HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATIONGRADUATION THESIS MAJOR: MACHINE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY INSTRUCTOR: TRAN VAN TRON NGUYEN VIET HOANG BUI VIET HOANGDESIGN AND FABR
OVERVIEW
Problem Statement
Vietnam ranks among the top three countries, alongside China and the United States, with the highest frequency of oil spill incidents, recording 10 or more occurrences between 2005 and 2014 Notably, an oil tanker incident occurred at 5 AM on January 14, 2021, highlighting ongoing environmental challenges in the region.
On June 7, Hoa Khanh Trading and Service Co., Ltd experienced a significant incident when their newly launched vessel capsized during a pump column test at No 14 Nguyen Tri Phuong Street, Hai Chau District, Da Nang City The ship, which was carrying approximately 4 m³ of diesel oil, sank, resulting in an oil spill that affected an area of around 20 m² on the water's surface.
At 5:30 PM on December 15, 2022, an incident of DO oil spill occurred in Binh Thuan province The vessel "Hoang Thien 99" with a deadweight tonnage of 156.2 DWT, capsized in front of Phan Thiet Transport Port (Figure 1.1b) The ship was carrying about 2 tons of DO oil and approximately 70 tons of cargo Upon receiving the information, the authorities including the Binh Thuan Maritime Port Authority, the Border Guard Command of the province, the Department of Natural Resources and Environment, and relevant units and forces, promptly arrived to coordinate the response By 9:20 AM on December 16, after pumping, suction, and filtration, the authorities had managed to recover about 400 liters of
The vessel "Hoang Thien 99" partially sank and tilted towards the port side, causing oil to leak into the environment due to fluctuating tides and changing water pressure.
Figure 1.1 (a) Oil spill incident in Hai Chau District, Da Nang City [1], (b) Oil spill incident at the port in Binh Thuan [2]
In 2010, BP's offshore drilling unit Deepwater Horizon suffered a catastrophic explosion and fire, marking the largest maritime oil spill in history and the most significant environmental disaster in the United States The incident released a vast quantity of oil into the Gulf of Mexico, leading to extensive harm to marine life and incurring cleanup costs of $14 billion.
In 2020, a significant diesel oil spill occurred at Thermal Power Plant 3 in Norilsk, caused by the collapse of a fuel tank, releasing 21,000 m³ (17,500 tons) of diesel fuel and contaminating approximately 350 km², with 0.18 km² directly affected near the Daldykan River Cleanup efforts faced challenges due to the area's lack of accessible roads and shallow rivers This incident marked the second largest oil spill in Russian history, following a 1994 pipeline accident in the Komi Republic Immediate emergency response costs were around $146 million, with total cleanup efforts projected to take 5 to 10 years and potentially cost up to $1.5 billion.
Figure 1.2 (a) Explosion and fire on the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig [3], (b) The extent of the oil spill captured by the Sentinel-2 satellite [5]
Oil spills lead to significant marine environmental pollution, profoundly impacting ecosystems such as mangrove forests, seagrass beds, intertidal zones, estuaries, and coral reefs This pollution diminishes the resilience and recovery capacity of these vital ecosystems Consequently, addressing oil spills is an urgent global concern, including in Vietnam, necessitating swift cleanup efforts to reduce environmental harm.
Oil spill collection methods are widely utilized in Vietnam and globally, including the deployment of oil containment booms, which are flexible systems placed around spill areas to prevent oil spread and facilitate collection These booms either absorb the oil or contain it for removal using suction devices Additionally, natural absorbents like cotton fiber and polypropylene are employed to aid in cleanup efforts Other techniques include in situ burning, where spilled oil is ignited on the water's surface using a towed boom, and the use of skimmers, which are designed to optimize the geometry for effective oil recovery.
To improve oil collection efficiency during spill cleanup, the use of skimmer surfaces, such as oil filters, is essential Additionally, understanding the processes and interactions of dispersants in the marine environment is crucial following oil spill incidents.
To effectively mitigate the ecological and economic repercussions of oil spills, rapid and efficient cleanup is essential Unfortunately, current cleanup methods frequently exhibit low separation efficiency, limited recyclability, and high operational costs, leading to significant oil waste Moreover, these techniques are often restricted to specific oil types and viscosities, particularly when the recovered oil is not reusable.
Recent advancements in oil spill collection technology have led to the creation of devices featuring millimeter-sized holes, such as Hydrogel bowls and eco-friendly plastic boats, which effectively allow oil to enter while keeping water out Hydrogel bowls can handle oil viscosities from 2.7 to 2000 cSt at temperatures between 20 and 40 °C, while plastic boats accommodate viscosities from 2.0 to 1000 cSt at 25 to 40 °C Despite their effectiveness, these devices require continuous pumping or suctioning of the collected oil To improve this process, researchers have designed and fabricated a new oil spill collection device using ABS plastic, which can gather a specific volume of oil and then suction it out once sufficient quantity is reached This innovative device is quickly and easily produced through 3D printing technology.
The urgency of the topic
Addressing oil pollution is crucial due to its severe consequences, including environmental destruction, harm to wildlife habitats, and the depletion of non-renewable natural resources This project focuses on designing and fabricating an efficient oil spill collection device that operates continuously and swiftly, eliminating the need for pumping during suction, unlike previously developed devices.
Scientific and practical significance
The innovative design of an oil collection device featuring millimeter-sized holes revolutionizes continuous oil spill collection by efficiently gathering oil without the need for pumping Its substantial size and practical functionality make it a highly effective solution for managing oil spill incidents.
This research project aims to establish the groundwork for creating advanced oil spill collection devices designed for real-world applications By focusing on high efficiency, these devices will significantly reduce environmental damage while also saving time and costs during oil spill incidents.
Objectives and scope of the rsearch
− Determine the surface properties and mechanical characteristics of ABS plastic
− Identify the appropriate hollow percentage for manufacturing oil spilled collecting devices
− Determine the size and distribution of holes in the device to ensure continuous collection of oil spills
− Develop a model of a device for collecting various types of oil on both static and wavy water surfaces with viscosities ranging from low to high (2.0–85.5 cSt at 25–40 °C)
− The device is manufactured using 3D printing technology with ABS plastic material
− The model is designed with dimensions of 130 × 100 × 40 mm 3 , hole sizes l (3, 4 and
− Collecting various types of oil with different viscosities (2.0–85.5 cSt at 25–40 °C)
− Synthetic analysis method: Based on the research results and collected data, draw experiences and refine the research topic to the best extent
The experimental method involves designing and fabricating complete models featuring various hole sizes, followed by conducting tests to evaluate the performance of each device Subsequently, the most suitable device is chosen for further development and real-world application.
THE ORETICAL BASIS
Materials
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is a versatile thermoplastic with the chemical formula (C8H8ãC4H6ãC3H3N)n Known for its lightweight nature, ABS can be easily injection molded and extruded, making it highly valuable across multiple manufacturing sectors.
Figure 2.1 The chemical formula of ABS materia [13]
ABS plastic is a thermoplastic and amorphous polymer created by using a mixture of two types of plastics and one type of rubber: acrylonitrile, polystyrene, and butadiene
− Acrylonitrile is a synthetic monomer produced from propylene and ammonia
− Butadiene is a hydrocarbon rubber created by extracting hydrocarbons from petroleum feedstock and removing their hydrogen to form a stronger unsaturated hydrocarbon chain
Styrene is produced through a hydrocarbon removal process similar to butadiene ABS is a highly favored material for 3D printing due to its durability, affordability, and ease of fabrication, offering higher heat resistance than PLA while maintaining a variety of colors and strength However, ABS plastic can warp during the 3D printing process due to shrinkage To mitigate shrinkage, it is advisable to print in an enclosed chamber, heat the print bed, use adhesive materials like glue or hairspray for better first-layer adhesion, or utilize a raft for improved stability.
+ ABS plastic is inexpensive, available in many colors, and versatile in terms of material properties and shapes (filament, tubing, rods, hair strands, etc.)
+ It is strong, lightweight, and flexible, easy to process, with excellent resistance to chemicals, impact, and abrasion, and it's easy to handle and transport
+ It has higher heat resistance compared to other thermoplastics of the same type and can be fully recycled
+ Low electrical and thermal conductivity
+ Limited resistance to fatigue, solvents, and greases, and poor resistance to UV exposure
+ Flammable when exposed to high temperatures
+ Releases smoke when burned, which is both polluting and poses health risks for inhalation
+ Limited application in the food technology industry
+ Prone to degradation when exposed to weathering or placed in high-friction environments [14]
2.1.2 Nano ceramic solution Mr.fix Premium Coating 9H
Figure 2.2 Nano ceramic solution Mr.fix Premium Coating 9H [15]
− With the super-water-repellent glass coating layer, it provides continuous protection for up to 9 hours
− The surface coating layer can be used as a light impact barrier
− Protects surfaces from oxidation, corrosion, sunlight, etc
− Material: polysiloxane and other nanomaterials
− Hardness: continuous hardness for 9 hours
− Gloss: mirror-like gloss with high shine
− Corrosion resistance: pH resistance from 2 to 12
2.1.3 Specifications of various lubricating oils a Diesel oil 0.05S [16]
− A mixture of colorless liquid hydrocarbons is easily flammable
− Produced from gasoil fractionation, a product of direct petroleum distillation
− Origin: Vietnam National Petroleum Group (Petrolimex) b Vacuum Pump Oil – 46 [17]
− Xuất xứ: Trung Quốc c Shell Advance 4T Ultra SCOOTER 5W – 40 [18]
− Synthetic oil with Shell PurePlus technology
− Origin: Royal Dutch Shell, a multinational oil company from the UK and the
3D printing technology has evolved significantly since its inception, initially finding applications primarily in healthcare and manufacturing Key historical milestones have shaped the development of the 3D printing industry, marking its transition into a versatile tool used across various sectors.
− 1984: The process of additive manufacturing was developed by Charles Hull
In 1986, Charles Hull patented the first 3D printing apparatus utilizing SLS technology and the STL file format, naming his innovative process Stereolithography He subsequently established 3D Systems and created the first commercial 3D printer, known as the Stereolithography Apparatus (SLA).
− 1987: 3D Systems developed the SLA-250 product line, which was the first version of
3D printers introduced to the public
− 1988: Stratasys and 3D Systems first announced the production of additive manufacturing machines
In 1989, Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) technology was introduced, revolutionizing 3D printing by utilizing a roller to evenly distribute thin layers of material This innovative process involves stacking these layers and fusing them together through the precise application of a laser beam, marking a significant advancement in additive manufacturing.
− 1990: Stratasys commercialized the "Fused Deposition Modeling" (FDM) technology developed by S Scott Crump in the late 1980s Stratasys sold the first FDM machine, the "3D Modeler," in 1992
− 1991: Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) technology was introduced This is a 3D printing technology that uses easily stackable materials such as paper, wood, plastic, etc
− 1993: Solidscape was founded to create a series of 3D printers based on injection technology that can produce small products with very high surface quality
− 1995: Z Corporation acquired an exclusive license from MIT to use the 3DP technology and began manufacturing 3D printers
In 1996, Stratasys launched the "Genisys" line of 3D printers, while Z Corporation unveiled the "Z402" series Additionally, 3D Systems introduced the "Actua 2100" printers This year marked the first usage of the term "3D printer" to describe rapid prototyping machines, highlighting a significant evolution in the additive manufacturing industry.
− 2005: Z Corporation introduced the Spectrum Z510 series of printers This was the first series of 3D printers capable of producing high-quality, multi-colored products
In 2006, the Reprap project was launched as an open-source initiative aimed at developing self-replicating 3D printers This project empowers users to customize and modify their printers while adhering to the guidelines set forth by the GNU General Public License.
− 2008: The first version of Reprap was released It was capable of producing 50% of its own parts
− 2008: Objet Geometries Ltd revolutionized the rapid prototyping industry by introducing the Connex500™ This was the world's first machine capable of producing
3D products with multiple different materials simultaneously
− 2009: The patent for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technology expired, and the first open-source 3D printer was born
In 2010, the Urbee was unveiled as the world's first prototype car featuring a fully 3D printed body Utilizing the advanced Fortus 3D printer from Stratasys, all exterior components, including the windshield, were crafted with innovative large-format printing technology.
− 2010: Organovo Inc., a medical bioprinting company, announced the successful creation of the first complete blood vessel entirely using 3D bioprinting technology
− 2012: The first commercialization of personal 3D printers
In 2014, the expiration of patents for selective laser sintering (SLS) technology marked a significant turning point, creating new opportunities for advancements in the additive manufacturing industry and setting the stage for robust growth That same year, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) also patented its innovative "3 Dimensional Printing Techniques (3DP)" technology.
From these developments, 3D printing technology has become an important field with widespread applications in many industries and daily life
2.2.2 Concept of 3D printing and 3D printing technologies
3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a layer-by-layer manufacturing process that creates three-dimensional objects from design files, typically in STL format, using heat, light, or adhesives This innovative technology offers numerous advantages, such as material savings, customization, production flexibility, and the capability to produce complex designs that were once challenging to achieve Various 3D printing technologies contribute to its diverse applications and benefits.
Binder Jetting (BJ), developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1993, involves spreading powder material into thin layers, where a liquid binding agent is jetted from a print head and solidified using UV light.
− CLIP (Continuous Liquid Interface Production): The Carbon 3D company announced in 2015 that it uses lasers and oxygen to impact the hardening process of plastic materials
Digital Light Processing (DLP), invented by Larry Hornbeck in 1987, utilizes ordinary light sources like arc lamps to convert liquid materials, primarily liquid resin, into solid layers This technology, akin to Stereolithography (SLA), enables the layer-by-layer creation of products.
− DMLS (Direct Metal Laser Sintering): Developed by Rapid Product Innovations (RPI) and EOS GmbH, metal powder is directly melted with a laser
− EBM (Electron Beam Melting): Developed by Arcam company, similar to SLM, but the heat source is an electron beam
Fused Deposition Manufacturing (FDM) is a patented process developed by Stratasys that involves the extrusion of molten plastic, which solidifies layer by layer to form a finished product This innovative technique is a key aspect of modern 3D printing, utilizing advanced inkjet printing technology known as Fusion Jet.
Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM), developed by Michael Feygin in 1985, is an innovative process that utilizes thin layers of materials like paper, wood, plastic, or metal These layers are bonded together using heat and pressure, and then precisely shaped through laser cutting and computer-controlled blades.
− Multijet/Polyjet: The materials, after being mixed with a binding agent or melted, are deposited layer by layer, which is commonly used for printing electronic circuits
− Photolithography: uses radiation (light, electron beam, etc.) to modify photosensitive coatings on surfaces to create images
− SDL (Selective Deposition Lamination): Developed and manufactured by Mcor Technologies, printing materials include paper, adhesive, and ink, creating durable, stable, and realistically colored 3D products
− LENS (Laser Engineered Net Shaping): Metal powder is melted and fused together using a high-power laser beam
− SLA (Stereolithography): Patented by Charles Hull in 1986, it uses a laser beam to solidify liquid material (mostly liquid resin) into solid form point-by-point to create the product
− SLM (Selective Laser Melting): similar to DMLS, the main difference is the use of high- powered lasers
Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), invented by Carl Deckard in 1986 and patented in 1989, utilizes a laser to fuse powdered materials such as nylon, elastomers, and metals to create products.
Surface energy calculation of materials
The Owens-Wendt method calculates the surface free energy of ABS blocks before and after applying a nano-ceramic solution This method utilizes a specific equation to determine the surface free energy effectively.
Where: 𝛾 𝑆 is the surface free energy of a solid, 𝛾 𝑆 𝑑 and 𝛾 𝑆 𝑝 are the dispersive and polar components of the surface free energy of the solid, respectively
To evaluate the 𝛾 𝑆 𝑑 and 𝛾 𝑆 𝑝 components, we measured the contact angles of water and hexadecane droplets on both pristine and nano-ceramic-coated surfaces of printed ABS blocks The calculation of the 𝛾 𝑆 𝑑 and 𝛾 𝑆 𝑝 components was performed using a specific equation.
− 𝛾 𝐿 is the surface free energy of an immersion liquid (water: 72,8 mJ/m 2 , hexadecane: 26,35 mJ/m 2 )
− 𝛾 𝐿 𝑑 is the dispersive components of the surface free energy of the immersion liquid (water: 21,8 mJ/m 2 , hexadecane: 26,35 mJ/m 2 )
− 𝛾 𝐿 𝑝 is the polar components of the surface free energy of the immersion liquid (water: 51 mJ/m 2 , hexadecane: 0 mJ/m 2 )
− 𝜃 is the contact angle of the liquid droplet on the solid surface [4].
Design of hole shapes
The oil-collecting model features a pore shape selected for its ability to provide a larger hydraulic diameter compared to a circular pore of the same diameter The pore size is defined by two parameters, L and R, with the initial pore shape illustrated in Figure 2.4.
Figure 2.4 Size and shape of the pores
Inspired by previous research, the concept of utilizing millimeter-sized pores for oil spill cleanup on water surfaces shows promise, as it can effectively regulate the flow of water and oil through an open pore system.
As the water level and hydrostatic pressure rise, the water surface inside the box bulges outward from the vertical wall, leading to an increase in the radius of curvature of the bulging water This phenomenon occurs when the force from air pressure, combined with the tangential forces from surface tension at the opening, influences the water's behavior.
14 of the pore (F γ cosθ) is balanced by the force from hydrostatic pressure (F wp ) in the same direction, then water will not flow through the pore (Figure 2.5a) [4, 12]
In other words, the radius of curvature of the bulging water surface (R) along with the surface tension creates Laplace pressure (∆𝑝 𝐿 = 2.𝛾
Surface tension (𝛾) and radius of curvature (R) play a crucial role in preventing water leakage As the water surface height rises, the hydrostatic pressure (F wp) increases, disrupting equilibrium and causing water to flow through any existing gaps.
In oil/water separation applications, the low surface tension of oil leads to small normal force components, which cannot balance the oil pressure force, allowing oil to flow easily through gaps Therefore, it is crucial to accurately calculate and select the height of the water surface from the center of the cross-sectional hole to effectively design a barrier that prevents water flow.
In a vertical sidewall, equilibrium forces prevent water flow through an opening; however, when the water level rises excessively, this balance is disrupted, allowing water to escape Additionally, due to the low surface tension of oil, non-equilibrium forces enable oil to flow through the same opening.
As water volume increases, a sizable droplet forms at the hole's opening Once the droplet reaches its maximum surface tension, it spills over.
Figure 2.6 Surface tension of water at the mouth of the hole
To determine the dimensions L and R, we rely on the following two formulas:
To prevent water flow, it is essential to balance the increase in work done (dW) with the increase in surface energy (dEs) as water rises through an opening The work done increases due to the pressure difference and the volume expansion as the water level ascends, while the change in surface energy results from the enlargement of the bulging water surface area.
The increment of work dW can be described as:
Where ΔP and dV are the pressure difference between the water and the atmosphere and the increment of volume of the water protruding through the opening, respectively:
At 25 °C, the density of water is 𝜌 𝑤 = 0.997 × 10 −6 kg/m³, and the acceleration due to gravity is g = 9.81 m/s² The total height of the water surface from the center of the cross-section of the opening is represented as h = R + l, where l is the height from the upper edge of the opening to the water surface, while L and R denote the length and radius of the slot-type opening, respectively Consequently, the differential work dW is derived from these parameters.
The increment of the surface energy can be determined as:
Where 𝛾 = 71,99 × 10 −6 N/mm is the surface tension of water at 25 °C and dA is the increment of the surface area of the protruding water:
Based on Eqs (5), (9), and (12), the equation for designing the shape of the opening in terms of R for a chosen L can be obtained as follows:
The equation \(2\rho_w gR^3 + (2\rho_w g l + 2\rho_w g L)R^2 + (\rho_w g l L - 4\gamma)R - \gamma L = 0\) allows for the determination of the radius \(R_0\) for a specific value of \(L\) Here, \(l\) is selected based on the height of the water surface surrounding the device and the location of its outlet Notably, the surface properties of the material do not influence this equation, enabling the design of a hole that restricts water flow by using a radius smaller than \(R_0\) for any chosen \(L\).
Figure 2.7 The calculated values of R and L based on theory
SURFACE PROPERTIES AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ABS
Surface Properties of ABS Material
3.1.1 Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic properties of ABS surface
Previous research has demonstrated that effective oil spill recovery on water requires materials with two key properties: hydrophobicity, which repels water, and oleophilicity, which attracts oil The hydrophobic nature of a material's surface is evaluated by measuring the contact angle formed between a water droplet and the surface.
− When the contact angle reaches a value of 𝜃 < 90°, the contact surface exhibits hydrophilic (water-attracting) properties (Figure 3.1a)
− When the contact angle reaches a value of 𝜃 ≥ 90°, the contact surface exhibits hydrophobic properties (Figure 3.1b)
Figure 3.1 The contact angle reflects the surface properties (hydrophilic and hydrophobic)
In this study, the authors selected ABS material for the production of an oil collecting device aimed at recovering oil spills from water surfaces Initial experiments were conducted to evaluate the surface properties, specifically hydrophobic and hydrophilic characteristics, of 3D-printed samples made from ABS The design and manufacturing process of the experimental samples is illustrated in Figure 3.2.
Optical images were used to analyze the microstructure of the printed surface, revealing that the pristine surface exhibited roughness, which was essential for conducting contact angle measurement experiments The findings of the contact angle between the water droplet and the detailed surface are illustrated in Figure 3.4.
Figure 3.3 Optical images of the pristine surface: (a) Magnification 5x, (b) Magnification
Figure 3.4 Experimental results on the hollow surface
From the experimental results, the average values are calculated as follows:
The errors from the experiments are:
The experiment measuring the contact angle of a water droplet on the ABS material surface resulted in a value of 73.57° ± 1.55°, indicating that it is less than 90° This finding leads to the conclusion that the surface of the printed ABS material demonstrates hydrophilic properties.
To enhance the hydrophobic properties of the 3D-printed sample for effective oil spill collection on water surfaces, the research team applied a layer of nano ceramic solution This coating process was meticulously executed to ensure optimal performance.
− Step 1: Surface cleaning: Clean the surface of the printed part to remove dust and dirt and excess details in the hole and on the part surface after printing
To apply nano ceramic coating, first pour an appropriate amount of the solution onto a foam applicator Use straight or zigzag motions to evenly distribute the coating over the surface Allow the first layer to dry for approximately 60 minutes before repeating the process for the second and third coats, ensuring consistent application throughout.
Optical microscopy revealed the microstructure of the printed surface coated with a nano ceramic solution Following the application of a hydrophobic solution measuring 0.17 mm in thickness, the pristine surface achieved a smooth finish This modified surface was then utilized for subsequent contact angle measurement experiments.
Figure 3.5 Optical microscopy images of the surface after coating with the nano ceramic solution: (a) Magnification 5x, (b) Magnification 10x
Figure 3.6 Experimental results of the sample after surface treatment and coating with the nano ceramic solution
From the experimental results, the average values are calculated as follows:
The errors from the experiments are:
The experiment measuring the contact angle of a water droplet on the ABS material surface yielded a result of 𝜃 = 94.37° ± 0.89, indicating suitable hydrophobic properties for oil spill collection Despite this, the contact angle was considered relatively small To improve the surface's hydrophobicity, the group roughened the surface during the coating process In the third coating step, a solution was applied and allowed to sit for 20–30 minutes, after which a brush was used to further roughen the test sample's surface before it was left to dry.
The optical microscopy analysis of the surface coated with the nano ceramic solution revealed a microstructure characterized by interspersed voids This treated surface was subsequently utilized in the following experiment to assess the contact angle.
Figure 3.7 Optical microscopy images of the surface after coating with the nano ceramic solution and roughening: (a) Magnification 5x, (b) Magnification 10x
The application of a nano ceramic solution, combined with surface roughening, results in a textured surface that significantly improves hydrophobic properties As illustrated in Figure 3.8, the cross-sectional morphology of the coating layer exhibits a thickness of 0.16 mm.
Figure 3.8 Optical microscopy image of the cross-section of the nano ceramic coating and roughening: (a) Magnification 5x, (b) Magnification 10x
Figure 3.9 Experimental results when coated with nano ceramic solution and roughened surface
From the experimental results, the average values are calculated as follows:
The errors from the experiments are:
The experimental measurement of the contact angle between a water droplet and the sample surface revealed a contact angle of 114.52° ± 0.9°, which exceeds 90° and is 20.15° higher than the surface coated solely with a nano ceramic solution (114.52° > 94.37°) This indicates that the ABS material's surface, after being treated with the nano ceramic solution and roughened, exhibits enhanced hydrophobic properties.
22 has a higher hydrophobicity compared to when it's not roughened, which is suitable for collecting oil slicks on the water surface
3.1.2 Testing the adhesion of the nano ceramic coating a Checking the surface coverage of the details
To verify the complete coverage of the surface by the nano ceramic coating, the authors performed Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis The results, illustrated in Figure 3.10, demonstrate that the curve shape of the coated surface closely resembles that of the nano ceramic solution, confirming full surface coverage.
Figure 3.10 The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) graph confirms that the surface has been fully coated with the nano ceramic solution b Adhesion test
After applying nano ceramic coating to the ABS detail, it's essential to evaluate the coating's adhesion to prevent peeling, as this layer significantly enhances the surface's hydrophobicity, making it both oil-attractive and water-repellent for improved oil recovery To test the adhesion strength, we performed experiments involving vertical and horizontal cuts on the coated surface to increase the likelihood of peeling A pull-off test was then conducted using transparent tape, where the surface was pressed flat with a hand before the tape was removed.
Figure 3.11 Adhesion testing was conducted using the nano-ceramic-coated surface of the
To create an ABS sample, begin by making vertical and horizontal cuts on the coated surface with a sharp blade Next, apply adhesive tape to the surface and smooth it down gently with your finger Finally, carefully pull off the tape to complete the process.
No coating layer was observed coming off from the cross-cut
The experiment revealed that no coating was present on the adhesive tape surface (Figure 3.11d), demonstrating effective adhesion of the coating to the detail's surface.
3.1.3 Calculating the surface energy of ABS material a Experiment with the surface before applying the nano ceramic coating
Mechanical properties of ABS plastic
3.2.1 Methods for testing plastic materials
In this study, the team evaluated the mechanical properties of ABS plastic through tensile strength testing, adhering to the ASTM D638 standard This testing method is essential for assessing the tensile properties of plastics, particularly in understanding how aging, thermal storage, and environmental exposure affect their mechanical characteristics The characteristic values obtained from the tensile strength tests were determined in the freshly printed state.
3.2.2 Dimensions, types of ASTM D638 specimens
ASTM D638 standard classifies test samples into five types (Types 1–5), with the team selecting ASTM D638 Type I samples for their experiment using ABS plastic fabricated through the FDM printing method The dimensions and specifications for these Type I samples are detailed in Table 3.1 and illustrated in Figure 3.17.
Table 3.1 Dimensions and specifications for ASTM D638 Type I [28]
Standard Specimen type l3 mm l1 mm b2 mm b1 mm hmm L0 mm L mm
Figure 3.17 Specifications for ASTM D638 Type I [28]
The sample preparation and processing were conducted in 4 steps:
− Step 1: Sketch the dimensions of the ASTM D638 Type I test sample based on the standard (Figure 3.18)
− Step 2: Import the sketch into 3D modeling software, refine the test sample, check for accuracy, and export it to STL file format
− Step 3: Import the STL file into Simplify3D slicing software, adjust printing parameters, position the part, then transfer the data to the 3D printer for printing
− Step 4: After printing, remove any excess edges and supports left on the part
Figure 3.18 Dimensional drawing of the test sample
In this study, the authors developed a device made from ABS material designed for effective oil spill recovery on water surfaces, emphasizing the importance of buoyancy To optimize resource efficiency in the manufacturing process, the team selected a streamlined design that conserves material, time, and costs.
30 hollow ribs inside After preliminary design calculations, the ribs were designed with the following levels (Figure 3.19):
Figure 3.19 ASTM D638 specimen: (a) 100% hollow, (b) 75% hollow, (c) 50% hollow, (d)
The 3D design of the tensile specimen was completed and exported from Inventor software to STL format This design was then imported into Simplify3D software to configure the printing parameters before being exported as a G-code file for 3D printing.
Figure 3.20 ASTM D638 type I 3D specimen in Inventor software with ribs
Figure 3.21 Setting up parameters in Simplify3D software
After setting up the parameters in the software, simulate the printing process in Simplify3D to check (Figure 3.22)
Figure 3.22 Simulating the test printing process in Simplify3D
After completing the check, export and save the G-code file to the SD card, then insert it into the 3D printer to start printing
Figure 3.23 The printing process on the 3D printer
The printing time for the tensile specimen is completed in about 40-50 minutes, depending on the percentage of infill designed The finished printed specimen has the following shape (Figure 3.24):
Figure 3.24 A tensile sample after 3D printing is completed with 50% hollow a Check tensile strength
The experiment utilized an Instron Series 6800 benchtop tensile testing machine, equipped with a 100-kg load cell and operating at a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min Young's modulus was determined within a strain range of 0.5 to 1.5% through linear fitting analysis using Origin software.
Figure 3.25 Instron Series 6800 universal testing machine [29] b The tensile strength test results
The test results are summarized in the following (Figure 3.26):
Figure 3.26 (a) Stress-strain curves of ABS samples, (b) Young's modulus values, (c) Tensile strength, (d) Work of extension of the printed samples Plots (b – d), the error bars indicate the mean absolute deviations (n = 3)
After analyzing the data presented in Figure 3.26, the team opted for a design featuring 50% hollow structure for the oil collecting device intended to effectively gather oil spills from the water surface.
Based on the mechanical properties, including "Young's modulus, tensile strength, and work of extension" of ABS specments with various hollow persented.
The density of ABS material
The buoyancy of a plastic material in water is influenced by its density, which must be lower than that of water (less than 1000 kg/m³) or seawater (less than 1026 kg/m³) for it to float Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) has a density ranging from 1020 to 1080 kg/m³, making it generally higher and comparable to that of both freshwater and seawater Consequently, testing and experimentation are necessary to evaluate the density of ABS material.
The team printed cube samples with dimensions of 10×10×10 mm 3 , one solid (0% hollow) and one with 50% hollow, then measured the dimensions and weighed the printed samples (Figure 3.27)
Figure 3.27 (a) Test sample 10x10x10mm 3 (0% hollow), (b) Test sample 10x10x10 mm 3 (50% hollow)
After measurement, the data obtained is as follows in Table 3.1:
Table 3.2 Table of data for solid sample (0% hollow)
Average value calculation after 3 measurements:
The solid-designed sample has a density of 1068.06 kg/m³, exceeding that of water (1000 kg/m³) and seawater (1026 kg/m³) This higher density will significantly impact the buoyancy of the device during oil collection Consequently, the team conducted experiments using a 50% hollow sample to address this issue.
The data is presented in Table 3.2:
Table 3.3 Data table with 50 % hollow test sample
Average value calculation after 3 measurements:
The calculated density of the sample design with 50% hollow is 688.4 kg/m³, which is lower than the density of water (< 1000 kg/m³), indicating superior buoyancy compared to the fully solid design An experiment was conducted to compare the buoyancy of the two samples in a water tank, revealing that the fully solid sample (0% hollow) sank, while the 50% hollow design successfully floated on the water surface.
Figure 3.28 The experiment comparing the 50% hollow sample and the solid (0% hollow) sample
The experiments have demonstrated that choosing the design with 50% hollow is suitable for application in designing oil collecting on the water surface
CALCULATION, TESTING, AND MANUFACTURING OF OIL SPILL
Determine the hole size that prevents water from flowing through in the actual physical model
In this study, an oil spill collection model was developed featuring three rows of holes, informed by theoretical findings The team determined specific water level heights for each row: 8.65 mm for the first row, 5.25 mm for the second, and 1.25 mm for the third Additionally, the design incorporated two key hole dimensions, R and L, with the value of L being carefully selected to optimize performance.
0 mm, 3 mm, and 10 mm, from which the size of R will be determined and selected
The experiments include conducting trials with holes that have a radius size equal to the calculated 𝑅 𝐹 value (according to Table 4.1) and comparing those to holes with a smaller size
Table 4.1 Table of experimental sizes
The distance between the centers of the two holes L (mm)
4.1.1 Holes on the straight wall
− The experimental model is designed with dimensions as shown in (Figure 4.1)
Figure 4.1 (a) Cross-section of the dimensions of the experimental sample box, (b) Determine the water level height
To determine the water level height, use the formula for calculating hole size by measuring the distance from the top edge of the hole in the box to the blue mark indicating the water level (see Figure 4.1b).
＋ Soak the sample box in synthetic Shell Advance 4T Ultra SCOOTER 5W–40 oil for
＋ Remove the sample and use paper towels to blot the areas where oil has adhered on the inner and outer walls, as well as around the hole locations
Figure 4.2 (a) Experiment with l = 1.25 mm, (b) Experiment with l = 5.25 mm, (c)
4.1.2 Holes on the inclined wall
− The experimental model was designed with dimensions as shown in (Figure 4.6)
Figure 4.3 Cross-sectional dimensions of the box and experimental sample
− Similar to the procedure for the vertical wall, the experimental results are as follows:
Figure 4.4 (a) Experiment with l = 1.25 mm, (b) Experiment with l = 5.25 mm, (c)
Table 4.2 Table of experimental results
Distance between the centers of the two holes L (mm)
Water does not flow out
From the results above of the experiments, they are summarized in the following chart:
Figure 4.5 Experimental results: (a) l = 8.65 mm, (b) l = 5.25 mm, (c) l = 1.25 mm.
Based on the three charts above
− "The blue-colored dimension line represents the approximate values of 𝑅 0 (red circle) This is the unsafe region where water may overflow (flood into the oil-containing boat compartment)."
− The square-shaped line represents values lower than the red circle, which is the region where water can flow out
Select appropriate dimensions that fall within the safe region and propose design solutions for a boat model to be used for collection operations on the sea surface:
Experiment comparing oil and water with the same sample in any sample containers:
Figure 4.6 (a) Experiments with straight-sided boats, (b) Experiments with the slanted sides of boats
The experiment conducted on a sample with dimensions of l = 5.25 mm, L = 3 mm, and R = 1 mm, utilizing containers with both vertical and slanted walls, yielded consistent results; the water level reached the marked line without overflowing In contrast, when Shell Advance 4T Ultra SCOOTER 5W-40 oil was tested, it failed to reach the marked line and instead overflowed through the opening.
Therefore, dimensions within the safe region can completely allow for the collection of floating oil on the water surface without allowing water to enter the compartment.
Calculation and design of an oil collection model
The design model is in the form of a boat with overall dimensions of 130 × 100 × 40 mm, with an average side wall thickness of 5 mm and a bottom thickness of 7.3 mm
The internal volume of the model cavity may be less than the solid boat's volume, calculated by subtracting the outer rim's volume from the total The maximum capacity of the cavity is 253,796 mm³.
Figure 4.8 (a) Volume of the solid boat, (b) Volume of the boat's outer rim
After the contour design is completed, the boat's interior is hollowed out to a thickness of 1.6 mm The volume of the hollow section is calculated by subtracting the volume of the boat model (Figure 4.9b) from the overall volume of the boat model (Figure 4.9a), resulting in a hollow volume of 50,655.501 mm³.
Figure 4.9 Cross-section of the model and volume: (a) The original solid boat, (b) The boat has been made hollow
− The design of the ribs inside the boat has a rib thickness of 1.6 mm (Figure 4.10)
− The spacing between the horizontal ribs is the same as the spacing between the ribs, with a distance of 3.58 mm (Figure 4.10)
Figure 4.10 Cross-section of the model
Figure 4.11 Design of the ribs for the boat
After designing the ribs, the total volume of the model is 90,956.43 mm³ The volume occupied by the ribs is calculated by subtracting the volume of the boat before the ribs were added from the total volume after their inclusion This results in a rib volume of 25,442.523 mm³, indicating that the ribs occupy approximately 50.22% of the model's total volume.
Figure 4.12 The boat model after the rib design
4.2.3 The position of the holes
After determining the appropriate hole size through calculations and experiments, it is essential to ensure that when the boat is placed on the water, the center of the first row of holes aligns with the water surface before loading it with oil.
To optimize the placement of the initial row of holes for oil intake at the water surface, it is essential to match the specific gravity of the displaced water with that of the model This allows for accurate determination of the height needed for positioning the first row of holes.
− The volume of the boat as described above after the rib design: 90956.43 mm 3
+ The specific gravity of the model: 𝑃 𝑡 (N).
+ The specific gravity of water: 𝑃 𝑛 (N).
+ The volume of the boat: 𝑉 𝑡
+ The measured specific density of ABS plastic: 𝑑 𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 1.068 (g/𝑐𝑚 3 ).
+ The specific density of water: 𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.998 (g/𝑐𝑚 3 )
－ The volume of the water displacement:𝑉 𝑛 = 𝑃 𝑡
Figure 4.13 The volume of the submerged part of the boat
Positioning the hole 12.85 mm from the bottom of the boat aligns it with the water line To enhance suction speed and oil collection efficiency in one operation, the design features three rows of holes arranged around the model, as demonstrated in Figure 4.14.
− The positioning and arrangement of the 3 rows of holes are as follows:
Figure 4.14 The position of the hole in the model
4.2.4 The number of holes on the model
After determining the position and arrangement of the holes on the model, the number of holes on the boat was selected to ensure the following requirements:
To maintain weight stability in a boat, it is essential to carefully choose the number of holes, ensuring that the boat's individual weight remains consistent This practice prevents the fuel level from dropping below the first row of holes, thereby promoting optimal performance and safety.
To maintain optimal performance, it's crucial to position the holes in a way that keeps the boat's center of gravity balanced relative to the water surface This alignment prevents any offset that could disrupt the oil suction process.
− Improving the oil suction speed: The selected number of holes needs to improve the oil suction speed while still ensuring the two factors above.
− The number of holes is arranged as follows (Figure 4.15):
+ The two sides of the boat are arranged with three rows of holes, each with seven holes
+ The front and back are arranged with the second and third rows of holes, each having four holes
Figure 4.15 Arrange the holes in rows on the oil suction boat
4.2.5 Check the buoyancy of the boat and its maximum oil holding capacity
According to Archimedes' principle, the combined specific gravity of the model and the oil is lower than the specific gravity of the water displaced by the boat.
The maximum oil volume refers to the threshold at which oil can no longer be added to the boat, ensuring that the oil remains at a safe level and prevents any risk of spillage.
The calculations in Section 4.1 revealed that the maximum oil level, measured from the top edge, that can be contained without water entering the first row of holes in the boat model is 8.65 mm.
− Using the Inventor software, the maximum volume of oil that can be contained in the boat was determined.
Figure 4.16 The maximum oil capacity of the oil suction boat
− From the software (Figure 4.16), the maximum oil capacity that can be contained is
101340 mm 3 1,34 cm 3 equivalent to more than 100 mL of oil.
− From (Section 4.2.3), the specific gravity of the boat is (𝑃 𝑡 ): 95295,77 N.
According to section 4.2.3, the specific gravity of oil generally varies between 0.8 and 0.95 g/cm³, depending on the type of oil For ease of calculations, the average density of oil is commonly approximated to be 0.85 g/cm³.
＋ The specific density of oil: 𝑑 𝑑 (g/𝑐𝑚 3 )
− The buoyant force of water required to keep from sinking is when the volume displaced by water is greatest 369965.989 mm 3 = 369.966 cm 3 (Figure 4.17)
Figure 4.17 The volume occupied by a sunken boat is the largest
− The specific gravity of water:
− Compare the total weight of the boat and the oil against the specific gravity of the water:
So the maximum volume of oil that the boat can absorb is more than 100mL of oil in a single time
Boat model with dimensions of 130×100×40 mm.
APPLICATION OF OIL COLLECTING MODEL ON WATER SURFACE
Fabrication of the model
After designing three different models of an oil spill collection boat using Autodesk Inventor 2020, each with varying hole sizes as detailed in Table 5.1, the next step is to export the design file to STL format Following this, set the printing parameters in Simplify3D software, as shown in Figure 5.1.
Table 5.1 The hole sizes of the boats
Boat Row 1 (mm) Row 2 (mm) Row 3 (mm)
Figure 5.1 The editing parameters on the software
Infill density is a crucial factor in 3D printing design, as setting it to 100% along with a line width of 100% ensures accurate model weight and precise hole dimensions This configuration guarantees that the spacing between holes aligns with the original design, preventing issues that could obstruct oil flow due to misaligned holes Prior to exporting and printing the file, it is essential to simulate the printing process to verify accuracy.
Figure 5.2 The simulation process on the software
After configuring the parameters and positions for the product, export the file in gcode format to initiate the 3D printing process Each model's printing is completed within approximately 6 hours from the start.
Figure 5.3 The 3D printing process of the product
5.1.2 The surface processing of the model
Once the 3D printing process is finished, the model is carefully taken off the printer bed, and any support material from the corners, along with excess plastic, is removed to ensure a clean final product.
Figure 5.4 The completed 3D printed boat model
After the aesthetic processing of the boat, the team applies a nano-ceramic solution to enhance the surface's hydrophobic properties and roughen contact surfaces, significantly improving hydrophobicity Although the application of the nano-ceramic solution results in a slight change in the boat's weight, it remains minimal Subsequently, the model is immersed in Shell Advance 4T Ultra SCOOTER 5W-40 oil for approximately one hour to ensure proper adhesion of the oil to the model's holes.
Figure 5.5 The model has undergone the processing and been coated with the nano-ceramic solution, then roughened the surface of the product
Figure 5.6 The model has been immersed in Shell oil
After taking the model out of the oil bath, it is essential to wipe away any excess oil on its surface The model's specific gravity post-manufacturing is 790 kg/m³.
5.1.3 Check the model on the water surface
Following the completion of the model manufacturing process, the team performed an experiment to evaluate water ingress resistance against artificial wave conditions This experiment included two scenarios: one without oil and another with oil present.
− In the case where the model does not contain oil (Figure 5.7), the results show that water does not enter the inside of the boat
Figure 5.7 The water ingress resistance capability of the boat on the water surface when there are artificial waves
When the model contains 100 mL of oil (Figure 5.8), the results show that water does not enter the inside of the boat
Figure 5.8 The water ingress resistance capability of the boat when containing 100 mL of oil on the water surface with artificial waves
The experiment demonstrated that water was unable to penetrate the boat's openings, whether oil was present or not, when subjected to artificial waves This indicates that under moderate wave conditions, water does not enter the boat, thus ensuring the oil collection process remains unaffected.
Evaluation the impact of hole size on the oil spill collection rate of the device
After completing the manufacturing process of 3 models with different hole sizes (Table 5.1), we conducted the experiment process with 3 models as follows:
− Step 1: Coating of a layer of nano-ceramic and Shell Advance 4T Ultra SCOOTER 5W
+ Use 100 mL of Diesel 0.05S (DO 0.05S) oil with a kinematic viscosity at 40 ºC of 2.0 – 4.5 centistokes (cSt)
To effectively contain oil, pour it into a 2100 mL water container equipped with a float that surrounds the oil This setup prevents oil leakage and minimizes the spread of oil, ensuring that the layer on the water surface remains thick and does not adhere to the glass walls, which can negatively impact the oil collection rate.
In Step 3, once the model has gathered all the oil from the water surface, utilize the oil pump (see Figure 5.9) to transfer the oil from the boat into a test tube This procedure is essential for assessing the model's oil collection efficiency in real-world scenarios.
Experimental results of 3 models with 3 different hole sizes (Figure 5.10):
Figure 5.10 Compare the oil collection time for the boats with the selected holes
After conducting the experiments, the results are summarized in the form of a graph as follows (Figure 5.11):
Figure 5.11 The time and volume of oil collected for the boat with the pre-selected hole sizes
According to the comparative analysis of the graphs, Boat 1 demonstrates a superior oil recovery rate compared to the other two boats This enhanced performance can be attributed to its larger hydraulic diameter of the recovery holes, as detailed in Table 5.2 The hydraulic diameter is determined using a specific formula.
L: The length of the holes (mm)
R: The radius of the holes (mm)
Based on formula (19) above, we can calculate the hydraulic diameter of the hole patterns in the experimental models as shown in the table below (Table 5.2):
Table 5.2 The hydraulic diameters of the 3 experimental models are:
Evaluation of the impact with increasing viscosity
In our experiment, we collected oils with viscosities ranging from 2.0 to 85.5 cSt using a 2100 mL glass container filled with water, utilizing 100 mL of oil for each test The study involved three distinct types of oil to analyze their behavior in varying viscosity conditions.
Diesel Oil 0.05S (DO 0.05S) exhibits a kinematic viscosity of 2.0 - 4.5 cSt at 40ºC In a controlled test, 100 mL of DO 0.05S was introduced under static water conditions, resulting in a recovery of 95 mL within 4 minutes and 40 seconds, demonstrating an impressive collection rate of 95%.
Vacuum Pump Oil - 46 (VPO - 46) has a kinematic viscosity ranging from 41.4 to 50.6 cSt at 40ºC In a test conducted under static water conditions, 100 mL of VPO - 46 was poured in, and after 20 minutes and 56 seconds, 95 mL was successfully recovered, resulting in an impressive collection rate.
Shell Advance 4T Ultra SCOOTER 5W-40 oil features a kinematic viscosity of 85.5 cSt at 40ºC In a static water test lasting 33 minutes and 23 seconds, 100 mL of the oil was poured, with a recovery rate of 95%, as 95 mL was successfully collected.
Figure 5.12 Collect 0.05S diesel oil in a static water environment with an oil containment boom (a) When the amount of oil collected reaches 20 mL (b) When the amount of oil collected reaches 95 mL
Figure 5.13 Collect VPO-46 oil in a static water environment with an oil containment boom
(a) When the amount of oil collected reaches 20 mL, (b) When the amount of oil collected reaches 95 mL
In a controlled water environment, the collection of Shell Advance 4T Ultra SCOOTER 5W-40 oil using an oil containment boom demonstrates effective oil recovery techniques The process is illustrated in two stages: first, when the collected oil volume reaches 20 mL, and second, when it accumulates to 95 mL.
The results obtained from the 3 experiments are summarized in the following (Figure 5.15)
Figure 5.15 The time and volume of the recovered oils in a static water environment
In the experiment with oil containment booms, the speed and scale of the oil slick on the water surface were effectively reduced, resulting in a thicker oil layer that facilitated its entry into the boat The recovery of oil reached up to 95 ml, showing only a slight loss from the initial 100 ml due to the rapid spread of oil on the water surface and its adherence to the containment booms.
The presence of a boom makes it challenging for the boat to fully extract the oil Furthermore, when employing an oil pump to remove the oil, residual oil may remain within the pump equipment.
Figure 5.16 The amount of oil still remaining in the pump.
Application of the oil recovery model on the sea water
The experiment was conducted with 100 mL of 0.05S Diesel oil and 2100 mL of seawater:
Figure 5.17 Recovery of 0.05S diesel oil in static seawater: (a) When the amount of oil recovered reaches 40 mL, (b) When the amount of oil recovered reaches 95 mL
In 2 minutes and 36 seconds under calm seawater conditions with oil containment booms, out of 100 mL of Diesel 0.05S poured into the collection tank, 95 mL was recovered, achieving a recovery rate of 95% The result matches entirely with the experiment conducted under normal water conditions in the same environment
The experiment was conducted in a wave environment generated by a wave generator within a storage tank measuring 800×600×400 mm A total of 300 mL of oil was extracted from an oil containment boom and mixed into 96 liters of seawater.
Figure 5.18 The Sobo artificial wave machine
To maintain an effective oil suction process and prevent water ingress caused by wave action, the team has developed a boat with smaller hole sizes This innovative design minimizes the risk of water entering the system, ensuring efficient oil collection.
Figure 5.19 Design drawing of the experimental boat on wavy sea water conditions
Figure 5.20 Oil collection boat model on wavy sea water conditions
Conducting oil collection experiments on the sea surface using 3 boat models under the condition of having an oil boom with 300 mL of 0.05S Diesel oil:
Figure 5.21 Collection of 0.05S Diesel under wavy seawater conditions and with an oil boom
In 18 minutes and 58 seconds under the condition of rough seawater and using an oil boom, after pouring 300 mL of 0.05S Diesel oil into the tank, 275 mL of oil was collected, achieving a 92% recovery rate During the oil suction process, all 3 models operated effectively despite the waves, and the results show that 100% of the oil was recovered without any water mixing into the test tubes (Figure 5.22)
Figure 5.22 Amount of oil before and after collection
RESULTS AND DEVELOPMENT DIRECTIONS OF THE TOPIC
Results
During the implementation of the graduation project, the author group has achieved the following results:
− Using the tensile testing method to evaluate the mechanical properties of ABS plastic material Select the appropriate hollow to ensure the mechanical properties of the experimental device
− Evaluate the surface properties of ABS plastic and optimize the surface treatment method to improve research efficiency
− Calculation and selection of suitable hole sizes for oil collecting the experiments with different types of oil and environmental conditions
We design and manufacture innovative boat models equipped with the capability to efficiently collect oil, featuring various hole sizes to enhance performance Our designs ensure optimal collection efficiency in both calm and wavy conditions, making them suitable for diverse marine environments.
− Evaluate the impact of oil spill viscosity on the speed and efficiency of oil collection Propose optimized methods for collecting oil on the water surface
The innovative boat model efficiently collects up to 95% of oil from both domestic and seawater environments, even in challenging wavy conditions without water intrusion Its reusable design promotes cost-effectiveness, saves time, and contributes to environmental protection.
Table 6.1 Compare our device and commercial devices
Retrieval of 80 mL (80%) out of 100 mL spilled oil:
➢ 63 s for diesel oil (2.0 – 4.5 cSt at
- Miniature device took 120 s to collect 8.4 mL of toluene (0.68 cSt at 20 o C) [J
- Graphene vessel took more than 70 s to retrieve 40 mL of kerosene [Sci Rep
Future development directions for the research topic
This research study has many promising avenues for further development Some key directions that can be explored include:
Researching and applying innovative materials with waterproofing capabilities and resistance to marine conditions is essential for enhancing the durability of boat models Additionally, improving abrasion resistance will significantly contribute to the longevity and performance of these vessels in challenging environments.
− Optimizing the design of the collection openings: Continued research and optimization of the design of the collection openings to improve oil recovery efficiency
Integrating sensors and automation systems into your boat model can enhance the detection and collection of oil, particularly in challenging thermal conditions or expansive areas This development of an automated system will significantly improve operational efficiency and effectiveness in oil recovery efforts.
Researching the influence of environmental factors like ocean waves, wind, and severe weather conditions is crucial for understanding their effects on oil collection efficiency By analyzing these elements, we can identify challenges and propose effective measures to enhance the oil collection process.
− Larger-scale testing: Expand the scope of testing to larger areas such as bays and seaports, to evaluate the performance and practical applicability of the model
− Application on mobile platforms: Develop oil collection versions on mobile platforms such as ships and helicopters to enable rapid response to oil spill incidents
These development directions can help improve the effectiveness and applicability of the project in addressing environmental pollution issues caused by oil spill incidents
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Máy kéo nén đa năng Instron 6800 Series cột đôi để bàn là thiết bị lý tưởng cho các ứng dụng thử nghiệm vật liệu Với thiết kế nhỏ gọn và hiệu suất cao, máy cung cấp độ chính xác và độ tin cậy trong việc đo lường lực kéo và nén Được sử dụng rộng rãi trong các lĩnh vực nghiên cứu và phát triển, Instron 6800 Series đáp ứng nhu cầu kiểm tra vật liệu một cách hiệu quả Thông tin chi tiết có thể được tìm thấy trên trang web thietbihoasinh.vn.
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