Discussion report topics mysteries of the world

Bang phân chia công việc STT Ho va tén Nhiém vu Danh gia nhom Ký tên | Diém 52 | Nguyễn Thị Conclusion, Word, Hoàn thành tốt các Thươn A bai dung han, có tinh thần xây đựng

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

THUONGMAI UNIVERSITY

DISCUSSION REPORT

Topics: Mysteries of the world

Conducter: Group 8 — 241 _ENTH1611_22

Supervisor: Ms Han Thi Bich Ngoc

HA NOI - 2024

CONG HOA XA HOI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM

Doc lap - Tw do - Hanh phic

BIEN BAN HOP NHOM 8 (LAN 1) HOC PHAN TIENG ANH 3 (241 ENTHI611 22)

L Thời gian: l6h ngày 22/09/2024

II Địa điểm: Ứng dụng Zalo

IIL Danh sách thành viên

STT Ho va tén Chire vu Ki tén Ghỉ chú

52 | Nguyễn Thị Thương Nhóm trưởng | Thuong

53 | Nguyễn Thị Trang Thành viên Trang

54 | Nguyễn Thùy Trang Thành viên Trang

55 | Trân Thị Thu Trang Thành viên Trang

57 _ | Nguyễn Huyền Trâm Thành viên Trâm

58 | Vũ Hà Vy Thành viên Vy

+ Số người có mặt theo danh sách: 7/7

+ §ố người vắng mặt theo đanh sách: 0/7

IV Nội dung cuộc hợp

1 Cả nhóm cùng tìm hiểu và thông nhất lựa chọn đề tài thảo luận: Mysteries of the

world

2 Lập đề cương cho đề tài thảo luận

Nhóm trưởng

(Ki va ghi rõ họ tên)

Thuong

Nguyén Thi Thuong

CONG HOA XA HOI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM

Doc lap - Tw do - Hanh phic

BIEN BAN HOP NHOM 8 (LAN 2) HOC PHAN TIENG ANH 3 (241 ENTHI611 22)

L Thời gian: 20h ngày 23/09/2024

IL Địa điểm: Zalo

II Thành viên tham gia: 7/7

IV Nội dung cuộc họp

1 Phân chia công việc

2 Thống nhất Power Point

3 Bang phân chia công việc

STT Ho va tén Nhiém vu Danh gia nhom Ký tên | Diém

52 | Nguyễn Thị Conclusion, Word, Hoàn thành tốt các Thươn A

bai dung han, có tinh

thần xây đựng đóng góp

ý cho bài thảo luận

53 | Nguyễn Thị Trang | Introduction, Hoàn thành tôt các Trang A

Contruction, PowerPomt | nhiệm vụ của nhóm, nộp

bài đúng hạn

54 | Nguyễn Thùy General introduction to Hoan thanh tot cac Trang A Trang the Pyramid, PowerPoint | nhiém vụ của nhóm,

nộp bài đúng hạn

55 | Trân Thị Thu Trang | Architecture, PowerPoint | Hoan thành tốt các Trang A

nhiệm vụ của nhóm, nộp bài đúng hạn

56 | Hà Ngọc Trâm Role and Purpose, PowerPoint Hoàn thành tốt các nhiệm vụ của nhóm, nộp Trâm A

57 | Nguyễn Huyền Mysteries surrounding Hoan thanh tot cac Trâm A

Tram the Pyramid, PowerPoimt | nhiệm vụ của nhóm, nộp

bài đúng hạn

58 | Vũ Hà Vy Influence and legacy, Hoan thanh tot cac Vy A

bài đúng hạn

Nhóm trưởng (Ki va ghi rõ họ tên)

Thuong

Nguyén Thi Thuong

CONG HOA XA HOI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM

Doc lap - Tw do - Hanh phic

BIEN BAN HOP NHOM 8 (LAN 3) HOC PHAN TIENG ANH 3 (241 ENTHI611 22)

L Thời gian: 20h ngày 30/09/2024

IL Dia diém: Online Meeting

II Thành viên tham gia: 7/7

IV Nội dung cuộc họp

1 Xem lại nội dung ban word bài thảo luận

2 Cung chinh stra Power Point

3 Canhom thuyét trinh thir

Nhóm trưởng (Ki va ghi rõ họ tên)

Thuong

Nguyén Thi Thuong

TABLE OF CONTENTS Ihb j).(0))0)000 090) 10155 8

TL BODY ooo 8 2.1 General introductfion to the Pyramid - cà cv se re 8

VI NNN.( ` 6) 0u., , anh ua Ả 8 21.2 The meaning of PVrantid 0 00c0ccccccccccc ccc e cece cette ee ecee tune neeeeeetennines 10

V NỈ, T Nn)NN NưnNựaAI ll 2.2 Architecture and Construcfion ác ng nh tre 12 PP an ốốằẶằẶaa 12

LÝ 0 nung ổn ẦẦ 13 2.3, Role ANd PUTPOSC 1a nh h6 ns 14 2.3.1, The role of the PTQHiÏ à TT HT HH kh xxx xkca 14 2.3.2 The parpose 0ƒ the PFQTHiỂ HH Hy 2 khe Hà xa 14 2.4 Mysteries surrounding the Pyramid 5c 2211 2* 2112k 14 2.5 Influence and Legacy 0 2210212221122 2111211111811 Hee 15 2.5.1, The Influence of the Pyramid on Modern Architecture and Culture 15 2.5.2 Preserving qHd Studying the Pyranutdl ToởAy ààcc sec se 16 i09 1e ốốa 17

I INTRODUCTION

Mystery is a concept that refers to events, phenomena or something that humans cannot yet fully understand, explain or clarify Mysterious things are often associated with being elusive, difficult to understand, and intriguing, because their nature is unclear

or beyond current human understanding In some contexts, "mystery" can refer to stories, paranormal phenomena, or philosophical problems that have no specific answers The discovery of mystery 1s of great importance for human and social development: promoting the development of knowledge, stimulating creative and mnovative thinking, solving problems and improving life live, satisfy curiosity and desire to explore, And one of the great mysteries that people have not yet solved is how to build the pyramid, what means did the ancient Egyptians use to transport and build such a large structure

II BODY

2.1 General introduction to the Pyramid

2.1.1, History of Pyramid

The pyramids are one of the most iconic architectural achievements of ancient civilizations, with the most famous examples being the Egyptian pyramids The history of pyramids dates back thousands of years and spans across several cultures Here is a brief overview:

a Ancient Egyptian Pyramids (c 2700-1700 BCE)

The most well-known pyramids are found in Egypt, primarily built as tombs for pharaohs and their consorts These structures symbolized their power, religious beliefs, and their journey to the afterlife

¢ Early Step Pyramid (c 2700 BCE): The earliest Egyptian pyramid is the Step Pyramid of Djoser in Saqqara, designed by the architect Imhotep This pyramid had a unique stepped design and marked a significant advancement from the traditional mastaba tombs

¢ The Great Pyramids of Giza (c 2580-2560 BCE): These are the most famous pyramids, built durmg Egypt's Fourth Dynasty for Pharaohs Khufu (the Great Pyramid), Khafre, and Menkaure Khufu’s Great Pyramid is one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and stands as the largest pyramid, orginally standing 146.6 meters (481 feet) tall

¢ Pyramid Construction: Egyptian pyramids were constructed with limestone, using large stone blocks cut with copper tools The building process remains a subject of debate, with theories suggesting the use of ramps or other complex engineering methods

* Decline of Pyramid Building: By the time of the New Kingdom (c 1550 BCE), pyramid construction was largely abandoned, as pharaohs began using rock-cut tombs, like those in the Valley of the Kings, for burial

b Nubian Pyramids (c 800 BCE — 300 CE)

The Kushite Kingdom in Nubia (modern-day Sudan) also constructed pyramids, with over 200 known pyramids in Meroe These pyramids were smaller and steeper compared to their Egyptian counterparts They served as tombs for kings and queens of the Kushite Dynasty, which had close cultural ties to ancient Egypt

c Mesopotamian Ziggurats (c 3000-500 BCE)

While not true pyramids, the ziggurats of Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) are often considered a parallel development These were massive step-like structures used as temples to worship the gods, especially the main deity of a city-state

« Famous examples include the Ziggurat of Ur built around 2100 BCE, dedicated to the moon god Nanna Unlike Egyptian pyramids, ziggurats were not tombs but were centers of religious activity

d Mesoamerican Pyramids (c 1000 BCE — 1500 CE)

In the Americas, several pre-Columbian civilizations also built pyramids, though with different purposes and designs

¢ Teotihuacan (c 200-600 CE): Located in central Mexico, the city of Teotihuacan has two famous pyramids, the Pyramid of the Sun and the Pyramid of the Moon These structures were part of a large city complex and served both religious and ceremonial functions

¢« Mayan Pyramids: The Maya built stepped pyramids, like the Temple of Kukulkan

in Chechen Itza, used for astronomical observations, religious ceremonies, and as tombs for rulers

¢ Aztec Pyramids: The Aztecs in central Mexico also constructed large pyramidal temples, such as the Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan, which was central to their capital city

e Pyramids in Other Cultures

¢ China: The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor (c 210 BCE) near Xi'an, China, contains a massive burial mound, often referred to as a pyramid It houses the famous Terracotta Army and 1s believed to contain a buried palace

¢ Indonesia: The Borobudur temple (c 9th century CE) in Central Java, while primarily a Buddhist stupa, has a pyramidal form, with terraces representing the stages of enlightenment

Significance and Purpose of Pyramids

¢ Religious Symbolism: In many cultures, pyramids were closely linked to religion, the cosmos, and the afterlife For example, in Egypt, the pyramid shape was associated with the rays of the sun and was believed to help pharaohs ascend to the heavens

¢ Astronomical Alignment: Many pyramids, like those in Egypt and Mesoamerica, were aligned with celestial bodies, reflecting ancient knowledge of astronomy

¢ Power and Legacy: Pyramids were massive undertakings that required significant resources and labor Their size and grandeur symbolized the power of rulers and their desire for immortality

Legacy of Pyramids

Pyramids continue to captivate people around the world, symbolizing the ingenuity

of ancient civilizations Their architectural innovation, monumental scale, and cultural significance have made them one of the most studied and admired structures in history 2.1.2, The meaning of Pyramid

The construction of pyramids holds significant meaning across different ancient cultures Here are some key points about their symbolic and practical importance:

a Religious and Spiritual Significance:

« Journey to the Afterlife: In Egypt, pyramids were built as tombs for pharaohs, symbolizing their journey to the afterlife Egyptians believed that the pyramid shape helped the soul ascend to the heavens and join the gods

10

¢ Symbol of Rebirth: The triangular shape of the pyramid was associated with the rays of the sun, representing rebirth and the eternal life of the pharaoh

¢ Connection to the Divine: Pyramids often aligned with celestial bodies, reflecting the ancient cultures' deep connection to the cosmos and their gods

b Political Power and Legacy:

¢ Display of Authority: Pyramids symbolized the power, wealth, and influence of rulers The massive scale of these structures demonstrated the ruler’s control over resources and labor

¢ Monument to Immortality: Pharaohs and kings aimed to achieve immortality through these grand structures, ensuring their legacy lasted for centuries

c Cultural and Architectural Innovation:

¢ Advanced Engineering: The construction of pyramids showcased the architectural ingenuity and advanced knowledge of mathematics, astronomy, and engineering in ancient civilizations

¢ Cultural Identity: The pyramids served as cultural icons, representing the pinnacle

of their civilization’s achievements and the sophistication of their society

d Economic and Social Impacts:

¢ Community Effort: Pyramid building was a monumental effort involving large segments of the population It brought together craftsmen, laborers, architects, and priests, reflecting the highly organized societies of the time

¢ Stimulus for Trade and Resources: The construction projects often stimulated the economy by requiring vast amounts of materials, tools, and food to support the workforce

In summary, pyramid building was not only a religious and spiritual endeavor but also a demonstration of political authority, cultural identity, and social organization 2.2.3 The location of Pyramid

The location of the pyramids refers to where the most famous and significant pyramids are situated around the world Here are the key locations of notable pyramids:

a Egypt

¢ Giza: The most famous pyramids, including the Great Pyramid of Khufu, Pyramid

of Khafre, and Pyramid of Menkaure, are located on the Giza Plateau near Cairo These pyramids are part of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

Saqqara: The Step Pyramid of Djoser, considered the oldest pyramid, is located here Saqqara served as the burial ground for Egypt’s earliest rulers

Dahshur: The Bent Pyramid and Red Pyramid, both built by Pharaoh Sneferu, are located m Dahshur, south of Giza These pyramids marked important developments in pyramid construction

b Sudan (Nubian Pyramids)

Meroe: Located in present-day Sudan, Meroé was the capital of the ancient Kingdom of Kush Over 200 smaller, steep-sided pyramids were built here as tombs for the kings and queens of Nubia

c Mexico

Teotihuacan: In central Mexico, the city of Teotihuacan features the Pyramid of the Sun and Pyramid of the Moon This ancient city was a major cultural and religious center in Mesoamerica

Chechen Itza: The Temple of Kukulcan (El Castillo), a step pyramid built by the Maya civilization, is located in Chichen Itza on the Yucatan Peninsula

Tenochtitlan: The Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan was at the heart of the Aztec capital, where Mexico City now stands

d Peru

Caral: In the Supe Valley of Peru, the Pyramids of Caral, some of the oldest in the Americas, were built by the Norte Chico civilization around 2600 BCE

e China

Xi'an: Near X1’an, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor contains a pyramid- like burial mound This is the site of the famous Terracotta Army

These locations are home to some of the most impressive pyramids in history, showcasing the architectural and cultural achievements of ancient civilizations

2.2 Architecture and Construction

2.2.1, Architecture

a Size and shape of the pyramid

Based on the shape of the base, the pyramid is classified into different types Pyramids typically have a square or rectangular base It has four triangular sides that converge to a single poimt at the top, known as the apex The sides usually slope at a consistent angle, which can vary depending on the specific pyramid

b Methods of Pyramid Construction