Commercial services airports These are airports that most people know, such as JFK in New York, Charles de Gaulle in Paris, Heath row in London, or Denver International Airport, among se
THEORETICAL BASIS
What is an airport?
An airport is a designated area, either on land or water, designed to accommodate air traffic, featuring at least one runway for aircraft takeoff and landing Airports serve as crucial hubs for passenger and cargo transport, comprising essential facilities such as terminals, air traffic control centers, maintenance hangars, parking aprons, taxiways, and runways International airports also include customs ports to manage the entry and exit of passengers and oversee the import and export of goods.
Type of airport
Major airports like JFK in New York, Charles de Gaulle in Paris, Heathrow in London, and Denver International Airport are widely recognized, alongside several others Additionally, there are airports that do not offer commercial services to the public.
Airports operate 24/7, facilitating flights to and from destinations worldwide, including numerous connecting flights Annually, they serve over 10 million passengers, with major airports in large cities, like Atlanta, exceeding 75 million travelers.
Secondary commercial airports, situated in smaller cities, play a crucial role in providing essential services to a significant number of travelers These airports help alleviate congestion at major airports by managing a substantial flow of flights, thereby enhancing overall travel efficiency.
Strategically situated in key industrial and economic zones, these airports serve as vital hubs for air cargo transport The FAA defines landed weight as the total weight of an aircraft solely carrying cargo for various types of air transportation, including interstate, intrastate, and international routes Notably, many primary and secondary commercial airports also function as cargo airports, highlighting their overlapping roles in the logistics network.
Freight airports serve to alleviate congestion at major cargo hubs, making them essential in the logistics network These airports can be either public or private, offering flexibility in operations Private freight airports often gain advantages by redirecting flights from larger public airports, enhancing overall efficiency in air freight transportation.
General aviation encompasses all civil aviation flights that are not part of regular or non-regular commercial aviation, including ultralights, gliders, para-motors, and non-scheduled freight services This category represents the majority of flights globally, providing essential services such as access to remote locations, private air travel, and connections to popular tourist destinations.
General aviation airports serve as crucial transport hubs, facilitating travel across national and international borders They are particularly valuable in small regions, islands, or remote areas that lack access to large commercial airports.
The second category of general aviation airports plays a crucial role in facilitating regional interstate commerce, offering businesses increased flexibility to transport their products directly without the need to utilize larger commercial airports.
General aviation airports play a crucial role in managing intrastate trade, serving as a vital resource to alleviate congestion at domestic, regional, and commercial airports Their effectiveness is significantly enhanced when they are properly managed.
The fourth type of general aviation airport plays a crucial role in linking communities to the national airport system, offering essential services such as aircraft maintenance for emergency services, VIP charter flights, cargo transportation, flight training schools, and personal flights.
Unclassified airports are not clearly defined by aviation authorities, yet they play a crucial role by granting access to the entire aviation system Typically, any airport that does not conform to established categories is classified as unclassified, although this situation is uncommon There are limited exceptions to the typical classifications within the aviation system.
Transport by air
Air transport involves the use of aircraft to move passengers, goods, and parcels efficiently between locations This transportation can be conducted using specialized cargo aircraft or within the cargo hold of passenger planes Goods are typically transported either by dedicated cargo aircraft or in the belly of commercial passenger flights, ensuring a versatile and effective means of delivery.
Air transport provides significant benefits in terms of speed and accessibility, making it essential for high-value goods that need quick delivery or special preservation It plays a crucial role in linking economic, trade, and tourism areas, thereby contributing significantly to the socioeconomic development of nations.
The role of airports in Vietnam's economy
Transportation, particularly aviation, plays a crucial role in the economy, requiring significant technological investment The aviation industry significantly influences various economic sectors and is integral to key supply chains Its growth or decline has multiplier effects on other industries Globally, between 2003 and 2018, a 1% increase in GDP corresponded with a 1.28% to 2.03% growth in aviation In Vietnam, for every 1% GDP growth, the aviation sector expands by approximately 1-1.5% Notably, around 80% of foreign tourists visiting Vietnam arrive by air, facilitating the swift export of high-value products and services, while also boosting the development of related service industries.
Aviation is at the forefront of technological innovation, rapidly adopting new technologies and digitization As a leading industry in technical advancements, it generates significant spillover effects for the economy and service sectors The aviation industry plays a crucial role in promoting high-tech applications, as it invests heavily in research and development, allowing other economic sectors to benefit from these advancements at lower costs.
The aviation industry not only attracts a significant number of high-quality workers but also boosts employment in related sectors According to the Air Transport Action Group (ATAG), the global aviation sector directly employs 11.3 million individuals, while an additional 18.1 million jobs are created indirectly through businesses that supply goods and services to aviation Furthermore, the industry supports the employment of 44.8 million workers in tourism, highlighting its extensive impact on the overall job market.
Aviation plays a crucial role in transportation due to its speed, increasingly becoming the preferred choice for medium and long-range travel, both domestically and internationally It serves as a vital tool for fostering and expanding international relations, connecting nations globally The development and status of a country's aviation industry reflect its standing on the world stage Consequently, even in market economies without state-owned airlines, countries prioritize maintaining national carriers to enhance their reputation and promote their national brand.
How to manage and operate the port
Due to the characteristics of their operations, as an economic - technical - service complex, airports and airports (HKSB) have their own requirements and characteristics in management:
The operations of HKSB ports are characterized by high synchronization and specialization in the condition that many units participate in the management and operation of HKSB ports.
HKSB port operations require a very high level of technology and aviation safety and security.
HKSB ports must not only fulfill standard management duties but also distinctly outline their specialized roles in air transport, state management, and commercial business, in alignment with the unique characteristics of aviation.
HKSB ports operate as an economic entity, where management is intricately connected to the functions of exploitation and service provision At HKSB ports, the interplay between management, exploitation, and service delivery is essential, making it impossible to isolate these concepts from one another.
Principles of airport management
Principles in HKSB port management:
Ensuring the management and operation of an airport operating smoothly and effectively according to ICAO recommended standards
Effective airport management and operations must adhere to a cohesive policy that aligns with stringent legal regulations, ensuring that all airport activities conform to a unified set of standards.
Airports function as continuous economic entities operating 24/7, influenced by socioeconomic principles and the evolution of the aviation sector Effective management must encompass development strategies, relationship dynamics, and conflict resolution to implement adaptive measures that facilitate growth and address emerging challenges promptly.
Principle of valuing human factors:
People are the decisive factor in management stages Must pay attention to merit training, education, and improving management, leadership, and professional skills of airport staff
Airport management tools
System of legal documents for airport management and operation:
Documents on general management of the entire airport: Sub-law documents, decrees, regulations of superior agencies, charter of airport operations
Documents managing coordination with specialized state management agencies such as decrees and regulations on coordination with border police, customs, and aviation
Means of ensuring technical management:
A port-wide management information network is essential for efficient operations, particularly in key areas such as stations and airports This network typically includes a building management system (BMS) and a management information system (MIS) at passenger terminals, ensuring streamlined information flow and enhanced operational oversight.
The communication system at airports includes a telephone switchboard, dual-air VHF systems, and flight management information channels like AFTN, as well as commercial information channels such as SITA It also features specialized management information systems, including CUTE and DCS, alongside radios for flight areas within terminals.
Main components in airport operations management
Operational management diagram at the airport
Figure 1.1 Tuy Hoa airport organization model [1] a) Board of Directors:
- The highest leading body of the airport, responsible for the overall operation of the airport.
- Includes functional departments such as: Office, Security, Service, Technical. b) Office Department:
- Assists the Board of Directors in performing the state management functions of aviation activities.
- Includes groups: Administrative Group, Organization and Personnel Group, Document and Archive Group, Finance and Accounting Group, Inspection Group. c) Security Department:
- Ensures aviation security in accordance with the law.
- Includes groups: Aviation Security Group, Screening Security Group, Control Security Group. d) Service Department:
- Provides services for passengers, baggage, cargo, and parcels.
- Includes groups: Passenger Service Group, Cargo Service Group, Parcel Service Group. e) Technical Department:
- Ensures technical safety for aviation activities.
- Includes groups: Airport Operation Group, Aviation Equipment Maintenance Group,Facility Management Group.
Process of import-export goods of air transport
Figure 1.2 Process of export goods of the air transport [11] a) Sign an Export Contract:
- The exporter and importer agree on essential terms such as product, quantity, price, payment terms, delivery time, and responsibilities of each party.
- The contract is written and legally binding. b) Obtain an Export License:
- Some goods require an export license issued by a government authority (e.g., goods under state export control, dangerous goods).
- The exporting enterprise must submit an application for a license according to legal regulations. c) Confirm Payment:
- The exporter receives payment from the importer as agreed upon in the contract.
- Payment can be made in various forms such as bank transfer, letter of credit, etc. d) Prepare Export Goods:
- Goods are packaged according to airline regulations and ensure safety during transportation.
- Prepare related documents such as commercial invoice, export declaration, certificate of quality, etc. e) Arrange with the Carrier:
- The exporter contacts the airline or freight forwarder to book space for the goods.
- Negotiate rates and shipping terms. f) Pack and Transport to Airline Warehouse:
- Goods are transported to the airline's warehouse at the airport.
- The exporter handles the handover of goods to the airline. g) Complete Export Customs Procedures:
- The exporter declares the export shipment to customs.
- Customs inspects, supervises, and grants a license for the export shipment. h) Prepare Export Documents:
- The exporter prepares export documents such as the air waybill (AWB), commercial invoice, export declaration, etc. i) Send Documents to the Importer:
- The exporter sends the export documents to the importer as agreed upon in the contract.
ASSESSING THE CURRENT SITUATION
Current state of the air freight industry
In 2023, Vietnamese and foreign airlines have fully restored flights to traditional markets while also expanding operations to new destinations in Central Asia, including Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Mongolia The air transport sector is showing positive growth signals, with airlines actively promoting their operations and enhancing their road networks Both international flights have been restored and expanded, and the domestic aviation market has completely recovered, surpassing pre-2019 levels The international market is also gradually recovering and is anticipated to reach full capacity soon.
Figure 2.1 Airplane system in Vietnam [12]
2.1.1 Scale of air transport in Vietnam
Vietnam boasts six domestic airlines: Vietnam Airlines (VNA), VietJet Air (VJA), Pacific Airlines (BL), VASCO (VB), Vietravel Airlines (VTR), and Bamboo Airways (QH) These airlines collectively maintain and expand the country's domestic route network.
66 routes, connecting the capital Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, and Da Nang with 19 other local airports with more than 600 flights per day In addition to exploiting existing routes, in
2023, Vietnamese airlines also exploited several new routes such as Can Tho - Van Don, Hanoi - Ca Mau, and Ho Chi Minh City - Dien Bien.
2.1.2 Data on the current status of goods circulating by air transport
Currently, along with the development of the country's economy, the transportation industry in general and the aviation industry in particular have had certain developments.
The Chairman of the Vietnam Logistics Services Association highlighted that while air transport represents less than 1% of Vietnam's total freight volume, it significantly contributes to 25% of the country's export turnover value This indicates that the majority of goods transported by air are high-value items, including electronics and time-sensitive products.
In the first nine months of 2023, Vietnam's aviation cargo market experienced a significant decline, with a total throughput of 762,000 tons, marking an 18% decrease compared to the same period in 2022 Airport cargo volume also fell by 15.3%, totaling 887,500 tons Notably, international shipping dropped by 24% to 637,000 tons, while domestic shipping increased by 19.5%, reaching 250,400 tons Additionally, Vietnamese airlines transported 230,000 tons of goods, reflecting an 8.7% growth.
In January 2023, the Civil Aviation Authority of Vietnam reported a total cargo volume of 112,000 tons processed at airports, marking an 11.6% increase from December 2022 This included 83,000 tons of international goods, which rose by 10%, and 29,000 tons of domestic goods, reflecting a significant 16.6% growth compared to the previous month.
In 2023, the domestic market in Vietnam has shown significant recovery and growth following the severe impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic, while the international market is recovering at a slower pace Notably, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) reported in 2022 that Vietnam leads the world as the top country among 25 nations with the fastest recovering domestic aviation market.
Vietnam's air freight market is considered to have great development potential, but the ability for Vietnamese airlines to compete with foreign giants is a completely different story.
Despite the presence of domestic airlines like Vietnam Airlines, Vietjet, Bamboo Airways, and the newly established Vietravel Airlines offering cargo services, Vietnam lacks its own dedicated air cargo fleet Notably, the high-demand route between Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, recognized as one of the busiest globally with 60-70 daily round-trip passenger flights, has a potential cargo capacity of up to a thousand tons However, airlines currently transport only around 300 tons of goods daily on this crucial route.
Currently, only Noi Bai and Tan Son Nhat airports have specialized cargo terminals for warehousing services, but these facilities are fully utilized and face expansion challenges due to limited airport space Other airports with consistent cargo traffic have invested in and are developing separate cargo handling areas, distinct from passenger transport zones, to enhance packing and unloading operations.
In 2023, the air cargo industry faces significant challenges due to reduced demand influenced by macroeconomic factors and declining global trade Although there was a decrease in air cargo measured by cargo ton-kilometers (CTK) compared to 2022, the second half of the year showed signs of improvement Cargo capacity, indicated by available cargo ton-kilometers (ACTK), has steadily increased since early 2023, primarily driven by a resurgence in passenger travel on international routes By April 2023, transport capacity surpassed pre-pandemic levels, and as of September 2023, it has exceeded 4%.
If business and consumer confidence recovers, it will lead to the development of economic activity, increased purchasing power, business investment, and international trade.
The growth of e-commerce has significantly boosted revenue and increased the volume of goods transported by air, positively impacting the economy and the future of the air cargo market However, disruptions in the global supply chain pose challenges to the shipping industry while simultaneously creating opportunities for the expansion of air transport.
2.1.3 Regulations on airports and cargo terminal operations at airports
An airport serves as a facility for the parking and landing of aircraft, offering essential technical and logistical services for the transportation of goods It features a dedicated cargo service area, known as the cargo terminal, which includes sections for domestic and international cargo, as well as transshipment cargo and warehouse storage.
- Regulations on cargo terminal operations at airports: Based on ICAO regulations on cargo terminals, according to Circular No 16/2010/TT-BGTVT of the Ministry of
Transport: Detailed regulations on management and operation of airports and aerodromes in article 24 - Chapter IV.
2.1.4 Regulations on special goods transported by air
Air transport requires specialized care and handling for a diverse range of goods, making it distinct from other transportation methods Key categories of items that necessitate careful management include perishables, pharmaceuticals, electronics, and valuable cargo.
2.1.4.1 Types of goods allowed to be transported by air
General cargo refers to items that do not have issues related to size, content, or packaging However, to ensure safety during transport, these goods must undergo a thorough inspection process to verify that their dimensions and volume are appropriate before being loaded into the shipping compartment.
Special cargo encompasses a variety of items, including live animals, high-value items, human remains, perishable goods, odorous and damp items, diplomatic shipments, dangerous materials, and large volume goods Transporting these types of cargo requires specialized handling techniques, ensuring safe storage and transportation Additionally, certain goods are prohibited from air transport, highlighting the importance of understanding regulations and requirements for special cargo logistics.
• Narcotics, nerve stimulants, bullet weapons, military technical equipment, rudimentary weapons such as knives, swords, spears, spears,
• Depraved cultural products, reactionary publications and documents aimed at destroying public order against the Vietnamese state.
• Objects or substances that are flammable, explosive or unsanitary, causing environmental pollution.
• Living organisms, foods requiring preservation, articles, publications, and goods prohibited from entering the country.
• Precious metals and gems (gold, silver, platinum, etc.), or products made from precious metals and gems.
Compare air and sea transport in Vietnam
Objective: Both sea freight and air freight aim to transport goods internationally from one point to another globally.
Regulations: Both methods must comply with international shipping regulations and standards Including regulations on goods safety, import and export documents and customs procedures.
Ocean freight and air freight are vital components of the global supply chain, facilitating connections between countries and enhancing import-export activities and international trade.
Effective international transportation relies heavily on technology and information management systems, which are essential for tracking and managing the entire transportation process Key components such as warehouse management and cargo tracking systems significantly contribute to the efficiency and reliability of this mode of transport.
Both ocean freight and air freight have environmental impacts, but advancements in technology are enhancing their efficiency and reducing carbon emissions Understanding the differences between sea and air transshipment is essential for making informed logistics decisions.
Goods: Suitable for large, heavy goods that do not need to be urgent
Speed: Shipping time is longer, from a few days to many weeks
Mass: Capable of carrying large goods, up to thousands of containers
Transport fee: Usually lower than air freight.
Reliability: The time to change the schedule is longer than air because the number of ships anchoring weekly is relatively small.
Procedure: Customs procedures are complicated and time-consuming
Goods: Suitable for light, high-value, urgent goods
Speed: Fast shipping time, from a few hours to a few days
Mass: There are limits on cargo volume, depending on the type of aircraft.
Transport fee: Higher than sea transport
Reliability: Schedule changes are less change than sea
Procedure: Simple procedures and quick
Guaranteed international freight transportation, large volume, low price.
Facilitate economic exchanges with countries and territories around the world.
Ensuring international exchanges, using scientific and technical achievements and the fastest speed.
Because the risk of damage is lower than with other means of transportation, insuring goods transported by air often costs less.
Crude oil, as the primary product, poses significant risks of environmental pollution, particularly through incidents such as ship accidents, vessel breakdowns, and oil spills These events can severely impact marine ecosystems, highlighting the need for heightened awareness and preventive measures to protect our oceans.
Goods cannot be transported at high speed because ship speed is limited and cannot be transported to the destination.
Expensive, low payload, easy to pollute the atmosphere.
Shipping costs can be significantly high, particularly with air transport, as operating airports and aircraft involves considerable expenses, leading to elevated shipping prices compared to other methods.
Trends in the development of air transport in Vietnam
SAF can be created from raw materials, agricultural by-products, algae, waste oil and even carbon Norse E-fuel captures and processes carbon to create an innovative SAF.
Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) is increasingly popular, though currently available in limited quantities The Air Transport Action Group (TAG) reports that SAF can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 80% compared to traditional fuels throughout their life cycle Additionally, SAF contributes to lower sulfur and particulate matter emissions, promoting cleaner air However, the overall effectiveness of SAF is influenced by its composition and the proportion blended with conventional fuels.
Earlier this year, Nestle Corporation successfully delivered its inaugural batch of Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) to San Francisco International Airport (SFO) through a pipeline Additionally, Amazon is set to utilize SAF to power a portion of its cargo jets.
Air transport companies, such as FedEx and UPS, are prioritizing investments in more efficient aircraft to lower emissions and enhance fuel efficiency By focusing on design and weight optimization, these firms aim to reduce their environmental footprint while ensuring faster delivery of packages to customers Notably, Delta has committed $1 billion towards improving aircraft efficiency and implementing carbon offset initiatives this year.
FedEx is working to retrofit and replace aircraft to increase fuel efficiency Shipping companies seek improved speed, weight and optimal routes to save money and reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
2.3.3 The rise of air transport digitization
Electronic freight (e-freight) is increasingly becoming essential in air shipments, as it digitizes all necessary documentation for flights, including shipment details and customs forms This shift not only minimizes paper usage but also enhances speed and efficiency in the shipping process A report by Swiss World Cargo, titled "Cargo Matters," highlights the clear benefits of e-freight, stating that it reduces costs, improves data accuracy, accelerates processes, and contributes positively to the environment.
ULD manufacturers are now offering pallets and lightweight containers for the aggregate transportation of bulk shipments Reduced weight helps save fuel.
Using lighter Unit Load Devices (ULDs) can enhance shipping efficiency by enabling the transport of more packages at once, particularly when weight is the limiting factor Although this may not decrease fuel consumption for a specific flight, it allows for greater cargo capacity per aircraft, ultimately improving overall operational efficiency.
Many companies are establishing bold environmental targets to be met swiftly Carbon offsetting presents a valuable opportunity for the air transport sector to bridge the gap while researching and adopting innovative methods to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of their operations.
Carbon offsetting refers to investing in initiatives that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to balance out emissions elsewhere A widely recognized method of carbon offset investment is tree planting, where the amount of carbon absorbed varies based on factors such as location, conditions, and tree species Research indicates that approximately 15 trees are needed to offset one ton of emitted carbon.
Organizations like the Carbon Offset and Reduction Program for International Aviation (CORSICA) are monitoring the emissions of various Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs) throughout their life cycle, while also ensuring that carbon offsets are accurately accounted for without duplication.
NOI BAI AIRPORT
Brief overview of information about Noi Bai airport
Established in 2005, Noi Bai Cargo Services Joint Stock Company is a subsidiary of Vietnam Airports Corporation (ACV) and specializes in cargo services and related operations in Vietnam Alongside Aviation Logistic Joint Stock Company (ALS) and Vietnam Air Cargo Services Joint Stock Company (ACSV), it plays a crucial role at Noi Bai International Airport In 2019, NCTS emerged as the leading enterprise in the sector, capturing 57% of the total cargo output at Noi Bai Airport.
Noi Bai International Airport features two cargo terminals, ACSV and ALS, operated by three service providers: NCTS, ALS, and ACSV In 2019, the total cargo capacity reached approximately 700,000 tons, with a five-year compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.4% Despite this growth, 2019 saw an 8% decline in output, primarily attributed to reduced activity from major companies like Samsung and shifts in the supply chain for certain products, including salmon.
NCTS operates its cargo services at the Noi Bai Cargo Terminal, which is managed by ACSV, leasing three-quarters of the terminal's area With a total floor space of 26,662 m², NCTS comprises 20,747 m² for international warehousing and 5,915 m² for domestic storage, consistently handling an annual output of approximately 400,000 tons, exceeding the terminal's capacity of 300,000 tons per year In 2019, NCTS held a significant market share of about 57% for cargo operations at Noi Bai Airport, followed by ALS at 25% and ACSV at 18%.
NCTS dominates the domestic goods market with a 75% share, leveraging support from its parent company and partnerships with Vietnam Airline and Jetstar Pacific In the international sector, NCTS collaborates with 24 airlines, including prominent names like Air Asia and Qatar Airways, and has secured a 55% market share A significant milestone was reached in 2019 when NCTS signed a contract with Indigo Airways, launching direct flights to India The company primarily serves airlines, which tend to be loyal to a single supplier for their service needs.
Figure 3.1 Noi Bai Cargo Services Joint Stock Company (NCTS)
Figure 3.2 Cargo terminal at Noi Bai
Import - Export goods activities in Noi Bai Airport
Domestic cargo transportation at Noi Bai International Airport is primarily handled by carriers like Vietnam Airlines, Pacific Airlines, and VietJet Air Shipping routes connect Noi Bai to major destinations including Ho Chi Minh City, Da Nang, Hue, Nha Trang, and Can Tho, and vice versa The domestic cargo sector at Noi Bai has been experiencing significant growth, averaging an annual increase of approximately 15% in recent years.
Approximately 54% of domestic goods output consists of fresh products, primarily fruits, vegetables, and seafood exported to China Normal goods, including fabrics and clothing, make up 30% of the total output, while electronic components and phones represent 16%.
Process: The process of transporting domestic goods at Noi Bai is relatively simple, including the following steps:
Noi Bai International Airport facilitates the import and export of goods through a diverse fleet of cargo and passenger aircraft operated by over 50 airlines, including Vietnam Airlines, VietJet Air, Korean Air, and Cathay Pacific This bustling hub supports significant economic activities, highlighted by the expansion of Samsung Group's phone manufacturing facilities in Bac Ninh and Thai Nguyen, alongside investments from other major economic groups in Northern Vietnam.
In 2015, the total export output reached approximately 179,000 tons, with key commodities comprising 40% phones, 30% garments and shoes, 22% electronic components and goods, and the remaining 8% attributed to other products.
In 2015, the total output of imported goods reached approximately 193,900 tons The primary export categories included garment and footwear accessories, which made up 35%, electronic components and goods at 38%, fresh products such as salmon, fruits, and seafood at 15%, and other product groups comprising 12%.
By 2020, Vietnam's economic growth and the expansion of major airline fleets, including Vietnam Airlines and Korean Air, are projected to drive the cargo output at Noi Bai International Airport to approximately 925,812 tons.
Figure 3.3 Freight warehouse at Noi Bai airport
Current status of Logistics management in Noi Bai
Domestic freight transport services in Vietnam facilitate the movement of goods within the country, with key flight routes originating from Noi Bai International Airport (HAN) to various provinces, including Ho Chi Minh City (SGN), Da Nang (DAD), and Can Tho Major airlines such as Vietnam Airlines, JetStar Pacific, and VietJet Air operate these services using passenger aircraft like the B777 and A321 In 2015, Vietnam Airlines and JetStar Pacific, through NCTS Company, captured 81% of the market share, transporting approximately 125,100 tons of domestic goods, with Vietnam Airlines alone accounting for 92% of this total.
International cargo transportation services at Noi Bai Airport facilitate the movement of goods to various countries and regions serviced by approximately 40 airlines Notably, 26 of these airlines partner with Noi Bai Cargo Services Joint Stock Company, which commands around 80% of the market share, handling a total of 269,000 tons of international cargo in 2015 The company is recognized for its capacity and reliability in providing logistics services, primarily catering to flights to Europe, Northeast Asia, Southeast Asia, Africa, and Central countries, while currently lacking direct flights to North America and Australia Future plans include expanding flight routes to additional destinations such as North America, England, and South America.
Forwarding cargo transport services facilitate the transshipment of cargo for airlines at Noi Bai International Airport, enabling transit flights to various destinations Currently, transit cargo at Noi Bai constitutes only 1-2% of the total international cargo volume, primarily consisting of shipments from Vietnam Airlines and other members of the Sky Team alliance.
Types of Logistics services provided by NCTS company include:
Cargo servicing services for airlines
Goods handling services, warehouse rental services
3.3.2 Organize and implement Logistics service management
The company provides products and services to customers through well-defined production and business processes tailored to each service stage The Export Goods Serving Team follows a systematic approach for export services, while the Import Goods Serving Team adheres to a distinct process for imports Both teams manage abnormal handling procedures and general instructions for unusual goods Effective service management necessitates collaboration among various units within the company; for instance, the import process begins with the apron service team and concludes with the import service team, while exports follow a similar path in reverse Cargo handling operations, including loading and unloading, are executed by the cargo handling team, and the processing of cargo and customer information is managed by the relevant departments in compliance with international regulations Additionally, logistics management encompasses a range of vehicles, equipment, and software for processing telegrams, managing goods, and overseeing customer communications.
Service quality is a key indicator of customer satisfaction regarding the services offered by managers and their teams The Service Joint Stock Company effectively manages the quality of its customer services through established quality control systems.
In 2008, the company's quality management system was certified by QMS Vietnam Company, meeting ISO 9001-2000 standards This certification validates the company's commitment to international standards in providing logistics services at Noi Bai International Airport.
In 2015, the company enhanced its quality control processes for products and services, aligning with ISO 9001:2015 quality management standards This commitment to quality has been recognized with a certification issued by QMS Vietnam Company, affirming the company's adherence to these rigorous standards.
In 2015, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) certified the ISAGO system, ensuring that Noi Bai Cargo Services Joint Stock Company meets stringent IATA standards This certification encompasses various safety criteria, including aircraft safety, safety of goods, human safety, equipment safety, and environmental safety related to the products and services offered.
- The method of checking and evaluating the implementation of the ISO quality management system and the ISAGO system at Noi Bai Cultural Services Joint Stock Company is as follows:
QMS Vietnam Company conducts an annual evaluation of the ISO system implementation for companies, with reissuance of the ISO certificate occurring every three years if the evaluation meets their standards Since obtaining ISO certification in 2008, CNCT Company has consistently fulfilled assessment requirements and has been successfully re-certified by QMS Vietnam Company.
IATA conducts an evaluation of the ISAGO system every two years, and the results of this evaluation are crucial for the re-certification of ISAGO Obtaining the ISAGO certificate highlights the quality of cargo services offered by Noi Bai Cargo Services Joint Stock Company, confirming their compliance with the standards set by the International Air Transport Association (IATA) for airlines and other clients.
3.3.3 Regarding warehouse capacity and premises
In 2010, the Noi Bai International Airport cargo terminal, covering an area of 44,000 square meters, was launched with a designed service capacity of 203,000 tons of goods per year Currently managed by ACSV, this facility plays a crucial role in enhancing cargo logistics services.
In 2014: ALSC Joint Stock Company added a new cargo terminal at Noi Bai International Airport to operate cargo logistics services but only accommodated about 120,000 tons of international goods per year.
The combined capacity of the cargo terminals operated by ACSV and ALSC is approximately 323,000 tons per year In contrast, the total volume of goods processed at Noi Bai International Airport in 2015 reached 498,000 tons annually, resulting in an overload of 173,000 tons per year.
Currently, warehouse space and cargo handling yards of Noi Bai Cargo Services Joint Stock Company are rented from partners at Noi Bai International Airport By the end of
2015, the warehouse and yard area of NCTS in use was 39,536 m 2 In there:
The area for parking vehicles and handling imported goods is: 11,688 m 2
The area of domestic and international warehouses is: 23,874 m 2
Current design standards dictate that a minimum of 30 m² of warehouse space is required per ton of air cargo per day for efficient storage, loading, and unloading However, statistics reveal a significant shortfall in available warehouse space, with domestic export warehouses offering only about 13 m²/ton/day International export and import warehouses provide slightly better figures at 22 m²/ton/day and 20 m²/ton/day, respectively This highlights a critical gap, as the optimal design capacity necessitates 30 m² per ton per day for effective operations.
The warehouse space at Noi Bai International Airport is fully rented and restricted by the airport's planning, limiting the company's ability to expand despite growing market demands Currently, the company relies on renting international and domestic import warehouses located 400 meters and 1,200 meters away, respectively This necessitates transporting goods via trucks through highway intersections, which complicates service quality and raises production costs.
Noi Bai Logistics Services Joint Stock Company faces challenges due to the rapid growth of goods and limited cargo terminal and warehouse space, resulting in inadequate logistics equipment to meet demand The primary equipment, mostly acquired through investment, fails to support efficient commodity handling To modernize warehouse operations, a synchronized investment in advanced systems, such as conveyor belts and inventory control tools, is essential Additionally, the scattered distribution of equipment across warehouses hampers optimal capacity utilization The insufficient mechanization of loading and unloading processes relies heavily on manual labor, leading to decreased labor productivity.
General assessment of Logistics activities in Noi Bai
An analysis of the logistics management at Noi Bai LLC reveals significant advantages, including strong market presence, financial resources, skilled human capital, and opportunities for expanding logistics services However, the company also faces several weaknesses and challenges that must be addressed to enhance its current and future production and business activities.
The business environment at Noi Bai International Airport is generally unfavorable, as the support from state management agencies for businesses, airlines, and customers falls short of expectations.
Noi Bai Services Joint Stock Company is facing significant challenges due to inadequate warehouse and premises conditions, both in terms of quantity and quality The planning and construction efforts have failed to align with the actual growth of goods processed through the company and international airports, highlighting a critical need for improvement in infrastructure to meet current demands.
The current supply of vehicles and equipment does not meet the company's demand for goods output, as both quantity and quality are insufficient Additionally, the equipment relies primarily on manual labor rather than automation or advanced technology.
The application of software in information technology at Noi Bai LLC has been limited, highlighting the need for more robust integration of IT solutions in logistics management Expanding the use of information technology is essential to enhance operational efficiency and optimize logistics processes within the company.
The company faces challenges in human resource quality, as most employees are low-skilled or simple workers Despite some training before starting their roles, there is a notable absence of a specialized team of experts needed for effective modern logistics management.
PROPOSED SOLUTIONS
Oriented development
The Ministry of Transport has officially requested the Civil Aviation Authority of Vietnam to expedite the completion of the Noi Bai International Airport Planning for 2021-2030, with a long-term vision extending to 2050, supported by the French Government.
In early March 2024, the Ministry of Transport directed the Civil Aviation Authority of Vietnam to collaborate with the French sponsor and consultant ADPi to unify procedures, expedite the acceptance of sponsored products, and finalize the technical support project in accordance with regulations.
The Civil Aviation Authority of Vietnam is urged to promptly review and finalize the planning for Noi Bai International Airport for the period of 2021-2030, with a vision extending to 2050 This process should focus on maximizing resources and engaging domestic consultants to enhance the planning documentation effectively.
ADPi Consulting of France, one of the world's leading consulting units, is the consulting unit for planning Noi Bai International Airport.
ADPi has started implementing planning since June 2019 By the end of 2020, ADPi Consulting completed the final report The planning has been carefully calculated and verified by ADPi.
According to Decision 497/QĐ-BGTVT, the Minister of Transportation approved local adjustments to Noi Bai International Airport planning for the period 2021-2030 regarding airport infrastructure.
Noi Bai International Airport is set to enhance its infrastructure with a new parking lot for vehicles and ground equipment at the western area of the T2 passenger terminal apron Additionally, a practical training center for rescue workers will be established near the southwest section of the airport for fire emergencies The airport's general technical infrastructure plan will also include a high-rise parking garage located east of the Air Traffic Control Tower, along with an improved connecting traffic system.
The Ministry of Transport has identified that the infrastructure overload at Noi Bai and Tan Son Nhat international airports is primarily due to the deteriorating take-off and landing systems, as well as passenger terminals that fail to accommodate current operating capacities Additionally, inadequate transportation connections to the airport are contributing to congestion at these critical gateways.
To address ongoing challenges, the Ministry of Transport is collaborating with various ministries, local authorities, and relevant organizations to implement comprehensive solutions This includes renovating and upgrading the take-off and landing runways, as well as taxiways at Noi Bai and Tan Son Nhat International Airports to enhance aircraft operation frequency Additionally, the expansion of the T2 passenger terminal at Noi Bai International Airport, which will accommodate 5 million passengers per year and is expected to be completed by 2024, will increase the airport's total capacity to 30 million passengers annually.
Solution
Noi Bai International Airport has outlined a development plan for 2020-2030, with a vision extending to 2050 However, effective measures to enhance the quality of human resources at the airport have yet to be implemented In response, our team has conducted research and proposed solutions aimed at improving human resource quality by 2030.
Improving the quality of training in the aviation transport industry:
To address the growing needs of the air transport industry amid international integration, enhancing the quality of human resource training is crucial A key solution involves updating training programs to align with international standards, ensuring they encompass the necessary in-depth knowledge and skills for the sector This should be complemented by the implementation of advanced training methods and careful selection of instructors with high professional qualifications.
Training programs need to be regularly updated to ensure they meet the latest requirements of the international air transport industry Training contents that need to be focused include:
In-depth knowledge of air transport: Students need to be equipped with in-depth knowledge of various aspects of the air transport industry, including:
Air transport management: Process of transporting goods by air, types of transportation,customs procedures, aviation insurance, related laws and regulations.
Airport warehouse management: Inventory management, arrangement and storage of goods, quality control of goods, warehouse safety.
Customer service: Communication skills, complaint handling, customer care in air transport.
Marketing and sales: Marketing strategy for air transportation services, sales skills and customer consulting.
Goods handling process: Students need to clearly understand cargo handling processes in air transport, including:
Receiving goods: Check the status of goods, prepare receipt notes, and label goods.
Classification and arrangement of goods: Classify goods by type, size, weight, and destination.
Commercial packaging: Use appropriate packaging to ensure the safety of goods during transportation.
Customs declaration: Prepare customs declaration documents and carry out customs procedures according to regulations.
Supervision and tracking of goods: Track the freight journey, ensuring goods are delivered to the right place and time.
Aviation security procedures: Students need to be trained in aviation security procedures, including:
Cargo security control: Check cargo security with modern equipment, detect and handle violations of aviation security.
Warehouse area security management: Control access to warehouse areas, ensuring security for goods and assets.
Aviation security training: Training on aviation security skills for staff, improving security awareness for staff.
Skills in using equipment and commodity management software: Students need to be equipped with skills to use modern goods management equipment and software, including:
Use of cargo transport equipment: Forklifts, trailers, conveyors, security scanners, etc.
Using commodity management software: Warehouse management software, shipping tracking software, customs declaration software, etc.
IT applications: Use information technology applications to improve work efficiency,manage goods and customer service.
Foreign Language: Students need to have basic English communication skills to be able to work in an international environment and access specialized documents in English.
4.2.2 Developing short-term training programs
To enhance the skills and knowledge of human resources in the aviation transport industry, it is essential to organize specialized short-term training courses alongside the main training program These courses are designed to address specific topics that align with the current demands of the market and businesses.
4.2.2.1 Intensive training course on special cargo transportation:
Transporting dangerous goods: Equipped with knowledge about classification, packaging, storage, and safe transportation of dangerous goods according to international regulations.
Transporting perishable goods: Provide skills to effectively preserve, handle and transport perishable goods such as food, pharmaceuticals, fresh flowers, etc.
Transportation of special goods: Training on the process of transporting special goods such as live animals, works of art, diplomatic goods, etc.
4.2.2.2 Training courses according to business needs:
Collaborate with airlines and logistics companies to create tailored training programs that address their specific needs and characteristics Our training content is developed based on the actual requirements of each business, enabling employees to enhance their professional skills and increase workplace efficiency.
4.2.2.3 Benefits of short-term training courses:
Update the latest professional knowledge in the field of air transport.
Improve practical skills and problem-solving ability.
Suitable for the diverse needs of students.
Enhance competitiveness for human resources in the air transport industry.
To attract and retain excellent talent in the aviation industry, building an ideal working environment is extremely important This includes the following elements:
Provide salaries appropriate to the professional qualifications, skills and experience of workers.
Apply competitive compensation and benefits, including social insurance, health insurance, housing support, Tet bonuses, vacations, etc.
Regularly evaluate and adjust salaries and benefits to ensure competitiveness in the market.
4.2.3.2 Professional, safe and civilized working environment:
Create a professional working environment with mutual respect between colleagues and superiors.
Ensure labor safety for workers by fully equipping protective equipment, complying with labor safety regulations and organizing periodic safety training.
Build a civilized, polite, friendly and highly responsible working environment.
4.2.3.3 Pay attention to the spiritual life of workers:
Organize entertainment, sports and cultural activities to improve the spiritual life of workers.
Create conditions for employees to participate in social activities, exercise and develop themselves.
Listen to employees' opinions and create conditions for them to develop their abilities and strengths.
4.2.4 Raise employees' sense of responsibility:
Aviation security and safety are crucial elements in the air transport sector, and enhancing employees' sense of responsibility is vital for guaranteeing the protection of flights and cargo To achieve comprehensive security and safety, it is essential to implement a coordinated approach involving multiple measures.
Organize training courses and seminars on aviation security and safety for all officials and employees in the industry.
Providing documents, textbooks, and propaganda posters on aviation security and safety.
Integrate educational content on aviation security and safety into training programs for students.
Raise workers' awareness of the importance of aviation security and safety for themselves, their families and the community.
Timely reward individuals and groups with outstanding achievements in ensuring aviation security and safety.
Praise positive and exemplary behaviors in ensuring aviation security and safety.
Create a working environment that encourages a sense of responsibility and high safety awareness in each individual.
[1] Mô hình tổ chức Cảng hàng không Tuy Hòa (n.d.) Vietnamairport.vn Retrieved June 19, 2024, from https://www.vietnamairport.vn/tuyhoaairport/mo-hinh-to-chuc-cang- hang-khong-tuy-hoa-2
Dịch vụ vận tải hàng hóa bằng đường hàng không tại Việt Nam ngày càng phát triển, đáp ứng nhu cầu vận chuyển nhanh chóng và hiệu quả Các công ty logistics cung cấp nhiều giải pháp đa dạng, từ giao nhận hàng hóa đến vận chuyển quốc tế Việc sử dụng đường hàng không giúp tiết kiệm thời gian và đảm bảo an toàn cho hàng hóa Việt Nam có nhiều sân bay quốc tế, tạo điều kiện thuận lợi cho việc kết nối với các thị trường toàn cầu Các dịch vụ này không chỉ phục vụ cho doanh nghiệp mà còn hỗ trợ nhu cầu cá nhân trong việc vận chuyển hàng hóa.
Thông tin mới nhất về quy hoạch sân bay Nội Bài đã được cập nhật trong bài viết của Đình T trên báo điện tử Tiền Phong Theo đó, dự án mở rộng và nâng cấp sân bay Nội Bài nhằm đáp ứng nhu cầu gia tăng hành khách và hàng hóa trong tương lai Các kế hoạch chi tiết bao gồm xây dựng thêm nhà ga và bãi đỗ xe, cùng với việc cải thiện cơ sở hạ tầng giao thông kết nối Điều này không chỉ giúp nâng cao trải nghiệm của hành khách mà còn thúc đẩy phát triển kinh tế khu vực.
Cảng hàng không là cơ sở hạ tầng quan trọng phục vụ cho hoạt động vận chuyển hàng không, bao gồm các dịch vụ như đón tiếp hành khách, xử lý hàng hóa và bảo trì máy bay Sự khác biệt giữa cảng hàng không và sân bay nằm ở quy mô và chức năng, trong khi cảng hàng không thường có các tiện ích và dịch vụ phát triển hơn, sân bay có thể chỉ phục vụ cho những chuyến bay nhỏ hơn Tại Việt Nam, có nhiều cảng hàng không nổi bật như Nội Bài, Tân Sơn Nhất và Đà Nẵng, mỗi cảng đều đóng góp vào sự phát triển của ngành hàng không và kinh tế địa phương.
Gần 90% thị phần vận tải hàng không tại Việt Nam hiện nay thuộc về các hãng hàng không nước ngoài, cho thấy sự chiếm lĩnh mạnh mẽ của các công ty quốc tế trong lĩnh vực này Điều này đặt ra thách thức lớn cho các hãng hàng không nội địa trong việc cạnh tranh và phát triển Sự thống trị của các hãng nước ngoài không chỉ ảnh hưởng đến thị trường mà còn tác động đến chất lượng dịch vụ và giá cả vận chuyển hàng không trong nước.
[6] Bộ Công Thương: Báo cáo logistics Việt Nam các năm 2022, 2023 NXB Công Thương Retrieved June 19, 2024, from https://logistics.gov.vn/nghien-cuudao-tao/bao-cao- logistics-viet-nam-2023
[7] Tuệ Văn (2022, September 26) Phấn đấu năm 2050, sân bay Nội Bài đạt 100 triệu hành khách/năm Baochinhphu.vn Retrieved June 19, 2024, from