (in 1949,) a prospector wandering (on a trail)
(up the Merced River) was tha first white man -to View this beautiful
ion 3 (In 1864) an act (of Congress) gronted California the
‘by (on the ePrenan tha the state should e should make a public park
4 However, nineteen we later California g ones e the United States
the vale, and it i now part (of the Yosemite National Park.)
5 Years ago the valley was a stronghold (for the mountain tribes) w
(of Indians,) and descendants (of the Yosemite Indians) still oa
aS 6 One (of a party) (of the United States soldiers) named tied the
ae “Yosemite” to Sele the name (of the tribe.) 7 The :
meaning (of the name) i i "full grown grizzly bear." 8 Down | (through the valley) fashewite beaenr Merced River, River (of
Mercy.) 9 El Capitan, probably the largest mess (of single rock) (in the world,) stands (on the north wall (of the valley.) 10 It rises almost vertically 3,600 feet (above the river bank.) 11 Half Dome,
a great mass (of rock) shaped exactly (like half) (of a dome,) rises nearly 5,000 feet (above the floor) (of the valley.) 12 (At one point) high (over the valley,) an overhanging rock ches adventurers a real thrill 13 Every night a huge bonfire is Sica (from this rock) down (into the valley,) giving a perfect illusion (of a blazing waterfall); the guides eearit the “firefall:” 14 Three trails lend (from the vals floor) (to this point); the shortest one, the ledge trail, has ean ascended {in about an hour); a "switch-back"
trail four miles eis offers the climber sufficient difheatey and the longest trail, the route twelve miles long, : probably most beautiful
15 Yosemite Creek descends (to the valley floor) (in three leaps,) falling half a mile 16 They call this breath-taking spectacle
Yosemite Falls 17 These falls are the highest known cataract (in the world;) but their beauty lies also (in other features,) their
exquisite picts and infinite ater as weather conditions vary
18 If you can See ‘See Yosemite Falls some night (by moonlight,) you
noun—revelry, wild revel; ambiguous: adjective—having double
meaning; prestige: noun—influence, power (gained by achievement)
SECTION 25
Practice, p 65 1 were 2 begun 3 bitten 4 chose 5 were
6 become 7 blew 8 weren't 9 driven 10 came 11 chosen
12 brought 13 ridden 14 beaten 15 bid 16 done 17 driven
18 burst 19 beaten 20 climbed 21 dragged 22 come
23 drunk 24 broken 25 blown 26 became 27 brought
28 dived or dove 29 did 30 began 31 broken 32 drank
33 climbed 34 burst 35 bid 36 dealt 37 caught 38 swum
39 clung 40 blown 41 bitten 42 bought 43 dived or dove
44 drawn 45 dealt 46 clung 47 drunk 48 caught A9 dragged 50 drawn
ENGLISH GRAMMAR GUIDEBOOK 6
Trang 9Practice, p 67: 1 lain, laid 2 lay 3 lie 4 lying 5 lie 6 lay
7 laying 8 lay, laid 9 lying, lain 10 lain 11 lay 12 lay
13 lies 14 laid, lying 15 laying 16 lying 17 lies 18 laid,
lying 19 lying, lie 20 lay
Correct Usage 12, p 68: 1 ran 2 isn't 3 sang 4 ran_ 5 isn't
6 sang 7 ran 8 sang
SECTION 27
Practice, p 69: 1 rose 2 risen 3 rise 4 raised 5 risen
6 rises 7 raise 8 rose 9 risen 10 rising 11 rise 12 rising
13 rise 14 rise 15 risen 16 rose
Practice, p 70: 1 sits 2 set; sit 3 set 4 sat 5 sit 6 set 7 sat
(or sits) 8 setting 9 sat 10 sitting 11 sits 12 sit 13 set
14, set 15 sit 16 sitting 17 sat 18 sat
Practice, p 71: A 1 may 2 can 3 may 4 may 5 can; may
B 1 let 2 lef 3 let 4 let 5 let; left C 1 teach 2 taught
3 teaches; learn 4 teaching 5 taught
Word Study 12, p 72:
adequate: adjective—sufficient; (to) annihilate: verb—to destroy
completely; infallible: adjective—incapable of error; detrimental:
adjective—injurious, harmful; temerity: noun—rashness,
foolhardiness, foolhardy boldness
SECTION 28
Practice, p 73: 1 shrank 2 spoken 3 flown 4 lose 5 paid
6 ridden 7 run 8 seen 9 stolen 10 sang 11 sprang (or
sprung) 12 flown 13 forgotten 14 run 15 eaten 16 shaken
17 written 18 sworn 19 grew 20 seen 21 slew 22 wrung
23 hanged 24 rung 25 gone 26 sank 27 grown 28 torn
Word Study 13, p 74: lamentable: adjective—deplorable;
potential: adjective—possible; (to) thwart: verb—to prevent, to
hinder; tenacity: noun—ability to hold firmly; vivacious:
adjective—ively
SECTION 29
Practice, p 76: 1 has 2 are 3 doesn't 4 Were 5 are 6 are
7 is 8 are 9 has 10 were 11 has 12 appear 13 are
14 is 15 are 16 was 17 has 18 has 19 is 20 have
21 believes 22 has 23 is 24 is 25 have 26 is 27 has
28 are 29 is 30 is 31 is 32 were 33 has 34 were 35 is
Practice, p 78: 1 his 2 her 3 he 4 their 5 him 6 his
7 their 8 his 9 her 10 his 11 her 12 their 13 he 14 his
15 him 16 his
Correct Usage 13, p 78: 1.1 2 he 3 she 4 he 5.1 6 she
SECTION 30
Practice, p 79: 1 will 2 shall 3 shall 4 shall 5 shall 6 will
7 will 8 shall 9 shall 10 shall 11 will 12 shall 13 shall
14 shall 15 will 16 will
Practice, p 81: 1 were 2 were 3 were 4 were 5 were
6 appoint 7 write, send 8 were 9 were 10 be Correct Usage 14, p 81: 1 me 2 him 3 her 4 me 5 him
6 her
Word Study 14, p 82: adversity: noun—misfortunate; pathetic: adjective—arousing pity, mournful; tedious: adjective—tiresome,
because of length or dullness; intrepid: adjective—dauntless; (to)
procrastinate: verb—to delay, to put off
SECTION 31
Practice, p 83: See answers in Section 23, p 59
Word Study 15, p 84: arrogance: noun—haughtiness; penitent: adjective—contrite; superfluous: adjective—unnecessary; candor: noun—frankness; inexplicable: adjective—unexplainable
SECTION 32
Practice, p 85: 1 was learned—past; had ruined—past perfect
2 have prepared—present perfect 3 was taking—past 4 has driven—present perfect 5 have been promising—present perfect
6 had set—past perfect 7 talks—present; enjoy—present 8 will deliver—future 9 will have been solved—tuture perfect 10 shall tell—future 11 has gone—future present 12 shall have completed—future perfect 13 is selling—present 14 have been staying—present perfect 15 will be—future
SECTION 33
Correct Usage 15, p 86: 1 me 2.1 3 himself 4.1 5 me
6 himself Practice, p 87: 1b The children were told a story by their mother
at bedtime 2b Martha was asked a question about her absence 3b The soldiers were given an examination by their medical officer 4b Mr Davis was offered an executive position by the superintendent of the company
Practice, p 88: 1b We were made very angry by their abuse of the dog 2b John Silver was called "Barbecue" by the sailors 3b This novel is considered a masterpiece by the critics
Correct Usage 16, p 88: 1 person 2 that 3 this 4 person
5 that 6 this
SECTION 34
Practice, p 89: 1 will be mailed: t.p 2 became: i.| 3 lived:
Trang 10lost: t.p 8 is: il 9 has gone: i.c 10 will be: il 11 was
destroyed: t.p 12 laid: t.a 13 had been: il 14 rang: i.c
15 has been offered: t.p 16 has been elected: t.p 17 has
been painted: t.p
Word Study 16, p 89: diligent: adjective—industrious;
impediment: noun—hindrance; indomitable: adjective—
unconquerable; auspices: noun—patronage; prosaic: adjective—
commonplace
SECTION 35
Practice, p 92: 1 Swimming: sub 2 turning: o of p
3 Walking: sub 4 Studying: sub 5 helping: p.n
6 throwing: d.o 7 pitching: 0 of p 8 winning: o of p
9 collecting: app 10 riding: p.n 11 (No gerund)
12 Piling: sub 13 piling: p.n 14 (No gerund) 15 jumping:
p.n 16 hearing: d.o 17 watching: d.o 18 Reading: sub
19 leaving: d.o 20 making: d.o 21 saving: o of p
22 singing: app 23 acting: i.o
SECTION 36
Practice, p 93: 1 playing: p.n 2 entering: app 3 Managing:
sub 4 placing: 0 of p 5 sketching: i.o 6 singing: o.c
7 Answering: sub 8 working: 0 of p 9 Playing: sub
10 moving: d.o 11 casting: 0 of p 12 leaving: o of p
13 laughing: d.o 14 keeping: p.n 15 turning: o of p
16 conducting: i.o 17 chewing: app
Practice, p 94: 1 being injured: sub., present passive 2 having
been informed: d.o., perfect passive 3 copying: a.o., present
active 4 being told: 0 of p., present passive 5 having praised:
sub., present active 6 hearing: a.o., present active 7 having
been injured: sub., perfect passive 8 being finished: o of p.,
present passive
Correct Usage 17, p 94: 1 dark-complexioned 2 their 3 my
4 our 5 his 6 fair-complexioned 7 your 8 My
SECTION 37
Practice, p 97: 1 Tobe: sub 2 tobe: d.o 3 to collect: app
4 to make: sub 5 to give: adv 6 to lose: d.o 7 to leave:
p.-n 8 to warn: adv 9 To read: sub 10 to write: d.o 11 to
ask: adv 12 to refrain: ret 0 13 to write: d.o 14 to
observe: sub 15 to leave: o of p 16 play: d.o 17 gaze:
0 of p 18 Tobe: sub 19 to send: d.o 20 to send: ret o
Word Study 17, p 98: audacity: noun—impudence; (to)
eradicate: verb—to root out; scrupulous: adjective—conscientious;
(to) deteriorate: verb—to degenerate; inhibition: noun—restraint
SECTION 38
Practice, p 99: 1 to regain: adv 2 go: d.o 3 to report: ret
0 4 toask: dio 5 feed: d.o 6 To show: sub 7 to make:
d.o 8 to go: ret o 9 to meet: adv 10 to attract: app
11 to drive: ret.o 12 to read: adj 13 to see: adv 14 to begin: 0 of p 15 grin: o of p
Practice, p 99: 1 punishing: g.o of p., to find: i.d.o 2 To go:
i.sub., studying: g.o of p 3 have: i.d.o., purchasing: g.o of p
4 reading: g.o of p., to get: i.adv 5 studying: g.o of p., to see: i.adv 6 to take: i.sub., regaining: g.o of p 7 To travel:
i.sub., seeing: g.o of p 8 receiving: g.o of p., to announce:
i.adv 9 to register: i.d.o., casting: g.o of p 10 changing:
g.o of p., to overturn: i.d.o 11 playing: g app., to spend:
i.d.o 12 basking: g.p.n., to gain: i.adv
For Further Progress, p 100: 1 To have refused: sub., perfect active 2 To have been accused: sub., perfect passive 3 to have had: sub., perfect active 4 to have been raked: d.o., perfect passive 5 to have learned: d.o., perfect active 6 to be done:
adj., present passive 7 to have been: adv., perfect active 8 to
be secured: adj., present passive
SECTION 39
Practice, p 102: 1 Watching—we 2 sweeping—snow
3 suspected—man 4 Looking—we 5 illustrated—book
6 promising—he 7 frightened—pony 8 Bent—tree, broken—
tree 9 Making—he, struggling—child 10 Delayed—we
11 waving—she 12 located—building 13 dodging—creature
14 Entering—stranger 15 Distorted—face 16 choosing—Indian
17 Attracting—she 18 Leaving—we 19 noticing—engineer, approaching—car 20 Bellowing—elephant 21 Mounting—we
22 choosing—artist 23 rounding—car 24 injured—people Word Study 18, p 104: conspicuous: adjective—prominent;
perpetual: adjective—continuous, unceasing; precision: noun—
accuracy; belligerent: adjective—pugnacious; diplomatic:
adjective—tactful
ANSWER KEY — PULL
TO REMOVE SECTION 40
Practice, p 105: 1 Seeing the danger, he sprang to his feet
2 The mountain stream, dashing and foaming among the rocks, added immeasurably to the beauty of our camp site 3 Hearing the familiar whistle, the dog ran across the lawn to his master
4 The little girl stood bashfully before the tall stranger, twisting her fingers and shyly answering his questions 5 Abraham Lincoln, believing that all men should be free, determined to strike a blow at
slavery if he ever had the opportunity 6 The accident was averted
by the quick action of that boy, wearing the red sweater 7 Money spent wisely does much more good than money hoarded for no special purpose 8 The boy talking to the principal just now is prominent in school affairs 9 Sniffing the air, the deer detected the scent of an enemy 10 The big policeman, seeing the crowd at the corner, went to investigate 11 Anne's gift, neatly wrapped and tied with ribbon, looked very attractive 12 A red canoe,
ENGLISH GRAMMAR GUIDEBOOK 8
Trang 11gliding smoothly over the still water, appeared around the bend
13 Only the stories told by their grandmother would hold the
children's interest for more than a few minutes 14 Sometimes one
sentence carelessly constructed will spoil the effectiveness of an
_ entire theme 15 Believing in her friend's loyalty, she turned to him
for help when all-others had deserted her 16 Katherine Cornell,
appearing in "Saint Joan" by George Bernard Shaw, portrayed an
unforgettable Maid of Orleans
Practice, p 106: 1 Having received: he, perfect active 2 having
been placed: survivors, perfect passive 3 Being wrapped:
parcel, present passive 4 having been defeated: candidate,
perfect passive 5 having told: John, perfect active 6 being
alarmed: office, present passive
Correct Usage 18, p 106: 1 lay 2 lain 3 lie 4 lay 5 lie
6 lain 7 lie 8 lay
SECTION 41
Practice, p 107: 1 Rushing to the window, we could see the fire
engines speeding down the street 2 We finally found our lost
pony, calmly eating grass along the roadside 3 C 4 When we
came closer to the picture, it appeared to be only a blur of color
5 Just before | came out again fo the main trail, a large gray
snake slid across the path in front of me 6 Receiving no-reply, |
wrote no further letters 7 C 8.1 saw a monkey with a red cap
and jacket, perched jauntily on the grind-organ 9 When the
driver applied the brakes suddenly, the car stopped with a jolt
10 After | had rung the bell, a maid opened the door 11 C
12 On entering the room, | was aware of the good taste of the
owner 13 After | had settled back comfortably in the armchair,
the blazing log in the fireplace stirred my imagination to form
pictures in the flames
Practice, p 108: 1 Being very tired and needing to stretch and
relax, we stopped under a tree by the roadside 2 Thinking we
were trying to fool her and not liking to be teased, Jane refused to
open the package 3 Rising to a height of three or four feet and
dashing against our little boat, the waves overturned it; so we had
to swim to shore 4 Hearing a knock at the door, | opened it and
saw a man, obviously a tramp, standing there with his shabby hat
in his hand
SECTION 42
Practice, p 109: 1 We postponed the picnic, the weather being
unfavorable 2 The smoke growing more dense, the firemen were
unable to enter the building again 3 The president of the club, his
committees proving inefficient, had to do much of the work himself
A The artist finally achieved marked success, his work being
recognized in both France and America 5 The parade having
been postponed, the crowd dispersed 6 The young medical
student, his work proving difficult and uninteresting to him, decided
to change his profession 7 Sir J.M Barrie wrote delightful plays
which appeal strongly to people, some of them having been
arrived, we started our trip to the mountains 9 The weather conditions suiting his purpose exactly, the pilot decided to make the test trip that day 10 The queer noise continuing to puzzle me, | stopped the car to investigate
Correct Usage 19, p 110: 1 Being pleased 2 him 3 her
A Since 5 him 6 being anxious 7 since
SECTION 43
Practice, p 111: 1a i., d.o., to see, applying 1b g., 0 of p
2a i., sub., to see, presiding 2b p., him 3a p., he, Remembering, to buy 3b i., adv 4a g., 0 of p., giving, to catch
Ab i., adv 5a i., p.n., to collect, arranging 5b g., sub 6a p., Father, Looking, to bring 6b i., d.o 7a i., ret o., report 8a i., p.n., to train, specializing 8b g., 0 of p 9a g., 0 of p., publishing, to give 9b i., d.o 10a p., Eleanor, Encouraged, to speak 10b i., d.o 11a i., 0 of p., whistle, annoying 11b p., way 12a p., Rover, Growing, to lie 12b i., 0 of p
Word Study 19, p 112: formidable: adjective—dangerous; impetuous: adjective—headlong; predicament: noun—plight, dilemma; chagrin: noun—mortification, humiliation; invulnerable: adjective—incapable of being wounded
SECTION 44
Practice, p 114: 1 d.o., that | might see the play again 2 sub., that you cannot learn the two a's in "grammar" 3 sub., That the meeting is postponed 4 o of p., what was done in the convention
5 obj of inf., whose sweater you are wearing 6 d.o., what books
| should take with me on my vacation 7 p.n., that | did not receive the message until the following day 8 sub., Whatever you buy
9 ret o., that they must abandon their homes 10 sub., that the football players must reach a certain standard of scholarship
11 app., that you have inefficient study habits 12 app., whether students should stay at home on school nights 13 d.o., he had been suggested for the scholarship 14 ret 0., that Santa Claus would leave gifts in their stockings 15 0 of p., what we could give them 16 sub., Whoever wins the tournament 17 app., how they could make money to buy tickets for the circus 18 p.n., whether the message was sent before midnight 19 0.c., what he is now
SECTION 45
Practice, p 115: 1 d.o., where | have been 2 d.o., you would
come sooner 3 0.c., what he is 4 ret o., what we should take to
the picnic 5 0 of p., what you have accomplished 6 d.o., whatever she hears 7 p.n., that the decision would prove to be a wise one 8 d.o., why he had not completed his assignment
9 0.c., what he should be 10 sub., That the game was lost
11 sub., that the wrong price has been placed on the article
12 p.n., that he had been the victim of a conspiracy 13 o of p., what we have heard 14 app., that his friends should help him constantly 15 app., that the class should read another of Shakespeare's comedies 16 0 of p., how various birds build their nests 17 p.n., that a committee be appointed to plan the party
Trang 12Correct Usage 20, p 115: 1 were you 2 going 3 were they
4 going 5 were 6 going
Word Study 20, p 116: controversy: noun—dispute; flexible:
adjective—pliable; precarious: adjective—risky, hazardous;
mediocre: adjective—commonplace; pessimism: noun—a gloomy
attitude
SECTION 46
Practice, p 117: A 1 one, who comes first 2 Jenny Lind, who
was a Swedish singer, 3 Louis Pasteur, who is now considered one
of the world's greatest scientists, 4 room, which was the office,
5 those, who were absent 6 place, where we camped
7 gymnasium, where the dance was held 8 vacation, she is
planning for this summer 9 clerk, who served us 10 Those, who
were late 11 time, when the eclipse will occur? 12 orders, which
we followed 13 man, whose record was so doubtful 14 child,
who had teased the cat, 15 place, where the treaty was signed
16 sword, that only a very strong man could wield 17 Abraham
Lincoln, whom we consider one of our greatest Americans,
18 play, we are seeing next Saturday B 1 peddler, from whom
| bought the lace 2 man, who was the manager of the show;
seats, from which he had ejected two small boys 3 flood, in
which many lives were lost 4 village, in which the celebration
was held 5 girl, from whom | received the invitation; Jane Cook,
whose family moved to another part of the country several years
ago 6 woman, by whom the half-starved tramp was fed
7 door, through which the commander stepped to face the
cheering crowds 8 Mr Micawber, with whom little David
Copperfield lived in London, 9 time, at which the eclipse would
begin 10 friend, on whom | could rely for help in a time of need
SECTION 47
Practice, p 119: 1 where the battle was fought—rest 2 , whom
we call the "father of our country,"—non-rest 3 from which these
articles came—rest 4 that wears a crown—rest 5 , who has
given artistic form to many legends of old New York,—non-rest
6 , which is one of my favorites,—non-rest; who arrived late—rest
7 , when ghosts are supposed to walk,—non-rest 8 when we are
to start—rest 9 , which is a city built upon hills —non-rest
10 , who owned the cottage just around the point,—non-rest
11 who recently received a prize for her first novel—rest.;, whom
you used to know.—rest 12 , who is one of the most lovable
personalities in Little Women,—non-rest.; who appeals strongly to
most girls.—rest 13 whom you recently dismissed—rest
Practice, p 120: 1a announcement—which we heard a few
minutes ago, 1b p.n.—that the airplane had not been located
2a men—who were managing the business 2b 0 of p.—what
was left after the sale 3a ret o.—[that the recent fire-drill, (which
occurred Wednesday,) was unsatisfactory ]
3b fire-drill 4a pupils—who had been truant 4b ret o.—that
they must be reinstated in the office 5a sub —that | have lost the
book you let me use yesterday 5b book 6a message—that we
received most recently 6b app.—that we should prepare to sail on
June 6 7a Mr Harris—with whom we had the conference, 7b o
of p.—how the town was founded 8a pupils—who were attending the play 8b ret o.—that they should report to their sixth hour classes first 9a d.o.—that | can attend the party 9b party—that Anne is giving during the holidays 10a pupils—who felt responsible for the entertainment 10b app.—that they were not prepared for so many guests 11a d.o.—{that Anne, (who was inclined to be sensitive,) was trying 11b Anne—to cover her disappointment with a brave smile.] 12a d.o.—{whether the report (he had prepared) was satisfactory.] 12b report
|
SECTION 48
Practice, p 121: 1 When we approached very quietly, 2 Before the storm broke, 3 when the signal was given 4 in order that we might be present — when the report was given 5 that he would not make an apology 6 Since we are both satisfied, 7 unless it is repaired properly 8 although we know that we are not a strong team 9 As | did not expect to meet the stranger again, 10 As she stepped into the carriage so that it plunged forward
11 until | feel quite ready to move 12 if you will only have a little patience 13 because it was too green 14 that few travelers ever visited it 15 If we hurry, before the train arrives 16 as if he
expected an answer to his remark 17 As the day was very cold,
18 If anyone calls, 19 since you wish me to do so 20 than they had originally intended to take 21 Although the driver of the car was blameless, as though he had been responsible for the accident 22 than we (are) 23 so that it arrived in perfect condition 24 Unless you plan every day of your vacation,
25 than she (is)
Correct Usage 21, p 122: 1 to whom you spoke 2 whom
3 whom 4 who 5 whom 6 who 7 whom 8 whom 9 whom
SECTION 49
Practice, p 123: 1 If we hurry before the bus passes (or hurry,) 2 While we watched, 3 , as we wanted to avoid the heavy traffic 4 While we were packing our trunks and attending
to the innumerable last-minute details, 5 , so that our whole course had to be changed 6 , although they still had doubts as to its practicability 7 so that we could have an entire week in
Yellowstone Park, although that shortened our time in Salt Lake City 8 , as we had been delayed the previous day by a storm 9 than her sisters have, because she has been ill much of her life and has been pampered 10 When Jack whistled his familiar call, 11 Before we reported, 12 Although we had anticipated chilly weather and had brought extra wraps and bedding with us, 13 as though he were absorbed in his newspa-
ANSWER KEY PULL TO REMOVE —
per, although | can see that he is only shamming 14 since he was a child, as the family had moved to another section of the country when he was eight years old 15 While we were eating, 16 , so that it is necessary for his family to move there 17 , as he did not know the rules of the game 18 so that the details would be taken care of in a professional manner
SECTION 50
Practice, p 125: 1a adv—While | was visiting in Chicago,
ENGLISH GRAMMAR GUIDEBOOK 10 i
Trang 131b 0 of p.—how the planets move in their courses
2a adv.—because we wished to meet some friends
2b friends—whom we had not seen for several years
3a d.o.—that she will buy the dress
3b dress—which she saw in the window of the shop
4a adv.—When we visited the Fair,
Ab vase—which the potter made especially for us on his wheel
5a adv.—Whenever the Englishman heard the chimes,
5b cathedral—which was so prominent a part of his boyhood
6a adv.—Although he loved the quiet church,
6b adv.—when his father required him to attend a tedious service
7a ady.—When the organist was practicing,
7b adv.—while the majestic organ tones filled the church wth
harmony
8a clerk—who served us
8b adv.—after we decided not to purchase the material
9a sub.—Whoever has made a voyage up the Hudson
9b Catskill Mountains—which are famous for their beauty
10a adv.—After she had written the letter,
10b d.o.—that she would not mail it
11a app.—that she should be the leader in all social affairs
11b friends—who wanted their share in the activities
12a sub.—What the boys really wanted
12b man—through whom they had received the complimentary
tickets
13a girlsk—who were making arrangements for the dance
13b ret o.—that the country club would be available
Word Study 21, p 126: epoch: noun—era; futile: adjective—
useless; requisite: adjective—necessary (also a noun—a
necessity); culprit: noun—guilty person; laudable: adjective—
praiseworthy
SECTION 51
Practice, p 127: 1 One day [while we were walking along a trail
through the woods in the Dunes State Park,] we saw trotting along
the path toward us a small animal [which had a fluffy, round body,
a rather long and pointed snout, and a tail like a rat's.] It did not
run from us, and [after it had come quite close], it rolled over in the
path, [as though it were dead] It was an opossum, [which was
giving us a demonstration of "playing 'possum."] 2 [When we
were driving westward along the river road in the late afternoon
one spring day,] a small dark cloud, with sharply defined edges,
passed over, and for a few minutes we were in the midst of a
heavy shower, [while the sun was shining brightly on the hills
around us and on the river below] [As we looked back,] we saw a
brilliant rainbow, [which arched across the river valley from one
ridge to another] Even [as we watched], another perfect rainbow,
fainter in color, appeared within the first, and [as we still gazed,
fascinated], a third bow, almost perfect but dim, could be seen
below the other two
Word Study 22, p 128: fragile: adjective—delicate; transient:
adjective—brief, Riri: vindictive: adjective—revengeful; debris:
noun—rubbish; plausible: adjective—likely to be true
SECTION 52
Practice, p 130: 1 |, sub 2 me, d.o 3 1, sub; whom, o of p
4 she, sub 5 me, sub 6 Whom, o of p 7 he, p.n 8 us, d.o.; who, i.o 9 We, sub 10 whom, o of p 11 they, p.n
12 whom, d.o 13 she, sub 14 us, 0 of p 15 whom, d.o
16 who, sub 17 whom, o of p 18 who, sub
For Further Progress, p 131: 1 he, follows the gerund being
2 me, sub of inf 3 her, sub of inf 4 me, follows to be without sub 5 him, sub of inf 6 |, follows to be without sub 7 he, follows gerund being 8 we, follows to be without sub 9 me, follows to be with sub
Correct Usage 22, p 131: 1.1 2 they 3 we 4 she 5 he 6 | Word Study 23, p 132: indispensable: adjective—necessary; negligence: noun—carelessness; specific: adjective—definite; anonymous: adjective—bearing no name; optimism: noun—a
cheerful attitude
SECTION 53
Practice, p 133: 1 Whomever, d.o 2 Whom, d.o 3 me, o of
p 4 he, sub 5 she, p.n.; whom, d.o 6 whoever, sub 7 me,
io 8.1, p.n.; whom, d.o 9 she, sub 10 us, 0 of p.; whom, d.o 11 We, sub 12 whom, o of p 13 Whoever, sub
14 who, sub 15 whomever, d.o 16 whoever, sub
For Further Progress, p 134: 1 Whomever, sub of inf 2 she, follows gerund being 3 me, sub of inf 4 me, sub of inf
5 him, follows to be with sub 6 her, sub of inf 7 she, follows
to be without sub 8 whom, sub of inf
Correct Usage 23, p 134: 1 sat 2 sat 3 sitting 4 sat 5 sat
6 sitting
SECTION 54
Practice, p 135: 1 In recent years many novelists have tended to specialize in certain restricted backgrounds; for example, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings has made Florida her particular field 2 The day was very warm, but a refreshing breeze was blowing 3 We went
to the teacher and asked for the book 4 His expression was proud, reserved, and dignified (or reserved and dignified.)
5 Jane is a very busy girl; she takes a prominent part in school
activities, is an excellent student, and studies music in the city
6 His calm, quiet assurance made us less nervous 7 He was young and enthusiastic, prudent and self-reliant, patient and persevering 8 The committe will consist of the following people: Helen Smith, Jack Davis, and George Holmes 9 The day was dark and stormy; nevertheless we decided to make the trip (or nevertheless,) 10 Jane played a violin solo; then Martha gave a clever reading 11 | soon found that the work was difficult, that it required careful preparation, and that it took too much of my time -
12 The rough, awkward, unkempt man proved to be an angel in disguise 13 They moved to the city, although they preferred their
Trang 14tragic 15 We loaded the car in the evening, as we wished to
start at 5:30 the following morning 16 He was born on August
9, 1912, in the small town of Acton, Illinois 17 As | said before,
the night was very dark 18 Do you suppose, Mother, that this is
true? 19 Music, soft and melodious, could be heard across the
lake 20 Either we should reorganize our club or we should
disband 21 We had brought oranges, apples, grapes, and
bananas; but most of the children preferred the apples (or grapes
and bananas, but) 22 Not only was he a splendid athlete but also
he was an excellent student 23 We shall need the following
articles: string, tacks, wire, and paper (or wire and paper.)
24 She hurried to the post office and mailed the letter 25 The
farmer asked where we were going, what we wanted, and why we
were not in school 26 Sue shrugged her shoulders—you know
how she does—and refused to say another word 27 Their
address has been changed to 624 South Park Avenue, Detroit,
Michigan, since you last heard from them 28 He was trained in
music, in art, and in dramatics 29 | found myself in a most
distressing situation, with all my—well, | just can't talk about it
30 "I'm sorry that | can't do as you wish," Jane answered quietly
31 "Children," explained the maid, "your mother definitely said,
'Do not let them play outside in the rain.'" 32 "Won't you speak
more distinctly?" asked Dick's mother "I can't understand you."
33 Did Frank say, "Call Mother to the phone"? 34 "I have just
read Desert Wife by Hilda Faunce," remarked Jane "It has given
me a better understanding of the Navajo Indians than I've ever had
before."
SECTION 55
Practice, p 137: 1 The lakes of northern Wisconsin afford perfect
vacation spots; that is, they offer everything for people who enjoy
hiking, swimming, boating, fishing, and outdoor life in general (or
fishing and outdoor life) 2 The play was long and tiresome
3 We transplanted five sturdy violet plants to our back yard
4 Yes, you should attend the meeting, Jack 5 The early history of
England includes the stories of several groups of people; namely
the Celts, the Anglo-Saxons, and the Normans 6 The legends
which have grown up about the Alhambra (Washington Irving has
preserved them for us in his book called The Alhambra) are among
the most picturesque and imaginative in any literature (or use
dashes instead of parentheses) 7 You will need pens, pencils,
notebooks, and dictionaries (or notebooks and dictionaries)
8 The omission of a comma, it is said, caused Mr Edison to lose a
patent 9 In the first place, war never settles a question justly
10 Come here, Bob, and correct your paper 11 Martha, what
do you think about it? 12 We crossed the river to Windsor,
Ontario, Canada, on a ferryboat 13 In John Masefield's poems
we find both the fascination of the sea and the lure of the open
road; for example, "Sea Fever" is just what its title implies, and
"Tewkesbury Road" makes us long to tramp the dusty road
14 The disappointed children, hot and dusty, trudged down the
road 15 The detour looked extremely rough; nevertheless we
decided to try it (or nevertheless,) 16 The dollar that | found may
-not be the one that you lost 17 Katherine Cornell, who achieved
great distinction as an actress, was considered a very homely little
girl 18 He remembers the day when he first went to school
19 The next day, which happened to be his birthday, the doctor
told him he would be able to walk without crutches 20 Ned is quick and accurate in mathematics; therefore he enjoys his algebra class (or therefore,) 21 Thinking that the play began at 2:30 instead of 2:00, we missed the first scene 22 Although she had organized the work carefully and planned each part, it was impossible to complete it, and the time was unexpectedly shortened 23 In our high school we designate students of the four years by the following terms: freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and seniors 24 Pleading for mercy, the prisoner fell on his knees
25 We followed the road which winds along the river 26 The Ridge Route, which crosses the mountains north of Los Angeles, is famous for its scenic beauty 27 | have looked on the desk, in the cabinet, and in the big box; but the picture cannot be found (or, but) 28 She stays at 256 Holmes Court, Cleveland, Ohio, when
she is not at her country home 29 As a matter of fact, your reason is a very poor one 30 Not only did he praise her voice | but also he offered her a contract 31 We might try opening the : can with some pieces of—there must be some way to do it 32 |
wanted to go to the tournament, but | considered it foo expensive
33 The fire alarm sounded; then dozens of excited people rushed _ into the street 34 His latest novel, which | have not yet read, is considered by many critics the best thing he has done 35 He was born July 12, 1924, in Paris, France 36 "I'm afraid that | haven't the material that you wanted," said Jane apologetically
37 "Children," said Grandmother, "your father said very firmly, 'They are not to swim where the beach is unguarded."
38 "Haven't you read Johnny Tremain?" asked Harry "I think it gives an excellent picture of colonial life in Boston." 39 "I have just read Young Walter Scott by Elizabeth Janet Gray," remarked Alice "If all biographies were as interesting as that one, | should read many of them."
Correct Usage 24, p 138: 1 were 2 doesn't 3 were 4 doesn't
5 were 6 doesn't
SECTION 56
ANSWER KEY PULL —
TO REMOVE Practice, p 139: 1 "I've never read a more beautifully written
book than ," said Jane 2 Tom asked, "Who is the author of the book?" 3.1 couldn't find my fountain pen," said Bob, "although | looked carefully in my desk." 4 The explorers eagerly awaited the return of the boat, for they expected it to bring them letters, newspapers, and magazines (or newspapers and magazines.)
5 The lecture was rather long; however, we enjoyed it 6 Do you suppose, Alice, that we haven't the correct address? 7 On June
10, 1934, he was living at 1124 Colfax Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, if this information is correct 8 Do you think, Dick,
that this paper, soiled and crumpled, should be given much consideration? 9 The boy who won the prize is older than Frank Brown, who received honorable mention 10 Strange as it seems,
it would be hard to find two more different boys than the twins; for example, Richard will sit absorbed in a book for hours, and Robert never reads if he can possibly avoid it 11 Coming to an almost impassable section of the trail, we decided to turn back, although
we had intended to try to reach the summit 12 The woman was gay, restless, and apparently frivolous; nevertheless we knew her to
be unselfish and sympathetic toward those who needed her help
(or restless and apparently frivolous; nevertheless,) 13 Louise's
ENGLISH GRAMMAR GUIDEBOOK
Trang 15ANSWER KEY PULL —
TO REMOVE ~
record shows steady, persevering effort; Helen's is not so
consistently good 14 Please bring the following articles to camp
with you: one pair of tennis shoes, three pairs of slacks, and a
heavy sweater
Word Study 24: eminent: adjective—distinguished; fortitude:
noun—courage, courageous endurance; venomous: adjective—
malicious, poisonous; dexterity: noun—skill; idiosyncrasy: noun—
SECTION 57
Review, p 141: | John Masefield, the Poet Laureate (of England, }
has written a poem (about a foxhunt.) His sympathies are (with the
fox} (at all fines:) When you are reading the poem, you feel
intensely the gallant spirit and the suffering (of the fox.) There are
several vivid descriptions [(of the animal) fleeing] {from his
pursuers.) The hounds are exerting all their strength and skill to cut
off his retreat, and he makes a desperate effort to escape (After a
long run) the hunted creature manages to reach one (of his holes;}
but the opening has been closed (with stakes and dirt.) (At the end)
(of a second agonized dash} (for he he reaches another (of his
holes.)
ll 1 adjective 2 predicate adjective 3 4 adjective
5 adverb 6 adverb 7 adverb 8 adverb 9 adjective 10
11 adverb 12 adjective 13 14 adverb 15 adjective
16 adjective 17 adverb 18 predicate adjective Ill 1 subject
2 object of preposition 3 appositive 4 possessive 5 nominative
of address 6 nominative of exclamation 7 direct object
8 predicate nominative 9 indirect object 10 object complement
11 adverbial objective 12 retained object 13 nominative
absolute
IV 1 poss 2.d.0 3.0.c 4 poss 5 app 6 ret 0 7 i.o
8.d.o 9.p.n 10 p.n 11 nom abs 12 4.0 13 a.0
14, p.a 15.4.0 16.n.ofe 17 n of a 18 d.0 19 o.€
20, momaeuse2icd.o, V 1.t.a 2.tp 3.ta 4 tp 5 il
6.i.c 7 i) 8 ta 9 ta VI 1 from 2 off 3 among 4 for
5 at 6 behind 7 have 8 healthful 9 from 10 really
11 doesn't 12 me 13 We boys 14 rung 15 drunk 16 were
17 fewer 18 ridden 19 us students 20.1 21 let 22 as
23 ought not 24 began 25 surely 26 nearly 27 as if , were
28 he 29 were 30 ran 31 had known 32 well 33 an
34 sang 35.1 36.1 37 me 38 he 39 Our 40 were you
Al lying 42 going 43 This 44 that 45 lain 46 he 47 ‘sat
48 whom 49 who 50 whom 51 doesn't 52 is 53 is 54 her
55 gone 56 did 57 broken 58 swum 59 forgotten 60 rose
61 begun 62 taken 63 were 64 is 65 his 66 eaten
67 frozen 68 given 69 saw 70 were 71 were 72 burst
73 lying 74 lay 75 lain 76 rose 77 may 78 ate 79 shrunk
80 written
Vil 1 ing 2 noun 3 adjective 4 noun-adj.-adv 1a i., sub
2a g., p.n 3a p., we; 3b i., adv 4a g., 0 of p.; 4b i., adj
5a g., d.o.; 5b g., 0 of p 6a g., app 7.a i., d.o.; 7b g., 0
11a i., 0 of p.; 11b p., paper 12a i., ret.o.; 12b g., 0 of p
1 to follow 2 skating 3 Finding, to get 4 finishing, to write
5 laughing, twitching 6 reporting 7 to register, entering
8 Working, drowning, throwing 9 spent, hoarded 10 to place, completed, reserved 11 stare, lying 12 to consult, planning VIII
la sub.—How we can raise the money 1b problem—that is causing us much concern
2a guide—who gave me the silver pin, 2b d.o.—that it would bring good luck
3a adv.—When we finally decided to go to the play, 3b ret o.—that all the tickets were sold
4a adv.—Before we began our new unit of work,
Ab 0 of p.—how the material should be prepared
5a app.—that school would be dismissed for the parade 5b cheers—that indicated the enthusiastic response of the students 6a plan—that the club adopted
6b p.n.—that every member should earn fifty cents to contribute to the fund
7a country—through which we were traveling 7b adv.—because it had suffered from the drought during three consecutive years
8a app.—that he should be expert in a game or not participate at
all
8b sports—which he could have enjoyed greatly
9a sub.—that we took the road over the hills, 9b adv.—although there was a shorter route 9c route—which followed the river through the valley
IX 1 she, sub 2 he, p.n.; who, sub 3 We, sub
4 Whom, d.o 5 me, o of p» 6 he, sub 7 Whomever, d.o
8 whoever, sub 9 she, sub 10 us, 0 of p.; whom, d.o
ANSWERS TO THE TESTS WHICH ACCOMPANY THE 20TH CENTURY GUIDEBOOK FOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR
PAGE 1—TEST BOOKLET TEST ON PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES, SUBJECTS, AND VERBS N.C Wyeth was one (of the most popular illustrators) (of books) (for young people.) He made some attractive pictures (in color) (for Irving's "Rip Van Winkle.") There are also pen and ink
book.] One sketch shows Rip, (with his gun) (over his shoulder’
looking down (at his dog) as they start out (on an expedition) (into the Cantls) A humorous picture (of the lite) (of the Van Winkle family) shows Rip leaving (for a hunting trip,) while his wife seems
to be storming (at him) (with a dangerous-looking broom] (in her
hand.) (In the background) is their dilapidated house; one (of the
shutters! is sagging (on a hinge,) and there are several broken panes (in the windows.) Another picture (in lovely colors) shows the heights (of the Catskills.) Rip has climbed up (to a rocky point) and is looking out (over a panorama) (of mountains, forests, and waterfalls.) Probably you could not ever grow too old to enjoy
Trang 16memory and to renew old friendships (with the characters) (in
FOR FURTHER PROGRESS:
LM 2 A Ieee 2 a On) tae ene
PAGE 5—TEST BOOKLET USAGE TEST
ar ate Da al ir a es ae’ Sy « Bal hime Sa Sea Pe ANOS tw 8
|e Pale A I 0h Whe le a a oa Me
PAGE 7—TEST BOOKLET TEST ON ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
1 neither adjective or adverb 2 adverb 3 predicate adjective
4 adverb 5 adverb 6 adjective 7 adverb 8 adjective
9 adverb 10 adjective 11 adverb 12 adjective 13 neither
adjective or adverb 14 adverb 15 adverb 16 neither adjective
or adverb 17 neither adjective or adverb 18 predicate adjective
19 adverb 20 adverb 21 predicate adjective 22 adverb
23 adjective 24 adverb 25 predicate adjective
PAGE 9—TEST BOOKLET TEST ON CORRECT USE OF PREPOSITIONS, ADJECTIVES, AND
ADVERBS
LZ Ol ae ON GO 2h oO oe can i) ieee ae
Za) 013 2142 jSoh alee 2A lee hehe ee
1 intolerable 2 trivial 3 turbulent 4 discretion 5 a congenial
6 a vehement 7 inevitable 8 placid 9 competent
10 discriminate 11 an opportune 12 perpetuate 13 an
ingenious 14 catastrophe 15 incessant 16 intricate
FOR FURTHER PROGRESS:
1 lurid 2 reticence 3 accessible 4 casualty 5 versatile
6 extricate 7 an enervating 8 alacrity 9 petulant 10 deficit
project he was promoting
PAGE 15—TEST BOOKLET USAGE TEST
1.22.2°3:1 4.17 592 °6.17°7.2°8 1,2 9 T29T ASL UAT OSD GR 2 ere 1S ee
PAGE 17—TEST BOOKLET PUNCTUATION TEST
1 "Mother, | hope you'll try this recipe," said Sue, "for | thought Aunt Martha's salad was delicious." 2 "Recently there have been
several excellent films with historical backgrounds," remarked Jim,
"and | believe they've helped to make history vivid for me." 3 Tom asked, "Have you seen A Tale of Two Cities?" 4 After her impatient outburst and rude refusal to cooperate, she felt ashamed
of herself 5 He reported the matter to the coaches, to the principal of the high school, and even to the police 6 John is self-reliant, efficient in his studies, and emotionally well-balanced;
therefore we feel sure that he will make a good record in college
7 Flying over the city at night was an unforgettable experience;
‘ above, the stars seemed close enough to touch, and below, the lights made a pattern of jewels 8 Details that should have been arranged long ago have not yet received attention, but Jane's enthusiasm will probably make the party a success 9 The inexperienced salesman's manner, timid and apologetic, prevented
is making many sales 10 The carnival ground, with its brilliantly decorated booths and crowds of gaily dressed people, presented a colorful scene 11 After her vacation she felt rested and mentally refreshed and optimistic about the future 12 The boys' instructor,
an excellent athlete and competent coach, is preparing them to enter a tournament 13 In from the garden floated the sound of young voices, gay and challenging 14 On the contrary, | think you've done very well with the available material 15 Grace's sweater is finished; yours is scarcely begun 16: His earnest, sincere manner, unforced and unhurried, gave us confidence in the
ANSWER KEY — PULL
TO REMOVE PAGE 19—TEST BOOKLET
TEST ON USES OF NOUNS, PRONOUNS, AND ADJECTIVES
1 n ofa 2 i.0 3 d.0 4 ao: 5 n of: 60gigo een 8.app 9.d.o 10.0: 11 d.0 12 0.c 13°ppiamane
15 d.o 16 n.ofe 17 a.0 18 n of a 19 1.0 20 poss
21 d.0 22 p.n 23 poss 24 a.0 25 p.a
PAGE 21— TEST BOOKLET USAGE TEST 11,17 2.2 3.2.4.2 3.1 6,2 7 | 822° Oat | 12.2 13.2°14.1 15.2 16.2 17.1 18°2°°3S ee
PAGE 23—TEST BOOKLET VOCABULARY TEST
1, 5°2/1°399 4.1 5.4 6.2 7.3 8.5 9°
12.4 FOR FURTHER PROGRESS:
TEP aA ie AES! 2 6PSeF os BS
ENGLISH GRAMMAR GUIDEBOOK (14
Trang 171 swam, swum 2 took, taken 3 thought, thought 4 bit, bitten
5 caught, caught 6 dived, dived (or dove) 7 gave, given 8 lay,
lain 9 led, led 10 forgot, forgotten 11 rode, ridden
12 began, begun 13 came, come 14 drew, drawn 15 left, left
16 paid, paid 17 rang, rung 18 drank, drunk 19 hurt, hurt
20 fell, fallen 21 brought, brought 22 grew, grown 23 went,
gone 24 saw, seen 25 blew, blown
PAGE 27—TEST BOOKLET TEST ON VERB FORMS
1 did 2 swum 3 drunk 4 begun 5 doesn't 6 were
7 Weren't 8 has 9 thinks 10 was 11 lies 12 laid 13 rises
14 taught 15 may 16 sitting 17 set 18 were 19 were
20 shall 21 shall 22 gave 23 gone 24 saw 25 did
PAGE 29—TEST BOOKLET ~
- USAGE TEST Viens 4,2 5 276 t 742-8 2) 9%) 10; 1.2
PAGE 31—TEST BOOKLET TEST ON CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS
1 t.p.—was offered 2 i.l—is 3 ic.—sank 4 t.p.—has been
retouched 5 t.a.—wrote 6 t.p.—had been destroyed 7 t.p.—
was saddened; i.c.—may come 8 i.l—is 9 i.|—are 10 t.a.—
reveal 11 t.p.—were given 12 t.a.—gave 13 i.c.—were
playing 14 t.p.—were offered 15 i.c.—shouted
PAGE 33—TEST BOOKLET VOCABULARY TEST Ieee eta S 85 1.624 7 5.8)2-9 5110 3.11: 4
1 baffling 2 infallible 3 an indolent 4 arrogance 5 a diligent
6 gratis 7 superfluous 8 pathetic 9 avarice 10 absolve _,
11 integrity 12 an adequate 13 incredible 14 apathy 15 an
orgy 16 lamentable
FOR FURTHER PROGRESS:
1 vivacious 2 an altruistic 3 inexplicable 4 prosaic
5 auspices 6 intrepid 7 prestige 8 temerity 9 intolerant
10 detrimental
PAGE 37—TEST BOOKLET
TEST ON GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
drive; 2b g., 0 of p., skidding 3a g., 0 of p., attending; 3b i., ady., to buy 4a i., d.o., to take; 4b i., 0 of p., to begin 5a i., p.n., to write 6a i., adj., fo finish 7a g., p.n., collecting; 7b i.,
o of p., search 8a g., d.o., hiking 9a i., ret 0., to send; 9b g.,
o of p., improving 10a g., app., widening
PAGE 39— TEST BOOKLET TEST ON USES OF NOUNS, PRONOUNS, AND ADJECTIVES
ln ofa 2.1.0 3.d.0 4.a.0 5.n.ofe 6 a.0 7 p.a
Sapp 9% domlO<o< 41 140.08 12fretv0.~13s: poss 1A d.o
15.0.c 16 p.n 17 app 18 poss 19 nom abs 20 poss
21 ret.o 22 p.n 23 app 24 nom abs 25 ret o
PAGE 41—TEST BOOKLET TEST ON VERBALS
la p., dog, barking; 1b p., dog, jumping; Ic i., d.o., to lose
2a p., she, Seeing; 2b g., d.o., laughing 3c i., sub., to pick;
3b p., pieces, broken; 3c p., pieces, scattered 4a g., 0 of p., following; 4b p., directions, printed 5a p., child, Screaming;
5b i., adv., fo tell 6a i., adj., to prepare; 6b p., assignment,
including 7a i., 0 of p., sit; 7b p., child, irritating 8a i., ret o.,
to march; 8b p., structure, burning
PAGE 43—TEST BOOKLET TEST ON NOUN CLAUSES
la p.n.—that he has neglected to do the work thoroughly
2a 0 of p.—what course | should take 3a ret o.—that there were no more tickets available 4a d.o.—whether we can complete the work satisfactorily in so short a time 5a sub.—that | misunderstood the remark 6a sub.—What the lawyer must know, 6b p.n —whether the message was sent before midnight
7a app.—that she is superior to others 8a 0 of p.—what we gave them for their birthday 9a p.n.—that the road through the mountains was impassable, 9b ret o.—that they could cross
without much difficulty 10a sub.—that we develop effective methods of studying
PAGE 45—TEST BOOKLET USAGE TEST
WW 2 2A2 Ba2ypAaees.qlnOsdy JAGR AZ al AO ail dee
12 1 T3gel4e NedGl al bated? 70 Ba? Ah? pha
PAGE 47—TEST BOOKLET VOCABULARY TEST
1 Ay2 Ses Sc 4adwSeds G22 7 4g8n5 aed Oma lied b22
FOR FURTHER PROGRESS:
Le Bid gle Buidt Ande Sees Geli ZodBed
PAGE 49—TEST BOOKLET TEST ON SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
Trang 181b p.n.—that the airplane had not yet been located
2a adv.—After many articles had been sold,
2b people—who were in charge of the sale
2c 0 of p.—what remained
3a sub.—that you sprained your ankle
3b adv.—while you were skating?
4a sub.—How we could get all those things in our suitcase
4b adv.—that we gave up in despair
5a app.—that the victory would be celebrated by a holiday
5b pupils—who wanted to enjoy the spring weather
6a adv.—When we reached the foot of the mountain,
6b ret o.—that the road [which we had intended to take] was
closed for repairs
6c road
PAGE 51—TEST BOOKLET TEST ON FORMS AND USES OF PRONOUNS
1 she, sub 2 |, p.n.; whom, d.o 3 me, 0 of p 4 Whom, d.o
5 We, sub 6 he, sub 7 who, sub 8 Whomever, d.o 9 |,
sub 10 she, p.n.; whom, d.o 11 he, sub 12 whoever, sub
13 us, 0 of p.; whom, d.o 14 he, sub 15 who, sub 16 he,
p.n.; who, sub
PAGE 53—TEST BOOKLET USAGE TEST
Lele 232 3 WANT O52 G2 7a Oe 2a ca ae eee
12.2 1392 “14! 2ebbg2 622 17s lie Gan
PAGE 55—TEST BOOKLET PUNCTUATION TEST
1 Martha asked, "When does the concert begin?" 2 "I'm quite
sure," said Jane, "that you'll find the book interesting." 3 "It can't
be as good as Little Women," answered Anne 4 We started early,
as we had to get olives, fruit, and cookies for the picnic (or olives,
fruit and cookies) 5 We discussed plans for the party; then the
meeting adjourned 6 Do you think, Jack, that you can attend the
meeting? 7 On January 6, 1935, he was living at 1236
Graceland Avenue, Indianapolis, Indiana, according to this record
8 The football players, fully equipped and eager for the fray,
trotted out on the field 9 The boy who won the trophy is very
happy about it, but Jack Smith, who was defeated in the finals, is
disappointed (or; but) 10 Sometimes entirely opposite
temperaments are found in members of the same family; for
example, Anne is devoted to music, art, and dramatics, while her
sister cares only for outdoor sports (or music, art and dramatics)
11 Turning to look at the view, she drew a deep breath; it was a
marvelously beautiful scene 12 The man was short, fat, and
utterly unattractive; nevertheless he played his violin with technical
skill and emotional power (or short, fat and utterly unattractive;
nevertheless,) 13 Carl's paper is not very neat; Helen's is much
better 14 We missed the 12:10 train; consequently we had to
wait for the one that leaves at 12:53 (or consequently,) 15 Please
buy the following articles: a quart of milk, a pound of butter, and
two pounds of coffee 16 Crossing the street by the park, he
encountered the man whom he had directed to a drug store the
preceding day
PAGE 57—TEST BOOKLET VOCABULARY TEST 1.4 2.5 3.2243 52496 V 72) 8:5" 9; 2S H295
FOR FURTHER PROGRESS:
1 5°251 SGA may 2 P6n Sey 564
PAGE 59-60—TEST BOOKLET VOCABULARY TEST
1 precision 2 audacity 3 negligence 4 predicament
5 perpetual 6 scrupulous 7 fragile 8 futile 9 specific
10 vindictive 11 controversy 12 eradicate 13 fortitude
14 transient 15 formidable 16 precarious FOR FURTHER PROGRESS:
1 an idiosyncrasy 2 diplomatic 3 an inhibition 4 mediocre
5 an optimism 6 plausible 7 chagrin 8 culprit 9 dexterity
10 debris
PAGES 61-64—TEST BOOKLET COMPREHENSIVE TEST
ANSWER KEY
— PULL
TO REMOVE
Il Last week the president (of the class) appointed James chairman (of a committee) to investigate the prices (of class rings.) There are
five people (on the committee.) Helen asked to be a member, thinking that she could get a better price (from her uncle.) She had heard several people complaining (about the high cost) (of pins and rings.)
Ill 1 poss 2.d.o 3.0.c 4 app 5 ret 0 6 poss
7.a.0 8.p.a 9.a.0 10 nom abs 11 io 12 do
13 n.ofe 14 n of a 15 p.n
IV 1 tas’: tp Gaiea? fearon
V 1 adjective 2 adverb 3 predicate adjective 4 adverb
ep 6 7 adjective 8 adverb 9 adverb 10
11 adjective 12 adjective 13 adverb 14 predicate adjective
15 predicate adjective 16 adjective
VI 1 were 2 doesn't 3 came 4 from 5 have 6 off 7.among 8 me 9 drunk 10 rung 11 ridden 12 We 13 us
14 my 15.1 16 healthful 17 really 18 his 19 well
20 younger 21 as if, were 22 surely 23 nearly 24 were
25 he 26 have hardly 27 Are 28 ran 29 seen 30 were
31 was 32 is 33 me 34.1 35 is 36 his 37 lay 38 has
39 lain 40 were they 41 whom 42 my 43 were 44 risen
45 done 46 whom 47 John's 48 lie 49 that VII 1a i.: ret o.—fo report; 1b g.: 0 of p—leaving;
2a i.: sub.—to read; 2b p.: instructions—given 3a p.: he—
Finding; 3b i.: d.o.—to enter 4a p.: we—Thinking; 4b i.:
adv.—to buy 5a g.: p.n.—jumping; 5b p.: hoop—held VIll 1a Cousin Sue—who gave me the silver chain, 1b d.o —
that she bought it in Italy 2a sub—How they could send the three children to college 2b problem that their parents had not yet solved 3a, adv.—When | visited the planetarium, 3b p.o how the planets move in their courses 4a sub.—that she did not hear the announcement 4b which the teacher read 5a app.—that she should be the center of every activity 5b adv whenever Jane was
ENGLISH GRAMMAR GUIDEBOOK =—s*16
Trang 20SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS Things to know about this GUIDEBOOK before beginning its use
1 The 20th Century Guidebook for English Grammar is designed for use in the upper grades
of senior high school
2 Each student must have a copy of the Guidebook in order to obtain results
3 The material in this Guidebook may be completed in one semester if the entire time is devoted to grammar and composition, or in two semesters if units of literature alternate with grammar and composition
4 Any number of text and reference books can be used in connection with the Guidebook Or, it may
be used effectively without a textbook in the subject
5 Best results will be obtained if the Guidebook is used as a basis of the course and unit assign- ments are made from it
One section of the Guidebook usually constitutes a daily assignment, but at some points mastery of the material may require more time The sections are carefully arranged in logical sequence The last section is a review in preparation for a comprehensive test ~
The Guidebook is accompanied by a pamphlet of tests which cover every phase of the instruction The pamphlets should be kept by the teacher, and the individual sheets detached as needed The Guidebook indicates at what points the tests are to be given A final comprehensive test is designed for the semester examination, but it would serve as well for review purposes
The short drills in “Correct Usage” are intended to emphasize the sound of correct forms, not to give technical reasons Therefore, explanatory material is not included with these drills Explanations are given in the appropriate sections which deal with the forms and uses of words
The vocabulary work in the “Word Study” groups and the accompanying tests emphasize dis- crimination and variety in choice of words, and their value will amply justify the time and attention given them It is advisable to pronounce the words in these groups and to go over the explanations and directions orally with the class Discussions of words should be kept moving rapidly The tests are quickly checked
It is not necessary to keep complete scores on daily preparations Test scores are sufficient for recording accuracy and progress While the practice work is being checked in class, usually each pupil should carefully correct his own mistakes, and frequently he should hand ina score slip with the number
of errors These scores enable the teacher to locate pupils who are having difficulty before a test is to be taken, and hecan then give needed help Also—and this is even more important—such procedure enables
a pupil to detect his own weak points Sometimes books can be exchanged for a drill which can be easily checked in the column at the left, especially when there is no particular advantage to the pupil in following his own work
The student’s complete and careful preparation of the practice exercises in the Guidebook is exceedingly important, for success in the tests will depend largely on methods of study and thoroughness
in daily work The test scores indicate how well the pupil is preparing himself to write and to speak correctly
The purpose of this book is to give the pupil understanding of the relationship of words in sentences,
a keener interest in the meanings of words, fewer errors in his usage, and more skill in placing punctuation marks, and, as a result, a greater facility in expressing his thoughts
Evelyn Rudolph and C N Hayes
Trang 21SECTION 1 PARTS OF SPEECH, PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES, CORRECT USAGE,
WORD STUDY
THE PARTS OF SPEECH There are only eight kinds of words which make up the English language; and one of these can
be practically disregarded, so that there are only seven important kinds
NOUNS are names of people, places, objects, or qualities
PRONOUNS are words used in place of:nouns
VERBS make statements, ask questions, or give commands
ADJECTIVES modify nouns and pronouns
ADVERBS modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs
PREPOSITIONS show relationship between words
CONJUNCTIONS connect words
INTERJECTIONS are merely exclamations which express feeling (such as Oh! and Ouch!)
aor
nana
fF W
YO
The first seven are the important classes of words Every word, every phrase, and every subordinate
clause in a sentence must serve one of these purposes
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES One of the most useful and practical things we can do, first of all, in analyzing how ideas are put into
correct and effective sentences, is to set aside the prepositional phrases The preposition always stands
at the first of a group of words, and it shows the relationship between some word in this group and the
rest of the sentence For example, we may say,
I placed the book on the desk;
I placed the book in the desk;
I placed the book under the desk;
I placed the book beside the desk
The words on, in, under, and beside show the relationship between the book and the desk The word
desk is called the object of the preposition, and this is the first of the thirteen uses of the noun which we
shall study This object can always be located by asking the question Whom? or What? after the
preposition The object must be present in the group of words; otherwise it is not a prepositional phrase,
and there is no preposition Thus we see that a prepositional phrase must contain two words—the
preposition and its object—and it may contain several more
Sometimes the object of a preposition is itself a group of words, especially when a title or other
quotation is used Example: He was dramatizing a chapter from A Tale of Two Cities You notice that the
phrase “of Two Cities” is inside the longer phrase
There are inany prepositions The following is a list of those we use most often:
Trang 22These words, of course, are not always prepositions; they may not be serving that purpose in the sentence Some of them may be adverbs at times instead of prepositions We can decide which the word is
by determining whether there is an object Look carefully at these sentences:
The cat sprang up as if it intended to climb up the tree
John brought in the apples he had gathered in the orchard
Could a preposition have more than one object? This sentence answers the question:
I sent invitations to Mary, Helen, and Jane
A very common preposition is to
I came to school early this morning
Were you invited to the party?
We must be careful not to confuse these phrases with the infinitive, which isto followed by a form of a verb, as to walk, to understand, to prepare, to see What are the italicized expressions in the following?
I went to the grocery to buy some bread
I have a lesson to prepare before I can go to the movie
The following are the prepositional phrases: to the grocery, to the movie
The following are the infinitives: to buy, to prepare
You will not find a subject or a verb in any of these phrases.’ If you are already accurate in locating subjects and verbs this will be one way of checking your work
From Robert Louis Stevenson’s Treasure Island:2
1 On stormy nights, when the wind shook the four corners of the house, and the surf roared along the cove and up the cliffs, I would see him in a thousand forms, and with a thousand diabolical expressions
2 Often I have heard the house shaking with ‘‘Yo-ho-ho and a bottle of rum”; all the neighbors joining in for dear life with the fear of death upon them, and each singing louder than the other sang, to avoid remark
3 I remember the appearance of his coat, which he patched himself upstairs in his room, and which, before the end, was nothing but patches
4 In the meantime, the captain gradually brightened up at his own music and at last flapped his hand upon the table before him in a way we all knew to mean—silence
1Certain more complicated prepositional phrases do contain subjects and verbs, as in this sentence:
“He asked me a question about how the machine is operated.” This is equivalent to “He asked me a question about the operation of the machine,” and the object of the preposition is the entire clause, “how the machine is operated.” You need not watch for these yet, however
2From Treasure Island by R L Stevenson Used by permis- sion of Charles Scribner’s Sons, publishers
4
Trang 23My mother pulled it up with impatience; and there lay before us a bundle tied up in oilcloth and
a canvas bag, that gave forth, at a touch, the jingle of gold
Promptly afterwards, fresh sounds of astonishment arose; the window of the captain’s room was thrown open with a slam and a jingle of broken glass; and a man leaned out into the moon- light and addressed the blind begger on the road below him
I went back with him to the “Admiral Benbow,” and you cannot imagine a house in such a state
of smash; the very clock had been thrown down by these fellows in their furious hunt after my mother and myself; and though nothing had actually been taken away except the captain’s money-bag and a little silver from the till, I could see at once that we were ruined
The supervisor stood up, straight and stiff, and told his story like a lesson; and you should have seen how the two gentlemen leaned forward and looked at each other, and forgot to smoke in their surprise and interest
Silver hobbled, grunting, on his crutch; he plucked furiously at the line that held me to him and, from time to time, turned his eyes upon me with a deadly look
His left leg was cut off close by the hip; and under the left shoulder he carried a crutch, which
he managed with wonderful dexterity, hopping about upon it like a bird
Before a big fire lay Captain Smollett; and in a far corner, only duskily flickered over by the blaze, I beheld great heaps of coins and quadrilaterals built of bars of gold
CORRECT USAGE 1
Are you watching these verbs?
He doesn’t seem to be ready, not “He don’t—”
We were planning to camp for two weeks, not “We was planning—”
Then we came to a steep hill, not “Then we come—”
Try to fill the blanks correctly without looking at the examples
Some of our friends SSCS (Come? camee) in too see us last evening
I CC—Csi‘C;CSCSCSC (dcvlesn’t, don’t) make anny difference to me
You ————CSs—CSsS—SSS _ (=waas, were) not the only one that made the mistake
Trang 24WORD STUDY 1
Master the spelling and the pronunciation:
(Part of speech and definition)
Trang 25SECTION 2
USAGE CONNECTED WITH PREPOSITIONS
I The following are frequently confused WATCH THEM!
in - into: Use into when there is motion from one place or condition to another Use
in when speaking of being or remaining
Examples:
He came rushing into the house to tell his news
The cat walked into the room with much dignity and deliberately curled up in the most comfortable chair
between - among: Use between when you are speaking of two, and use among when you are
speaking of three or more However, between is correctly used to refer to more than two if you think of only two at a time
Examples:
She divided the candy between the two children
A heated argument arose among the members of the class
Can you explain the difference between plane geometry and solid geometry and trigonometry?
beside - besides: Use beside when you mean by the side of; use besides when you mean in
addition to
Examples:
We camped beside a rushing mountain stream
We had little equipment besides the few articles we had hastily packed
at the last minute
from - with: We part from people, but we part with things To “part from” means to
“leave,” and to “part with” means to “give up.”
Examples:
Parting from her friends made her melancholy
She parted with her most treasured possessions to get the necessary money
II The following expressions NEED ATTENTION In numbers 5 through 11 the point is that superflu- ous words should be omitted Watch the last two with special care
2 Your answer is different from mine Your answer is different than mine
3 I borrowed the pencil from John I borrowed the pencil off of John
4 I waited for Mary ten minutes I waited on Mary ten minutes
5 There was an orchard back of the house, or There was an orchard in back of the house
There was an orchard behind the house +
8 The story ends with the death of the hero The story ends up with the death of the hero
Trang 26III The preposition of MUST NOT BE WRITTEN when you need the VERB have; the word some people say which sounds like of is really ’ave, formed by dropping the letter h
I could have come sooner if I had known I could of come sooner if I had known
I must have dropped it in the hall I must of dropped it in the hall
PRACTICE:
Place the correct forms in the blanks at the left
£O
800 STE
Oy (OU
on TCO
The property was divided (between, among) the two sons
The boys held their meeting over (to, at) Jack’s house
I was late because I had to wait (on, for) a freight train that was switching I believe I must (of, have) fallen asleep
He parked his car (behind, in back of) the office building
That hat looks different (from, than) the one you wore this morning
He has written a number of essays and poems (beside, besides) his three novels The hardest part about her decision to become a missionary was the thought that she must part (with, from) all her friends
The disagreement led to a quarrel (between, among) the three children
This photograph looks different (than, from) the one I saw before
Please keep your feet (off, off of) the chairs
John became so much attached to his old hunting jacket that he hated to part (with, from) it when he was given a new one
The sun is too warm; we should go (in, into) the house
Jim was hiding from us (in back of, behind) the hedge
There is keen rivalry (between, among) the schools of the district in athletic contests The explorer had to part (with, from) his family for long periods of time
I borrowed the library book (from, off of) David
There were three other couples chaperoning the party (beside, besides) Jim’s
father and mother
In the following strike out the superfluous words:
Where is the club meeting at?
The class is to be divided up into three sections
Where was he living at when you last heard from him?
The speech ended up with a plea for money for the hospital
Where was he going to when you met him?
On our way to the show we met up with some friends who were going there, too
Where shall we go to this evening?
Where were you at when I called you up on the telephone this morning?
8
Trang 27SECTION 3 PUNCTUATION OF PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES, CORRECT USAGE
PUNCTUATION Current usage in aye Set a varies and is determined by the need for clearness, by the effect the writer wishes to produce, and by the balance or rhythm in the sentence There can not always be fixed rules for these things One must try to develop a “punctuation sense.” Often it helps, when one is in doubt about how to punctuate, to read the material aloud, in Sagss to observe what punctuation is needed to make the thought clear
For example, usage differs in regard to the comma before and in a series such as the following:
He was studying chemistry, English, geometry, and economics
He was studying chemistry, English, geometry and economics
But in such a sentence as the following, the comma before the last and is an aid to clearness and therefore should be used:
The school offered courses in cooking, designing and dressmaking, first aid and home nursing, and home management
How many courses are mentioned?
There is a decided tendency toward using fewer marks of punctuation, so that the sentence is al-owed
to flow in longer units without interruption We may say, then, that clarity and simplicity are the goals to
be achieved in all our punctuation In many cases there is a preference for one usage rather than another; and in this guide book you will be offered what is apparently the preterred modern usage 1n punctuation This is sometimes hard to determine, as you can readily see These facts make the matter of punctuation somewhat more puzzling but very much more interesting
Watch the punctuation in good current magazines and books for a few paragraphs—or even several pages—and see what you discover
PUNCTUATION OF PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
1 A long prepositional phrase at the first of the sentence, or a group of related phrases, is usually followed by a comma
During the extremely long and tiring intermission, the crowd became restless
After four days of exhausting labor in the sees of a blizzard, the rescue party reached the survivors
of the crash
2 A phrase which is merely introductory is followed by a comma
In fact, the farther I pursued the matter the more mystified I became
On the other hand, a person may feel fully refreshed after apparently restless sleep
3 When with or without begins the phrase, it is often quite loosely connected and is set off by commas
Complete relaxation in sleep, with the body limp all over as in a swoon, is extremely rare Suddenly, without warning and for no reason, I knew I was frightened and near panic
4, Prepositional phrases arranged with three or more in a series are seperated by commas (In order to form a series they must all modify the same word This sentence does not contain a series: In the midst of an orchard on the side of a gently sloping hill in Vermont, stood the dignified old farmhouse.)
Trang 28PRACTICE:
Punctuate the following:
After an unusually loud clap of thunder the storm broke
On the contrary I feel even more determined than before
Her graceful skating with its bird-like swooping and turning won a burst of applause from the
audience
The children raced wildly down the lane through the gate and into the pasture
5 In the Dunes State Park we saw hundreds of beautiful white trilliums with their gleaming
petals ad graceful leaves in symmetrical groups of three
Inthe first place your mother had never really consented to your going
At a signal from the leader of the game the children hid among the shrubs behind the trees
and around the corners of the house
In fact his long and involved explanation with the frequent hesitation and confused changes
of statement has made me doubt the whole story
On the whole we were satisfied with the arrangements
The vacation in Florida with the lazy hours on the beach and the opportunity for exercise in the sunshine and fresh air was apparently just what she needed
During the celebration of the anniversary of Shakespeare’s birth scenes from his plays were presented in classrooms in outdoor theaters and in civic auditoriums
On the other hand a completely carefree existence with no duties or responsibilities whatever would scarcely lead to happiness
CORRECT USAGE 2
Do these pronouns sometimes confuse you?
They sent an invitation to Martha and me, not “‘Martha and I:“
John said the flowers were from Bill and him, not “from he and Bill.”
Telegrams of congratulation were sent by Jane and her, not “by she and Jane.”
(If you drop the noun, you can see immediately which pronoun is correct This is often a useful test.) Fill the blanks correctly and then say the sentences over and over until they sound right
There were two packages addressed to Helen and (I, me)
Mrs Davis said she was sending some games for Jim and _(us, we)
The boy pointed the gun toward Jane and _—————Cs—CSC—CSsSsCS CT, mee), intending to frighten us Grandmother sent tickets for the concert to Mother and _(we, us) girls I think there is room in the car for Bill and —~—~——"(hiim, he), if they care to come Did Marie say you are coming with John and_ (she, her)?
The twins were delighted with the candy we sent for their brother and SS (them, they)
8 Helen is motioning for you to come over and sit beside Grace and (she, her)
10
Trang 29SECTION 4 DEVELOPING SENTENCES BY ADDING PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES,
WORD STUDY Turn to the sentences from Stevenson’s Treasure Island in Section 1 and try reading a few without the prepositional phrases Notice how many of the picturesque and vivid details, as well as necessary facts, are supplied by the phrases ARE THE SENTENCES THAT YOU WRITE AS RICH IN PHRASES
AS THEY MIGHT BE? It is sometimes enlightening to set off the phrases in a theme you have written PRACTICE:
Develop the following bare sentences by the addition of prepositional phrases.1You may add any- thing that seems appropriate and effective DON’T OVERDO IT Punctuate your sentences carefully Enclose the phrases
Example:
The waves dashed and roared
(During the storm) the waves dashed (over the rocks) (at the base) (of the cliff) and roared (with a hollow, booming sound)
1 The airplane circled and then sped away
kk
2 The car rattled, groaned, and then stopped
3 I faced the assignment and sighed
4 I turned and ran
5 The savage animal crouched and snarled
6 The sound annoyed me
WORD STUDY 2
Master the spelling and the pronunciation:
(Part of speech and definition)
commercial
forehead—fore ’(h)ead intricate
height
Trang 30For further progress:
ae
* ee bevolat)":
Trang 31SECTION 5 REVIEW OF NOUNS, THE NOUN AS SUBJECT
REVIEW OF NOUNS
A noun is the name of a person, place, object, condition, or quality
Examples:
EMER cake alt Fa csztestacasi cece Chicago, city, park
TI ce sree e nel icceun desk, pencil, building
Condition or quality darkness, happiness, health, sanity, courtesy, cowardice
1 A proper noun is the name of an individual person, place, or object: James, New York, Spirit
of St Louis
2 Acommon noun is a name that is common to all of a class: boy, city, airplane
a A concrete noun may be applied to a person, place, or object
b An abstract noun is the name of a quality or condition (see examples above)
c A collective noun is the name of a group of individuals: audience, club, team, crowd, flock
INFLECTION The term inflection refers to the changes in a word to indicate certain changes in meaning; the inflection of a noun includes three kinds of meanings—gender, number, and case
1.Gender If a noun refers to the male sex, it is of the masculine gender: ram, rooster, stag,
If a noun does not indicate any sex, it is called neuter gender: tree, book, window
2 Number If a noun indicates only one, it is in the singular number: woman, mouse, activity
If a noun indicates two or more, it is in the plural number: women, mice, activities
3 Case A noun is said to be in the nominative, possessive, or objective case, according to its
use in the sentence These important points will be studied in connection with the uses of nouns and pronouns
NOTE: You cannot always be sure what part of speech a word is until you see it used in a sentence They quickly extinguished the light (noun)
Anne, will you please light the candles? (verb)
His studio was a pleasant, light room filied with paintings (adjective)
If a word can naturally have a, an, the or a possessive before it, the word is a noun
THE NOUN AS SUBJECT The most common use of a noun is as subject of a verb, for every complete sentence must have at least one subject and one verb (As you know, sometimes the subject is not expressed but is understood; this occurs only in sentences that give commands or make requests, such as ‘‘Close your books” and
Trang 32In order to locate the subjects we should begin by locating the verbs Perhaps you are already fairly sure of the verbs Some points to remember are:
1 Many words that come from verbs and are somewhat like verbs do not make a statement or ask
a question or give a command
a Expressions like to go, to think, to employ are never part of the verb; they are infinitives
b No “‘ing word” (going, thinking, employing) can by itself be a verb; it must be helped by
an auxiliary verb
Helen is going to the party (verb)
From the window we watched the stream of cars going past (not a verb)
The word there is never the subject and is never part of the verb It may be used simply to introduce the statement, and it is then called an expletive
There are two extra pencils in the drawer (The subject of the verb are is pencils.)
The word not is never a part of the verb It is an adverb usually, and it frequently separates the words that form the verb Other adverbs, also, may separate parts of the verb
She would not have gone if she had not been invited
The building was completely destroyed by the storm
Even when not is part of a contraction, it does not become part of the verb
It doesn’t need more explanation
She couldn’t come to school today
Some of the most common auxiliaries which form part of the verb are: am, is, ure, was, were, been, shall, will, should, would, can, could, may, might, do, does, did, have, has, had, must
TO FIND THE SUBJECT OF A VERB, always ask the question “Who?” or “What ” and then say the verb If you are thinking clearly, the answer will always be the subject
Examples:
The president appointed the committee
“Who appointed?”—President is the subject
An accident happened at the corner
“What happened?”— Accident is the subject
On the corner stood a tall policeman
“Who stood?”—Policeman is the subject
The words who, which, and that are often subjects Watch for them!
There are 11 verbs in the first 4 sentences
Sometimes the same noun or pronoun serves as subject for two or more verbs (the compound verb)
Also two or more nouns or pronouns may be subjects of one verb (the compound subject)
14
Trang 33SECTION 6 PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES, SUBJECTS, VERBS, CORRECT USAGE,
WORD STUDY
PRACTICE:
The following sentences are from the books called A Wonder-Book and Tanglewood Tales by Nathaniel Hawthorne.’ If you like myths told in a vivid and entertaining way, you would enjoy the books
“At the slightest interruption, whether from great, naughty Primrose, little Dandelion, or any other child, I shall bite the story short off between my teeth, and swallow the untold part.” The news quickly spread abroad that Perseu had undertaken to cut off the head of Medusa with the snaky locks
Straight downward, two or three thousand feet below him, Perseus perceived a small island, with the sea breaking into white foam all around its rocky shore, except on one side, where there was a beach of snowy sand.?
King Midas was enjoying himself in his treasure-room one day, when he perceived a shadow fall over the heaps of gold; and, looking suddenly up, what should he behold but the figure of
a stranger standing in the bright and narrow sunbeam
As Pandora raised the lid, the cottage grew very dark and dismal; for® the black cloud had now swept quite over the sun, and seemed to have buried it alive
Some of you have probably heard that this Pegasus was a snow-white steed, with beautiful silvery wings, who spent most of his time on the summit of Mount Helicon
If he could only succeed in putting the golden bit into the mouth of Pegasus, the winged horse would be submissive, and would own Bellerophon for his master, and fly whithersoever he might choose to turn the rein
So Circe waved her wand again and repeated a few magic words, at the sound of which the two and twenty hogs pricked up their pendulous ears
At the appointed hour, you might again have seen Prince Jason and the Princess Medea, steal- ing through the streets of Colchis, on their way to the sacred grove, in the center of which the Golden Fleece was suspended to a tree
1From A Wonder-Book and Tanglewood Tales by Nathaniel Hawthorne Used by permission of, and by arrangement with Houghton Mifflin Company, holders of the copyright
2See the first paragraph in Section 13, page 35, under “Uses of Prepositional Phrases.”
Trang 34Do you find that you are making mistakes in your analysis? Mastery of the following points help you to be accurate:
Every sentence has at least one subject and one verb; most sentences have more than one Every group of words that could make a statement contains a subject and a verb (Watch the punctuation; it will help you to see such groups.)
Subjects and verbs are not found in ordinary prepositional phrases
Before you mark a verb, find its subject If there is no subject, the word is not a verb
The word there is never the subject; it pushes the subject over beyond the verb
No word with ing added can be a verb by itself; it must have an auxiliary
The infinitive is to plus a verb form; it is never part of the verb and is never a prepositional phrase The word not is never part of the verb
Some adverbs look a little like prepositions If you can change the position of the word in the sentence, it is probably an adverb
(You should now take the test on Prepositional Phrases, Subjects, and Verbs on pg 1 in Test Booklet.)
CORRECT USAGE 3
Are you still watching verbs? What about these?
Has the bell rung? not “Has the bell rang?”
Has the kitten drunk its milk? not “Has the kitten drank its milk?”
Have you ridden in an airplane? not “Have you rode—”
Test your accuracy by filling the blanks:
1 Bobby has (drank, drunk) all his orange juice
2 Wehad (rode,ridden) ten miles before we noticed that we did not have our golf clubs
3 The bell had (rung, rang) before I reached my classroom
4 Jimhas (ridden, rode) on the steep mountain trails until he has become an expert guide
5 Anne, have you _———SS——T (drunk, drank) your milk?
6 The bell in the church tower has (rang, rung) to remind us of the service
WORD STUDY 3
Master the spelling and the pronunciation:
(Part of speech and definition)
Trang 35For further progress:
insipid
ovation
Write effective sentences using the words which you have defined
Examples:
The assassination of Abraham Lincoln 'was a catastrophe whch probably changed the course
of history in our country during the years that followed
The incessant noise of the machinery in the factories may have harmful effects on the work- ers, even though they become accustomed to it
The placid expression on the old man’s face was misleading; we were entirely unprepared for his fiery denunciation of the unpopular officer
Being accustomed to well-seasoned and appetizing meals, we could not enjoy the insipid food served to us at the cheap restaurants
The daring young aviator was accorded an ovation wherever he-appeared in public
Write original sentences here:
Trang 37SECTION 7 ADJECTIVES, CORRECT USAGE, WORD STUDY
REVIEW OF ADJECTIVES
We have now reviewed, to some extent, three parts of speech—the preposition, the noun, and the verb Two of the eight parts of speech are what we call modifying words; they are the adjectives and adverbs
An ADJECTIVE always modifies a noun or pronoun When we say “modifies” we mean that the adjective tells something about the noun or pronoun An adjective will always answer one of the following questions:
What kind?
How many?
Which one?
Examples:
What kind? Healthy children; sunny days
How many? Several chairs; thirty pupils
Which one? That pencil; the-first boy
Ways in Which Adjectives are Used:
1 The adjective may directly modify a noun or pronoun (This is called the attributive position.) Examples:
The delicate flower was shattered by the wind
This is the Jast one in the box
2 The adjective may follow the noun or pronoun it modifies (This is called the appositive position.) This arrangement is often very effective and gives variety to your sentences
Examples:
“The night had just fallen, moist and heavy, over the jungle
The jungle, vast and mysterious and still, closed its gates behind them.”
—Edison Marshall, The Elephant Remembers
3 When an adjective follows the verb and describes the subject, it is called a predicate adjec- tive (Sometimes the order is changed, but the predicate adjective never directly modifies the subject
In poetic phrasing one may say, “Green are the meadows,’ but the natural order would be, “The meadows are green.”)
Examples:
“Her figure and features were singularly delicate The day was windless and bright, with only a few white clouds floating at a great height above and casting traveling shadows over that wild, broken country, where forest, marsh, and savanna were only distinguish- able by their different colors, like the greys and greens and yellows on a map.”
—W H Hudson, Green Mansions
4 An adjective may follow the direct object and modify it, telling the result (This is called the object complement and it will be studied later in connection with nouns, which may be object complements also.)
Examples:
The farmer painted his barn red
The crisp air made the children’s cheeks rosy
5 Words which are usually adjectives may become nouns
Examples:
Trang 38The first three passages are from The Elephant Remembers by Edison Marshall
1 He loved the rains that flashed through the jungles, the swift-climbing dawns in the east, the strange, tense, breathless nights And at midnight he loved to trumpet to the herd on some far-away hill, and hear, fainter than the death-cry of a beetle, its answer come back to him
The following passage is from Shadows on The Rock by Willa Cather:?
4 From his first meeting with him, Auclair had loved this restless boy (he was a boy then) who shot up and down the swift rivers of Canada in his canoe Though the figure was still boyish, his face was full
of experience and sagacity; a fine bold nose, a restless, rather mischievous mouth, white teeth, very strong and even, sparkling hazel eyes with a kind of living flash in them, like the sunbeams on the bright rapids upon which he was so skillful
Fee | LO Re a Gok Dy ae ae ROE ENOL 4
1From The Elephant Remembers by Edison Marshall Used by permission of Little, Brown and Company, holders of the copyright
?From Shadows On The Rock by Willa Cather Used by permission of Little, Brown and Company, holders of the copyright
20
Trang 39Here are more pronouns that may catch you napping
We boys went fishing not “Us boys went—”
We pupils elected our officers, not “Us pupils elected—”
They gave us boys some tickets, not ‘“‘They gave we boys—”’
They sent the tickets to us boys, not “They sent the ticket to we boys”
Fill the blanks correctly
1 (We, Us) girls are planning a picnic
2 Jane gave a party for (we, us) girls who were visiting her
3 The project seemed worthy of support, and (we, us) teachers were glad to cooperate
4 Itwascold and rainy, but _ (we, us) boys decided to start our camping trip in spite of the weather
5 The speaker told —(we, us) students some of his interesting experiences in far coun- tries
6 Uncle George sent some stamps to _(we, us) boys for our collection that we are just starting
WORD STUDY 4
Master the spelling and the pronunciation:
(Part of speech and definition)
Trang 40It was an opportune time to broach the subject, as Father was feeling particularly _
The climate on the tropical island was so enervating that the few white settlers soon lost their energy and settled into the slow pace of the natives
He had become so deeply involved in the affair that he could not extricate himself with hotio® ;
re Fl
Write original sentences here: