Đề tài nghiên cứu khoa học: Determinants of sustainable tourism development in the northern provinces of Vietnam

17 Table 3.15: Reliability test of Sustainable Tourism Development variable 2nd time 41 20 Table 3.18: Results of the regression model 44 22 Table 3.20: Results of testing the hypotheses

Rational of the research

Northern Vietnam, known as the "dragon's head," is a top tourist destination, famous for its stunning natural attractions like Ha Long Bay and Sa Pa, alongside its rich cultural heritage This region is vital for the country's politics, culture, education, and economy, serving as the heart of tourism development that drives socio-economic growth Tourism has significantly enhanced the local GDP, created numerous jobs, and improved living standards However, the unchecked growth of tourism has resulted in negative consequences, including environmental pollution, infrastructure strain, and the erosion of traditional cultural values, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable development strategies in the sector.

Sustainable tourism, as defined by L Hens (1998) and A Machado (2003), necessitates the careful management of resources to fulfill economic, social, and aesthetic needs while preserving cultural integrity, ecological processes, and biodiversity for future generations In the Northern provinces of Vietnam, there exists a significant gap between the potential for sustainable tourism and its current reality, with localities struggling due to weak management and inadequate policies Furthermore, both residents and businesses often lack a comprehensive understanding of sustainable tourism models, which not only impedes the attraction of tourists but also leads to detrimental effects on the environment and local culture.

The limitations in tourism development arise from insufficient investment, a lack of understanding of sustainable tourism management among locals and businesses, and inadequate planning at local and regional levels These factors contribute to inefficient and uncoordinated tourism activities, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable tourism practices to be prioritized and effectively implemented at the local level.

Sustainable tourism offers numerous benefits, including pollution reduction, resource conservation, and increased community awareness; however, research in this area has been inconsistent and lacks depth Previous studies often overlook the unique characteristics of Northern provinces, where sustainable tourism has the potential to preserve and promote traditional values To address these research gaps, we are launching a project titled "Determinants of Sustainable Tourism Development in the Northern Provinces."

This study focuses on the Northern Provinces of Vietnam, aiming to identify key factors influencing sustainable tourism development in the region It will also provide essential solutions and recommendations to enhance sustainable and effective tourism growth.

Research Objectives

General Objective

Study the extent of influence of various factors on the development of sustainable tourism in the Northern provinces of Vietnam.

Specific Objectives

• Identify the main factors directly affecting sustainable tourism in the Northern provinces

• Analyze the impact level of each factor on the development of sustainable tourism

• Suggest solutions to enhance sustainable tourism based on the analysis of collected data.

Research Questions

Question 1: What factors affect sustainable tourism in Northern Vietnam?

Question 2: To what extent do these factors impact the development of sustainable tourism?

Question 3: What are the solutions and recommendations to promote the development of sustainable tourism, while also enhancing the service quality and image of tourism in Northern Vietnam?

Scope of the research

• Research focus: Factors influencing the development of sustainable tourism in the Northern provinces of Vietnam

This research will concentrate on the Northern provinces of Vietnam, highlighting popular tourist destinations like Hanoi, Ha Long, and Ha Giang, while also exploring other regions with untapped tourism potential that have yet to be sustainably developed.

Structure of the research

Chapter 1: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 4 1.1 Theoretical Background on Sustainable Tourism Development

Definition of Sustainable Development

To effectively grasp and analyze the factors influencing sustainable tourism development in the Northern provinces of Vietnam, we first need to establish a clear understanding: What is sustainable development?

Sustainable development, as defined in the 1987 report by the World Commission on Environment and Development titled "Our Common Future," refers to the approach that fulfills the needs of the current generation while ensuring that future generations can also meet their own needs.

In 1991, the commission released a document called "Caring for the Earth," which broadened the definition of sustainable development to emphasize enhancing human life quality while remaining within the ecological limits of supporting ecosystems.

The 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro refined the concept of sustainable development, emphasizing its foundation in the integration and balance of three key systems: the natural, economic, and social systems.

The Environmental Protection Law of 2014 in Vietnam defines sustainable development as the ability to meet present needs without hindering future generations, emphasizing the integration of economic growth, social progress, and environmental protection This comprehensive definition is tailored to Vietnam's unique conditions and highlights the critical objectives of sustainable development The concept has gained significant attention from policymakers and scholars due to its alignment with the United Nations’ global agenda, the promotion of a sustainable planet for future generations, its role as a foundational target for all development goals, and its potential to provide lasting socio-economic benefits to society and the environment.

Definition of Sustainable Tourism

Currently, there are numerous perspectives on sustainable tourism worldwide, yet there is no unified conception of this issue Sustainable tourism has been defined in several ways:

Sustainable tourism is defined as the harmonious integration of economic, socio-cultural, and environmental factors to promote long-term development (Edgell, 2019) Emerging in popularity during the 1980s, the concept gained considerable attention around 2015, particularly due to the United Nations Summit on Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and the COP21 climate change conference in Paris (Budeanu et al., 2016).

Sustainable tourism, as defined by the World Tourism Organization at the 1992 Rio de Janeiro conference, emphasizes a holistic approach to tourism development that balances the needs of visitors with the well-being of local communities It focuses on conserving resources, effectively managing them, and preserving cultural values and biodiversity Ultimately, sustainable tourism aims to enhance human well-being while ensuring the long-term health of ecosystems.

Sustainable tourism, as defined by the United Nations Environment Programme and the United Nations World Tourism Organization, is a form of tourism that carefully considers its economic, social, and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment, and local communities It emphasizes the importance of balancing environmental, economic, and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development to ensure long-term sustainability.

Sustainable tourism, as defined by Machado (2003), refers to tourism practices that fulfill the needs of present tourists, the tourism sector, and local communities while also considering the requirements of future generations This concept emphasizes that economic growth should go hand in hand with efforts to protect the environment.

There is a growing transition from awareness to action in sustainable tourism economic activities, emphasizing the need to minimize negative impacts on the tourism ecosystem Sustainable tourism aims to promote positive initiatives that foster economic development while protecting the environment, ultimately enhancing the quality of life for communities involved.

Sustainable tourism, as defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, involves environmentally responsible travel to natural areas that allows individuals to appreciate nature and its cultural aspects while minimizing visitor impact This approach promotes conservation and encourages active socio-economic participation from local communities, ensuring that tourism benefits both the environment and the people who live there.

Sustainable tourism development focuses on the effective use of social, natural, cultural, and financial resources to promote equitable national growth while enhancing visitor experiences and improving local quality of life This approach encourages collaboration among local governments, the private sector, and communities, ensuring that economic, social, and aesthetic needs are met without compromising cultural integrity or ecological health By managing resources responsibly, sustainable tourism safeguards critical ecological processes, biological diversity, and essential life support systems.

Characteristics of Sustainable Tourism Development

The 2017 Tourism Law of Vietnam, in Section 14, Article 3, defines sustainable tourism development as a balanced approach that addresses economic, socio-cultural, and environmental needs This framework highlights the importance of harmonizing the interests of all stakeholders involved in tourism, ensuring that current tourism demands are met without jeopardizing future needs, thus laying a strong foundation for long-term sustainability in the tourism sector.

Economically, sustainable tourism development must ensure growth and economic development through job creation and income enhancement for local people

To achieve economic prosperity, it is essential to rationally utilize tourism resources and ensure that the economic benefits are fairly distributed among all stakeholders, including large tourism enterprises and local community groups.

Sustainable tourism plays a crucial role in respecting and preserving local cultural values, which is essential for conserving cultural heritage for future generations By fostering cultural exchange and understanding between tourists and local residents, it enhances the overall tourist experience Furthermore, community involvement in tourism activities not only enriches this experience but also instills a sense of pride among locals and safeguards their cultural values.

Sustainable tourism development is essential for protecting natural resources and ecosystems, as it promotes responsible tourism practices that minimize environmental impacts By reducing waste and pollution and optimizing energy and water usage, tourism can contribute to environmental conservation This approach not only enhances the quality of life for local communities but also preserves the appeal of tourist destinations for future generations.

Sustainable tourism development is essential for ensuring that future generations can enjoy the benefits of tourism while minimizing environmental degradation and cultural loss Achieving this requires effective management, strategic planning, and investment, all grounded in a long-term vision that balances economic growth with resource protection.

Role of Sustainable Tourism

Sustainable tourism is essential for the economic development of tourist destinations, fostering strong economic growth while positively influencing local culture and the environment When implemented effectively, it generates stable job opportunities and boosts income for local communities, ultimately supporting holistic and sustainable economic advancement.

Sustainable tourism plays a vital role in preserving and promoting local cultural values by encouraging tourists to engage with the history, customs, and unique identity of the community This approach not only enhances the tourist experience but also fosters pride among local residents, deepening their understanding of their cultural heritage By addressing the challenge of "cultural rootlessness" in today's globalized world, sustainable tourism cultivates a meaningful connection between visitors and the local culture.

Sustainable tourism is crucial for environmental protection, as it focuses on minimizing negative impacts on nature by reducing waste and emissions while optimizing resource use, such as water and energy This strategy not only preserves the living environment but also safeguards biodiversity and the beauty of natural landscapes for future generations Additionally, effective environmental conservation enhances the quality and appeal of destinations, attracting long-term tourists.

Sustainable tourism fosters a responsible approach to environmental protection and cultural appreciation through education and awareness initiatives By incorporating environmental conservation and cultural preservation programs into tourism activities, both tourists and local communities are empowered to actively safeguard their surroundings and heritage This creates a positive ripple effect, supporting the broader sustainable development goals at both regional and global levels.

Literature about Sustainable Tourism Development

A comprehensive study by Bui, Nguyen, and Phuong examines the key factors influencing sustainable tourism development in Quang Ninh Province, Vietnam, utilizing a survey of 250 managers and business owners and employing PLS-SEM for data analysis The findings reveal that six critical factors positively impact sustainable tourism development: tourism services quality, tourism resources and environment, tourism human resources, government management organization, tourist facilities and technical infrastructure, and community involvement Among these, the quality of tourism services and the preservation of tourism resources and environment emerge as the most significant, highlighting the necessity of maintaining high service standards and conserving natural and cultural resources to attract tourists effectively.

Vu and colleagues conducted a study on the sustainable development of tourism in Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province, Vietnam, utilizing descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, and regression analysis They gathered data from 550 domestic and international visitors using SPSS software, identifying twelve critical factors affecting sustainable tourism, including economic, social, and environmental aspects, as well as cultural resources, human resources, tourism quality, infrastructure, and state management The research pinpointed four key factors that significantly influence sustainable tourism in the region: social elements, environmental concerns, tourism products and services, and technical facilities.

In their study of the Central South Coastal region of Vietnam, Nguyen and colleagues identified 11 key factors influencing sustainable tourism development, which include policy and management, infrastructure, tourism resources, human resources, diversity of tourism services, related support services, cooperative activities, promotion of tourism, tourist satisfaction, local community involvement, and other factors This research emphasizes the critical role of resource management and the engagement of local communities in fostering sustainable tourism practices.

Nguyen & Nguyen conducted research on sustainable tourism development in An Giang province, Vietnam, utilizing descriptive statistical analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and regression analysis They surveyed 650 domestic and international tourists, employing SPSS 20 and AMOS 24 software for data analysis, measurement scale assessment, and hypothesis testing Their findings identified six key factors influencing sustainable tourism development in An Giang.

(1) economic, (2) social, (3) environmental, (4) tourism resources, (5) tourism products and services, and (6) infrastructure

Vuong & Prof (2019) conducted research on sustainable tourism development, highlighting the importance of economic viability, social responsibility, and environmental management They proposed solutions aimed at environmental protection, local economic benefits, and social welfare, while also calling for further empirical studies to gather quantitative data and evaluate the effectiveness of these solutions Nguyen's research utilized descriptive statistical methods, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and structural equation modeling (SEM) to thoroughly examine the factors affecting sustainable ecotourism This study identified key influences on sustainable ecotourism development in Ca Mau, including human resources, economic conditions, environmental factors, infrastructure, socio-cultural resources, tourism management policies, regional integration, and natural resources, with human resources being the most impactful.

Berry and Ladkin (1997) explored the application of sustainable tourism principles by small businesses in East Sussex, UK, through focus group discussions Their research identified key challenges to adopting these practices, including distrust in government policies, inefficient administration, and unclear communication The findings highlight that while small businesses acknowledge the importance of sustainable tourism and have established general guidelines, skepticism about governmental policies and their implementation poses a significant barrier to regional sustainable tourism efforts.

Buckley's (2012) study employed a literature review to assess the advancement of academic research in sustainable tourism in relation to the commercial tourism sector The analysis revealed that the tourism industry has yet to achieve true sustainability, as businesses mainly implement practices that serve profit or enhance public relations Improvements in sustainability have largely been influenced by legal regulations, often encountering political resistance and poor execution Furthermore, market measures have proven ineffective, with minimal public demand for sustainable tourism practices Notably, the study concentrated on existing research without gathering new data.

Rehman and his team formulated seven hypotheses to investigate the impact of various factors on attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intentions, and actual participation in sustainable tourism They conducted a survey with 398 participants and utilized Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) for data analysis The findings revealed that Big Data analytics significantly influences attitudes toward sustainable tourism, while economic factors shape societal norms and expectations Additionally, policy frameworks were found to affect individuals' perceived control over sustainable tourism activities The study concluded that positive attitudes toward sustainable tourism increase intentions to engage in such activities, ultimately predicting actual participation.

In their research on sustainable tourism development in Hà Tiên, Kiên Giang, Le and colleagues employed exploratory factor analysis to identify key factors influencing tourism at local sites and evaluate their impacts This approach highlighted priorities for enhancing the tourism experience in Hà Tiên Notably, the study uniquely combines technical aspects with insights from tourists and local residents, offering practical solutions while acknowledging limitations related to the study's narrow geographical focus.

The article "Factors Influencing Sustainable Tourism Development in Ninh Binh Province" by Trinh, Dao, and Le investigates the key elements affecting sustainable tourism in the region Utilizing a survey of 135 tourism industry professionals, the study employed descriptive statistical analysis, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and regression analysis to evaluate the significance of various factors The research identified four primary influences on sustainable tourism development in Ninh Binh, ranked by priority: local government management, economic development and social conditions, environmental factors, and cultural factors.

Vu and colleagues employed multiple theoretical frameworks, such as social practice theory and the theory of planned behavior, to examine the motivations behind tourist behaviors in remote areas of Vietnam This pioneering research uniquely addresses both the positive and negative aspects of tourism, offering valuable insights into their effects on social sustainability.

This study's detailed analysis of tourist behaviors and the inclusion of diverse stakeholders collectively offer a holistic view of tourism dynamics in these communities

A study by Rahman and colleagues explores the link between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and green finance behaviors, highlighting their collective influence on sustainable tourism in Bangladesh The research focuses on how CSR practices and green finance contribute to promoting sustainable tourism The main finding indicates that businesses that merge CSR initiatives with green financing strategies can greatly enhance sustainable tourism efforts.

A study by Fu and colleagues examines the role of green finance in advancing sustainable tourism development in China through the use of Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methodologies These multi-criteria decision-making techniques facilitate a comprehensive evaluation of factors affecting sustainable tourism while effectively addressing uncertainties and subjective judgments The findings underscore the importance of green finance mechanisms in promoting both environmental sustainability and economic viability in the tourism sector Key strategies identified include the innovation of green bonds and the integration of circular economy principles, which aim to reduce ecological footprints and boost community engagement and economic growth in the tourism industry.

By addressing the complex interplay between financial, environmental, and social factors, the research outlines actionable recommendations for leveraging green finance in enhancing the sustainability of the tourism sector

In a survey conducted by Rahman & Jahan (2016) involving 275 tourists from 54 countries, key factors influencing sustainable tourism in Bangladesh were identified The study, utilizing Varimax Rotations, revealed that shopping incentives ranked highest at 17.52%, followed by support services at 12.41%, and service quality at 10.49%.

Research Model and Hypotheses

Many studies have examined sustainable tourism development in northern Vietnam from diverse angles, each offering unique advantages and limitations It is difficult to claim that relying solely on one theoretical framework will significantly boost sustainable tourism efforts Instead, these studies focus on integrating various tourism development theories, local factors affecting sustainability, and effective tourism management systems to create opportunities for improved management and policy execution, thereby enhancing sustainable tourism in each region.

Research highlights the importance of enhancing sustainable tourism through effective organizational policies to optimize human potential for regional development Despite significant findings, many studies reveal gaps that require attention Notably, there is a lack of comprehensive research assessing the diverse factors affecting sustainable tourism in Vietnam's northern provinces Thus, it is crucial to identify these influencing factors and establish clear directions for sustainable tourism development in the region.

The authors developed a research model to identify and analyze the factors influencing the growth of sustainable tourism, based on a thorough evaluation of previous studies' strengths and limitations, as well as the specific objectives, subjects, and scope of their research This model is illustrated in Figure 1 below.

8 independent variables and 1 dependent variable

Figure 1.1: Research model predicting factors affecting sustainable tourism development in some northern provinces of Vietnam

(Source: Designed by the author group after synthesizing from many sources)

H1: Infrastructure impacts the development of sustainable tourism in the Northern provinces of Vietnam

The infrastructure measurement scale, derived from previous studies (Dao, 2012; Islam, 2015; Le et al., 2018; Le, 2018; Truong, 2019; Nguyen, 2019; Nguyen & Vo, 2023), encompasses six dimensions, focusing on essential physical facilities such as roads, transportation, accommodation, and public utilities Adequate and modern infrastructure significantly enhances tourist experiences, facilitates access to destinations, and ensures the safety and health of both tourists and local residents It serves as a fundamental prerequisite for overall tourism development and is crucial for sustainable tourism, as a comprehensive infrastructure system can promote tourism in remote areas, alleviate pressure on traditional tourist spots, and address seasonal tourism fluctuations, thereby redistributing income to local communities Furthermore, the advancement of tourism necessitates infrastructure improvements that align with sustainable tourism development goals.

H2: Service quality impacts the development of sustainable tourism in the Northern provinces of Vietnam

Service quality, assessed through a 6-dimensional scale based on previous research (Maia et al 2005; Nguyen 2013; Nguyen et al 2019; Nguyen, Vo 2023), significantly impacts tourist satisfaction across various services such as accommodation, dining, and entertainment High service quality enhances the overall tourist experience, fostering repeat visits and generating positive word-of-mouth, which is vital for sustainable regional development Ultimately, the quality of tourism services plays a key role in promoting sustainable tourism by establishing credibility and strengthening the brand identity of both tourism businesses and the national tourism sector.

H3: Tourism resources impact the development of sustainable tourism in the Northern provinces of Vietnam

Tourism resources, as defined by Nguyen & Vo (2023), are evaluated through a 6-dimensional scale and encompass both natural and cultural elements Natural tourism resources include landscapes, geological features, climate, and ecosystems that enhance tourism experiences In contrast, cultural tourism resources consist of historical sites, architectural heritage, traditional values, and creative works that attract visitors These resources are crucial for facilitating tourism activities and play a significant role in promoting sustainable tourism development.

H4: Human resources impact the development of sustainable tourism in the Northern provinces of Vietnam

Human resources in tourism are evaluated through a 6-dimensional scale derived from previous research (Nguyen, Vo 2023; Sally et al., 2010; Sue, 2006) This concept encompasses the tourism workforce's professional qualifications, knowledge of the industry, and understanding of local culture The effectiveness of human resources is determined by both the quantity and quality of labor, as well-trained personnel deliver exceptional services, manage resources efficiently, and foster positive relationships with tourists, ultimately supporting sustainable tourism development.

H5: Community participation positively impacts the development of sustainable tourism in the Northern provinces of Vietnam

Community involvement in tourism development is assessed using a 6-dimensional scale derived from Nguyen & Vo (2023) This concept encompasses the active participation of local residents, tourists, and businesses in tourism management Engaging the community not only fosters cultural and environmental conservation but also allows for equitable and sustainable economic benefits from tourism.

H6: Government management policies impact the development of sustainable tourism in the Northern provinces of Vietnam

Government management policies are measured using a 6-dimensional scale inherited and encoded from previous studies (Hector (1996); Lisa (2012); Muhammet et al (2010); Nguyen (2014); García-Melon et al (2012); Wang and Pei (2014); Islam

(2015), Díaz and Rodríguez (2016), Le et al (2018), Trương Trí Thông và Nguyễn

Government management policies play a crucial role in the development of the tourism industry by establishing regulations and support aimed at promoting sustainable growth Effective government initiatives can enhance sustainable development by enforcing environmental protection laws, encouraging infrastructure investment, and ensuring that tourism activities preserve natural and cultural resources.

H7: Customer’s satisfaction impacts the development of sustainable tourism in the Northern provinces of Vietnam

Customer satisfaction in tourism is evaluated through a 6-dimensional scale derived from prior research (Dimoska & Petrevska, 2012; Ko, 2005; Viljoen, 2007; Sedai, 2006; Nguyen et al., 2019) It serves as an indicator of service quality at tourist destinations and is crucial for sustainable tourism growth Satisfied tourists are more inclined to revisit and endorse the destination, thereby boosting revenue and fostering economic development.

H8: Regional connections impact the development of sustainable tourism in the Northern provinces of Vietnam

Regional connections are assessed through a 6-dimensional scale derived from Nguyen's 2021 study, emphasizing the importance of cooperation and connectivity among regions to enhance competitive advantages in tourism By leveraging the unique strengths of each area, regional connections foster diverse tourism product development, optimize resources, and promote efficiency and sustainability in tourism growth.

Chapter 1 has systematically explored the theoretical foundations of sustainable tourism development as well as the role of tourism development on local regions Based on an overview of studies on factors affecting sustainable tourism development in the Northern provinces of Vietnam, the research team chose to study the factors influencing sustainable tourism development in several provinces/cities in Northern Vietnam, such as Quang Ninh, Hanoi, Hai Phong, Lao Cai, etc These include "Infrastructure," "Service Quality," "Tourism Resources," "Human Resources," "Community Participation,"

"Government Management Policies," "Customer’s Satisfaction," and "Regional

Connections." This forms the scientific basis for constructing the theoretical framework and the research hypotheses presented at the end of Chapter 1.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The research team conducted a comprehensive study on sustainable tourism development in the Northern provinces of Vietnam, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative methods By analyzing previous studies and preliminary survey results, they identified critical gaps and formulated research objectives and questions The qualitative approach focused on gathering and standardizing information related to the factors influencing sustainable tourism, while also providing insights and recommendations Concurrently, the quantitative method aimed to validate the reliability and relevance of the identified scales and examine the relationships between these factors, ensuring the robustness of the research model and hypotheses.

Step 1: Theoretical Overview on Sustainable Tourism Development

This study systematically investigates theories related to sustainable tourism development to assess the impact of various factors on sustainable tourism in the Northern provinces of Vietnam By collecting, synthesizing, and analyzing existing research on these influencing factors, the research team aims to construct a coherent research model that aligns with selected concepts and scales, providing a unified approach to the topic.

Step 2: Building the Initial Theoretical Research Model

The research model developed from the theoretical overview highlights key influencing factors in the study, including "Infrastructure," "Service Quality," "Tourism Resources," "Human Resources," and "Community Participation."

This study examines the influence of "Government Management Policies," "Customer Satisfaction," and "Regional Connections" as independent variables on "Sustainable Tourism Development" as the dependent variable The research hypotheses aim to illustrate the relationships among these factors, emphasizing their impact on sustainable tourism development in Northern Vietnam Each hypothesis will specifically assess the degree to which these variables affect the sustainability of tourism in the region.

Step 3: Design of Scales, Qualitative Questions, Preliminary Quantitative Survey

This study establishes research variables and scales grounded in an extensive review of prior studies on sustainable tourism development Following this review, the research team formulates both qualitative and quantitative questions to ensure the standardization of these research scales.

The survey gathers personal information from participants in Northern Vietnam, including their survey status, locality, age, and gender, alongside their opinions on factors influencing sustainable tourism development Utilizing a 5-point Likert scale, respondents express their level of agreement, ranging from "Strongly Disagree" (1) to "Strongly Agree" (5) regarding various issues related to sustainable tourism.

Step 4: Interviews, Preliminary Surveys in the Research Area

The research team developed a survey questionnaire and interview questions tailored to their study on sustainable tourism development in Northern Vietnam They conducted a preliminary survey at various locations, including hotels, travel companies, and hospitality schools across Hanoi, Hung Yen, Quang Ninh, and Thai Nguyen Through these interviews and surveys, they assessed the relevance of the questions and gathered additional insights to better understand the scales and impact of various factors influencing sustainable tourism in the region.

Step 5: Expert Interviews, Determining New Scales

Following a preliminary survey, the research team conducts in-depth interviews to gather expert insights on the appropriateness of the scales for the research topic The scales are constructed and standardized, progressing through stages that include reliability assessment and scale validation.

• Conducting the official quantitative survey: After finalizing the official survey questionnaire, the research is carried out in provinces and localities in Northern Vietnam

• Testing the reliability of the scales

Following the exploratory factor analysis (EFA), the research model undergoes modifications to its independent and dependent variables, as detailed in Chapter 3 Prior to testing the relationships within the model, the research team refines the model and hypotheses by analyzing the convergent and discriminant values of the variables Any scales altered during the EFA are renamed to enhance clarity To further standardize the adjusted research model and hypotheses, additional expert interviews are conducted to select scientifically appropriate terminology for the new scales.

• Qualitative research to comment on and explain the research results

Qualitative Research

This study examines the characteristics of independent variables and their impact on sustainable tourism development in Northern Vietnam, drawing from both domestic and international research In addition to synthesizing information from various studies, in-depth interviews with industry experts and stakeholders, including government agencies and business organizations in the tourism and hospitality sectors, provide valuable insights This comprehensive approach aims to deliver an accurate overview of the research issue, ensuring an objective analysis of the factors influencing sustainable tourism.

The study features interviews with experts from governmental bodies and business organizations in the tourism and hospitality sectors, primarily based in Hanoi and Quang Ninh, as well as insights from various tourists.

Quantitative Research

Quantitative research methods are employed to validate research models and hypotheses by testing the reliability of scales with Cronbach's Alpha coefficient, conducting Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) to assess convergent and discriminant validity, and identifying scales with shared properties This process ultimately helps to determine the impact of various factors on sustainable tourism development.

The survey utilized a convenience sampling method to gather insights from experts, tourists, and residents across various provinces and cities in Northern Vietnam Given time constraints and limited resources, participants were selectively chosen to ensure they represented the diverse characteristics of the destinations.

Sample size: Currently, there are various views on "sample size" and

"representativeness of the sample." Regarding sample size, according to Hoang Trong and Chu Nguyen Mong Ngoc (2008), "for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), at least

To achieve reliable results, a minimum of 5 responses per observed variable is necessary Given that the survey includes 54 observed variables, this translates to a requirement of at least 270 responses However, considering the generally low response rates and the distribution of surveys across multiple locations, the research team aimed for a larger sample size and distributed 450 questionnaires Consequently, the study is based on a planned sample size of 450 participants.

The research team aimed to gather data through both online and in-person surveys, but encountered unforeseen challenges that resulted in 450 collected responses After reviewing the submissions, 45 were found to be non-compliant and of low value, leading to their exclusion Ultimately, the study accepted 405 valid survey responses for analysis.

The measurement scales for each variable are developed based on a comprehensive review of research studies examining the factors influencing sustainable tourism development (ST) These scales are then summarized in the following tables.

• Scale for measuring factors affecting ST:

Table 2.1: Construct of Sustainable Tourism Development (ST)

FI1 The transportation system has been invested in and meets the travel needs

FI2 The system of lodges and hotels has been upgraded in quality and increased in quantity

FI3 The entertainment system is diverse, catering to all age groups

FI4 The system of unique tourist attractions is well- planned and continuously invested in

FI5 The public sanitation system is strategically arranged, addressing environmental sanitation issues

FI6 Fully equipped with emergency warning and rescue systems for tourism, fire, and explosion at tourist sites

SQ1 Services in the tourism sector are varied, meeting the needs of tourists

SQ2 Service providers are large-scale, capable of accommodating large groups of tourists, and offer numerous attractive tours, routes, and destinations

SQ3 Local areas develop new, high-quality tourism products and services that satisfy the demands of tourists

SQ4 The pricing of services is reasonable and aligns with the spending ability of the majority of tourists

SQ5 Local cuisine is unique and appealing Maia et al (2005);

SQ6 Transportation options available to tourists are diverse

NR1 Local natural tourism resources are diverse and suitable for tourism development

NR2 The geographical location of the local area is advantageous for tourism development

NR3 The local climate is favorable for tourism development

NR4 Local intangible cultural heritage is attractive and can be leveraged for tourism development

NR5 Local tangible cultural heritage is diverse and can be leveraged for tourism development

HR1 Local management capabilities have been enhanced, facilitating the development and efficiency of tourism activities

HR2 The skills of employees at business establishments meet the requirements of tourists

HR3 The language proficiency of the workforce in the tourism sector meets the communication needs of international tourists

HR4 Policies for human resource development attract a large workforce for the tourism industry

HR5 Management bodies and tourism business establishments regularly apply and update occupational skill standards in tourism

HR6 Guides / customer service staff are attentive Sally & ctg., (2010)

HR7 The behavior of guides/staff at souvenir shops is polite and honest

CP1 Tourists are conscious in participating in environmental protection, resource usage, and tourism development

CP2 Local residents are conscious in participating in environmental protection, resource usage, and tourism development

CP3 Tourism business establishments are conscious in participating in environmental protection, resource usage, and tourism development

CP4 Community feedback is recorded, selected, and incorporated into programs, plans, and projects for tourism development

MP1 Strategic orientation for tourism development and construction of routes, points of interest, and tourism zones

(2014); García-Melon MP2 Policies for mobilizing and allocating resources for tourism development

MP3 Policies supporting investors, tourism businesses, local communities, and tourists et al (2012); Wang and Pei (2014)

MP4 Ensuring sanitary and security conditions at tourist sites

MP5 Reasonableness in tourism planning activities Islam (2015), Díaz and Rodríguez (2016),

Le et al (2018), Trương Trí Thông và Nguyễn Trọng Nhân

MP6 Completeness of environmental protection banners

MP7 Adequacy of fire prevention and safety equipment in accommodation facilities

MP8 Adequacy of lifebuoys on tourist boats and ships

CS1 Reasonableness in tourism planning activities Dimoska & Petrevska

(2012); Ko (2005); Viljoen (2007); Sedai (2006); Nguyen et al

CS2 Completeness of environmental protection banners

CS3 Adequacy of fire prevention and safety equipment in accommodation facilities

CS4 Adequacy of lifebuoys on tourist boats and ships

RI1 Regional connections of tourism areas is for economic components to invest in and exploit tourism products sustainably

RI2 Regional connections creates an overall strength connecting localities for sustainable tourism development

RI3 Regional connections aims to shorten the distance between localities in developing sustainable tourism

RI4 Regional connections is a long-term orientation in the sustainable tourism development of localities

• Constructs of Sustainable Tourism Development (ST):

Table 2.2: Construct of measuring ST factors

Development of Sustainable Tourism (ST)

ST1 The level of expenditure and satisfaction of tourists visiting this locality is increasingly high

ST2 Tourism in this locality develops sustainably economically

ST3 Tourism in this locality develops sustainably culturally and socially

ST4 Tourism in this locality develops sustainably environmentally

ST5 The number of tourists visiting this locality increases steadily every year

ST6 Tourism in this locality creates attractiveness as a destination for tourists

Nguyen, Nguyen (2022) ST7 Tourism in this locality controls tourism activities

ST8 This locality manages waste effectively

ST9 This locality offers a diverse range of tourism products.

Data Collection

The research team compiled and analyzed publicly available secondary data from tourism researchers and relevant domestic and international studies This data was sourced from state agencies, businesses, and various online platforms, including websites, emails, and reports from People's Committees, the Bureau of Statistics, and the Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism Key metrics gathered included tourist numbers over the years, average income, environmental pollution levels, income equality indices, as well as education and cultural statistics.

Primary data was collected through surveys utilizing pre-designed questionnaires, conducted via direct interviews with managers, experts, local residents, and tourists across various provinces and cities in Northern Vietnam The survey is scheduled to take place from February 2024 to April 2024.

“Descriptive analysis" was used to understand the parameters regarding ratios, frequencies, and the most repeated values for certain variables such as "surveyed province, status, gender, age."

2.5.2 Reliability Assessment Using Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient

The study employed the Cronbach's Alpha test to evaluate the reliability of the scale, assessing whether the observed variables accurately measure the intended concept and their degree of contribution, as indicated by the Corrected Item-Total Correlation This process facilitated the identification and removal of variables that did not align with the research model.

- A variable meets the requirement when the Corrected Item – Total Correlation coefficient ≥ 0.3

• From 0.8 to nearly 1: excellent scale

• From 0.7 to nearly 0.8: good scale

• From 0.6 and above: sufficient scale for use

Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) is a widely used quantitative analysis technique that simplifies a complex set of interrelated measurement variables into a smaller number of factors This method enhances the significance of the observed variables while preserving the majority of the information contained in the original variable set.

• "KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) coefficient" is an index used to examine the appropriateness of factor analysis The KMO value must be 0.5 or higher (0.5 ≤ KMO

≤ 1) to be considered suitable for factor analysis If it is below 0.5, factor analysis is likely inappropriate for the dataset

Bartlett's test assesses the correlation among measurement variables within the same factor A statistically significant result, indicated by a p-value (sig Bartlett’s Test) of less than 0.05, confirms that these measurement variables are indeed correlated.

• The Eigenvalue criterion is commonly used to determine the number of factors in EFA Factors are retained in the model if they have an Eigenvalue ≥ 1

• "Total Variance Explained" ≥ 50% indicates the suitability of the EFA model

Factor loadings represent the correlation between a factor and observed variables, with higher loadings indicating a stronger relationship According to Hair et al (2009), in their book "Multivariate Data Analysis," loadings of ±0.3 are the minimum threshold for retaining an observed variable, while loadings of ±0.5 signify good statistical significance, and loadings of ±0.7 indicate very good statistical significance.

The study developed a regression model to analyze the impact of various independent variables on sustainable tourism development across different provinces and cities It utilized the adjusted R² coefficient to evaluate the model's fit to the research dataset, indicating the percentage of variation in the dependent variable explained by the independent variables By examining the standardized regression model and Beta coefficients, the research identified the degree and order of influence of these independent variables on sustainable tourism development.

Chapter 2 presented the research methods for the topic, highlighting that the approach using both qualitative and quantitative methods is appropriate to answer the posed research questions; it contributed significantly to exploring, describing, validating, analyzing, and explaining the factors impacting sustainable tourism development in Northern Vietnam Additionally, Chapter 2 established the research procedures and constructed scales for the research variables After designing the survey questionnaire, the research team conducted actual surveys in the research areas and analyzed the preliminary results This served as a basis for formally demonstrating the relationships of factors affecting sustainable tourism development in Northern Vietnam.

FINDING

Sampling description

The study analyzed a total of 450 valid responses after excluding non-compliant entries, ensuring adherence to the sample selection criteria necessary for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and regression analysis The demographic characteristics of the survey participants are summarized below.

From 30 to under 40 years old 289 71,4% From 40 to under 50 years old 26 6,4%

Business owners, individual entrepreneurs in the tourism industry (restaurants, travel companies)

Government officials, civil servants in the tourism industry

Tourists who have visited the locality

Employees working in the tourism industry (restaurants, travel companies)

Office workers (not in the tourism industry)

The survey results indicate a significant gender disparity among participants, with females comprising 68.4% of the total respondents, totaling [insert number], while males accounted for 40.65%, totaling [insert number].

The age group of 30 to under 40 years old constitutes the largest segment at 71.4%, indicating a strong awareness of sustainable tourism development among these individuals The second largest demographic is those under 30 years old, making up 19% of the respondents, which suggests a growing interest and evolving trends in tourism activities among younger individuals.

The survey revealed that local residents comprised the largest group of participants, making up about 37.8% of the sample Tourists visiting the area followed closely, representing 30.4%, while government officials and employees in the tourism sector accounted for approximately 13.1%.

Surveyed Province/City: The research sample covered various provinces in the

Northern region of Vietnam, with the largest number of participants from Quang Ninh

Reliability test

Table 3.2: : Reliability test of Infrustructure variable

Cronbach's Alpha if Variable Removed

The analysis of the "Infrastructure" scale reveals that it consists of six observational variables: FI1, FI2, FI3, FI4, FI5, and FI6 The Cronbach's Alpha coefficient exceeds the acceptable threshold of 0.6, indicating good reliability However, variable FI6 has a total correlation coefficient of only 0.018, which is below the minimum threshold of 0.3 Consequently, variable FI6 should be excluded from the model as it does not significantly enhance its reliability.

Table 3.3: Reliability test of Infrastructure variable (2nd time)

Cronbach's Alpha if Variable Removed

Excluding variable FI6 led to an increase in the Cronbach's Alpha value of the scale to 0.788, with total variable correlation coefficients ranging from 0.520 to 0.606 This suggests that the remaining variables exhibit a high level of correlation and confirm the scale's excellent reliability.

Table 3.4: Reliability test of Service Quality variable

Cronbach's Alpha if Variable Removed

The analysis reveals that the "Service Quality" scale is evaluated using six observational variables: SQ1, SQ2, SQ3, SQ4, SQ5, and SQ6 With a Cronbach's Alpha coefficient exceeding the recommended threshold of 0.6, the scale demonstrates adequate reliability However, the correlation coefficient for variable SQ3 is 0.297, falling below the acceptable threshold of 0.3, indicating that it does not significantly enhance the model's reliability Consequently, variable SQ3 should be excluded from the analysis.

Table 3.5: : Reliability test of Service Quality variable (2nd time)

Cronbach's Alpha if Variable Removed

Excluding variable SQ3 resulted in an increased Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.833 for the scale, with total variable correlation coefficients ranging from 0.566 to 0.719 This indicates that the remaining variables exhibit a strong correlation and demonstrate excellent reliability.

Table 3.6: Reliability test of Tourism Resources variable

Cronbach's Alpha if Variable Removed

The analysis of the "Tourism Resources" scale, which consists of five observational variables (NR1, NR2, NR3, NR4, NR5), shows a Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient exceeding the acceptable threshold of 0.6 However, the correlation coefficient for variable NR5 is -.006, falling below the minimum requirement of 0.3 Consequently, NR5 should be excluded from the model as it does not significantly enhance its reliability.

Table 3.7: Reliability test of Tourism Resources variable (2nd time)

Cronbach's Alpha if Variable Removed

Excluding variable NR5 resulted in an increased Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.833, with total variable correlation coefficients ranging from 0.491 to 0.587 This indicates a high level of correlation among the remaining variables in the scale, demonstrating excellent reliability.

Table 3.8: : Reliability test of Human Resources variable

Cronbach's Alpha if Variable Removed

The analysis of the "Human Resources" scale, which is based on seven observational variables (HR1, HR2, HR3, HR4, HR5, HR6, HR7), reveals a Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient exceeding 0.6, surpassing the acceptable threshold Additionally, the total variable correlation coefficients range from 0.720 to 0.837, demonstrating a strong correlation and excellent reliability among the variables in the scale.

Table 3.9: Reliability test of Community Participation variable

Cronbach's Alpha if Variable Removed

Observing the results in the analysis table, we can see that the "Community Participation" scale is measured from 4 observational variables, namely "CP1, CP2,

The Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient exceeds the acceptable threshold of 0.6, demonstrating strong reliability among the variables in the scale Additionally, the total variable correlation coefficients range from 0.495 to 0.581, indicating a high level of correlation among the variables.

Table 3.10: : Reliability test of Tourism Management Policies variable

Cronbach's Alpha if Variable Removed

The analysis of the "Tourism Management Policies" scale reveals that it comprises eight observational variables: MP1, MP2, MP3, MP4, MP5, MP6, MP7, and MP8 While the overall Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient exceeds the acceptable threshold of 0.6, the correlation coefficient for variable MP8 is only 0.11, falling short of the minimum requirement of 0.3 Consequently, MP8 is deemed necessary to be excluded from the model to enhance its reliability.

Table 3.11: : Reliability test of Tourism Management Policies variable (2nd time)

Cronbach's Alpha if Variable Removed

Excluding the variable MP8 resulted in an increased Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.846, with total variable correlation coefficients ranging from 0.531 to 0.650 This indicates a high level of correlation among the remaining variables in the scale, demonstrating excellent reliability.

Table 3.12: Reliability test of Customer satisfaction variable

Cronbach's Alpha if Variable Removed

The analysis reveals that the "Tourist Satisfaction" scale is based on four observational variables: CS1, CS2, CS3, and CS4 With a Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient exceeding 0.6, along with variable correlation coefficients ranging from 0.634 to 0.715, the results indicate a high level of correlation and excellent reliability among the variables in the scale.

Table 3.13: Reliability test of Regional connection variable

Cronbach's Alpha if Variable Removed

The analysis of the "Regional Connection" scale, which comprises four observational variables (RI1, RI2, RI3, RI4), shows a Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient exceeding the acceptable threshold of 0.6 Additionally, the total variable correlation coefficients range from 0.403 to 0.637, demonstrating a high level of correlation and excellent reliability among the variables within the scale.

Table 3.14: Reliability test of Sustainable Tourism Development variable

Cronbach's Alpha if Variable Removed

Examining the results in the analysis table, we can see that the "Sustainable Tourism Development" scale is measured from 9 observational variables, namely

"ST1 ST2, ST3, ST4, ST5, ST6, ST7, ST8, ST9" The Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient totals more than 0.6 (the prescribed threshold)

However, the total variable correlation coefficients of variable ST8 and ST9 are - 0.086 and 0.032, respectively (both less than the prescribed threshold of 0.3)

Therefore, variables ST8 and ST9 need to be excluded as they do not significantly contribute to building the reliability of the model

Table 3.15: : Reliability test of Sustainable Tourism Development variable (2nd time)

Cronbach's Alpha if Variable Removed

Excluding variables ST8 and ST9 resulted in a Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.907 for the scale, with total variable correlation coefficients ranging from 0.885 to 0.901 This indicates that the remaining variables exhibit a strong correlation and reflect excellent reliability.

Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA)

Based on the aforementioned parameters, the study conducted a preliminary evaluation of the scales, yielding the following results:

For factors influencing Sustainable Tourism (ST) - Independent Variables:

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy 786

(Source: Consolidated results from the research team, 2024)

The survey data analysis showed a KMO coefficient of 0.786, which is above the acceptable threshold of 0.5, and Bartlett's test yielded a significance level of 0.000, confirming that the observed variables are significantly correlated These findings indicate that the data is suitable for exploratory factor analysis (EFA).

(Source: Consolidated results from the research team, 2024)

In the reliability analysis phase of Sustainable Tourism Development (ST), 40 observed variables were categorized into eight key groups: Infrastructure (FI), Service Quality (SQ), Tourism Resources (NR), Human Resources (HR), Community Participation (CP), Government Management Policies (MP), Customer Satisfaction (CS), and Regional Connections (RI) The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) confirmed that all variables met the criteria for classification within these categories, highlighting the significant factors affecting ST The first group identified includes variables FI1, FI2, FI3, FI4, and FI5, which pertain to Infrastructure.

The study categorizes various factors influencing tourism into distinct groups: Group 2 focuses on Service Quality, encompassing SQ1, SQ2, SQ4, SQ5, and SQ6; Group 3 examines Tourism Resources with NR1, NR2, NR3, NR4, and NR5; Group 4 highlights Human Resources, including HR1 through HR7; Group 5 addresses Community Participation through CP1 to CP4; Group 6 investigates Government Management Policies, represented by MP1 to MP7; Group 7 evaluates Customer Satisfaction with CS1 to CS4; and Group 8 explores Regional Connections, consisting of RI1 to RI4.

Hypothesis Testing

Table 3.18: Results of the regression model

Std Error of the Estimate

Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig

(Source: Calculation from the research team)

The regression analysis yielded an F value of 65.661 and a significance level of 0.000, demonstrating that the model effectively fits the independent variables and explains the dependent variable Furthermore, the "Adjusted R^2" value was 0.561, indicating that 56.1% of the variance in the dependent variable is explained by the model, while 43.9% is attributed to external factors.

• Regression Coefficients and Multicollinearity Statistics

B Std.Error Beta Tolerance VIF

(Source: Calculation from the research team)

From the table, the VIF values of the independent variables were all < 2, indicating no multicollinearity issue within this model Examining the Sig values, the variable RI

The variable "Regional Connections" was removed from the model due to a significance level greater than 0.05 (p = 0.102) In contrast, all other variables demonstrated a significance level of less than 0.05, indicating their suitability for inclusion in the analysis.

Based on these results, a model of factors influencing Sustainable Tourism Development in Northern Vietnam was developed, and the research hypotheses were tested as follows:

Table 3.20: Results of testing the hypotheses

H1 Infrastructure impacts on sustainable tourism development in the provinces of Northern Vietnam

H2 Service quality impacts on sustainable tourism development in the provinces of Northern Vietnam

H3 Tourism resources impact on sustainable tourism development in the provinces of Northern Vietnam

H4 Human resources impact on sustainable tourism development in the provinces of Northern Vietnam

H5 Community participation impacts on sustainable tourism development in the provinces of Northern Vietnam

H6 Government management policies impact on sustainable tourism development in the provinces of Northern Vietnam

H7 Customer’s satisfaction impacts on sustainable tourism development in the provinces of Northern Vietnam

H8 Regional connections impacts on sustainable tourism development in the provinces of Northern Vietnam

The analysis of the hypothesis testing revealed that out of eight hypotheses, only one was rejected—H8 This finding indicates that "Regional Connections" do not have a significant impact on Sustainable Tourism Development in Northern Vietnam.

In contrast, hypotheses "H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, H7" were accepted, meaning that factors such as "Infrastructure", "Service Quality", "Tourism Resources", "Human Resources", "Community Participation", "Government Management Policies", and

"Customer’s Satisfaction" positively influence the quality of Sustainable Tourism Development in Northern Vietnam

From the regression results, through the Beta coefficients, we can determine the level of impact of the seven factors on the quality of human resources, specifically:

• Government Management Policies have the most significant impact on sustainable tourism development, with the highest Beta coefficient of 0.312

• Infrastructure has the second most significant impact on sustainable tourism development, with a Beta coefficient of 0.227

• Customer’s Satisfaction has the least impact on sustainable tourism development, with the lowest Beta coefficient of 0.085

Research was conducted across various provinces to assess development conditions, tourist numbers, and insights from local residents and tourism experts A total of 405 valid questionnaires were collected, focusing on key measurement scales including Infrastructure, Service Quality, Natural Resources, and Human Resources.

The study analyzed the reliability of key factors such as Community Engagement, Government Management Policies, Customer Satisfaction, and Regional Connections through exploratory factor analysis and linear regression The findings indicate that Government Management Policies, along with Infrastructure, significantly influence TDLBV outcomes.

The study highlights key elements influencing sustainable tourism development in Northern Vietnam, including Human Resources, Service Quality, Tourism Resources, Community Engagement, and Customer Satisfaction However, it finds that Regional Connections do not significantly impact this development These insights form the foundation for further research and offer solutions and recommendations to assist localities in enhancing tourism in Vietnam.

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Current Status of Sustainable Tourism Development in Northern Vietnam

Northern Vietnam is a unique blend of ancient cultural heritage and stunning natural beauty, featuring renowned sites like UNESCO World Heritage-listed Ha Long Bay, Bac Ninh with its rich cultural traditions including Quan ho singing, and the breathtaking mountainous regions of Sa Pa and Ha Giang, known for their diverse ethnic minority cultures In recent years, sustainable tourism in this region has significantly advanced, fostering economic growth, transforming economic structures, generating numerous job opportunities, and enhancing social security Noteworthy statistics reflect the ongoing development of sustainable tourism across various localities in Northern Vietnam.

In 2023, Lao Cai experienced a significant tourism boom, attracting over 7.2 million visitors, which includes more than 6.7 million domestic tourists and over 500,000 international travelers This represents a remarkable 71% increase from 2022, surpassing the 2023 tourism plan by 121% The total tourism revenue soared to over 22 trillion VND, reflecting a substantial 48.9% growth compared to the previous year and achieving 108.5% of the targeted revenue.

In 2023, Lao Cai has emerged as a key destination on Vietnam's tourism map, significantly contributing to the province's economic development By September 2023, it boasts 36 tourism areas and points, including one national tourism area in Sa Pa, two provincial tourism areas, and 33 additional sites The tourism sector in Lao Cai employs around 13,600 direct workers, encompassing roles in accommodation, travel agencies, and tour guiding, along with approximately 15,000 indirect jobs.

Quang Ninh is emerging as a premier tourist destination in Vietnam, thanks to its extensive area and rich cultural and natural diversity By 2023, the province has established a comprehensive tourism network that includes one national heritage site, five provincial heritage sites, and 91 tourism points featuring over 600 heritage and scenic locations With nearly 1,700 rated hotels offering more than 37,000 rooms and 144 active travel companies, the tourism sector has generated approximately 50,000 jobs, including 26,800 direct positions, significantly boosting the local economy and enhancing residents' quality of life In 2023, Quang Ninh attracted 15.5 million visitors, including 2.1 million international tourists, resulting in impressive revenue growth.

In 2023, Quang Ninh achieved a remarkable GDP growth rate of 34 trillion VND, with tourism and services contributing nearly 8% to this growth The region's tourism brand has gained international recognition, earning several prestigious awards from reputable organizations Notably, both Van Don International Airport and Premier Village Ha Long Bay Resort were celebrated at the 2023 World Travel Awards (WTA) for their excellence in the tourism sector.

In 2023, Ha Giang emerged as the most searched destination by Vietnamese on Google, recognized as one of Asia's top emerging tourist spots and one of Vietnam's ten most beautiful locations The Ha Giang Department of Culture, Sports, and Tourism anticipates over 3 million visitors, including 282,000 international tourists, marking a 33% increase from 2022 and surpassing annual targets The region's tourism revenue is projected to reach nearly 7.1 trillion VND, reflecting a 56.3% rise Ha Giang has consistently impressed, earning accolades from international travel publications, including a spot in The New York Times' list of the top 25 global destinations for 2023 Additionally, Nam Dam Village received the ASEAN Tourism Award for the third time, and 18 other cultural villages were promoted by the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum This underscores Ha Giang's commitment to community tourism and the preservation of its ethnic minority cultures Furthermore, the Vietnam Association of Culinary Culture recognized three signature dishes of Ha Giang—Bo Sung fish, Au Tau porridge, and corn pho—highlighting their cultural significance and delicious flavors.

In 2023, Hanoi's tourism industry experienced a remarkable resurgence, welcoming approximately 24 million visitors, a 27% increase from 2022, and exceeding the initial target by 9.1% This included 4 million international tourists, with 2.82 million staying overnight, reflecting a staggering growth of 266.7% compared to the previous year Domestic tourism also thrived, achieving a target of 20 million visitors, which reached 91% of the pre-pandemic levels of 2019 Total tourism revenue soared to an estimated 87.65 trillion VND, marking a 45.5% increase from 2022 Overall, 2023 was a prosperous year for Hanoi's tourism sector following the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic.

In 2023, Hanoi's tourism sector saw significant innovations, including the launch of a comprehensive tourism database (dulich.myhanoi.vn) and management software for agricultural and rural tourism A multilingual digital tourism map was developed to enhance smart tourism, tested in key districts like Hoan Kiem and Hoang Mai The city also expanded its night tourism offerings, providing visitors with unique experiences and earning several prestigious awards, such as being recognized as a leading tourism destination in Asia by the World Travel Awards Meanwhile, Ninh Binh experienced a remarkable surge in tourism, welcoming over 6.5 million visitors, doubling the previous year’s figures, and exceeding its socio-economic development goals With more than 1.3 million overnight stays and a tourism revenue surpassing 6.5 trillion VND, Ninh Binh invested in upgrading attractions and accommodations while promoting its cultural heritage through various national and international events.

Discussion on the research results

4.2.1 Infrastructure has a positive impact on Sustainable Tourism Development in some provinces in Northern Vietnam

Chart 4.1: Evaluation chart on Infrastructure

“Infrastructure” (FI) is the second most important factor influencing Sustainable Tourism Development (SD), following "Government Management Policies." The beta coefficient of 0.227 indicates a positive relationship between " Infrastructure " and

Sustainable tourism development is positively influenced by infrastructure improvements, with a reported increase of 0.227 units for each unit of enhancement Survey findings indicate that the average satisfaction levels for various tourism-related variables range from 3.022 to 3.570, reflecting a general contentment among tourists regarding the physical infrastructure at destinations However, challenges remain, particularly concerning public sanitation systems, which received the lowest average score of 3.022 This highlights that inadequate sanitation facilities can detract from the tourist experience, leading to issues such as littering that harm both the environment and the locality's tourism image Thus, maintaining cleanliness is essential not only for tourist satisfaction but also for environmental sustainability.

Physical infrastructure is crucial for attracting tourists and fostering sustainable tourism development A reliable transportation system facilitates easy access to destinations, boosting visitor numbers, while high-quality accommodations enhance the overall stay experience A variety of entertainment options adds excitement to trips, and well-managed attractions create memorable experiences that encourage repeat visits and recommendations Safety measures, including effective warning, rescue, and firefighting systems, ensure tourists' peace of mind, enhancing their travel experience Additionally, investing in infrastructure benefits the local economy by creating job opportunities and improving residents' livelihoods, which promotes sustainable community development The government should focus on upgrading transportation, accommodations, entertainment, and safety systems at tourist destinations while also addressing environmental sanitation issues and raising awareness about environmental protection Such investments will cultivate a positive tourism image for Vietnam, attracting international visitors and ensuring the sustainable development of the tourism industry, ultimately benefiting both the sector and local communities.

4.2.2 Service quality has a positive impact on Sustainable Tourism Development in some provinces in Northern Vietnam

Chart 4.2: Evaluation chart on Service Quality

Service Quality (SQ) is crucial for attracting tourists and fostering sustainable tourism development The regression analysis reveals a beta coefficient of 0.208, highlighting a positive correlation between Service Quality and tourism outcomes.

Improving service quality in tourism is crucial for sustainable development, as a one-unit increase in service quality correlates with a 0.208 unit rise in sustainable tourism development Survey results reveal that the average values for key service quality variables range from 2.956 to 3.378, indicating that while some aspects of service quality meet tourist expectations, others require enhancement Notably, "Reasonable service prices suitable for the spending ability of the majority of tourists" scored the lowest at 2.956, highlighting pricing concerns, whereas "Unique and attractive local cuisine" received the highest score of 3.378, showcasing the strength of Vietnamese cuisine in attracting tourists.

Vietnam boasts a rich cultural heritage and tropical climate that fosters the growth of diverse fruits and spices, making its cuisine a delightful surprise for tourists Each locality offers unique specialties, enhancing the culinary experience for visitors at various tourist destinations The quality of service is evident in the wide range of tourism activities, tours, and attractions available, alongside providers catering to large groups and developing high-quality offerings This diversification not only attracts different types of tourists but also enriches their experiences, contributing to the sustainable growth of the tourism industry However, service pricing remains a concern, with many tourists finding costs unreasonable and inconsistent with the quality of goods, leading to negative impressions that could harm Vietnam's tourism reputation.

4.2.3 Tourism resources have a positive impact on Sustainable Tourism Development in some provinces in Northern Vietnam

Chart 4.3: Evaluation chart on Tourism Resources

Tourism resources (NR) play a crucial role in attracting visitors and fostering sustainable tourism development Regression analysis reveals a positive beta coefficient of 0.143, highlighting a direct correlation between tourism resources and tourist attraction.

"Tourism resources" and "Sustainable Tourism Development." This affirms that when

An increase of one unit in tourism resources leads to a 0.143 unit rise in sustainable tourism development Survey findings reveal that the average values for the variables range from 2.849 to 3.825, suggesting a positive correlation in this context.

Diverse tourism resources significantly enhance travel experiences, attracting a wide range of tourists However, certain aspects still fall short of meeting visitors' expectations and require further improvement to fully satisfy their needs.

The analysis of tourism resources reveals a significant disparity between local intangible and tangible cultural heritage, with the former scoring an average of 2.849 and the latter 3.825 This indicates that while tangible cultural heritage has been effectively utilized in many areas, intangible cultural heritage has not received sufficient attention or investment Vietnam's strategic geographical location, featuring stunning landscapes from picturesque beaches to majestic mountains, enhances its tourism appeal Iconic destinations like Ha Long Bay, Phong Nha-Ke Bang, and the beaches of Da Nang, Nha Trang, and Phu Quoc attract both domestic and international tourists, highlighting the country's potential for tourism development.

The unique blend of natural resources and rich cultural traditions makes each locality distinct, offering diverse and suitable tourism opportunities Favorable geographical locations and climate conditions support various tourism forms, including beach, ecotourism, and cultural tourism Intangible cultural heritage, such as Bac Ninh's Quan Ho folk songs and the Giống Festival at Phu Dong Temple, significantly enriches the tourism landscape and serves as a source of local pride However, many areas have not fully capitalized on these advantages, facing challenges in conserving and enhancing the value of their cultural heritage due to insufficient investment and management To optimize tourism resource utilization, a sustainable development strategy focusing on cultural heritage preservation is essential Collaboration between local authorities and tourism businesses is crucial to create diverse and appealing tourism products that leverage local resources Investing in both natural and cultural tourism assets will enhance the quality and attractiveness of Vietnam's tourism industry, ultimately fostering socio-economic growth in local communities.

4.2.4 Human resources have a positive impact on Sustainable Tourism Development in some provinces in Northern Vietnam

Chart 4.4: Evaluation chart on Human Resources

Human resources (HR) play a vital role in enhancing the local workforce's contribution to tourism, with a regression analysis revealing a positive beta coefficient of 0.216 This indicates that for every unit improvement in HR, sustainable tourism development increases by 0.216 units Survey results show average values for HR-related variables ranging from 3.136 to 3.321, suggesting that certain factors exceed average levels and demonstrate service quality that meets tourist needs Notably, the factor "Enhanced local management capacity, facilitating the development and efficiency of tourism activities" has the lowest average value at 3.136, while "Skills of employees in tourism-related businesses meeting the requirements of tourists" scores the highest at 3.321.

In the age of globalization, Vietnam is experiencing a surge in international tourism, necessitating the training of human resources to effectively communicate the country's rich history and culture Specialized training in tourism-related skills such as tour guiding, hotel and travel management is essential for ensuring high service quality and enhancing the tourist experience Key soft skills, including communication, problem-solving, and language proficiency, are crucial when interacting with international visitors Additionally, a professional and enthusiastic service attitude fosters trust and leaves a positive impression on tourists It is vital to enhance the capacity of local tourism managers through modern management training, focusing on planning, resource management, and sustainable tourism development Regular updates to skill standards in the tourism sector will not only improve service quality but also create a conducive working environment that promotes personal growth and efficiency Government policies that support training and development, such as scholarships and internship opportunities, are crucial for attracting a skilled workforce to the industry Furthermore, prioritizing employee welfare and working conditions will help retain talent, ensuring the sustainable development of tourism By focusing on training, effective management, and supportive development policies, Vietnam can build a robust tourism industry that meets tourist needs while delivering socio-economic benefits to local communities.

4.2.5 Community participation has a positive impact on Sustainable Tourism Development in some provinces in Northern Vietnam

Chart 4.5: Evaluation chart on community participation

Community Participation (CP) is essential for attracting tourists and fostering sustainable tourism development Regression analysis reveals a positive beta coefficient of 0.131, indicating a direct correlation between Community Participation and Sustainable Tourism Development; specifically, a one-unit increase in Community Participation leads to a 0.131 unit rise in Sustainable Tourism Development Survey results indicate that the average values for various engagement factors range from 2.958 to 3.432, suggesting that while some aspects of service quality meet tourist needs, there are still areas requiring improvement to fully satisfy visitors.

In the realm of community engagement in tourism development, the factor concerning the recognition and selective incorporation of community contributions holds the lowest average value at 2.958 Conversely, the factor highlighting awareness among tourism businesses regarding their participation in environmental protection, resource utilization, and tourism development boasts the highest average value of 3.432.

Community participation in tourism is essential for sustainable development, as it generates income and fosters responsibility towards environmental protection and resource management Engaging local communities allows them to benefit economically while preserving their cultural and natural heritage, creating a sustainable cycle of reinvestment in local resources However, challenges persist, such as improper waste disposal by tourists and insufficient waste management practices by businesses, which harm the environment and tarnish the tourism image To combat these issues, localities must implement strict waste management regulations, improve waste collection systems, and establish modern waste treatment facilities Encouraging tourism businesses to adopt effective waste management strategies, such as waste segregation and the use of eco-friendly products, is also vital Additionally, community involvement in environmental initiatives through volunteer programs and competitions should be promoted Collaboration among local governments, businesses, and communities is crucial for the successful implementation of environmental protection measures Supportive policies from local governments can enhance business and community participation in these efforts, ensuring that tourism not only provides economic benefits but also contributes to the preservation of local cultural and natural values.

4.2.6 Government Management Policies have a positive impact on Sustainable Tourism Development in some provinces in Northern Vietnam

Chart 4.6: Evaluation chart on government management policies

Innovations and Contributions Compared to Previous Studies

This research enhances previous models on sustainable tourism development in Northern Vietnam by refining the framework to align with specific objectives and current tourism realities Extensive document reviews, field surveys, and expert consultations were conducted to identify relevant research variables, leading to the development of reliable measurement scales grounded in robust theoretical foundations Appropriate statistical methods were employed to analyze the data, revealing significant relationships between variables and insights into factors influencing sustainable tourism development Adjustments made after exploratory factor analysis improved the measurement scale by removing insignificant variables and incorporating new ones that better represent the current tourism landscape Given the limited studies on sustainable tourism in Northern Vietnam, this research serves as a valuable academic reference, raising awareness of sustainable tourism's importance and offering practical solutions to promote its development in the region.

Recent research has identified seven key factors that significantly influence sustainable tourism development, ranked from most to least impactful: "Government Management Policies," "Infrastructure," "Human Resources," "Service Quality," "Tourism Resources," "Community Participation," and "Customer Satisfaction."

Government management policies emerge as the most influential factor in sustainable tourism development, closely followed by infrastructure The role of regional connections, however, necessitates further investigation due to insufficient data and analytical methods Previous studies have indicated that regional connectivity fosters tourism growth among localities, but this study lacks a solid foundation to evaluate its impact accurately Current policies and investment strategies aimed at enhancing regional connectivity and promoting sustainable tourism are inadequate Thus, more comprehensive research is essential to determine the true influence of regional connections Additionally, the factors affecting sustainable tourism development are significantly influenced by the specific research context, as well as economic, social, and market dynamics Utilizing a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods alongside expert analyses will enhance the reliability and accuracy of future studies.

Recommendation

Infrastructure systems play a vital role in accommodating the growing demands of tourists, promoting sustainable tourism, and generating income for local communities Enhancing transport infrastructure is essential; this includes completing and upgrading road networks, expanding airports with modern facilities, and improving public transport options such as buses and subways to facilitate travel between tourist destinations Additionally, developing water transport by constructing docks and utilizing domestic waterways will connect coastal and lake attractions The advancement of tourism infrastructure is equally important, with a focus on eco-tourism areas that prioritize environmental conservation, along with the construction of hotels and resorts that cater to diverse tourist needs Modern entertainment venues and shopping centers should be established to enrich the visitor experience Furthermore, ensuring a reliable supply of electricity and water, maintaining environmental sanitation, and implementing effective waste management systems are crucial for tourist areas High-speed internet access and mobile applications for tourism information, bookings, and online shopping will enhance connectivity and convenience for travelers.

Improving service quality is essential for attracting international tourists and enhancing Vietnam's global tourism reputation High-quality tourism services not only satisfy visitors' needs but also contribute to the overall development and income of the tourism sector To achieve this, it is crucial to train tourism staff in communication, problem-solving, and local culture while providing accurate information about services and regulations Establishing a quality certification system based on international standards and enhancing tourism infrastructure, including hotels and entertainment venues, is necessary to meet tourist demands The implementation of information technology in managing bookings and payments will further improve service efficiency Additionally, strengthening government oversight and encouraging tourism businesses to participate in quality certification will protect tourists' rights and ensure high service standards By adopting these strategies, Vietnam can enhance its tourism services, attract more international visitors, and support the nation's socio-economic growth.

Tourism plays a crucial role in Vietnam's socio-economic development, but it also risks depleting resources and harming the environment and local cultures Therefore, sustainable tourism practices are essential for long-term growth Protecting natural resources like forests and seas is vital for preserving biodiversity and maintaining attractive landscapes Additionally, safeguarding cultural heritage enriches traditional values and engages younger generations while appealing to culturally-minded tourists Sustainable tourism not only generates local revenue and job opportunities but also enhances residents' quality of life through a clean environment and preserved cultural identity Key strategies for developing sustainable tourism include establishing comprehensive legal frameworks, creating tailored tourism plans, utilizing advanced technologies like GIS for resource management, raising community awareness, and developing eco-friendly tourism products that highlight local culture and nature Supporting local communities financially and technically is also crucial for fostering their involvement in sustainable tourism initiatives Practical measures involve conserving historical sites, organizing cultural events, protecting natural reserves, and promoting eco-tourism activities that benefit both the environment and local economies.

To achieve sustainable tourism development, it is crucial to cultivate high-quality human resources equipped with expertise in tourism, culture, history, geography, and foreign languages These professionals must possess strong communication, presentation, and problem-solving skills to effectively meet tourists' needs A commitment to responsibility and a passion for enhancing tourist experiences are essential traits for tourism staff To improve the quality of tourism human resources, a thorough assessment of current capabilities is needed to identify strengths and weaknesses, followed by strategic plans for training and development Emphasizing innovative training methods and soft skills is vital, alongside investing in modern equipment and qualified instructors Supporting policies, such as insurance and social benefits, will help attract and retain talent Specific initiatives should include developing international-standard training programs, collaborating with educational institutions, organizing soft skills workshops, and encouraging participation in international seminars With government support and collaboration from businesses and training institutions, Vietnam's tourism workforce can significantly enhance its quality, driving sustainable tourism growth.

Local communities are essential to sustainable tourism development, as they possess valuable knowledge about local culture, customs, and the environment Their active participation not only enhances tourism management but also fosters a sense of responsibility for protecting their surroundings Engaging in sustainable tourism leads to increased awareness of resource conservation, reduced pollution, and efficient energy use This approach generates job opportunities and income for residents, improving their quality of life while allowing them to share and preserve their cultural heritage To boost community involvement, it is crucial to raise awareness about sustainable tourism through advocacy, education, and financial support Developing community tourism models where locals manage services, alongside collaboration with stakeholders like businesses and NGOs, is vital Implementing workshops, eco-tourism programs, and unique tourism products, as well as establishing support funds and promoting sustainable practices among tourists, will further enhance local engagement Respecting local customs and evaluating the effectiveness of these initiatives will ensure that the interests of communities are prioritized in sustainable tourism development.

Sustainable tourism is essential for environmental protection, socio-economic development, and improving local livelihoods, necessitating robust government support through preferential policies Such policies, including tax incentives and credit facilities, can alleviate financial burdens on enterprises, encouraging investments in eco-friendly infrastructure and energy-saving solutions By enhancing service quality and meeting tourist demands, incentivized tourism enterprises can boost the competitiveness of Vietnam's tourism sector internationally Additionally, sustainable tourism fosters local revenue generation and elevates living standards, while attracting more visitors and creating jobs To effectively implement these policies, the government should establish a comprehensive legal framework addressing environmentally friendly standards, waste management, and natural resource protection, alongside providing funding for enterprises and promoting research in sustainable tourism practices Increasing public awareness through advocacy and education, as well as training skilled professionals in sustainable tourism, is crucial for fostering an environmentally conscious tourism industry.

To enhance sustainable tourism in Vietnam, it is crucial to strengthen international cooperation and learn from the experiences of other countries Implementing effective preferential policies will not only support the sustainable development of Vietnam's tourism industry but also protect the environment and elevate the living standards of local communities.

Customer satisfaction is crucial for the success of the tourism industry, as satisfied tourists are likely to return, recommend destinations, and share positive experiences online To boost customer satisfaction, it is essential to provide high-quality support services, train staff in effective communication and complaint resolution, and establish efficient complaint management systems Utilizing various communication channels, including phone, email, and social media, enhances accessibility for tourists Incorporating modern technologies like virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) can create unique experiences, while technology solutions streamline customer information management, ticket booking, and payments Promoting destinations through social media engagement is vital, alongside evaluating service quality through feedback collection via surveys and interviews Analyzing this feedback helps identify strengths and weaknesses in local tourism, guiding the development of effective tourism strategies that address challenges and leverage opportunities for growth.

Limitations of the Study and Directions for Future Research

The study's limitations include a restricted sample size, which, despite efforts to gather diverse data from various provinces in Northern Vietnam, may compromise the accuracy and generalizability of the findings The focus on this specific region limits the applicability of results to other areas of the country, highlighting the need for broader research that encompasses different regions to enhance representativeness Additionally, the reliance on survey methods introduces potential biases in participant responses, suggesting the necessity for a mixed-method approach that includes in-depth interviews and field observations for more reliable data collection The limited research timeframe further constrains the depth of information gathered, indicating that extended research periods would yield more comprehensive insights Lastly, financial and human resource limitations have impacted the research process, emphasizing the importance of mobilizing additional resources to improve research quality and outcomes.

The third limitation of this research pertains to the evolving nature of the socio-economic context As factors like the economy, politics, and human needs shift over time, the data collected may become outdated, potentially affecting the relevance of the findings Despite the research team's efforts to utilize the most current information, predicting future socio-economic trends remains a complex challenge influenced by numerous variables Consequently, this study cannot ensure complete accuracy in forecasting future changes and their impacts on the assessed factors.

4.5.2 Proposals for Future Research Directions

Future research should focus on developing a new scale that incorporates relevant factors while eliminating those that are outdated This process is intricate and demands significant time and collaboration among experts in tourism, regional connectivity, and related fields.

Continuously updating data to reflect changes in the socio-economic landscape is both costly and time-consuming, resulting in infrequent updates from the research team This limitation can lead to findings that do not accurately represent the current situation As the socio-economic environment evolves, new research needs arise that this study cannot fully address Therefore, future studies with updated data are essential for accurately assessing the situation and providing relevant recommendations at various development stages Additionally, in-depth research on specific topics, such as the effects of socio-economic changes on various tourism sectors (like eco-tourism, beach tourism, and cultural tourism) and different tourist groups (including domestic and international tourists), is necessary.

To enhance the accuracy of research findings, it is essential to increase the sample size and ensure national representation by collecting data from a broader range of provinces and cities, including the Central, Southern, and Central Highlands regions Alternatively, focusing the research on a specific city can yield more precise results for that locality Furthermore, diversifying the research subjects to include various socio-economic groups, such as rural residents, ethnic minorities, and migrant workers, will provide a more comprehensive understanding of the actual situation.

To enhance data collection, integrate survey methods with qualitative approaches like in-depth interviews and field observations, allowing for a richer understanding of participants' perceptions, behaviors, and experiences Additionally, employ advanced statistical techniques and complex data analysis models to uncover deeper relationships and achieve more precise conclusions.

The study in Chapter 3 examined the influence and interrelationships impacting Sustainable Tourism Development (ST) for tourists in Vietnam, offering targeted solutions to attract more visitors and enhance tourism across various regions It also provided valuable recommendations for tourism organizations and businesses Furthermore, the research highlighted its theoretical and practical contributions, acknowledged limitations in the findings, and proposed future research directions to improve the overall understanding of the topic.

This research systematically explores the key factors affecting sustainable tourism development in northern Vietnam Findings indicate that infrastructure, service quality, tourism resources, human resources, community participation, government policies, and customer satisfaction significantly impact the sustainability of tourism Each of these elements is essential for creating a tourism environment that fosters economic viability while ensuring environmental sustainability.

Despite facing time and resource limitations, the research team successfully collected extensive data through both online and in-person methods, achieving a sample size of 405 The study yielded valuable insights, ensuring the reliability of measurement scales before conducting confirmatory factor analysis (CA) and validity assessments, all meeting statistical significance requirements Our findings indicate a strong foundation for tourism in the provinces; however, improvements in infrastructure and service quality are vital for enhancing tourist experiences while safeguarding socio-cultural authenticity and ecological health Additionally, active community involvement and effective governance are crucial for developing a sustainable tourism model that benefits all stakeholders.

To foster sustainable tourism in Vietnam's northern provinces, it is essential to enhance infrastructure and service quality while promoting community involvement in tourism planning Implementing supportive policy reforms and exploring the impact of digital technologies on local economies and environments will further refine tourism strategies Sustainable tourism not only generates economic benefits but also plays a vital role in protecting the environment and cultural heritage, ultimately improving the quality of life for local residents Collaboration among individuals, organizations, and businesses is crucial for advancing sustainable tourism development in Vietnam.

This study will serve as a significant academic reference for future research related to Vietnam's tourism industry, enhancing its image and contributing valuable insights to the field.

Hà Nội đặt mục tiêu đón 25,6 triệu lượt khách du lịch trong năm 2024, với kế hoạch phát triển mạnh mẽ ngành du lịch Thành phố sẽ tập trung vào việc nâng cao chất lượng dịch vụ và đa dạng hóa sản phẩm du lịch để thu hút du khách trong và ngoài nước Những nỗ lực này nhằm thúc đẩy kinh tế địa phương và khẳng định vị thế của Hà Nội như một điểm đến hấp dẫn trong khu vực.

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SỰ phát triển Du Lịch Tại Quần đảo Nam Du, Huyện Kiên Hải, Kiên Giang Can

Tho University Journal of Science, 55(1), 100 https://doi.org/10.22144/ctu.jvn.2019.013

Bài viết của Lê, V Đ (2017) tập trung vào các vấn đề lý luận và thực tiễn trong việc phát triển du lịch Đà Nẵng theo hướng bền vững Tác giả nhấn mạnh tầm quan trọng của việc xây dựng các chiến lược phát triển du lịch nhằm bảo tồn tài nguyên thiên nhiên và văn hóa địa phương Đà Nẵng cần áp dụng các biện pháp quản lý du lịch hiệu quả để đảm bảo sự phát triển kinh tế đồng thời bảo vệ môi trường Cuối cùng, bài viết đề xuất các giải pháp cụ thể nhằm nâng cao chất lượng dịch vụ du lịch và tăng cường sự tham gia của cộng đồng địa phương trong quá trình phát triển.

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Tăng trưởng kinh tế ở tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế đang trở thành một chủ đề quan trọng trong các nghiên cứu hiện nay Nghiên cứu này tập trung vào tác động của ngành du lịch đối với sự phát triển kinh tế địa phương Các luận văn, đồ án và tiểu luận liên quan đến đề tài này cung cấp cái nhìn sâu sắc về mối liên hệ giữa du lịch và tăng trưởng kinh tế, từ đó giúp sinh viên và học giả có thêm tài liệu tham khảo hữu ích Việc phân tích các yếu tố ảnh hưởng và dự báo xu hướng phát triển kinh tế tại Thừa Thiên Huế sẽ góp phần nâng cao nhận thức về tiềm năng du lịch của tỉnh.

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Nguyễn, H P (2021) Các Nhân TỐ Ảnh hưởng đến Phát Triển du Lịch Sinh Thái Bền Vững: Trường Hợp Nghiên Cứu tại tỉnh cà Mau TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC ĐẠI HỌC

MỞ THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH - KINH TẾ VÀ QUẢN TRỊ KINH DOANH, 17(4), 16–33 https://doi.org/10.46223/hcmcoujs.econ.vi.17.4.1812.2022

Nguyễn and Võ (2023) discuss the development of sustainable tourism in Nghệ An Province, emphasizing the importance of balancing economic growth with environmental preservation The authors highlight strategies for enhancing local tourism while ensuring the protection of natural resources and cultural heritage Their research underscores the need for community involvement and sustainable practices to promote long-term benefits for both residents and visitors The article serves as a valuable resource for understanding the dynamics of sustainable tourism in the region.

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Nguyễn, T (2024, January 10) Ninh Bình Phấn đấu đón 7,5 Triệu Khách du Lịch Trong Năm 2024 https://bvhttdl.gov.vn/ninh-binh-phan-dau-don-75-trieu-khach-du- lich-trong-nam-2024-20240109175243584.htm

Nguyễn, T (2023, July 13) Phát Triển du Lịch Xanh ở Việt Nam: Thực trạng và Giải

Pháp phát triển Bền Vững Tạp chí Công Thương https://tapchicongthuong.vn/phat-trien-du-lich-xanh-o-viet-nam-thuc-trang-va- giai-phap-phat-trien-ben-vung-

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