Research on the status of environmental pollution in vietnam

What should be done to save the environment, save the lives of nearly 8 billion people in the world in general as well as nearly 100 million Vietnamese people in particular." The answe

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCES

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES & CULTURES

RESEARCH ON THE STATUS OF

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN VIETNAM

Student’s name: DANG THI TUONG VY

Code: DTZ2157220201049

Supervisor: Ngo Thi Minh Loan

Thai Nguyen, April 2023

I INTRODUCTION

The world today is suffering from serious pollution It is becoming one of the serious

problems with demand computation and needs to be overcome

Today, the large-scale use of disposable products is one of the main causes of environmental pollution Every day, sust turning on the TV or reading a newspaper, we

can easily see a lot of information about the increasingly complex situation of environmental pollution For example, the capital of Vietnam - Hanoi, the emissions

released by industry into the sky lose its inherent blueness, but that 1s not the worst Industry's carbon dioxide has caused a large hole in the ozone layer to appear and the

red hole will become larger and larger if we do not fix this situation in time

Carbon dioxide emissions released by factories into the environment will change the climate and make the Earth increasingly warmer The warming of the Earth greatly

affects the two poles of the Earth, the North and South poles Global warming will cause the ice at the poles to melt, and when the ice melts, it will mean sea levels rise If

to list the causes of environmental pollution, there are countless, so in short, it is caused by humans Nature created human, human now destroys creation

The question posed here is "So what do we need to do to improve environmental pollution? What should be done to save the environment, save the lives of nearly 8

billion people in the world in general as well as nearly 100 million Vietnamese people

in particular."

The answer to the question posed is the reason why | chose the topic of environmental

pollution in Vietnam to research I also want to contribute a part of my efforts to the common interests of Vietnam in particular and the world in general Helping our

country stay green - clean - beautiful, helping people no longer suffer from health

problems that are related to environmental pollution

IL Literature review

1 Related literature

Currently, in Vietnam, departments and leaders have issued policies on organizing

activities to optimize plastic waste reduction, measures to guide fishermen to treat plastic waste on the land At the same time, there are opinions that do not serve plastic cups and plastic straws in tours

In my opinion, | agree with the above actions With the rapid pace of industrialization

and the large increase in population, the pressure on the environment has become

increasingly heavy Environmental pollution is divided into many categories Pollution

of soil environment, water environment, air environment, and noise pollution

¢ Water pollution

1 will start with water pollution in Vietnam The water environment in many urban areas, industrial parks and craft villages is seriously polluted because the main reason 1s garbage, emissions and untreated waste that is discharged directly into the

environment In Vietnam, hundreds of industrial production facilities are causing

serious pollution to the water environment due to the lack of waste treatment facilities and equipment For example, the textile industry, the paper industry, the wastewater usually has an average pH of 9-11; biochemical oxygen demand index (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) can be up to 700mg/1 and 2,500mg/1; suspended solids content is many times higher than the allowable limit The waste content of these industries containing cyanide (extremely toxic chemical, CN-) exceeds 84 times the allowable standard, so it has severely polluted water sources in residential areas In

Thai Nguyen city, industrial wastewater is discharged from paper-making

establishments, iron and steel smelting, non-ferrous metallurgy, coal mining; in the dry

season, the total amount of wastewater in Thai Nguyen city accounts for about 15% of the Cau River's flow; Paper production wastewater has pH 8.4 - 9 and NH4 content is

4mg/1, high organic matter content, brown color, unpleasant odor

(Source: https://hotroontap.com/nghien-cuu-khoa-hoc-thuc-trang-o-nhiem-moi-truong- o-viet-nam-hien-nay/)

mmm Nam 2016 mmm Nam 2017 mum Nam 2018 mmm Nam 2019 me Nam 2020 ——QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT, B1

60

(mg/L)

Hà Nội Sông Nhuệ

Above is a chart of water pollution in Vietnam from 2016 to 2020 As we can see in the chart, water pollution is getting more and more serious

There are many objective and subjective causes leading to water pollution, such as population growth, the negative side of the process of industrialization and

modernization, weak and outdated infrastructure: People's awareness about

environmental issues is still not high Notably, there are inadequacies in

environmental management and protection activities Awareness of many levels of

authorities, management agencies, organizations and individuals responsible for the task of protecting the water environment is not deep and complete; It 1s not clear that water pollution is a type of pollution that poses a direct, daily and difficult to

overcome danger to human life as well as to the sustainable development of the

country Regulations on management and protection of water environment are still lacking (for example, there are no technical regulations and processes for the

management and protection of water resources) The mechanism of assignment and

coordination among agencies, sectors and localities is not synchronized, overlaps, and

has not clearly defined responsibilities There is no definite strategy or planning on the

exploitation, use and protection of water resources according to basins and large territories There are no reasonable regulations on financial contributions to the

management and protection of the water environment, causing financial shortages and

insufficient revenue to spend on water environment protection The investment budget for water environment protection in Vietnam is still very low (some ASEAN countries

have invested 1% of GDP in environmental protection, while in Vietnam it 1s only

0.1%) The public education programs about water environment are too few Water environment management staff is still lacking in quantity and poor in quality (Currently, in Vietnam, there are on average 3 environmental managers/1 million

people, while in some countries The average ASEAN 1s 70 people/1 million people Measures to overcome water pollution:

1) Upgrading the legal system

2) Propagating and raising people's awareness

3) Upgrading the legal system

4) Use water filters

e Arr pollution

According to The Environmental Performance Index-EPI conducted by the American environmental organization, Vietnam is one of the 10 leading countries in Asia in

terms of air pollution Dust pollution 1s at the top

Two big cities, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, are leading the country in air pollution

Vehicles are the biggest cause of air pollution in our country

In February 2020, Vietnam had nearly 3.6 million cars and more than 45 million motorbikes, up to now, these numbers have increased a lot From 2010 to 2017, dust concentration (PM 2.5) always tended to increase sharply From 2019 to now, the peak

of air pollution occurs very often in big cities The Daily Air Quality Reporting Index (ARI) in major cities hovers around 1502200, which 1s a very dangerous red level

(Source: https://dangcongsan vn/xay-dung-xa-hol-an-toan-truoc-thien-tai)

ug/m mam Hoàn Kiếm IS Thành Công Tâm Mai mmm Kim Lién

IllllIli

m Ss

Looking at the chart above, we can clearly see that the air of the capital of Vietnam -

Hanoi is heavily polluted Air pollution has made many people in Vietnam suffer from

health diseases The main reason is due to increasing emissions from vehicles in Vietnam, accompanied by air pollution due to industrial and agricultural production, transportation, construction activities, etc infrastructure construction and improper

waste collection and treatment

For example:

- Smoke and dust from the exhaust pipes of factories and factories in industrial zones darkened the sky They emit CO2, CO, SO2, NOx and some other organic substances,

with extremely high concentrations

- The number of vehicles is huge and constantly moving, the emissions from these vehicles are also extremely terrible Especially, for old cars, poor mechanical systems,

the higher the emissions Vehicles release toxic substances into the air such as: CO,

VOC, NO2, SO2, with extremely high and continuous concentrations

- Construction activities of high-rise buildings, high-rise apartments or bridges always

bring heavy air pollution The focus is on Hanoi in mid-December, 2020 fine dust

completely covers Hanoi, reducing visibility and greatly affecting people's health

Measures to overcome air pollution:

1 — Upgrading roads, prioritizing the use of public transport

2 ` Actively planting urban trees, planting trees causing forests to increase CO2 absorption

3 ` Take measures to reduce air pollution by using sprinklers to water plants and wash roads every day

4

5 — Minimize the use of chemicals such as pesticides, herbicides, and pesticides

7 — Build septic tank, make biogas tunnel

¢ Soil pollution

Land resources in Vietnam are being seriously degraded Soil pollution originates from many different causes, but perhaps the most common are the following specific

impacts:

Due to the amount of waste from industrial production activities: Currently, there are many factories and industrial parks that defy regulations on wastewater safety and discharge them directly into the environment when untreated Thereby, leading to extremely harmful consequences for the soil environment

For example, at thermal power plants, a lot of coal is burned every day, when there are some non-biodegradable substances that will exist in the form of ash and then

penetrate into the ground, gradually accumulating and turned into toxic waste

Due to waste from agricultural activities: The farming process in agriculture often uses chemicals such as pesticides and herbicides While it is a fairly effective method for farmers, the toxicity in these chemicals can have negative effects on the environment

In addition, the chemicals when seeping into the ground may also seep into the groundwater and make the entire water source polluted, which will be especially

dangerous for households who are using it untreated wells

Due to soil salinity, soil acidosis is widespread: Salt water is caused by the amount of

salt in the sea, high tide water or from salt mines At this time, high concentrations of

Na, Cl, and Potasstum increase osmotic pressure and cause physiological drought in

the growing plant kingdom

In addition, alum contaminated water 1s thought to be caused by iron contamination of

water, which reduces the pH in the environment, leading to poisoning of plants and animals living in that environment In addition to the above factors, land pollution also

comes from other causes such as illegal mining activities, forest fires, solid waste, nuclear waste, etc

The problem of soil pollution in Vietnam in recent years has taken place extremely

seriously, spreading to all provinces and cities across the country Especially in big cities like Hanoi, soil pollution is mainly due to heavy metal content coming from industrial production areas in Nam Thang Long urban area, Ha Dong textile village,

Ha Dong textile village, etc job An Khanh - Hoai Duc,

In Ho Chi Minh City, the situation of soil pollution is not much better, which is attributed to urban waste and the content of pesticides According to a study by environmental experts, on average, a vegetable crop in Hoc Mon district 1s sprayed with pesticides about 10-25 times, in a year the amount of pesticide used for 1 hectare can be up to 100-150 times Liter

In the mining areas in Thai Nguyen province, according to the records and reflections

of many people here, mineral mining activities mostly use traditional and outdated

technologies, so the problem of pollution is not high Soil pollution in these areas has been affecting people's health and life even more

(Source: https://dienmaysakura.vn/o-nhiem-moi-truong-dat.html)

Measures to overcome soil pollution:

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

Promote communication

Limit the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers

Forest Restoration

Material recovery and recycling

Applying modern technology

Reduce waste to the earth environment

Use less plastic and single-use products

Noise pollution

Noise pollution is understood as an environment at which the sound threshold

value exceeds the permitted level This causes pain and discomfort for those in that environment Currently, this is an extremely painful problem in society

The main cause of noise pollution is man-made due to means of transportation such

as cars, motorbikes, airplanes, trains, etc

These are vehicles that often travel on the road and with the increasingly modern development of society, the number of these vehicles is increasing It is this

increase that causes the noise generated by the engine's operation, from the horn,

the car brake For airplanes, although they account for a small amount, every time they take off and land, they are emitted sounds with low frequency This also has a

huge impact on the daily life of the surrounding residents

Due to the production and business establishments, the production process of any type of product or product must also be indifferent to the operation of the

machinery and equipment system At this time, when the machines work at the

same time, the noise will be extremely loud

Due to today's construction activities with increasing construction density, the

sound pollution is becoming more and more obvious Machinery such as

bulldozers, excavators, excavators, concrete mixers have caused extremely

annoying noises

At the same time due to daily life In today's life, you will easily encounter many sounds coming from screams, music from cabinet speakers, music players Although these sounds are not too strong, if you are heard often, Hearing may also

be affected

Measures to overcome noise pollution:

1) Use noise barriers, limit vehicle traffic on the street

2) ` Limit use of whistles

3 ` Use jet engines that do not make noise for aircraft

4

— Use devices that protect your ears from noise pollution

2 Related studies

® Noise pollution

Dr Vu Xuan Dan - Ho Chi Minh City Center for Disease Control (HCDC) Noise causes the body to increase the secretion of catecholamines, cortisol - substances involved in the regulation and control of activities in the body,