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INTRODUCTION
Research rationale
The economic landscape in Vietnam and globally has undergone significant transformations, driven by the rise of digital transformation 4.0 This trend encourages businesses to adopt innovative technologies that enhance operational models and deliver new value to customers By optimizing products and services, companies can achieve cost savings, reduce resource expenditure, and improve efficiency The focus on these advancements underscores the importance of forward-thinking perspectives and policies in navigating the evolving market.
The topic of "Business Ethics in the Digital Transformation Period 4.0" is increasingly relevant for modern businesses Ho Chi Minh's ideology emphasizes the importance of creativity and passion in the workplace, which can foster a supportive and innovative environment By embracing these principles, companies can encourage employee engagement and the integration of new technologies, ultimately enhancing business performance This research aims to offer insights into the role of business ethics during this critical transition phase.
The group is committed to enhancing national cultural values by applying Ho Chi Minh's ideology, which emphasizes honesty, loyalty, ethical conduct, and prioritizing community benefits In today's digital transformation era, consumer expectations have shifted towards greater transparency, ethics, and responsibility from businesses By promoting ethical practices, companies can build trust and loyalty among customers, providing a solid foundation for robust growth and development.
Applying Ho Chi Minh's ideology on business ethics within the framework of digital transformation 4.0 necessitates strict adherence to laws and industry regulations, fostering fairness and honesty in trade This commitment to ethical practices not only cultivates a healthy business environment but also enhances economic trustworthiness, attracts foreign investment, and supports stable economic development Ultimately, these principles are fundamental for establishing a sustainable business environment.
Applying Ho Chi Minh's ideology on business ethics during the digital transformation of Industry 4.0 enhances competition, fosters creativity, and improves business performance, while also preserving national cultural values and ensuring sustainable economic development.
Research objectives
President Ho Chi Minh emphasized the significance of ethics as a cornerstone for societal development, highlighting its vital role in fostering trust and integrity within business practices In the context of the digital transformation era 4.0, his principles can guide the establishment of robust business ethics, ensuring that technological advancements are aligned with moral values By interpreting Ho Chi Minh's views on ethics, we can derive key insights that are essential for nurturing a morally responsible young generation today, promoting a culture of ethical awareness and social responsibility in the face of rapid digital change.
• Clarifying the origin, formation and development process of Ho Chi Minh's ideology on ethics.
• Applying the content of Ho Chi Minh’s ideology on ethics and morality in business.
• Clarifying the process of the Communist Pally of Vietnam applying Ho Chi Minh's moral ideology to building business ethics in the digital transformation period 4.0
Subject and scope of research
This research examines the application of Ho Chi Minh's ideology on business ethics within organizations, highlighting its influence on business efficiency, technology integration, and human resource management Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of fostering a healthy business environment.
Employees: Research can learn about employees' awareness and attitudes toward applying Ho Chi Minh's ideology on business ethics in the digital transformation period
4.0 Thereby, evaluate the impact of this ideology on labor productivity, satisfaction and motivation, and create favorable conditions for personal development.
Understanding Ho Chi Minh's ideology on business ethics from the customer's perspective involves evaluating a company's technological application, product and service quality, honesty, fairness, and responsibility in commerce Customer feedback plays a crucial role in comprehending how business ethics influence customer-business relationships, especially during the digital transformation era 4.0.
Researching the influence of Ho Chi Minh's ideology on business ethics during the 4.0 digital transformation is essential for understanding its role in promoting societal and economic stability This analysis involves assessing how this ideology fosters fairness, cultivates a healthy business environment, and supports sustainable economic development.
Business ethics is studied from a macro perspective, is all the ethical factors in an enterprise's business activities.
Spatial range: Business organizations include private enterprises, joint slock companies, limited liability companies and even foreign businesses, all doing business (headquartered) in the territory of Vietnam.
Research methods
The team conducted extensive research by consulting various credible scientific articles to formulate research hypotheses and models Their focus is on integrating methods from "Ho Chi Minh's Thought" to explore the role of ethics in business practices for companies.
In the exploration of abstract concepts that are challenging to quantify or observe directly, researchers utilize models and conceptual frameworks to illustrate the interactions between specific factors or processes This approach relies on making assumptions and predictions based on correlations, even in the absence of concrete data By doing so, it effectively aids in understanding complex, difficult-to-measure aspects, ultimately leading to valuable predictions and hypotheses that contribute to the advancement of knowledge and industry.
This method is based on comparing factual information with known models, standards or data to detect discrepancies and identify aspects that need to be corrected
This method enables the identification of deviations, trends, and weaknesses by comparing current information with benchmarks or reference data, ultimately guiding the search for effective solutions to enhance and resolve the existing situation.
Predictive analytics provides valuable insights into the trends and future challenges of business ethics in Vietnam By leveraging this forecasting data, businesses can more effectively pinpoint weaknesses and obstacles in implementing ethical practices.
To enhance business ethics, it is essential to understand emerging trends and ethical challenges, allowing authors to propose effective solutions These solutions may involve creating comprehensive training programs and improving business ethics education, ensuring compliance with legal regulations, and fostering a transparent and healthy business environment grounded in the principles of democracy, fairness, and civilization.
Meaning of the topic
This research aims to provide objective and accurate theories regarding the current state of business ethics in Vietnam It emphasizes the application of Ho Chi Minh's Thought and ideals to foster national development through adherence to Party principles in both study and work.
This research aims to address and clarify misconceptions surrounding ethical issues in business, thereby enhancing awareness among Vietnamese businesses and manufacturers regarding business ethics Additionally, it seeks to educate students at Ho Chi Minh City University of Economics, while also promoting the preservation of the positive moral traditions of the Vietnamese people.
Topic structure
In addition to the introduction, conclusion, references and appendices, the research paper includes 5 chapters:
Cha pter 1: Overview of the research topic
Cha pter 3: CuiTent status of business ethics in Vietnamese enterprises
Chap ter 4: Solutions to improve business ethics for businesses in Vietnam
Chap ter 5: Conclusion and recommendations
THEORETICAL BASIS
Overview of research situation
In today's digital era, e-commerce is an essential trend that simplifies and accelerates the buying and selling process for consumers However, the swift growth of e-commerce has led to a rise in counterfeit goods and commercial fraud, creating complex challenges that impact the economy and undermine the rights of consumers and legitimate businesses.
According to the authorities, the situation of fake, counterfeit and poor quality goods on the online environment has increased significantly in recent times Only in
In 2022, the Department of E-Commerce and Digital Economy, in collaboration with the General Department of Market Management, successfully removed 1,663 stalls containing 6,437 products that violated regulations Additionally, they blocked five websites identified as exploiting e-commerce to sell counterfeit goods and products of unknown origin.
The Minister of Finance highlighted the ongoing complexities of managing fraud, tax evasion, and tax collection for digital platforms, e-commerce, and cross-border businesses In response to these challenges, the Prime Minister's Decision 316/QD-TTg, dated February 25, 2019, approved the National Action Plan for Digital Transformation 4.0, aimed at fostering a conducive environment for digital transformation across various sectors, including industry, health, education, and economics.
The government's recent decisions highlight its commitment to fostering digital transformation and enhancing business development Specifically, Decision 749/QD-TTg, issued on June 3, 2020, outlines a pilot plan aimed at supporting startups and innovative enterprises in adopting new business models that leverage digital technology to boost their production and performance.
Rationale
Historical materialism posits that ethics serves as a social expression, reflecting the relationships formed through individual and collective experiences Various interpretations of ethics exist, viewing it as a compilation of beliefs held by a society, social class, or specific group regarding life and the world This understanding allows individuals to align their behaviors with the interests of their community.
From a scientific standpoint, ethics is a discipline that examines the inherent nature of right and wrong It focuses on the principles and standards that guide the behavior of individuals within a profession, helping to differentiate between ethical and unethical choices.
The term "ethics," derived from Sino-Vietnamese, signifies a crucial aspect that influences an individual's character and values "Tao" represents the path, while "Virtue" embodies the qualities and positive actions inherent in creation When someone is described as moral, it indicates that they have undergone a process of development and cultivation to follow ethical guidelines, lead a principled life, and exemplify the beauty of existence and spirit.
Ethics, viewed through the lens of Marxist-Leninist Philosophy, represents a social consciousness that addresses the cognitive needs of individuals To maintain social order and stability, the importance of morality has been emphasized throughout the organization of life This aligns with Confucius's assertion that one must "study rituals before learning literature," highlighting that understanding rituals, attitudes, and lifestyle is essential before acquiring knowledge.
Ethics can be viewed from the following aspects:
Ethics, in its narrowest definition, pertains to the aesthetic quality of an individual's lifestyle, emphasizing the understanding and cultivation of personal will in alignment with behavioral standards and ideological principles rooted in ancestral traditions.
• Broader meaning: The ethics of a community are expressed in codes of conduct that follow the moral norms and ancient customs of that region or community Create traditional cultural beauty.
Business involves the production and exchange of goods and services aimed at generating value and benefits for consumers and companies As defined by renowned management expert Peter F Drucker in his 1954 book, "The Practice of Management," business is fundamentally about creating value through the establishment and maintenance of customer relationships.
Business encompasses a series of activities that range from the production of goods to their consumption, as well as the provision of services, all aimed at generating profits for its participants This definition aligns with Article 2, Clause 4 of the Enterprise Law (2005).
2.2.3 The concept of “Business ethics”
According to Milton Friedman in his 1970 article "The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits," the primary objective of a business is to generate profits for its shareholders This perspective signifies a shift in corporate responsibility, emphasizing profit generation as a crucial factor for a company's survival and growth.
Business ethics refers to the application of ethical principles within the business sector, guiding the behavior of individuals engaged in commerce These principles are adopted voluntarily by those involved and play a crucial role in shaping the economic, cultural, and social progress of the communities where entrepreneurs and business owners operate and contribute.
Business ethics embodies the practical application of President Ho Chi Minh's philosophy, highlighting the vital connection between personal ethics and business operations In this context, ethical principles serve as both a behavioral guide and a foundational element of the business process, establishing a profound relationship between individual conduct and overall business success.
2.2.4 The necessity of business ethics
Immanuel Kant emphasized that ethics is essential for both practical and ideal living, highlighting its integral role in knowledge In the context of business, ethics is viewed as an investment in the future, as a strong ethical foundation fosters a positive reputation that attracts customers Additionally, business ethics focuses on uncovering and nurturing the inherent positive qualities within individuals, which is consistently supported by market demand.
Professor Dr Koenraad Tommissen emphasizes that business ethics are fundamental to all values and activities, serving as a guideline and essential factor in establishing a company's reputation He asserts that ethics are crucial for success and sustainable development Therefore, cultivating and implementing business ethics is not just a goal but an ongoing journey to foster a robust business environment in today's competitive 4.0 era.
Today’s customers have elevated expectations, prompting businesses to align their operations with responsible practices that exceed standard requirements While profit-driven motives often dominate the business landscape, it is essential for companies to uphold ethical values and demonstrate respect, integrity, and social responsibility within their communities Balancing profit with these principles is crucial for sustainable success.
Essential characteristics of morality
2.3.1 Ethics is a social consciousness that reflects social existence (morality is something that comes after and is subject to social existence)
Identify "Ethics is a social consciousness that reflects social existence, morality is something that comes after anil is subject to social existence" cited work "Ethics - Moral
Dr Nguyen Hull Duc's "Philosophy" (VNU, 2010) emphasizes that ethics is not an independent entity; rather, it is shaped by various social, cultural, historical, and environmental influences This perspective highlights that ethics encompasses not only individual values but also the essential interactions between individuals and society.
2.3.2 Ethics has the function of regulating and evaluating human behavior in society based on socially accepted concepts, norms and rules
Business ethics play a crucial role in regulating and evaluating human behavior in society, as highlighted by Nguyen, H T (2020) in the Hanoi National University Science Magazine The article emphasizes the significance of business ethics in contributing to social development and stability It explores how accepted concepts, standards, and ethical rules shape business behavior, fostering a healthy and sustainable business environment Furthermore, it encourages reflection on optimizing the application of ethics within the business sector.
2.3.3 Ethics has class, national and human characteristics
Morality embodies the diverse and multifaceted values present in society, with "ethics" interpreted and practiced variably based on the economic, cultural, and historical contexts of different classes and ethnic communities This showcases the richness and adaptability of ethics, reflecting not only individual values but also the collective values of various classes, nations, and humanity across all dimensions of life and society.
Principles and standards of business ethics
Honesty is a fundamental principle of business ethics, essential for fostering trust in transactions and relationships with customers, partners, and employees By prioritizing honesty, businesses can build confidence and establish a strong foundation for enduring and successful relationships.
In the business realm, honesty and credibility are paramount, encompassing adherence to national laws and transparent communication with partners and customers during transactions and negotiations It is essential to avoid unethical practices such as bribery and embezzlement, particularly when managing and accessing company assets Additionally, maintaining credibility involves refraining from fraudulent tactics for profit and upholding commitments, ensuring consistency between words and actions.
Respecting employees and customers is crucial for maintaining a positive business reputation and employee morale This involves honoring commitments, offering genuine apologies, and providing appropriate compensation when issues arise A lack of respect can deter customer engagement and negatively affect revenue Therefore, businesses must focus on respecting three key groups to establish strong ethical practices.
When evaluating employees, focus solely on their job performance rather than personal attributes, ensuring that all members of the department are treated equally and with respect It's essential to foster trust by delegating tasks appropriately and providing ongoing support for their professional development Employees should never be compelled to undertake tasks against their will, as their time and legal rights must be fully respected and upheld.
Customers are crucial to a company's existence and growth, as their satisfaction reflects the value they see in the business, its products, services, and team To foster this satisfaction, it is essential to respect customers by actively listening to and understanding their needs, preferences, and psychology, which in turn helps shape the most effective approach and service.
In the business world, competitors focus on fostering a healthy competitive environment rather than seeking to eliminate one another They vie for superiority in areas such as talent, intelligence, reputation, product quality, and pricing strategies Additionally, enhancing customer service is becoming increasingly important, ultimately benefiting customers and promoting a positive competitive landscape.
Business secrets are information that businesses can use in business activities to provide information
2.4.4 Balance between business benefits and customer benefits
Fair and equal treatment of customers and employees is a crucial ethical practice for any business Engaging in manipulative behavior is not only unethical but also counterproductive, as the primary focus should be on supporting both customers and employees Ensuring equal treatment for all individuals is essential for fostering a positive and productive environment.
Businesses consist of consumers who use their products and services and employees who produce them Demonstrating empathy by openly discussing challenges and potential solutions is a vital strategy for any business Maintaining open communication and showing genuine interest not only adheres to ethical practices but also enhances the visibility of the business both internally and externally.
Factors affecting business ethics
Figure 1: Factors affecting business ethics
Determining business motives and goals is essential for establishing strong business ethics A clear understanding of these motives allows entrepreneurs to craft a genuine vision of success, igniting their passion and driving their aspirations for a prosperous life Factors such as the desire for success, interest in business, and the commitment to personal, family, and community development must be thoughtfully considered to ensure ethical practices in business activities.
Ho Chi Minh once said: ' Business is to serve the people, to enrich the country, not to enrich yourself ”.
Business should be driven by a noble mission that extends beyond profit-making to include societal benefits The essence of business ethics is to create quality products and services while fostering a transparent, responsible, and healthy business environment Companies have a duty to uphold workers' rights, respect their customers, and contribute actively to the sustainable development of their communities.
Business ethics encompasses the principles and perspectives that guide ethical conduct in the business world It is rooted in the values and ethical standards established by society, which significantly influence the attitudes and behaviors of business professionals Understanding and adhering to these ethical principles is crucial for fostering integrity and responsibility in business practices.
President Ho Chi Minh highlighted that business ethics encompass more than just delivering quality products and services; they also involve transparency, honesty, and respect in all transactions He asserted that successful business practices should be grounded in trust, ethics, and responsibility, prioritizing the interests of the community.
President Ho Chi Minh emphasized that business ethics extend beyond mere economic gain; they involve respecting and prioritizing the common interests of society and the nation His ideology advocates for kindness and integrity, aiming to foster a healthy and responsible business environment Ho Chi Minh highlighted the importance of ethical conduct in business, underscoring the need for transparency, honesty, and accountability in all commercial dealings.
Political and legal environmental factors have an important influence on business ethics, and are compatible with Ho Chi Minh's ideology on business ethics President
Ho Chi Minh emphasized the importance of ethics in business and social activities.
President Ho Chi Minh's ideology emphasizes that the political and legal environment should embody fairness, transparency, and ethical principles It is essential for the law to safeguard the rights of all stakeholders while fostering a conducive atmosphere for businesses to adhere to ethical practices.
President Ho Chi Minh highlighted the importance of integrating ethics into the development and implementation of laws, asserting that laws devoid of morality lose their significance To foster transparency, honesty, and sustainability in business practices, it is essential to promote business ethics within the political and legal framework.
President Ho Chi Minh highlighted the significance of the social environment as a crucial factor influencing human virtue, impacting every aspect of individual life This underscores the potential of the social environment to shape, enhance, and even transform business ethics by establishing social values and standards.
In the era of digital transformation 4.0, Ho Chi Minh's ideology gains significance, emphasizing the necessity of a healthy and transparent business environment grounded in strong ethical principles He cautions that unethical practices can result in severe repercussions for both society and businesses.
The role of business ethics for businesses
2.6.1 Business ethics contributes to regulating the behavior of business entities
Ho Chi Minh's ideology underscores the significance of business ethics in guiding the conduct of business entities It fosters a sense of responsibility and self-esteem among entrepreneurs while highlighting the importance of considering the welfare of the community and society at large.
President Ho Chi Minh emphasized that business ethics extend beyond mere compliance with laws; they also involve embracing human values and fostering a spirit of consensus to create a healthy business environment Additionally, businesses must possess the insight to assess how their actions affect the emotions and lives of the community, ensuring they contribute positively and sustainably to societal development.
Figure 2: Model of Ethical Environment factors affecting Profit
2.6.2 Business ethics contributes to business quality
Based on Ho Chi Minh's ideology, business ethics is not only a part of business activities but also an important factor contributing to the overall quality of the enterprise
Ho Chi Minh taught US thatEthlcs is not only personal behavior but also reflects on the working environment, how to interact with customers and the community.
A business that prioritizes ethical practices fosters a positive and respectful workplace, which in turn promotes creativity By upholding values such as honesty, transparency, and respect for both customers and partners, a company showcases its dedication to quality and enhances its reputation.
Business ethics fosters positive relationships with society, playing a crucial role in the sustainable development of both communities and nations By embracing empathy and corporate social responsibility, in line with Ho Chi Minh's ideology, businesses can enhance their reputation and brand image among customers and consumers.
2.6.3 Business ethics contributes to student commitment and dedication
Understanding this ideology reveals that business ethics for students extends beyond merely performing well; it encompasses a commitment to love and serve the community and society at large.
Students' commitment to learning and applying business ethics in their daily actions is crucial Core elements such as respect, honesty, and dedication reflect their adherence to these principles By practicing these values, students not only showcase their commitment to high-quality performance but also embody a strong sense of responsibility towards their work.
2.6.4 Business ethics contributes to customer satisfaction
In the vision of President Ho Chi Minh, customers are more than just components of the business equation; they are esteemed partners deserving of attention, respect, and active listening By embracing this philosophy in business ethics, we not only meet the needs and desires of our customers effectively but also foster genuine satisfaction that transcends mere products or services, encompassing a deeper sense of spirit, respect, and sincerity from the business.
Business ethics transforms from an abstract concept into a practical tool that fosters long-term, sustainable relationships with customers By emphasizing respect, loyalty, and a genuine spirit of service, businesses can cultivate strong connections with their clientele, ultimately achieving the goal of sincerely and deeply satisfying customer needs.
2.6.5 Business ethics contributes to the strength of the national economy
Ho Chi Minh's ideology asserts that business ethics extend beyond mere conduct, serving as a vital component of national economic development and strength He consistently highlighted the significance of ethics, honesty, and social responsibility in all business endeavors.
Business ethics play a crucial role in ensuring transparency and fairness in transactions, fostering a trustworthy environment for business interactions By implementing ethical practices, companies can build trust with customers, partners, and society at large, ultimately promoting stability and sustainability within the business landscape.
Business ethics, rooted in respect and shared values with the community, foster cooperation and sustainable development By embracing Ho Chi Minh's ideology, businesses can make positive contributions and demonstrate social responsibility, which enhances national prestige and facilitates international integration.
The role of applying Ho Chi Minh's ideology to business ethics
Integrating Ho Chi Minh's ideology into business ethics during the digital transformation era 4.0 offers significant advantages for both businesses and the community This approach fosters a healthy business environment, promotes fairness and ethical practices, and supports sustainable development, ultimately contributing to societal progress.
Uncle Ho emphasized the importance of social thinking in business, advocating for prioritizing community interests and being accountable to the surrounding society Instead of solely pursuing short-term profits, businesses should assess the societal and environmental impacts of their activities, ensuring workers' rights and fostering fair conditions that promote community development By integrating social thinking into business ethics, companies can enhance sustainable societal growth This commitment to community well-being not only cultivates a positive image among consumers but also attracts customers and talent, ultimately strengthening trust and branding for the business.
President Ho Chi Minh emphasized the importance of ethical leadership in organizational management, advocating for respect, fairness, and honesty in interactions with others He believed that ethical leaders should model positive behavior, guiding and motivating employees to maximize their contributions to the organization and community By adhering to this ideology, businesses can foster trust in leadership decisions and actions Leaders must actively listen to employees, understand their needs, and create an environment that nurtures talent and enhances performance Fairness and integrity are essential, as they help maintain employee trust Furthermore, ethical leadership promotes a healthy workplace culture that encourages participation and collaboration among all members, inspiring employees to develop their skills and ideas, ultimately fostering a positive and innovative work environment.
Ho Chi Minh Thought underscores the importance of humanistic and ethical values in business practices It is essential for companies to uphold ethics in all aspects, including advertising, product quality, and service delivery Businesses must adhere to ethical advertising principles, avoiding misleading or deceptive information, and ensure that their products and services meet safety regulations and quality standards Additionally, ethical business conduct involves considering the societal and environmental impacts of business operations Companies should aim to support community development and environmental protection, ensuring their activities do not harm but rather benefit society and the ecosystem.
Overview of previous research
2.8.1 Research ’’Business ethics in Vietnam - Current status and solutions” - PhD Nguyen Hoang Anh, Foreign Trade University, Hanoi, 2006
The research conducted by PhD Nguyen Hoang Anh at Foreign Trade University in Hanoi in 2006 examined the current state of business ethics across the Vietnamese economy The study focused on the concept of business ethics, providing general assessments that reflect the limitations of the research at that time.
2.8.2 Research "Building business ethics in our country today", Dr Dinh Cong Son,2014
Research "Building business ethics in our country today" Dr Dinh Cong Son,
In 2014, the author highlights the critical importance of business ethics in Vietnam, asserting that cultivating ethical practices is a collective responsibility of both individuals and the organization as a whole The author cautions that neglecting ethical standards can lead to severe repercussions, including harm to a business's reputation and a loss of trust among customers.
This study highlights the importance of ethical education in shaping the moral consciousness of Vietnam's youth and stresses the need for a transparent business environment It warns of the detrimental effects of unethical practices in business and suggests solutions like implementing ethical education and fostering a healthy business climate to enhance sustainable development and bolster business reputations.
CURRENT STATUS OF BUSINESS ETHICS OF VIETNAMESE ENTERPRISES
Overview of Vietnamese businesses
Based on the latest statistical data from the General Statistics Office of Vietnam,
In 2022, the country experienced a notable surge in new business establishments, with a total of 148.5 thousand new businesses launched, marking a 27.1% increase from the previous year This growth also included 981.3 thousand participating workers, reflecting a 14.9% rise Additionally, 59.8 thousand businesses resumed operations, up by 38.8% Overall, 208.3 thousand businesses entered the market during the year, representing a significant 30.3% increase compared to 2021.
In 2022, Vietnam's total realized investment capital is projected to reach approximately 3,219.8 trillion VND, reflecting an 11.2% increase from the previous year Additionally, foreign direct investment in Vietnam surged to nearly 22.4 billion USD, marking a 13.5% rise and the highest level recorded in the past five years.
In the first quarter of 2023, the General Statistics Office reported a significant shift in the business landscape, with the number of companies withdrawing and ceasing operations surpassing those newly established or re-entering the market for the first time Specifically, 57,000 new businesses were recorded, reflecting a 5.4% decline compared to the previous year, averaging nearly 19,000 new or returning businesses each month.
In the first quarter of 2023, a notable 60,241 businesses exited the market, marking a 17.4% increase compared to the same period in 2022 More than 70% of these closures were attributed to businesses opting to cease operations temporarily.
BUSINESS REGISTRATION SITUATION IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF 2023
(compared to the same period last year)
The busress tc