Tom Tat Tieng Anh Ảnh Hưởng Của Khẩu Phần Phối Trộn Hoàn Toàn (Tmr) Và Mỡ Cá Tra Đến Sự Phát Thải Khí Gây Hiệu Ứng Nhà Kính Và Sinh Trưởng Của Gia Súc Nhai Lại.pdf

1.2 Objectives To determine the nutrient digestibility and in vitro gas production of diets supplemented with concentrate C and Tra fish oil TFO in order to identify the appropriate l

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

CAN THO UNIVERSITY

SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS

Major: Animal science

Code: 62620105

LE VAN PHONG

EFFECT OF TOTAL MIXED RATION (TMR) AND TRA FISH OIL SUPPLEMENTATION ON NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY, RUMEN

PARAMETERS, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND DAILY WEIGHT GAIN OF RUMINANTS

Can Tho, 2025

THE THESIS WAS COMPLETED AT

CAN THO UNIVERSITY

Scientific supervisors: Prof Dr Nguyen Van Thu The thesis is defended in front of the University Examination Council in Can Tho University

Further information of the thesis could be found at:

- Learning Resource Center of Can Tho University

- National library of Vietnam

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2015) According to Bharanidharan et al (2018), TMR did not reduce

CH4 emissions in Holstein cows Thus conclusions on concentrate supplementation and TMR feeding to reduce CH4 from ruminants were still unclear

Dietary lipid sources reduced CH4 production in the rumen and their inclusions in runimant diets were considered one of the feasible

greenhouse gas mitigation strategies (Hristov et al., 2013) Candyrine et

al (2019) concluded that oil supplementation did not have a negative

impact and in some cases, it could enhance nutrient digestibility According to NASATI (2024), every year the Mekong Delta of Vietnam produces about 150,000 tons of Tra fish oil (TFO) Using TFO in feeding diets could ensure the need for essential fatty acids, provide energy, and reduce CH4 gas production in ruminants

A combination of using TMR and supplemented TFO could potentially enhance nutrition, improve the growth performance and reduce GHG emissions of ruminants Therefore, this thesis was carried out aiming to confirm the results and recommend the use of the technology for improving the ruminants production in the Mekong Delta and Vietnam under the current climate change situation

1.2 Objectives

To determine the nutrient digestibility and in vitro gas production

of diets supplemented with concentrate (C) and Tra fish oil (TFO) in order to identify the appropriate levels of TAHH and TFO for using

them in in vivo experiments (i); to assess the nutrient utilization of the

diet, nitrogen retention, rumen environment, and GHG production of

cattle, goats and sheep when the TMR supplemented with TFO (ii); and

to evaluate the potential weight gain, feed conversion, and economic

returns of cattle, goats, and sheep by its use in the diets (iii)

1.3 Contents

The research of the thesis has three main contents:

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1 Studying on in vitro gas production of elephant grass

supplemented concentrate and Tra fish oil for finding the appropriate

diets (concentrate and TFO levels) and planning the following in vivo

experiments

2 Evaluating the nutrient digestibility, rumen parameters, nitrogen

retention and GHG production of ruminants (cattle, goats and sheep) fed

the TMR with TFO levels supplementation in in vivo experiments

3 Studies on effects of the found TMR with the TFO in 1 and 2 on

daily weight gain, feed conversion and ecomonic returns of cattle, goats and sheep

1.4 Significance of the thesis

1.4.1 Scientific research

To provide a comprehensive dataset related to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, nutrient digestibility characteristics, and weight gain potential of cattle, goats, and sheep when feeding the appropriate TMR supplemented with TFO This could also contribute to the scientific results of the ruminant nutrition and feeding practices for adapting to the current climate change situations

1.4.2 Practical application

To contribute to practical feeding data on the ruminant TMR supplemented with concentrate and TFO to improve the growth and GHG emissions of cattle, goats and sheep and mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change on food production and human livelihoods

1.5 Novelty of the thesis

This is the first PhD thesis including studies in Vietnam that systematically investigates the appropriate levels of concentrate and

TFO levels in the TMR for ruminants in the in vitro, in vivo and

performance experiments, aiming to reduce GHG emissions and to improve meat productivity

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It contributes to the more efficient utilization of concentrate feeds and aquaculture by-products of TFO in ruminant TMR diets in line with circular economy principles

There is a proposal of new scientific and technological solutions for sustainable nutrition in ruminant feeding that contributes to improving GHG emissions and economic and environmental benefits for the producers

Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

There is a number of methods to reduce methane (CH₄) emissions from ruminant production while simultaneously increasing animal productivity, that are suitable for practical application recently studied

in Vietnam These methods included the supplementation of concentrate (C), soluble carbohydrates, and lipids in the diet The Total Mixed Ration (TMR) has been widely applied in dairy cattle farming; however, its usage remains limited in beef cattle, goats, and sheep (Thu et al., 2023) According to Chi (2015), TMR reduced CH₄ emissions in Lai Sind cattle compared to conventional feeding regimes However, some authors argued that TMR feeding did not affect CH₄ production as previously stated

Supplementing fats in animals diets not only provides energy but

also reduces CH₄ emissions (Fraser et al., 2015) According to VESAP

(2022), it was estimated that the Tra fish production could produce approximately 150,000 tons of Tra fish oil (TFO) annually in the Mekong Delta (MD) of Vietnam Tra fish oil contains up to 50.17% unsaturated fatty acids, is rich in palmitic acid (C16:0) at 34.39% and oleic acid (C18:1) at 38.05% (Dung, 2007), with a metabolizable energy

(ME) of 27.0 MJ/kg DM (Thu et al., 2021)

This study was conducted on ruminants (cattle, goats, and sheep) diets formulated from feed ingredients in MD of Vietnam and to

An Giang province The implementation duration of this study was from December 2020 to February 2024 This thesis includes 3 research contents from 8 experiments

3.1 Experimental designs

3.1.1 Research content 1: Studying on in vitro gas production of

elephant grass supplemented concentrate and Tra fish oil for finding the appropriate diets (concentrate and TFO levels) and

planning the following in vivo experiments

The research content 1 includes Exp 1 and 2

3.1.1.1 Experiment 1: Effects of supplementation concentrate in the

diet on in vitro greenhouse gas emissions and organic matter

digestibility

Experiment 1 design was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments (T) and 3 replications (R) The five treatments were supplementation of five levels of concentrate 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% corresponding to C0, C10, C20, C30 and C40, respectively to Elephant grass as the substrates (DM basis) Concentrate ingredients (% DM): Whead grain 27,8%, rice bran 27,2%, copra meal 29,0%, soybean extraction meal 11,0%, salt 1,0%, dicalcium phosphate 1,0%, urea 2,0% và premix minerals-vitamin 1,0%

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which were 7 days for adaptation and 7 days for sampling The CH4 and

CO2 emissions from cattle were measured during two consecutive days

by using ventilated hood system developed by JIRCAS with Greenhouse Gas analyzer IR200 (Japan))

Table 3.1: Chemical composition and metabolizable energy (ME) of diets in Exp 3

Four male Bach Thao goats at 4 months of age (18.6±0.152 kg) were arranged in a 4x4 LSD Four dietary T (DM basis) were 50% Para grass + 50% cabbage waste (0BS), 40% Para grass + 40% cabbage waste + 20% concentrate (C), the mixture of 40% Para grass + 40% cabbage waste + 20% concentrate (TMR) and TMR + 3% Tra fish oil (TMR+FO) Urea was supplementation all T to crude protein levels 5.5 g/kgBW (Dong & Thu, 2018a) Each exp period was 15 days including

7 days for adaptation and 8 days for sampling The CH4 and CO2

emissions from goats were measured during two consecutive days by using respiration chambers (Li, 2010) CH4 and CO2 concentrations were measured by the Greenhouse Gas Analyzer, Model Number 908-

0011, USA Chemical composition and ME of diets were presented in Table 3.2

DM: Dry matter, CP: Crude protein; EE: Crude fat; NDF: neutral detergent fiber

3.1.2.3 Experiment 5: Effect of Tra fish oil supplementation in total mixed ration (TMR) on nutrient intake, digestibility, nitrogen retention and greenhouse gas emissions of Phan Rang sheep

Four male Phan Rang sheep at 7 months of age (37.8 ±0.048 kg) The treatments and methods of Exp 5 were similar to the Exp 4 Urea was supplementation all treatments to crude protein levels 6.0 g/kgBW (Hai, 2008)

3.1.3 Research content 3: Studies on effects of the found TMR with the TFO in 1 and 2 on daily weight gain, feed conversion and ecomonic returns of cattle, goats and sheep

The research content 3 includes the Exp 6, 7 and 8

3.1.3.1 Experiment 6: Effects of different diets on feed, nutrients intake, weight gain and economic return of beef cattle

Experiment 6 was conducted on 12 F1 crossbred beef cattle (Bos

taurus x Bos indicus), 21 months of age, arranged in a completely

randomized block design (CRBD) with 3 treatments and 4 blocks Blocks 1, 2, 3, and 4 corresponding to F1 Wagyu, F1 Black Angus, F1 Charolais, and F1 Droughtmaster with average live weights of 466±16.6, 463±20.1, 423±17.0 and 448±10.3 kg, respectively Three dietary treatments (DM basis) were: 45% elephant grass + 25% rice straw + 10% banana stem + 20% concentrate (C); completely mixed 45% elephant grass + 25% rice straw + 10% banana stem + 20% concentrate (TMR) and TMR + 3% Tra fish oil (TMR+FO) The

3.1.3.3 Experiment 8: Effects of different diets on feed and nutrient intake, weight gain and economic return of Phan Rang sheep

Experiment 8 was conducted on 16 Phan Rang sheep about 4-5

months of age The design, T and block of Exp 8 were similar to the Exp 7 Blocks 1, 2, 3 and 4 corresponding to 4 groups of with average live weights of 18.4±0.519, 18.6±0.526, 19.0 ±0.404 and 20.1±1.02 kg, respectively Urea was supplemented in all the T at CP level of 5.50 g CP/kgBW (Hai, 2008) The Exp lasted 130 days including 10 days for adaptation and 120 days for feeding trial

3.3.3.8 Data analysis

The basis data of the experiments were calculated by the Microsoft Office Excel 2016 software The data of research content 1, 2 and 3 were analyzed as completely randomized design, Latin square design and completely randomized block design using the General Linear Model procedure of Minitab Reference Manual Release 18.1

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(Minitab, 2017), respectively To compare difference between mean values of treatments, Tukey’s test was used with α = 0.05 (Minitab, 2017)

Chapter 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Nội dung 1: Research content 1: studying on in vitro gas

production of concentrate, Tra fish oil and elephant grass to plan

the in vivo experiments

4.1.1 Experiment 1: Effects of supplementation concentrate in the

diet on in vitro greenhouse gas emissions and organic matter digestibility

4.1.1.1 Chemical composition of feeds in experiment 1

Table 4.1 Chemical composition of feeds in experiment 1

Elephant grass 92.5 92.1 10.2 2.68 66.0 41.9 7.87 Concentrate 89.8 89.0 22.2 7.26 24.4 17.0 11.0 DM: dry matter, OM: organic matter, CP: crude protein , EE: crude fat, NDF: neutral detergent

fiber, ADF: acid detergent fiber

4.1.1.2 In vitro greenhouse gas production and OM digestibility at

48 h in experiment 1

Table 4.2: In vitro gas, CH4 and CO 2 production (ml), DM and OM digestibility

in different treatments at 48 h in experiment 1

Treatments

OMD, % 59,1 b 61,6 b 67,3 a 68,2 a 68,9 a 0,630 0,001 DMD, % 59,4 c 62,7 bc 65,6 ab 66,2 ab 67,7 a 0,981 0,001

DM: Dry matter, CP: Crude protein; EE: Crude fat; NDF: neutral detergent fiber

3.1.2.3 Experiment 5: Effect of Tra fish oil supplementation in total mixed ration (TMR) on nutrient intake, digestibility, nitrogen retention and greenhouse gas emissions of Phan Rang sheep

Four male Phan Rang sheep at 7 months of age (37.8 ±0.048 kg) The treatments and methods of Exp 5 were similar to the Exp 4 Urea was supplementation all treatments to crude protein levels 6.0 g/kgBW (Hai, 2008)

3.1.3 Research content 3: Studies on effects of the found TMR with the TFO in 1 and 2 on daily weight gain, feed conversion and ecomonic returns of cattle, goats and sheep

The research content 3 includes the Exp 6, 7 and 8

3.1.3.1 Experiment 6: Effects of different diets on feed, nutrients intake, weight gain and economic return of beef cattle

Experiment 6 was conducted on 12 F1 crossbred beef cattle (Bos

taurus x Bos indicus), 21 months of age, arranged in a completely

randomized block design (CRBD) with 3 treatments and 4 blocks Blocks 1, 2, 3, and 4 corresponding to F1 Wagyu, F1 Black Angus, F1 Charolais, and F1 Droughtmaster with average live weights of 466±16.6, 463±20.1, 423±17.0 and 448±10.3 kg, respectively Three dietary treatments (DM basis) were: 45% elephant grass + 25% rice straw + 10% banana stem + 20% concentrate (C); completely mixed 45% elephant grass + 25% rice straw + 10% banana stem + 20% concentrate (TMR) and TMR + 3% Tra fish oil (TMR+FO) The

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additional 1.0% resulted in the increase of 4.08, 1.57, 1.93, and 2.15%

(reduced) of in vitro CH4 production (ml/gOM) at 48 hours corresponding to the concentrate supplemented by 10, 20, 30, and 40%

of total DM fermented, respectively Supplementation concentrate from

0 to 40% to the Elephant grass gradually increarsed greenhouse gas production Similarly, the DM and OM digestibility were also increased

It indicated that the optimal level of concentrate supplementation to Elephant grass was 20% (DM basis) with the lowest value of CH4

production

4.1.2 Experiment 2: Effects of supplementation Tra fish

(Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) oil to elephant grass and concentrate as substrates on in vitro greenhouse gas emissions and organic matter digestibility

4.1.2.1 Fatty acids composition of Tra fish oil in experiment 2

The saturated fats and unsaturated fats of Tra fish oil were 42.3 and 53.7%, respectively The oleic acid (C18:1) content was the highest (40.3%), followed by palmitic acid (C16:0) at 29.3%

4.1.2.2 In vitro greenhouse gas production, DM and OM digestibility

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CH4 production (ml/g OM) at 72h decreased from 37.5 to 23.4 and was inversely proportional to the TFO added (0-6%) However, the

in vitro DMD and OMD values were also reduced (P<0.05) from the

TFO0 to the TFO6 treatment It was concluded that supplementing Tra fish oil from 0 to 6.0% to the Elephant grass with 20% concentrate gradually reduced greenhouse gases production and DM and OM digestibility The optimal level of Tra fish oil supplementation in the diet including Elephant grass and 20% concentrate feed was 3% (DM basis) based on the CH4 production and DMD and OMD values

4.2 Research content 2: studying nutrient digestibility, rumen parameters, nitrogen retention and methane and carbon dioxide production of ruminants fed TMR diets with Tra fish oil supplementation

4.2.1 Experiment 3: Effect of Tra fish oil supplementation in TMR

on nutrient intake, digestibility, nitrogen retention and GHG emissions of Lai Sind cattle

4.2.1.1 Nutrients and metabolizable energy (ME) intake of cattle in experiment 3

Table 4.4: Nutrient (kg/head/day) and metabolizable energy of cattle in experiment

a, b,c Means with different letters within the same rows were significantly different at the 5% level

4.2.1.2 Nutrient digestibility, Nitrogen retention and growth rate of cattle in experiment 3