Top 10 world container seaports by throughput in 2022

PORT OF SHANGHAI CHINA eke A Figure 1.1: Logo of Shanghai Port Source: Website of Shanghai Port O1 Geographical location The Port of Shanghai is located in the vicinity of Shanghai and

Students: Tran Tien Anh — 82247

Pham Thi Kieu Chinh — 82408

Tran Tien Dat — 82742 Nguyen Thuy Linh — 83727 Tien Cam Nhung — 84342

Dau Thi Thao Nguyen — 84256

Class: IBL 1002

TOP 10 WORLD CONTAINER

SEAPORTS BY THROUGHPUT IN 2022

IBL1002 — Group 3

THROUGHPUT IN 20222 22-22222222 92E1122111211E211222111211021120.11 1 Eeee 5

1 PORT OF SHANGHAI (CHINA) .sccssesssssesssessssessseessseesseesssessseessseessseesseessseesseen 6

2 PORT OF SINGAPORE (SINGAPORE) sessssssssesssseesssesssessseesseessseessvesssessseeses 13

3 PORT OF NINGBO-ZHOUSHAN (CHINA) sesssessseessseessseesseessseesssesssesssessseesses 18

4 PORT OF SHENZHEN (CHINA) .essssessessssessssessseessseesseessssessvesssvesssessseesssvesseessss 25

5 QINGDAO PORT (CHINA) sessessssesssseessessssesssvecssvesssecsssecsssesssessssesssecsssecsscsssees 29

6 PORT OF GUANGZHOU (CHINA) oosessssssesssseessessssesssessssesssesssvessseessesssesseesses 34

7 PORT OF BUSAN (SOUTH KOREA) u.sesssssssssssssssssesssessssesssuessuessssessnecssnesssecssees 40

8 PORT OF TIANJIN (CHINA) .scesscssssessssessssessseessvecsssecsvecsssesssncssnesssnesssecsseeessees 45

9 PORT OF HONG KONG (HONG KONG) .ssessessssssssssssssesssessssessssessssssssessseesssees 52

10 PORT OF ROTTERDAM (NETHERLANDS) scssssssssssssssesssesssvessseesseesssnesaees 59 CHAPTER 3: FURTHER INFORMATION s.sssssssssssssesssessssesssvessvesssvecsnecesnecesesssees 64 REFERENCES j sessssssssessssesssvesssvessvesssvessvesssvesssecssvecsuvessvessuvessnecssvessuscssvessuvsssnecesvecsees 68

CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION ABOUT

CONTAINER SEAPORT

1.1 Definition of Container Seaport

A container port is a facility where cargo containers are transshipped between different transport vehicles, for onward transportation In other way, it is a station used for commercial and trade activities such as the loading and unloading of cargo Container ports usually have storage facilities for both loaded and empty containers, which are stacked in container stacks They also use specialized equipment, such as gantry cranes, to load and unload containers from the transport vehicles There are two types of container ports: maritime and inland

O Amaritime container port is located near a large harbor and handles containerized cargo

between container ships and land vehicles, such as trains or trucks

O Aninland container port is located in or near a major city and has good rail connections

to maritime container ports It handles containerized cargo between trains and trucks 1.2 Function of Container Seaport

Container seaports play a vital role in international trade and economic development when they facilitate the movement of goods between different modes of

transportation, such as ships, trucks, trains, and barges to shorten the delivery time and

meet the customer’s demands In detail, container seaports support some processes in the supply chain such as the transshipment, consolidation, deconsolidation, storage of cargo

containers and provision of value-added services, such as customs clearance, inspection, repair, and maintenance

CHAPTER 2: LIST OF TOP 10 WORLD CONTAINER

SEAPORTS BY THROUGHPUT IN 2022

The latest container throughput ranking of the world’s top 10 ports in 2022 has been released, and Shanghai Port tops the list with a container throughput of 47.30 million tons The following is the ranking of the world’s top 10 container throughput ports and changes

Port ranking Port name Nation 2022 MTEUs

1 Port of Shanghai China 473

2 Port of Singapore Singapore 37.29

3 Port of Ningbo-Zhoushan China 33.35

4 Port of Shenzhen China 30.04

5 Qingdao Port China 25.67

6 Port of Guangzhou China 24.86

7 Busan Port South Korea 22.07

8 Port of Tianjin China 21.02

9 Port of Hong Kong China 16.64

10 Port of Rotterdam Netherlands 14.45

Source: www.chinarubberfender.com

5

1 PORT OF SHANGHAI (CHINA)

eke A

Figure 1.1: Logo of Shanghai Port

Source: Website of Shanghai Port

O1 Geographical location

The Port of Shanghai is located in the vicinity of Shanghai and comprises a deep- sea port and a river port The large port occupies a desirable geographical location, has

almost ideal natural conditions, and serves a vast area of economic development connected

by the Yangtze River, so called “the Golden Waterway” The port is located next to the East China Sea, just north of Hangzhou Bay, where the Yangtze River converges with the

Qiantang River Located in Shanghai, China, the port covers an area of 3,619.6km? at the mouth of the Yangtze River It straddles China's 18,000-kilometer coastline Therefore, it

is very advantageous in terms of its geographical location, being the conflux of the sea and inland rivers and backed by huge hinterlands

Figure 1.2: Port of Shanghai Location

Source: worldportsource.com

O The Container Throughput

The entire area of Shanghai port is up to 3,619 km2, the port length is more than 20

km There are altogether 49 container berths, 176 container gantry cranes and 7.58 million square meters of container yard At the port of Shanghai, the main goods transported are

coal, metal ores, petroleum and derivatives, steel, construction machinery and equipment

Wusongkou, Waigaoqiao, and Yangshan are the three main container terminal areas of the Port of Shanghai

Opened in 1842, Shanghai Port has been around for 180 years and has become the world's busiest port after overtaking Singapore Harbour in 2010 With its strategically important location, the junction of major rivers and the coastline of the Yellow and East China coasts, this deep-water port accounts for about 26% of China's foreign trade shipping Port of Shanghai has witnessed rapid development over the past decade

Container Throughput of Port of Shanghai

from 2.66 million TEUs in the same month of 2011 In 2014, the annual container

throughput of the Port of Shanghai was confirmed 35.285 million TEUs, up 4.5% from 33.77 million in 2013 A total cargo throughput volume of 539 million tons was reported SIPG (Shanghai International Port (Group) Co., LTD.) has managed to maintain its position

as the world’s busiest port for the fifth consecutive year

In 2017, container handling in the Shanghai port exceeded 40 million TEUs This result made it possible to beat the current world record in transshipments It has been setting records ever since As one of the world’s largest container ports, the port of Shanghai has seen an increase in transhipments by 142 percent between 2007 and 2016 Every month, more than 2,000 container ships depart from the Port of Shanghai, heading for various parts

8

of the world The port serves 281 shipping routes, covering the most important global links Such a port is more attractive to shippers and carriers

Shanghai Port posted a new record container volume of 43.5 million TEUs in 2020, retaining the title of the world's busiest container port for the 11th year in a row The 43 million TEUs volume in 2020 represents a small increase on Shanghai Port's 2019 total container throughput of 43.3 million TEUs It is a fact that the container throughput of Shanghai Port exceeded 47 million 20-foot equivalent units (TEUs) in 2021, ranking first globally for 12 consecutive years despite the COVID-19 impact on the shipping industry Moreover, last year, the port handled 32 million TEUs in foreign trade and 6.3 million TEUs in domestic trade The throughput of international transit containers at the port exceeded 6 million TEUs for the first time, or a year-on-year increase of 13.4 percent Container throughput at the port exceeded 47.3 million TEUs (20-foot equivalent units) in 2022, more than any other port in the world Many new records have been set in the past year, including the record for the most container throughput in July with the daily cargo handling volume of 170,000 TEUs on September 11

O The Equipment and Facilities

O Terminal handling

Terminal operation for bulk and general cargo, as one of the main businesses of SIPG, includes stevedoring of bulk cargo, general cargo and special cargo, roll-on/roll-off for wheeled cargo and cruise terminals, and is mainly distributed in the port areas of Wusongkou, Waigaoqiao, and the Yangshan Deepwater Port

The Wusongkou area is managed by Shanghai Container Terminals Company (SCT), a joint venture of Hutchison Port Holdings Limited (HPH) and SIPG It is in the lower reaches of Huangpu River At present time, this area mainly accommodates the ships’ operation, employing on liner services of short sea It has 10 container berths specialized

in this area, with quay length of 2,281m totally, and the berths has maintained with 20 gantry cranes and container yards with a total area of 550,000m2

The Waigaogiao area is operated by Shanghai Pudong International Container Terminals It is on the southern bank of the Yangtze estuary The building of Waigaoqiao container port area was begun in 1992, and Phases I to V of the port area have been finished

so far, which have a total of 16 container berths Most of the deep-sea liner services as well

as some of the short-sea services has been handled at these terminals A total quay length

of the berths is over 5,600m, and are facilitated with 63 gantry cranes and 2.45 million

square meters in container yard

Shanghai Shengdong International Container Terminal Company is responsible for operating Yangshan Deepwater Port Yangshan deepwater port area is the first duty-free port area of the country The operating Phase I terminal has 5 berths, with a total quay length of 1,600m and quayside water depth of—16m The terminal has a sea-side area of

3,167,000m?, land-side area of 1.340.000m?, and container yard area of 860,000m2.The

port’s activities are carried out by 34 container quay cranes and 120 RTG The terminal can handle containerized cargo of 2.2 million TEUs These terminals act as distribution centers for the remote areas of the port and contribute to the financial development of the Yangtze River Valley

O Logistics services

SIPG regards the expansion and strengthening of the port logistics industry as a priority of its corporate development strategy By clustering high-quality logistics resources and integrating the regionally dispersed logistics industry, SIPG aims to accelerate the transformation from traditional to modern logistics The industrial chain of port logistics has been extended in an effort to develop modern and comprehensive logistics with enhanced service integration in project logistics, third-party logistics and automotive logistics A logistics service network with the Port of Shanghai as its hub has taken shape Besides, tugboat and cargo tallying among other port industries under SIPG have played a significant role in supporting the development of container, bulk and general cargos as well as the logistics industries

L1 SIPG business service center

The SIPG One-Stop Acceptance Portal was created to replace traditional physical counters An online one-stop acceptance facility, it was designed to provide more

convenient, efficient, and low-cost submission services for customers The Portal also

allows e-application for pre-arrival proceduresby larger import/export container vessels, and e-application for such procedures by vessels calling at some of its terminals Necessary adjustments have been made following the requirements of the Customs to make the portal more intuitive and easier to users because of providing a full package of

services such as E-EIR Platform in the port of Shanghai, E-truck Platform, Joint

Acceptance Portal of the Port of Shanghai

of which, the Yangshan port area completed a container volume of 11.156 million TEUs, accounting for 48.6% of the total container volume of Shanghai port Shanghai International Port (SIPG) reported a net profit of CNY 8.7 billion in the first half of 2021,

up 127.1% year-on-year For future development, the port will focus on core business, enhancing innovation capacity and seeking breakthroughs from diverse industries Shanghai Port will also accelerate the construction schedule to become a smart port, green port, technology port and efficient port, promote large-scale strategic cooperation and consolidate resources to continuously improve core competitiveness Shanghai Port's first- half business revenue reached CNY 17.36 billion, up 44.2% year-on-year

2 PORT OF SINGAPORE (SINGAPORE)

MPA

SINGAPORE

Figure 2.1: Logo of Singapore Port

Source: Website of Singpore Port

O1 Geographical location

The Port of Singapore is the busiest container transhipment hub and the largest publicly owned port in the world Located on the southern end of the Malay Peninsula, 30km south-west of the Port of Johor in Malaysia, the Port of Singapore offers connectivity

to more than 600 ports in 123 countries

Figure 2.2: Port of Singapore Location

Source: worldportsource.com

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Although the country's very small area (just over 700km2) means that the seaport area will also be small, nature has favored Singapore with a very favorable geographical location for seaport development — located near the Strait of Malacca The Strait of Malacca, along with Singapore, connects the Pacific and Indian Oceans Dubbed the

"Arterial route” of shipping, it is a sea route connecting East Asia, Oceania, South Asia,

West Asia, Africa and Europe Its proximity to the Strait of Malacca is Singapore's most important geographical advantage

Figure 2.3: The Strait Of Malacca

Source: Internet

O The Container Throughput

The Port of Singapore includes terminals located at Tanjong Pagar, Keppel, Brani, Pasir Panjang, Jurong and mega port Tuas Port of Singapore is an important location for transshipment hub in Southeast Asia They can accommodate all types of vessels, including container ships, bulk carries, ro-ro ships, cargo freighters, coasters and lighters The parameters of the terminals are shown as the table below:

Table 2.1: The Parameters of The Terminals

Brani Container

Jurong Multi — Purpose

Keppel Container

Pasir Panjang Confainer-RoRo

Tanjong Pagar Container

Tuas Megaport Container

Source: ship-technology.com Because of its favorable geographical location, although the port of Singapore ranks second in the world in terms of total tonnage of ships arriving with about 5% of containers delivered, it ranks first in the shipping sector when up to 1/7 of containers worldwide are transited In 2012, the Port of Singapore reached 31.26 million TEUs, and by the end of last year, its throughput volume had reached 37.3 million TEUs Below is a summary table

of Container and Cargo throughput from 2012 to 2022:

Container Throughput In Port Of Singapore

(in Million Teus)

O The Equipment and Facilities

; Pasir Panjang Terminal, “*

Of all the terminals in the port of Singapore, Pasir Panjang has the largest area

divided into 7 smaller terminals with a total of 41 berths, a total area of 573 hectares

(including Pasir Panjang Automobile Terminal serving RoRo ships with 3 berths and an area of 25 hectares) This was almost the main terminal of the Port of Singapor in the period before 2021 In 2021, the first of 4 phases of construction of Megaport TUAS was completed and put into operation the first berths Once completed, Tuas will become the world's largest fully automated container port, capable of receiving and handling more than

65 million TEUs containers each year, one and a half times the capacity of the world's largest container port, Shanghai, China

In particular, Singapore determined that Tuas must be equipped with sustainable, environmentally friendly technology because this is Singapore's vital key industry At the

same time, innovative technologies such as driverless cars, drones, data analytics,

driverless trucks combine with digital platforms to reduce procedures and limit congestion will also apply

PSA International's Revenue From FY 2012 To FY 2022

(In Million Singapore Dollars)

20 "

7,994

4,670 3,968 4,086 4,077 4,179 |

2017 2018 2019 200 2021 2022

Figure 2.6: PSA International’s Revenue from FY 2012 to 2022

In general, the revenue of Singapore ports has increased over the years, although there was a slight decrease in 2019 due to the outbreak of covid, but Covid-19 is a great opportunity for the maritime industry in general as well as the port of Singapore in particular 2022 witnessed the unexpected success of the launch of the TUAS Megaport, helping Singapore's port revenue increase by 71.2% compared to 2021 to nearly US$8

billion

Source: statista.com

3 PORT OF NINGBO-ZHOUSHAN (CHINA)

NINGBO ZHOUSHAN

PORT

ae

Figure 3.1: Logo if Ningbo-Zhoushan Port

Source: Website of Singpore Port

O1 Geographical location

Ningbo Zhoushan Port has a vast port region and long coastline, with a coastline stretching across 220 kilometers It consists of 19 port areas including 5 main port areas

i.e Beilun, Zhenhai, Ningbo old port, Daxie and Chuanshan, owns more than 200 large

deepwater berths for vessels over 10,000 DWT, and more than 115 large and super-large deepwater berths for vessels over 50,000 DWT Ningbo Zhoushan Port owns and operates most large and super-large deepwater berths in Mainland China

Geographically, Ningbo-Zhoushan port is just 150 nautical miles from Wusongkou (inner port of Shanghai) and about 50 nautical miles from Yangshan (offshore port of Shanghai) Economically, Ningbo-Zhoushan port overlaps the actual and potential hinterland of Shanghai port Therefore, it is impossible to evade Shanghai when we give attention to Ningbo-Zhoushan port By the end of 2019, Ningbo Zhoushan Port has developed connections to more than 600 ports in 190 countries and regions, with nearly

250 trade routes, among which 120 ocean-going lines

Ningbo-Zhoushan port

ay 3 “

° LẦT ?houshan Jintang

O The Container Throughput

In 2013, another Hangzhou Bay Bridge, Jiashao Bridge put into operation, which further strengthened the connection between Ningbo-Zhoushan port and the northern hinterland During this period, Ningbo promoted the renovation and upgrading of Hangzhou-Ningbo canal, which was conducive to strengthening ties with the economic hinterland such as Shaoxing, Hangzhou, Huzhou and Jinhua It’s worth to emphasize that the Chinese central government has decided to build the Zhoushan River - Sea Combined Transportation Service Centre in 2016, which means that the construction of transportation network in Ningbo-Zhoushan port had risen to the national strategy

Figure 3.3: Container Throughput of Port of Ningbo-Zhoushan from 2009 to 2017

Source: Journal of Marketing Research

In 2017, Ningbo-Zhoushan port became China’s 34 and world’s 4" largest container port with container throughput of 24.61 million TEUs From 2009 to 2017, its annual growth rate was 11.23%, and the growth is still strong The container throughput of

Ningbo-Zhoushan Port reached 26.35 million TEU in 2018, a speed increase of 7%, and

Ningbo-Zhoushan Port surpassed Shenzhen Port by a slight advantage In 2019, the container throughput of Ningbo Zhoushan Port reached 27.535 million TEUs, standing firmly in the 3rd place in the world The total cargo throughput reached 1.12 billion tons, ranking Ist worldwide for 11 consecutive years

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Container Throughput Forecast for 2018 - 2026

6000

—+— Shanghai Past

——*-— Shanghai Forecast 5000+| —~@— Ningbo-Zhoushan port past

= Ningbo-Zhoushan port forecast

a sudden decline in China’s economy such as the financial crisis in 2008) in the forecasting period, Ningbo-Zhoushan port would maintain its stable and moderate growth; about after

2026, its container traffic would reach about 49 million TEUs which is approximately approaching to that in Shanghai port With the rapid increase of container traffic, port capacity utilization ratios in Shanghai and Ningbo reach about 200%, which means a serious congestion in port

O The Equipment and Facilities

The rapid growth of import and export greatly increased the seaborne transport demand and encouraged the development of port infrastructure By expanding in terms of container throughput capacity, Ningbo-Zhoushan port had grown from a feeder port to a hub port quickly

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Table 3.1: Terminal Specifications

Item Quantity Unit Port Area 8,876,700 M? Berth 309 - Quay Length 12,774 Meter

143,000,000 Designed Capacity Ton/TEU

7,000,000 182,120,000 Actual Capacity Ton/TEU

9 800.000 Yard 5,650,000 Sq.M Storage Capacty 7,170,000 Ton Container Storage Capacity 188,000 TEU

Source: combinegoodz.com

Ningbo-Zhoushan port would continue to gain larger market share for its advantages

in natural endowments (particularly depth of water), price, and improved services

O Natural endowments (particularly depth of water)

Continuous growth of global containerization and increasingly competitive circumstances led to the popular deployment of larger mega vessels, these massive container ships always serve only a limited number of hub ports due to efficiency and cost- saving However, bigger ships bring bigger challenges as maritime access may be restricted

by draught restrictions Therefore, the depth of the access channel and berth has the most important impacts on the larger ships

Ningbo-Zhoushan port is about 50 nautical miles away Yangshan port area of Shanghai port Because of the geographical proximity, depth plays a crucial role in the competition between the Port of Shanghai and Port of Ningbo-Zhoushan we should not

22

forget that developments in Shanghai will be restricted by the maximum draught of 15 metres for ships calling, while in Ningbo-Zhoushan maximum draught is more than 17 metres As ships get bigger (if historical precedent is anything to go by, they inevitably will) the competitive advantage that Ningbo exerts over Shanghai will also inevitably become ever larger, particularly when it comes to attracting transhipment business

O Price

Stevedoring and piloting charges are the principal port costs when calling a Chinese port By the cost comparison in calling a similar ship, it is no doubt that Ningbo-Zhoushan port possesses a definite price advantage Since the piloting distance for Ningbo-Zhoushan

is relatively shorter than those of Shanghai, so piloting charges in Ningbo-Zhoushan port are cheaper generally With respect to Ningbo’s price advantage, this is likely to persist not only because of its preferential geographic location with respect to navigable routes into and out of the two competitor ports, but also because of the very high development costs associated with Yangshan, at USD 150 million per berth, compared to a unit cost for a new berth in Ningbo of just USD 100 million

O Services

The Group of Port of Ningbo-Zhoushan port provides shipping services in an integrated way, promoting business innovation of smart internet-of-things, smart port commerce and trade, creating logistic, commercial and trade eco system of sharing economy The group is committed to the construction of China (Zhejiang) Pilot Free Trade Zone, accelerating the construction of regional distribution centre of oil products and iron ore, managing Zhejiang Seaport Bulk Commodity Trade Centre, and establishing the bulk commodity pricing centre under the framework of FT'Z The group actively participates in the construction of river-sea intermodal transportation service centre in Zhoushan, linking

to the Yi-Yong-Zhou opening up corridor and Yiwu International Trade Reform Pilot Project, and improving integrated logistics services system

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O Financial performance

Figure 3.5: Operating revenue of Ningbo-Zhoushan Port in China

from 2011 to 2021 Source: statista.com

- Ningbo Zhoushan Port's latest twelve months revenue is 25.236 billion Ningbo Zhoushan Port's revenue for fiscal years ending December 2018 to 2022 averaged 23.53 billion

- Ningbo Zhoushan Port's operated at median revenue of 23.128 billion from fiscal years ending December 2018 to 2022

- Looking back at the last 5 years, Ningbo Zhoushan Port's revenue peaked in December 2022 at 25.704 billion

- Ningbo Zhoushan Port's revenue hit its 5-year low in December 2020 of 21.543

billion

- Ningbo Zhoushan Port's revenue decreased in 2020 (21.543 billion, -14.9%) and increased in 2018 (21.952 billion, +20.7%), 2019 (25.325 billion, +15.4%), 2021 (23.128 billion, +7.4%), and 2022 (25.704 billion, +11.1%)

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4 PORT OF SHENZHEN (CHINA)

a

8 UIE Pe

-

Figure 4.1: Logo of Shenzhen Port

Source: Website of Shenzhen Port

O1 Geographical location

Guingming Longhua Pirgthan

xử Longgang

Nưuhn luahu Futian

Shenzhen

Figure 4.2: Shenzhen Port Map

Source: Website of Shenzhen Port The Port of Shenzhen, which was established in 1980, is located in the south of the

Pearl River Delta region in China’s Guangdong Province, and connects the South China to

25

the rest of the country including Dongguan, Foshan, Guangzhou, Zhongshan, and Zhuhai Formed by several smaller ports along the coastline of Shengzhen, it stretches along 260

km of the coast and is one of the most evolving ports in the region It works as a feeder port, serves over 50 global shipping lines, has over 130 international routes, and services nearly 10,000 vessels annually With the advantage of being a deep-water port that can accommodate large vessels Shenzhen is part of the Hong Kong-Shenzhen Western Corridor (SWC) used for road transport across the provinces’ border (moving freight via road) and became a city designated as a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in China in 1984, and the hallmark of China’s “reform and opening up.” Since 1984 the Port of Shenzhen has ridden the wave of economic growth and became a significant transport hub in the Belt

and Road and Asia-Pacific

CONTAINER THROUGHPUT OF SHENZHEN PORT IN CHINA

Container Throughput in million (TEUs)

31.0

30.00 att

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Figure 4.3: Container Throughput Of Shenzhen Port

Source: Website of Shenzhen Port

From the chart below, it can be seen that there was a steady growth of the port of Shenzhen in terms of the container throughput between 2018 and 2022 By 2018, although the total volume of containers through Shenzhen Port still increased, the growth rate slowed

26

down compared to before and even tended to stagnate When the outbreak of the covid pandemic at the end of 2019 disrupted many activities around the world, the port of Shenzhen still maintained its growth momentum with a throughput of 25,770 million TEUs

by the end of this year Shenzhen took strict measures to combat COVID-19 and restored the operation of Yantian Port - part of the main port of Shenzhen Port, and since then it has

handled 44,500 TEUs (equivalent units) 20-foot containers, accounting for 121.6% of the

average daily container throughput for 2020 In 2021, the Port of Shenzhen handled approximately 28,770 million TEUs of containers, an increase of 8.4% year-on-year After the covid pandemic, Shenzhen port has grown strongly again in 2022, the port saw its container throughput reach 30,0356 million TEUs (a record high), up by 4.39% year on year and fourth ranking globally for the 10th consecutive year

O The Equipment and Facilities

Figure 4.4: Layout of Shenzhen Port

Source: Website of Shenzhen Port

The port of Shenzhen has a water area of 106 square kilometers and the land area of

16 square kilometers It was divided into two areas: the eastern and the western ports,

including five main ports Yantian, Shekou, Chiwan, Nanshan, and Da Chan Bay Of which,

27

only Yantian Port, Nanshan Port, and Dachan Bay Port, focus on container transportation

and reflect the core competitiveness of Shenzhen Port The Shenzhen port has over 140

berths, and there are 51 berths dedicated to large vessels of 20,000 DWT As of October

2018, Shenzhen Port has eight container berths with a berthing capacity of 200,000 tons

80% of container ships with more than 10,000 TEUs are berthed in Shenzhen Port, of which

18,000 TEUs are very large ship is 100% anchored

During its formation and development, Shenzhen Port has made continuous innovations in infrastructure construction mainly in Yantian, and handling facilities to meet the need of more customers, market requirements, and the development of the industry

O Construction in infrastructure

Yantian International Container Terminal had more than 100 weekly routes, of which Europe and America routes accounted for 60% As of 2018, Yantian Port had 16

large-scale container deep-water berths, with a terminal area of 3.73 million square meters,

78 shore cranes, 222 gantry cranes, 14 to 17.6 meters of shore water depth, 17.6 meters of

channel water depth, and a total length of berths of 7885 meters

O Handling facilities

In 2015, Shenzhen Port had 421 LNG trailers in operation in the port area Six LNG skid-mounted gas stations have been built, of which five have been put into use The western port area uses electric vehicles instead of diesel patrol vehicles, and the circulation buses in the port area use LNG buses instead of diesel buses In the same year, Yantian

International Terminal had 74 shore cranes, including 51 ultra-Panama shore cranes,

serving 16 deep-water berths On average, approximately 5 shore cranes can be arranged for each berth, and three 18,000 TEU super-large ships can be realized simultaneously in anchorage and loading and unloading As of July 2018, the Shenzhen Port Container Terminal loading and unloading bridge and the yard gantry cranes have all completed the

“oil to power” transformation; a total of 14 sets of shore power facilities covering 25 large

berths have been built, and a total of 141 shore power facilities have been connected

28

5 `QINGDAO PORT (CHINA)

Cus

WWW¿0W1/AQP ( QINGDAO PORT INTERNATIONAL CO, LTD,

Figure 5.1: Logo of Qingdao Port

Source: Website of Qingdao Port

Figure 5.2: Qingdao Port Map

Source: Website of Qingdao Port

Qingdao Port, which commenced operations in 1892, is a multi-purpose seaport in Shandong Province, China The port is located at the confluence of the Yellow River and Jiaozhou Bay in the northwestern part of the Shandong Peninsula

29

and occupies a central position among ports in Northeast Asia This port plays an important role in transportation into the West Pacific and is one of the most comprehensive ports globally Qingdao Port is one of the ten busiest ports in the world and occupied the 5" position in 2022 based on total cargo volume

O The Container Throughput

CONTAINER THROUGHPUT OF QINGDAO PORT IN CHINA

30 26.82

25 23.71

" 22.01 19.32

Figure 5.3: Container throughput of Qingdao port in China

Source: Website of Qingdao Port

In 2022, the cargo throughput of the Group completed 627 million tons, representing

an increase of 10.3% as compared to the same period in the prior year In terms of stevedoring business, the Group accelerated the construction of an “International Shipping Hub in Northeast Asia” In 2022, the density and the amount of container shipping lines of the Group continued to rank first among northern ports of China with 28 newly - opened container lines, and the container throughput by the end of the year reached 26.82 million TEUs, increased by 13.1% as compared to the same period in the prior year The Group deepened strategic cooperation with key customers, and expanded emerging businesses such as ore blending and international transshipment, with the dry and break bulk

30

throughput by the end of the year reaching 238 million tons, which increased by 13.3% as compared to the same period in the prior year The Group coordinated terminal and tank area resources in different port areas, and took advantage of a large terminal, large pipeline, and large storage tank, with the liquid bulk throughput by the end of the year reaching 112 million tons, increased by 4.1% as compared to the same period in the prior year, among which, Weihai Port Development Company completed cargo throughput of 26.92 million tons, representing an increase of 4.9% year-on-year, and container throughput of 1.15 million TEUs, representing an increase of 4.4% year-on-year

In 2022, the Port of Qingdao ranked fourth in terms of cargo throughput and fourth

in terms of container throughput among the national coastal ports of China and ranked second among the coastal ports and the first among the northern ports of China in terms of foreign trade throughput (source: Ministry of Transport of the PRC)

O The Equipment and Facilities

The Group is the primary operator of the Port of Qingdao and operates four port areas in Qingdao, including Qingdao Qianwan Port Area, Huangdao Oil Port Area, Dongjiakou Port Area, and Dagang Port Area It is mainly engaged in the handling of different types of cargo such as container, metal ore, coal, and crude oil and the provision

of ancillary services, logistics and port value-added services, port ancillary services, and

financial services

As of 31 December 2021, the Group operated 92 berths at the Port of Qingdao, which included 62 special berths dedicated to handling a single type of cargo and 30 general berths capable of handling metal ore, coal, and other general cargo Leveraging on the natural deep-water capacity and industry-leading facilities and equipment, services, and management, the Group can accommodate the world’s largest container vessels, iron ore vessels, and oil tankers The Group possesses world-leading stevedoring efficiency In

2021, the Group continued ranking first in the world in terms of the berth efficiency of Maersk vessels, the single-machine average operating rate achieved the world record of 52.1 units per hour for the fully automated container terminal of the Group, and the single- machine loading and unloading maximum rate for iron ore continued to maintain at 3 200 tons per hour

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31 December 2022, representing an increase of RMB2,470 million, or 14.7%, as compared

to the same period in the prior year, mainly due to the increase in revenue from segments

of logistics and port value-added services, container handling and ancillary services and liquid bulk handling and ancillary services Meanwhile, the gross profit of the Group amounted to RMB6,057 million for the year ended 31 December 2022, representing an increase of RMB728 million, or 13.7%, as compared to the same period in the prior year, mainly due to the increase in gross profit from the segment of container handling and ancillary services

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6 PORT OF GUANGZHOU (CHINA)

Figure 6.2: Guangzhou Port map Source: Website of Guangzhou Port

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Guangzhou Port is the main seaport of Guangzhou city, Guangdong province, China which is operated by Guangzhou Port Group Co Ltd The former Guangzhou Port and the former Huangpu Port were combined to form the current Guangzhou Port in 1987 Guangzhou was an important port during the ancient times as it was regarded as the starting point of the Maritime Silk Road and became one of China's busiest ports during the Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty

Close to the South China Sea, Guangzhou Port is located in the heart of the Pearl

River Delta, where China's export-oriented economy is most active, with strong economic

influence on surrounding vast hinterland, covering Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Hubei,

Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and other provinces As a port connecting China with Southeast Asia, South Asia and the Arab region, Guangzhou Port has become the largest port in the East Depending on its competitive geographical advantages, Guangzhou Port has developed into the largest foreign trade port and comprehensive main hub port in South China, and has shipping links to over 400 ports in more than 100 countries and regions

world-wide, as well as more than 100 ports in China

Guangzhou Port has inherited its historic and cultural heritage and kept developing itself into an important driving force for turning Guangzhou into a national central city with economic influence and agglomeration functions and the gateway of South China to the world in the context of economic globalization

O The Container Throughput

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