1 Table 4.1 Distribution of Engagement Resources in English News...1 Table 4.2 Distribution of Dialogic Contraction Subtypes in English News Articles.... 49 4.2.1 Overview of the Engagem
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
In today's media landscape, concise information delivery methods, such as short news clips and quick updates, are increasingly essential for capturing the attention of modern audiences The rise of digital media and social platforms has intensified the demand for efficient news reporting, enabling viewers to access crucial information rapidly This evolution underscores the importance of clear and impactful reporting to meet the fast-paced information needs of contemporary society.
News reporting covers a wide range of topics, including economics, politics, and conflicts, with the Ukraine-Russia war being a significant focal point due to its global implications Media coverage not only informs the public but also shapes their understanding by crafting narratives that influence readers' interpretations By merging factual reporting with editorial viewpoints, journalists play a crucial role in shaping audience perceptions and engagement with intricate issues.
Analyzing news coverage of the Ukraine-Russia war through Martin and White’s (2005) Appraisal Theory reveals a valuable framework for understanding language use The theory's Engagement resources systematically examine how language sustains reader interest, emphasizes viewpoints, and structures information to promote audience interaction This framework enables researchers to identify linguistic choices that shape narrative construction and assess how news outlets either enhance or limit reader Engagement Ultimately, this approach facilitates a detailed investigation into the linguistic strategies that influence the tone and impact of news reporting.
This study examines the application of Engagement resources in English and Vietnamese news articles about the Ukraine-Russia war, specifically analyzing pieces from The New York Times and Quân đội nhân dân By evaluating a sample of ten articles, the research offers an initial comparison of how these Engagement strategies function across different linguistic contexts Although the limited scope of this study provides a foundational understanding of how these resources attract readers and emphasize critical elements of the war, it does not encompass a comprehensive analysis.
This study fills a significant gap in media reporting research by exploring linguistic strategies in English-Vietnamese news reports on the Ukraine-Russia War By examining engagement resources, it offers valuable insights and practical recommendations for journalists to enhance their language use, ultimately improving audience engagement and the effectiveness of their reports.
The findings of this research are valuable not only for media studies but also for foreign language education Educators can leverage these insights to create activities that foster critical thinking and analytical skills by exploring the linguistic strategies used in media For example, students can enhance their understanding of how language influences meaning by identifying and analyzing Engagement resources in news articles Additionally, the research supports writing instruction, enabling learners to craft persuasive texts by employing effective linguistic strategies to engage their audiences By incorporating these applications, language teaching can better equip students for academic and professional environments, particularly in the realm of media discourse.
Aims and Objectives of the Study
This study examines the use of Engagement resources in English and Vietnamese news reporting on the Ukraine-Russia war, analyzing ten articles from The New York Times and Quân đội nhân dân It aims to compare linguistic strategies used to construct narratives and engage readers in different media contexts The research provides insights into the strategic use of Engagement resources in news reporting, enhancing understanding of how language shapes audience interpretation and interaction.
This study aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of Engagement resources in English and Vietnamese news reporting on the Ukraine-Russia war The primary focus is on an in-depth examination of the Engagement resources used in English news reports, identifying their various types and exploring how they are employed to construct narratives and engage audiences (Martin & White, 2005) By analyzing these strategies, the study seeks to uncover how English-speaking journalists shape their reporting to influence public perception of the conflict.
The second objective is to analyze Vietnamese news reports on the same topic, focusing on the Engagement resources utilized by Vietnamese media This analysis aims to explore how these linguistic tools are employed to craft narratives and captivate readers effectively.
2004) This part of the study seeks to uncover the unique strategies employed within the Vietnamese media landscape, providing a contrast to the findings from the English media analysis.
The third objective is to perform a comparative analysis of engagement resources in English and Vietnamese news reports, emphasizing the similarities and differences in reporting styles across these two media systems.
The study seeks to assess the wider implications of various engagement strategies on media practices and public perception, focusing on how different engagement resources influence audience interpretations of the Ukraine-Russia war This analysis aims to provide valuable insights that can enhance journalistic practices and shape media policies.
This study seeks to enhance the academic discussion in media and communication studies while offering practical guidance for journalists and media professionals as they navigate the intricate landscape of global news dissemination.
Research Questions
This study is an attempt to address the following research questions:
Question 1: What Engagement resources are used in English news reports of Ukraine-Russia war?
Question 2: What Engagement resources are used in Vietnamese news reports of Ukraine-Russia war?
Question 3: What are the similarities and differences between English andVietnamese news reports of Ukraine-Russia war in terms of Engagement?
Scope of the Study
This study focused on analyzing engagement resources in news reporting about the Ukraine-Russia War It involved a detailed examination of 10 Vietnamese articles from Quân đội nhân dân and 10 English articles from The New York Times, providing a representative sample of the war's portrayal in both Vietnamese and English media.
The study employed Martin and White’s (2005) Appraisal theory framework to analyze and compare the Engagement resources in selected articles about the Ukraine-Russia War These articles addressed diverse topics such as geopolitical developments, humanitarian impacts, and international responses, aiming to provide a thorough understanding of the narrative strategies used by various media outlets.
This analysis examines key events and milestones in the Ukraine-Russia War over a defined period, highlighting the changing landscape of media coverage By narrowing the focus to 10 articles, the research facilitates a thorough qualitative and quantitative examination of the topic.
The study aimed to offer a detailed comparison of Engagement resources in Vietnamese and English news reporting, thereby enhancing the understanding of media framing, linguistic strategies, and the dynamics of international communication.
Significance of the Study
This study offers valuable insights into the use of Engagement resources in news reporting on the Ukraine-Russia war, enhancing the field of media and communication studies By analyzing Engagement strategies in English news reports, the research highlights how English-speaking media engage their audiences and influence narrative construction and audience perception (Martin & White, 2005).
The study's examination of Vietnamese news reports revealed distinct engagement strategies employed in the Vietnamese media, offering a valuable contrast to the methods used in English media This highlighted the cultural and linguistic nuances that shape news reporting across different contexts, underscoring the importance of understanding these differences to appreciate the diversity in global news presentation and perception (Thompson, 2004).
This study's key contribution lies in the comparative analysis of engagement resources in English and Vietnamese news reports, revealing both similarities and differences in their reporting styles By examining these variations, the research enhances the discourse on media studies and international communication, providing a nuanced understanding of how different media systems interpret and report on the same conflict.
The research significantly improved media literacy and encouraged critical engagement among news consumers, leading to a more informed and balanced discussion on international conflicts As a result, these findings contributed to academic knowledge while also offering practical benefits for both the media industry and society as a whole.
Structure of Thesis
The study is divided into 5 chapters:
Chapter 1: Introduction, presents the rationale, aim, objectives, scope of the study, significance, research questions, methods and organization of the study.
Chapter 2: Literature review, presents Engagement resources proposed by
Martin and White’s (2005) Appraisal theory.
Chapter 3: Methodology, presents the research methods of the study, data collection and data analysis.
Chapter 4: Findings and discussion, presents the results gained in the processing of the data and discusses the results of the data analysis.
Chapter 5:Conclusion, summarizes the findings recorded during making this study, presents the limitations of the study, provides some suggestions for further study and gives implications on teaching.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Appraisal Theory
The analysis of Engagement resources in discourse is based on key theoretical frameworks in linguistics and communication studies, notably Bakhtin’s concept of dialogism Bakhtin (1981) posits that language is inherently dialogic, engaging with prior utterances and anticipating future responses, thereby fostering a continuous dialogue This understanding is essential for examining how Engagement resources effectively manage diverse viewpoints within discourse.
Halliday’s systemic functional linguistics (SFL) presents language as a social semiotic system, highlighting its multifaceted roles in representing the world, enacting social relationships, and organizing text A key aspect of SFL is the interpersonal metafunction, which focuses on the interactions between speakers and listeners or writers and readers This framework is instrumental in analyzing how engagement resources are utilized to navigate interpersonal meanings and relationships within discourse.
Martin and White’s (2005) Appraisal theory offers a comprehensive framework for analyzing evaluative language within the context of systemic functional linguistics This theory emphasizes how language conveys attitudes, engages readers, and shapes interpersonal meanings It is especially useful for exploring evaluative language and understanding how speakers and writers position themselves and their audiences in relation to the content and other interlocutors.
Appraisal theory is divided into three main domains: Attitude, Engagement, and Graduation The Attitude domain deals with emotions, judgments of behavior, and evaluations of things, encompassing affect,
Appraisal Theory comprises three key components: judgment, appreciation, and engagement Engagement addresses how speakers and writers position their statements concerning various voices and viewpoints, managing the dialogic space through either dialogic expansion, which includes multiple perspectives, or dialogic contraction, which limits them Graduation pertains to the scaling of evaluations, allowing for adjustments in intensity or focus through resources such as force and focus.
This study utilized Appraisal theory for its comprehensive analysis of evaluative language, essential for understanding journalists' use of Engagement resources in narrative construction and public perception influence The Engagement subsystem, which distinguishes between dialogic expansion and contraction, serves as a nuanced tool for exploring the interplay of language, ideology, and power in media discourse By employing Martin and White’s Appraisal theory, the research systematically examined how various media outlets framed narratives, engaged audiences, and positioned themselves regarding the Ukraine-Russia War, uncovering cultural and ideological perspectives in both English and Vietnamese news reports.
2.1.1 Components of Attitude in Appraisal Theory
Attitude, a vital component of Martin and White’s (2005) Appraisal Theory, emphasizes the linguistic tools employed to articulate emotional responses, ethical evaluations, and aesthetic judgments This subsystem plays a significant role in how individuals express their feelings, assess behaviors, and evaluate various phenomena in discourse Attitude is categorized into three distinct types: affect, judgment, and appreciation.
Affect refers to the expression of emotions that showcase an individual’s personal feelings, such as happiness, sadness, anger, and fear For example, in the phrase “She was delighted with the news,” the term “delighted” signifies a positive emotional state.
Judgment involves assessing human behavior, focusing on social esteem (e.g., normality, capacity) and social sanction (e.g., veracity, propriety) For example, in the sentence “He is an honest leader,” the word
“honest”serves as a positive judgment of veracity.
Appreciation involves assessing the aesthetic quality or value of objects, events, and processes For example, describing a painting as "breathtaking" reflects a positive evaluation of the artwork's beauty.
Understanding these categories helps in dissecting how texts influence audience perceptions and construct social values For example, the sentence
“The mayor’s decision was reckless, causing widespread outrage and disappointment” demonstrates how language can convey evaluation In this case, “reckless” represents a negative judgment, while “outrage” and
“disappointment” indicate negative affect The following diagram illustrates the components of Attitude in Appraisal Theory.
Figure 2.2 Subcategories of Attitude in Appraisal Theory
2.1.2 Components of Engagement in Appraisal Theory
Engagement, a key component of Martin and White’s (2005) Appraisal Theory, emphasizes the linguistic tools used to present diverse voices and viewpoints in discourse This subsystem is essential for enabling speakers and writers to navigate dialogic spaces, recognize alternative perspectives, and establish their positions relative to other voices In this study, Engagement was utilized as an analytical framework to explore how English and Vietnamese news articles on the Ukraine-Russia war employed linguistic strategies to shape narratives and engage their audiences.
Engagement can be categorized into two primary types: dialogic contraction and dialogic expansion Dialogic contraction employs strategies that limit or dismiss alternative perspectives, such as disclamation, which denies a proposition (e.g., "It is not true that "), and proclamation, which firmly asserts a proposition (e.g., "Indeed, it is the case that ").
Dialogic expansion employs strategies that create room for diverse voices and viewpoints This includes attribution, which references external sources (e.g., "According to experts "), and entertainment, indicating that a proposition is among multiple perspectives, such as "It seems that " Another key strategy is acknowledgment, where alternative positions are recognized without explicit approval, illustrated by phrases like "Some people say ".
The analysis of linguistic strategies in English and Vietnamese news articles revealed how dialogic interaction is managed For instance, the phrase "According to analysts" serves as attribution, while "could potentially" suggests entertainment, highlighting diverse perspectives This dynamic between dialogic contraction and expansion is crucial for comprehending narrative construction and enhancing reader engagement.
This study systematically analyzed Engagement resources in English and Vietnamese news articles, revealing their crucial role in shaping narratives and facilitating dialogic interaction It highlighted how English media utilized proclamation strategies, like “Indeed, this is the case,” to assert authority while downplaying alternative views In contrast, Vietnamese articles employed pronouncement strategies such as “Chúng tôi khẳng định rằng ” to emphasize narrative authority, alongside entertainment strategies like “Có thể rằng ” to engage readers with speculative possibilities By contrasting these approaches, the research underscored the cultural and linguistic influences on narrative construction, demonstrating how Engagement resources are essential for managing audience alignment and creating diverse yet compelling narratives, particularly in the context of the Ukraine-Russia war.
This study highlights the significance of Graduation, a key component of Appraisal Theory that assesses the intensity of language While Engagement addresses dialogic positioning, Graduation emphasizes how language can either amplify or soften evaluations The following section will investigate the two main dimensions of Graduation—Force and Focus—and their influence on the tone and effectiveness of media discourse.
2.1.3 Components of Graduation in Appraisal Theory
Graduation is a fundamental subsystem within Martin and White’s
Appraisal Theory, introduced in 2005, examines the linguistic tools that enable speakers and writers to modify the intensity of their expressed attitudes This theory is essential for grasping how individuals amplify or diminish their evaluative language, effectively conveying different levels of strength, commitment, or emphasis Graduation within this framework is divided into two primary categories: force and focus.
Engagement Resources
Engagement resources, as outlined in Martin and White’s Appraisal Theory (2005), are essential linguistic tools that enable authors to position themselves concerning the propositions in their texts These resources facilitate dialogic space management, either by promoting alternative voices through dialogic expansion or by restricting them via dialogic contraction By utilizing these Engagement resources, writers can articulate their stance, engage with differing perspectives, and influence readers’ interpretations, offering a structured method for analyzing author-audience interactions and diverse viewpoints.
Engagement resources, as defined by Hyland (2005), are rhetorical strategies that writers employ to directly involve readers in the discourse, enhancing their understanding and interpretation These resources are essential for fostering a connection between the writer and the reader, making the text more interactive Engagement techniques include the use of questions, directives, references to shared knowledge, and personal asides, all of which collaboratively draw the reader into the argument or narrative.
Engagement resources, as defined by Thompson and Hunston (2000), are linguistic elements that indicate a writer's anticipation of reader responses and objections These resources help to preemptively counter potential arguments and align the writer's viewpoint with that of the audience By recognizing and addressing differing perspectives within the text, writers can enhance the persuasiveness and coherence of their arguments, fostering a dialogue between themselves and their readers.
White (2003) emphasizes the importance of Engagement resources in fostering dialogic interactions within texts He argues that these resources extend beyond merely including or excluding alternative viewpoints; they also involve the negotiation and management of these perspectives within the discourse This process utilizes strategic linguistic features, such as modality, attribution, and disclaimers, to influence the reader's perception and effectively navigate the complexities of meaning and stance in the text.
Engagement resources are diverse linguistic strategies employed by writers to effectively interact with their audience, acknowledge differing perspectives, and foster a persuasive and dynamic discourse.
Engagement resources, as defined by Martin and White (2005) in their Appraisal theory, play a vital role in shaping the dialogic space of texts These resources enable writers and speakers to effectively manage and position various voices and perspectives, significantly impacting audience reception and interpretation They are mainly classified into two types: monogloss and heterogloss, each fulfilling unique roles in the presentation and understanding of information.
Monogloss refers to statements that present information as unequivocal facts without incorporating alternative viewpoints An example of monogloss is the assertion, "The war has begun," which reflects a singular perspective and establishes a closed, definitive stance on the subject (Martin & White, 2005).
Heterogloss refers to statements that integrate or suggest multiple viewpoints, resulting in a multi-voiced discourse This concept can be categorized into two primary types: dialogic contraction and dialogic expansion Dialogic contraction employs strategies that restrict the variety of perspectives by firmly asserting a specific viewpoint or dismissing alternative opinions, with key strategies including disclaiming and proclaiming.
Disclaim, encompassing denial and counter, serves to dismiss or negate opposing viewpoints Denial specifically refutes alternative perspectives, exemplified by the assertion, “There is no evidence that the war will end soon.”
Counter acknowledges a viewpoint only to refute it, exemplified by,
“Although some believe peace is near, the reality is that the war continues”
Proclaim, a type of dialogic contraction, encompasses both pronouncing and endorsing Pronouncing entails a strong assertion of the speaker's viewpoint, exemplified by statements like, “The fact is no one wants the war to continue.” Endorsing, on the other hand, involves citing authoritative sources to bolster a claim, such as, “According to experts, the war will last” (Martin & White, 2005) These strategies effectively limit the dialogic space by affirming particular perspectives while discrediting alternative viewpoints.
Dialogic expansion involves strategies that enhance the dialogic space by incorporating diverse perspectives Key strategies include "entertain" and "attribute." The "entertain" strategy recognizes the existence of multiple viewpoints, as seen in the phrase, “It is possible that the war will end soon.” Meanwhile, "attribute" encompasses acknowledging or quoting different opinions, which can be further divided into "acknowledge" and "distance." The "acknowledge" approach integrates various views into the conversation, such as, “Many believe the war is inevitable,” while "distance" presents opinions with a degree of detachment, exemplified by, “It is said that the war will not last long.”
In news reporting, utilizing engagement resources is essential for achieving a balance between objectivity and subjectivity Journalists use these linguistic tools to showcase various perspectives and highlight specific narratives Through dialogic expansion, they can incorporate diverse viewpoints, leading to a deeper understanding of issues For example, when a reporter states, “Experts believe that the war will continue for several more months,” they create a dialogic space for expert opinions without fully endorsing that prediction This method preserves journalistic objectivity and encourages reader engagement.
Dialogic contraction is a rhetorical strategy employed by journalists to firmly assert a viewpoint or counter opposing arguments For instance, the phrase “There is no evidence that the war will end soon” clearly dismisses contrary claims, limiting readers' interpretive options This approach guides the audience towards a specific perspective and is commonly found in editorials or opinion pieces that require a strong position.
Analyzing engagement resources in news articles allows researchers to understand how journalists craft their reports to facilitate discussion or guide reader interpretation This examination uncovers the rhetorical strategies that influence public perception and opinion.
In summary, Engagement resources, as defined by Martin and White (2005), are crucial for comprehending the management of dialogic space in texts These resources significantly influence the presentation and interpretation of information, especially in news reporting, through mechanisms of dialogic expansion and contraction.
Figure 2.3 Subcategories of Engagement in Appraisal Theory
2.2.3 Functions of Engagement Resources in Discourse Analysis
Engagement resources, as conceptualized within Martin and White’s
Possible Research Gap
This qualitative research study examined the use of Engagement resources in English and Vietnamese news reporting on the Ukraine-Russia war The main goal was to identify and compare the Engagement strategies employed by journalists within these two diverse linguistic and cultural frameworks Through qualitative analysis, the research sought to reveal the subtleties in narrative construction and the impact of Engagement resources on public perception.
Qualitative research is a methodological approach that emphasizes understanding phenomena through non-numeric data collection and analysis, including texts, interviews, and observations It aims to deepen the understanding of social phenomena by exploring participants' meanings, experiences, and interpretations within their specific contexts This research method is especially valuable for examining complex issues, generating rich insights, and grasping the subtleties of human behavior and communication.
Several types of qualitative research methods were commonly used in social sciences.
A case study involves a thorough investigation of one or a few cases within their real-life context, providing valuable insights into specific events or instances This research method is particularly effective for understanding complex phenomena in detail.
Ethnography: A method that involved the researcher immersing themselves in a particular cultural or social setting to observe and interpret the behaviors and interactions of participants.
Phenomenology: A method focused on exploring and describing the
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
This qualitative research study examined the use of Engagement resources in English and Vietnamese news reporting on the Ukraine-Russia war The main goal was to identify and compare the Engagement strategies employed by journalists within these two different linguistic and cultural frameworks Through qualitative analysis, the study sought to reveal the subtleties in narrative construction and the impact of Engagement resources on shaping public perception.
Qualitative research is a methodological approach that seeks to understand phenomena by collecting and analyzing non-numeric data, including texts, interviews, and observations This approach aims to provide deeper insights into social phenomena by exploring the meanings, experiences, and interpretations of participants within their specific contexts It is particularly valuable for examining complex issues and uncovering the subtleties and intricacies of human behavior and communication.
Several types of qualitative research methods were commonly used in social sciences.
A case study involves a thorough examination of one or a few cases within their real-life context, providing valuable insights into specific events or instances This research method is particularly effective for understanding complex phenomena by analyzing detailed information and drawing meaningful conclusions.
Ethnography: A method that involved the researcher immersing themselves in a particular cultural or social setting to observe and interpret the behaviors and interactions of participants.
Phenomenology: A method focused on exploring and describing the
Grounded Theory: A systematic method of generating theory from data through iterative cycles of data collection and analysis.
Content Analysis: A method for systematically analyzing the content of communication, such as texts, media, and documents, to identify patterns, themes, and meanings.
In this study, content analysis served as the main qualitative research method, enabling a systematic examination of how Engagement resources are utilized in news articles.
An analysis of texts from The New York Times and Quân Đội Nhân Dân reveals the engagement strategies employed by journalists, highlighting their impact on narrative construction and public perception.
Data collection
This study analyzed news articles from English and Vietnamese media regarding the Ukraine-Russia war, aiming for a comparative analysis of Engagement resources in these two media environments The selected outlets and articles offered diverse perspectives and journalistic practices, enabling an in-depth examination of how Engagement resources were employed to communicate different facets of the conflict.
The English-language media sample was sourced from The New York Times, a prestigious newspaper renowned for its comprehensive international coverage and significant impact on public opinion and policy The criteria for selecting The New York Times included its global recognition and influence in media.
Relevance: Articles had to focus on the Ukraine-Russia war, covering key events, developments, and analyses related to the war.
Prominence: Articles selected were from prominent sections of the publication to ensure they had significant readership and impact.
The Vietnamese media sample was sourced from Quân Đội Nhân Dân, the official newspaper of the Vietnam People’s Army, which showcases the government's viewpoint on international conflicts The criteria for selecting content from Quân Đội Nhân Dân were carefully established to ensure a comprehensive representation of these perspectives.
Relevance: Articles had to focus on the Ukraine-Russia war, specifically addressing major events, governmental responses, and analyses related to the war.
Prominence: Articles from key sections of the publication, ensuring they were representative of the outlet’s main coverage and editorial stance.
The selection criteria for news articles from The New York Times and Quân Đội Nhân Dân focused on pieces published in 2024, allowing for an analysis of the latest narratives and engagement strategies in war reporting.
Focus on Engagement Resources: Articles had to utilize Engagement resources such as headlines, social media integration, and interactive features.
Balanced Representation: Ensuring a balanced number of articles from both media outlets to facilitate a fair comparative analysis.
Accessibility: Articles had to be accessible and available in digital format for ease of analysis.
Data collection instrument
This study utilized a content analysis framework to systematically assess the presence and utilization of Engagement resources in selected news articles Grounded in Martin and White’s Appraisal Theory (2005), this framework offers a thorough method for analyzing how language conveys attitudes, manages interpersonal relationships, and constructs evaluative meanings, following the principles outlined by Krippendorff (2018).
The content analysis framework focused on two main categories of Engagement resources: Dialogic Contraction and Dialogic Expansion.
Dialogic contraction employs linguistic strategies that restrict alternative voices or viewpoints, fostering a sense of certainty and authority in discourse Key subcategories of dialogic contraction play a vital role in shaping this dynamic.
Denial: Explicit negation of a proposition to exclude alternative perspectives.
Countering: Introducing a counter-proposition to refute or mitigate an alternative view.
Concurrence: Expressing agreement with a proposition to reinforce it. Pronouncement: Strongly asserting a viewpoint to emphasize its validity.
Endorsement involves referencing authoritative sources to back a claim Each subcategory has defined indicators to ensure consistent and reliable identification and classification within articles These indicators facilitated a manual coding process that systematically recorded the presence of dialogic contraction resources.
Dialogic expansion included linguistic strategies that opened up the space for alternative voices or viewpoints, thereby fostering inclusivity and dialogism in the discourse The subcategories within dialogic expansion included:
Attribution: Assigning a statement or belief to an external source to indicate it is one of many possible viewpoints.
Entertainment: Presenting a proposition as a possibility rather than a certainty to invite consideration of alternatives.
Acknowledgment: Recognizing the existence of alternative viewpoints without necessarily endorsing them.
This study utilized a structured content analysis framework to systematically examine the Engagement resources in English and Vietnamese news coverage of the Ukraine-Russia war This method revealed important insights into the narrative strategies used by journalists and their influence on public discourse.
Data Collection Procedure
The data collection process involved the following steps:
Keyword searches including “Ukraine-Russia war,” “NATO involvement,” “Russian military actions,” and “international responses” led to the identification of pertinent articles from The New York Times and Quân Đội Nhân Dân, shedding light on the ongoing conflict and its global implications.
Step 2: Ensuring Article Relevance and Consistency
Each article was carefully evaluated for its relevance to the Ukraine-Russia war, ensuring it included significant content related to engagement resources A diverse selection of articles was made to present a well-rounded perspective on the conflict.
For each article, Engagement resources were identified and categorized according to the framework of monogloss and heterogloss.
Monogloss: Identifying statements that asserted a single viewpoint without engaging alternative perspectives.
Heterogloss: Categorizing dialogic contraction and expansion resources, including disclaim, denial, counter, proclaim, pronounce, endorse, entertain, attribute, acknowledge, and distance.
All identified engagement resources were systematically documented, detailing the resource type, specific sentences or phrases from the article, and their contextual usage This data was organized into a table for each article to enable effective comparative analysis.
Data Analysis
The analysis of the collected data involved:
Step 1: Comparative Analysis of Monogloss and Heterogloss
The use of monogloss and heterogloss between Vietnamese and English articles was compared to identify differences in narrative construction and Engagement with alternative perspectives.
Step 2: Detailed Examination of Dialogic Contraction and Expansion Within the framework of heterogloss, a detailed examination of dialogic contraction (disclaim, denial, counter, proclaim, pronounce, endorse) and dialogic expansion (entertain, attribute, acknowledge, distance) was conducted to understand how each language presented and interacted with different viewpoints.
Step 3: Identifying Patterns and Differences
The analysis revealed distinct patterns and notable differences in the utilization of engagement resources It examined how various types of resources enhanced the overall narrative and assessed the impact of each language on this contribution.
Ethical consideration
A study examining the use of engagement resources in English and Vietnamese news reporting on the Ukraine-Russia war required meticulous attention to ethical considerations, ensuring the research was conducted with integrity and responsibility.
The study focused on analyzing news articles from reputable sources like The New York Times and Quân Đội Nhân Dân, ensuring adherence to intellectual property rights through proper citations and references This approach recognized the contributions of original authors and publishers while maintaining academic integrity and transparency, as emphasized by the American Psychological Association (2020).
The research relied on publicly available data, necessitating careful handling to ensure security and privacy Researchers prioritized secure data storage and utilized digital tools that adhered to established privacy and security standards This diligence was crucial, especially when addressing sensitive issues like international wars, as improper data management could lead to significant consequences.
In comparative media studies, it is essential to maintain objectivity and avoid bias, requiring researchers to remain aware of their preconceptions and analyze data impartially This involves using standardized coding schemes for quantitative analysis and including multiple researchers in the coding process to improve reliability and validity To ensure consistency in coding categories, inter-coder reliability tests are conducted (Krippendorff, 2018).
The study's findings were reported with accuracy and responsibility, ensuring that researchers did not overgeneralize or misinterpret the data, particularly in light of the sensitive Ukraine-Russia conflict Contextualizing the results within the wider socio-political landscape and acknowledging the study's limitations were essential Additionally, any potential implications for public perception and discourse were approached with caution.
FINDINGS AND DISSCUSSION
Engagement resources in English news reports on the Ukraine-Russia War
4.1.1 Overview of the Engagement resources
Engagement, according to Martin and White’s Appraisal Theory, is essential for understanding how writers navigate voices and viewpoints in discourse This framework includes two main categories: dialogic contraction and dialogic expansion, each playing a unique role in defining the dialogic space These categories were pivotal in analyzing English news articles, revealing how linguistic strategies are utilized to craft narratives and engage readers effectively.
Dialogic contraction encompasses linguistic strategies that limit alternative viewpoints to assert authority and control the conversation Key techniques include disclamation, which counters opposing perspectives, and proclamation, where strong assertions bolster the writer’s position By employing these strategies, writers can emphasize their message and reduce the likelihood of alternative interpretations, ensuring clarity and maintaining authority in their reporting.
Dialogic expansion employs strategies that invite diverse voices and perspectives into the conversation This approach includes entertainment, which frames ideas as possibilities rather than absolutes, and acknowledgment, which incorporates external viewpoints without requiring endorsement By fostering inclusiveness, these strategies encourage readers to explore multiple perspectives, thereby enhancing the narrative and deeply engaging the audience.
This study examined 10 English news articles from The New York Times to analyze the use of Engagement resources in media discourse By calculating the frequency of dialogic contraction and expansion resources, the research provided valuable insights into the linguistic strategies that structure narratives and influence reader interpretation This analysis facilitated a deeper understanding of the rhetorical techniques utilized in English news reporting.
Table 4.1 Distribution of Engagement Resources in English News Engagement resources
Table 4.1 illustrates the distribution of Engagement resources in English news articles, showcasing a significant emphasis on dialogic contraction, which comprises 67.96% with 123 instances, in contrast to dialogic expansion, represented by 32.04% with 58 instances This balance plays a crucial role in shaping the narratives within these articles.
This distribution reflects the strategic use of language in English news to balance authority and inclusivity in reporting.
Dialogic contraction plays a vital role in English news reporting, enabling writers to assert authority and guide readers toward specific interpretations By employing contraction strategies, journalists limit alternative viewpoints, thereby maintaining control over the narrative and highlighting their position This technique is especially significant in high-stakes or contentious reporting, where clarity and authority are paramount.
In the realm of contraction, two key strategies are disclamation and proclamation Disclamation techniques, including denial, explicitly reject opposing viewpoints, effectively dismissing alternative interpretations Likewise, counter acknowledges and subsequently refutes opposing views These approaches ensure that the narrative remains aligned with the writer's intended perspective while effectively addressing potential counterarguments.
Proclamation strategies like concur, pronounce, and endorse highlight the writer's dedication to their argument The frequent use of contractions in English news articles emphasizes clarity and assertiveness, especially when addressing intricate global issues.
Dialogic expansion, though less common, plays a crucial role in promoting inclusivity and engaging readers By incorporating alternative perspectives and external voices, expansion strategies enrich the dialogic space, thereby enhancing the article's credibility and depth.
In the realm of expansion, two essential resources are entertainment and acknowledgment Entertainment strategies present ideas as possibilities, inviting readers to consider hypothetical scenarios rather than definitive outcomes Meanwhile, acknowledgment incorporates external viewpoints or sources without outright endorsement, fostering a balanced narrative Together, these strategies subtly steer readers toward the writer's perspective while maintaining an engaging and thoughtful discourse.
The study highlights a strategic balance in English news reporting, where contraction (67.96%) is utilized to assert authority, while expansion (32.04%) promotes inclusivity and credibility This combination allows articles to present nuanced narratives that blend assertiveness with openness to diverse viewpoints Such a balance is essential for sustaining reader engagement and trust, especially when addressing complex global issues.
Dialogic contraction, a fundamental element of Martin and White’s
Appraisal Theory, introduced in 2005, focuses on linguistic strategies that limit alternative viewpoints in discourse, particularly in English news reporting This theory is essential for writers who seek to assert authority and direct readers toward specific interpretations By employing dialogic contraction, writers can reinforce their positions and reduce the likelihood of alternative interpretations Two key mechanisms of dialogic contraction are disclamation and proclamation, each playing a unique role in shaping authoritative narratives.
Disclamation operates by rejecting or countering alternative perspectives, ensuring the writer's viewpoint prevails Within disclamation,deny strategies explicitly negate propositions to dismiss competing narratives.
For instance, phrases like “It is not true that this strategy will fail”
The NYTS (2) exemplifies a clear dismissal of opposing claims, strengthening the author's viewpoint In contrast, counter strategies, a different form of disclamation, recognize alternative perspectives but quickly counter them For instance, the phrase, “Although some believe this policy is flawed, evidence proves otherwise” [NYTS (5)], addresses opposing opinions before effectively refuting them, thereby reinforcing the writer's argument.
Proclamation emphasizes the writer's authority and certainty in their statements, incorporating three subtypes: concur, pronounce, and endorse Concur strategies, such as “Indeed, this is the case,” express agreement and bolster credibility by aligning with established narratives Pronounce strategies involve direct assertions, exemplified by phrases like “I claim that this evidence is indisputable,” highlighting the writer's commitment to their argument.
NYTS articles exhibit a strong authorial voice that conveys certainty and limits alternative interpretations They often endorse strategies by relying on external validation, frequently citing expert opinions to support claims, such as stating, "According to experts, this strategy has proven effective."
[NYTS (6)], which add credibility and weight to the argument by appealing to authoritative sources.
Engagement resources in Vietnamese news reports on the Ukraine-Russia War
4.2.1 Overview of the Engagement resources
Engagement, according to Martin and White’s (2005) Appraisal Theory, serves as a framework for examining how writers navigate voices and viewpoints in discourse This subsystem is divided into two key categories: dialogic contraction and dialogic expansion, each contributing uniquely to the creation of dialogic space These categories were pivotal in analyzing Vietnamese news articles, revealing essential linguistic strategies used to construct narratives and engage audiences regarding the Ukraine-Russia war.
Dialogic contraction encompasses linguistic strategies that limit alternative viewpoints, enabling writers to assert authority and control the dialogic space This approach emphasizes the writer’s stance while reducing opportunities for differing interpretations In Vietnamese news articles, the prevalent use of dialogic contraction highlights an intention to convey authoritative narratives, especially when covering sensitive or complex international conflicts.
Dialogic expansion utilizes linguistic strategies to create a space for diverse voices and perspectives, promoting inclusivity and engaging a wider audience By incorporating expansion strategies, writers enhance their credibility, enabling readers to explore various viewpoints while retaining control over the narrative.
This study examined 10 Vietnamese news articles from Quân đội nhân dân to analyze the use of Engagement resources By calculating the frequency of dialogic contraction and expansion, it provided insights into the linguistic strategies that shape narratives and influence audience interpretation The findings reveal how these articles effectively balance authority with inclusivity in their reporting.
The study reveals the unique rhetorical strategies used in Vietnamese news articles to manage reader engagement, illustrating the balance between contraction and expansion in influencing public perception Through these techniques, Vietnamese writers craft narratives that assert their viewpoints while also considering external perspectives, showcasing a sophisticated approach to reporting on the Ukraine-Russia war.
Table 4.4 Distribution of Engagement Resources in Vietnamese News Engagement resources
Table 4.4 illustrates the distribution of engagement resources in Vietnamese news articles, highlighting the interplay between dialogic contraction and expansion in narrative construction The findings show a significant preference for dialogic contraction, occurring 73 times (58.40%), while dialogic expansion is utilized 52 times (41.60%) This trend reflects the strategic approach taken by Vietnamese journalists to maintain a balance between authority and inclusivity in their reporting.
The Emphasis on Dialogic Contraction
The increased use of dialogic contraction in Vietnamese news articles underscores its vital importance in establishing a clear and authoritative tone By utilizing contraction resources, journalists can effectively limit the dialogic space, enabling them to assert their viewpoints and guide readers toward their intended perspective This approach is particularly significant when addressing sensitive subjects, such as the Ukraine-Russia war, where maintaining clarity and control over the narrative is essential.
In the realm of contraction, two primary mechanisms are disclamation and proclamation Disclamation typically involves outright rejection of alternative viewpoints, while counter strategies recognize opposing perspectives only to refute them These approaches allow writers to effectively engage with counterarguments while guiding the narrative toward their intended conclusion.
Proclamation emphasizes certainty and strengthens the writer's position by employing strategies like pronouncing and endorsing These techniques illustrate how authoritative claims and external validation enhance credibility The consistent application of these strategies highlights the significance Vietnamese news articles place on delivering confident and authoritative narratives.
The Role of Dialogic Expansion
Dialogic expansion, though less prevalent, is essential for promoting inclusivity and enhancing storytelling By offering expansion resources, it encourages alternative viewpoints and invites readers to engage critically with the narrative.
Effective expansion strategies involve presenting hypothetical scenarios to inspire readers to consider different outcomes, while also incorporating external perspectives and sources to enrich the article's depth and bolster its credibility.
The research reveals a strong inclination towards dialogic contraction in Vietnamese news reporting (58.40%), highlighting a desire to retain authority and control over the narrative Conversely, the notable presence of dialogic expansion (41.60%) demonstrates an intention to engage readers and present diverse viewpoints, fostering a more balanced narrative This dual strategy reflects the sophisticated techniques used in Vietnamese journalism, skillfully merging assertiveness with inclusivity to uphold credibility and influence audience perception.
Dialogic contraction, a fundamental aspect of Martin and White’s (2005) Appraisal Theory, plays a crucial role in how writers manage conflicting viewpoints by limiting alternative perspectives In Vietnamese news reporting, this strategy is vital for establishing authoritative narratives, especially in the context of significant events like the Ukraine-Russia war By narrowing the dialogic space, journalists can articulate a clear and convincing position, reducing ambiguity and dissent This is accomplished through two main mechanisms: disclamation and proclamation, both of which enhance narrative construction and engage readers effectively.
Disclamation functions by dismissing alternative viewpoints to uphold the writer's perspective It utilizes deny strategies that explicitly refute opposing claims, effectively countering competing narratives For example, Vietnamese articles frequently incorporate phrases that reinforce this approach.
It is inaccurate to assert that certain statements are valid, as demonstrated by the writer's authority in guiding reader interpretation Counter strategies recognize opposing viewpoints solely to refute them, such as in the example where the writer acknowledges some opinions but ultimately presents contrary evidence These techniques are essential for maintaining a focused and authoritative narrative, especially when navigating complex and contentious issues like the Ukraine-Russia war.
The differences and similarities in the use of Engagement resources
4.3.1 Overview of the Engagement resources in English and Vietnamese news reports on the Ukraine-Russia War
Table 4.7 Distribution of Engagement Resources in English and
Vietnamese News Reports Engagement resources
English news reports Vietnamese news reports Instances Percentages Instances Percentages
Table 4.7 compares the Engagement resources of contraction and expansion used in English and Vietnamese news reports on the Ukraine-Russia War, highlighting a notable difference in their frequency and purpose English reports predominantly feature contraction resources, totaling 123 occurrences (67.96%), while expansion resources are less common at 58 instances (32.04%) Conversely, Vietnamese reports utilize contraction resources 73 times (58.40%), with expansion resources appearing slightly more frequently at 52 instances (41.60%).
English news articles often favor a direct and assertive narrative style, utilizing contractions to limit alternative viewpoints This approach allows writers to present a clear and authoritative interpretation of events For instance, a statement like “It is undeniable that sanctions are impacting the economy” removes ambiguity and directs readers toward interpretations that align with the writer's perspective.
Vietnamese news articles exhibit a balanced approach to contraction and expansion strategies, highlighting inclusivity and reader engagement By blending authoritative viewpoints with external perspectives, Vietnamese writers foster a more interactive narrative For example, an article may state, “According to experts, punitive measures can lead to numerous consequences.”
[QĐND (1)] This approach suggests a cultural and linguistic preference for engaging readers through diverse viewpoints while maintaining credibility.
The use of expansion resources varies notably between English and Vietnamese news reports In English, these resources often serve to acknowledge alternative perspectives while reinforcing the writer's authority, as seen in the statement, “While some argue sanctions will fail, evidence suggests otherwise.” In contrast, Vietnamese articles utilize expansion to incorporate broader societal or expert viewpoints, exemplified by the phrase, “Nhiều ý kiến cho rằng các biện pháp này có thể mang lại kết quả tích cực,” which engages readers by presenting multiple interpretations and encouraging further reflection.
English news articles prioritize clarity and authority, employing contractions to direct readers toward specific interpretations, reflecting cultural tendencies in English journalism In contrast, Vietnamese news articles adopt a nuanced approach, balancing contraction and expansion strategies to enhance inclusivity and engagement By integrating authoritative statements with diverse perspectives, Vietnamese journalism cultivates a multidimensional narrative style These differences highlight how cultural and linguistic factors influence the strategic use of engagement resources in news reporting.
Table 4.8 Comparative Distribution of Dialogic Contraction Subtypes in
English and Vietnamese News Articles Dialogic Contraction English Articles Vietnamese Articles
A comparative analysis of Dialogic Contraction Subtypes in English and Vietnamese news articles reveals significant differences in rhetorical strategies, reflecting the linguistic and cultural nuances that influence news narratives in both languages.
The Disclaim category, encompassing Deny and Counter, highlights notable distinctions between English and Vietnamese media systems Deny, which explicitly rejects opposing viewpoints, appears in 9.5% of English articles and rises to 12.33% in Vietnamese articles, indicating a stronger inclination in Vietnamese reports to outright dismiss counterclaims to bolster their authority.
“Không đúng khi nói rằng các biện pháp này không hiệu quả” [QĐND(2)] Counter, on the other hand, is employed significantly more in
Vietnamese articles constitute 24.66% of the content, significantly higher than the 16.7% of English articles They often recognize alternative viewpoints only to refute them, exemplified by phrases such as “Although there are opposing views, reality proves otherwise.” This indicates a proactive engagement with counterarguments in Vietnamese news, suggesting an intention to anticipate and discredit dissenting opinions.
In the Proclaim category, which emphasizes certainty and authority, English and Vietnamese articles exhibit notable differences The subtype Pronounce is prevalent, appearing in 34.9% of English articles compared to 27.40% in Vietnamese Furthermore, English reports tend to utilize direct assertions more frequently, exemplified by statements like “We affirm that this strategy has been effective.”
[NYTS (3)], emphasizing control over the narrative In contrast, Vietnamese articles, while still using Pronounce extensively, lean slightly less on this strategy, reflecting a comparatively balanced approach.
Endorsement, a key subtype of Proclaim that validates claims through external sources, is utilized in 20.6% of English articles, slightly lower than the 26.02% found in Vietnamese reports Vietnamese articles frequently incorporate external validation, such as expert opinions, to enhance credibility and engage readers This greater reliance on endorsement in Vietnamese news suggests a stronger inclination to base narratives on authoritative voices, aiming to foster relatability and trust among the audience.
Concur, indicating agreement, appears more frequently in English articles (12.7%) compared to Vietnamese articles (9.59%) For instance, English reports often feature phrases such as “Indeed, this strategy aligns with current trends,” showcasing a tendency to connect narratives with broader consensus for enhanced cohesion and stronger arguments.
Vietnamese articles demonstrate a greater dependence on Counter and Endorse, showcasing a narrative style that engages with counterarguments and seeks external validation In contrast, English articles prefer Pronounce and Concur, which conveys a more direct and authoritative tone These distinctions underline the cultural and rhetorical priorities inherent in each language, where Vietnamese news promotes a balance of authority and inclusivity, while English news prioritizes control and coherence.
Table 4.9 Comparative Distribution of Dialogic Contraction Subtypes in
English and Vietnamese News Articles Dialogic Expansion English Articles Vietnamese
Articles Instances Percentages Instan ces
Table 4.9 compares the distribution of Dialogic Expansion subtypes in English and Vietnamese news articles, revealing both similarities and differences in their usage The results underscore unique rhetorical strategies employed to engage readers and shape narratives in each language.
In the realm of Entertainment, Modality represents 31.03% of occurrences in both English and Vietnamese articles, indicating a common inclination towards framing propositions as possibilities This approach provides readers with interpretative flexibility, as exemplified by Vietnamese articles that include expressions such as “Có thể rằng tình hình sẽ thay đổi theo chiều hướng tích cực.”
[QĐND (3)] to create an open dialogic space, inviting readers to consider multiple outcomes Similarly, English articles employ expressions such as
The negotiations may show signs of progress, suggesting various potential scenarios This use of modality highlights its essential role in engaging readers by steering clear of absolute conclusions.
Summary
This section synthesizes the findings on Engagement resources used in English and Vietnamese news reports on the Ukraine-Russia war, addressing the two research questions posed.
Research Question 1: What Engagement resources are used in English and Vietnamese news reports on the Ukraine-Russia war?
The study highlights that both English and Vietnamese news articles employ Engagement resources, particularly dialogic contraction and expansion, with a stronger emphasis on dialogic contraction in both languages This preference indicates a common goal of asserting authority and guiding reader interpretation English articles frequently utilize contraction strategies such as proclamation, especially through pronouncement and endorsement, while Vietnamese articles also favor proclamation but place greater emphasis on endorsement to bolster arguments with external authority.
Dialogic expansion, though less common than contraction, reveals unique narrative focuses In English articles, acknowledgment is utilized to incorporate authoritative perspectives without full endorsement In contrast, Vietnamese articles place a greater emphasis on entertainment, fostering speculation and prompting readers to explore hypothetical scenarios.
Research Question 2: What are the similarities and differences in Engagement resources used between English and Vietnamese news reports?
Both English and Vietnamese reports highlight dialogic contraction for narrative control, yet they differ in their approach English articles tend to be more assertive, employing disclamation strategies to effectively counter opposing viewpoints In contrast, Vietnamese reports adopt a less aggressive stance, focusing on endorsement to enhance their credibility.
Dialogic expansion strategies show significant contrasts between English and Vietnamese news reports English articles tend to use acknowledgment minimally, prioritizing straightforward, factual statements that uphold narrative authority In contrast, Vietnamese reports embrace a more exploratory approach, weaving in speculative scenarios that foster a dynamic and engaging storytelling experience.
English articles emphasize assertiveness and factual clarity, utilizing engagement techniques to guide reader interpretation In contrast, Vietnamese articles strike a balance between authority and inclusivity, incorporating speculation and acknowledgment to create a multidimensional narrative These distinctions highlight the cultural and linguistic differences in journalistic practices, providing valuable insights into how each language articulates and conveys perspectives on global issues.