Luận văn thạc sĩ Quản lý công: Women's participation for sustainable economic development: The case of Quang Ninh province, Vietnam

Contributions: This study will be a basic for committees, provincial authoritiesand agencies relating to women and gender equality, People committee in districts, towns, cities in Quangn

QUANGNINH PROVINCE, VIETNAM

Authors: Huynh Thi Mai Anh

Supervisor: Dr Sven-Erik Svard PhD

Local Supervisor: Dr Do Xuan Truong Class: MPPM INTAKE 06 - Group 07

Ha Noi, May 2013

UPPSALA UNIVERSITET & y

UPPSALA UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS & BUSINESS, VNUH

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This thesis is submitted in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the

degree of Master of Public Management - Upsala, University My study will not

be able to perform well without the enthusiastic help of Sweden professor and

Vietnam instructor and co-leader of the Party, the government, a number of

agencies and organizations provincial, district, facility, staff, members of the

Women's Union of Quang Ninh who interviewed in the process of conducting

research.

I would like to express my gratitude to Dr Sven-Erik Svard - Head of thePolitical Department of Uppsala University, Sweden and his orientation to select

subjects and research methods, conclusions by my study; sincerely thank Dr Do

Xuan Truong - Chairman of the Department of Human Resource Management,

Faculty of Business Administration, University of Economics - Hanoi National

University with his companion and guide my research process from the

beginning, specially on research questions, presentation methods and providing

me studying documents and materials in research process.

I would like to thank the Women's Union of Quang Ninh, Ha Long City Women's Union, Women's Union of Quang Yen town, the leaders and cadres of

the provincial Women's Union, students in Intermediate School of social works

who have created favorable conditions, support and help me during my research,

interviews, questionnaires | would like to thank teachers and professors who

willingly teach useful knowledge on public management during the entire

course, thank to the support of the University of Economics, the coordinators,

the MPPM 06 classmates’ comments to help me fully work out the thesis.

Best regards, Huynh Thi Mai Anh

Title of thesis: WOMAN’S PARTICIPATION FOR SUSTAINABLE ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF QUANGNINH PROVINCE,

VIETNAM

Degree: Thesis submitted for graduation of the degree of Master of Public ManagementStudent: Huynh Thi Mai Anh

Committee approval: Dr Sven-Erik Svärd và Dr Do Xuan Truong

Date of Presentation: May 16, 2013

Aims of this study: To find solutions to rise the participation regularly and effectively of ail the class of women in different fields of social life to develop the

economy sustainably.

SWOT Model is applied in studying process Access method: explaining 04

basic studying methods: Desk study, Interview method, Survey method, Analysis,

comparison and synthesis method

Results and conclusions: The study proposed 07 solutions to enhance Quangninh

women’s participation in developing economics sustainably: 1 To reinforce lead of Communist party of VietNam, to create a favorable condition for women’s social work; 2 To strengthen propaganda activities, education to widen women’s knowledge,

skill and competence; 3 Support women in developing economics, create

employments and increase income; 4 To promote support activities to help women build a prosperous, equal, progressive and happy family; 5 Propose and build policies; monitor and criticize on implementations of laws and policies on gender equality; 6 Increase the percentage of women in elective organizations, in leadership and management; 7 Train and develop female resources to develop socio-economics in

Quangninh province.

The result of studying shows that: To enhance women’s participation in economic development, we should focus on 07 above solutions especially, the solution No.1, 2.

3, 6,7 which have 81% or more with "Very important" evaluation The solution should

be carried out together to create synergic power to promote the role and ability of

women to contribute more and more to sustainable development

This study also shows that: it is nece: ary to increase reponsibilities of

organizations, agencies in advising, proposing policies; monitor and criticize on

policies on gender equality.

Contributions: This study will be a basic for committees, provincial authoritiesand agencies relating to women and gender equality, People committee in districts,

towns, cities in Quangninh province to propose and apply solutions to create a favorable condition for women to participate and contribute more in completing

political and economic responsibilities, implement efficiently Law on gender equality,

national strategy on gender equality in the 2011-2020 period in Quangninh./.

Constraints: There is not enough data on implementation of the Law on Gender

Equality in the province of Quang Ninh on all fields (such as gender equality in science and technology, culture and information, family) Then, this study does not

have full evaluation.

In subsequent studies, in-depth research on the role of women in each specific

field in local to improve the participation of women more effectively will be studied (Eg: increase the participation of women in the political field, the participation of

women in the field of science and technology, development of female resources in

Quangninh province)

Key words: women, gender equality, enhance, development, participation,

sustainable./.

2 Questions for this study Error! Bookmark not defined.

3 Aims of this Study « «<<ceeseeeeeseeeeesee Error! Bookmark not defined.

HI REFERENCE FRAMEWORK

1 Theoretical model

2 Accessing method

IV METHODOLOGY AND DATA COLLECTING METHOD 3

1 Desk study -« Error! Bookmark not defined.

2 Interview method Error! Bookmark not defined.

3 Survey method Error! Bookmark not defined.

4 Analysis, comparison and synthesis method Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.1.1 Sexual equality in politics

a Women’s roles in Communist party of Vietnam

b Female members of the National Assembly

c Female members of the people’s council

2.1.4 Sexual equality in health care Error! Bookmark not defined 2.1.5 Sexual equality in family - Error! Bookmark not defined 2.2 Quangninh women’s participation in developing economics sustainably

in local 19

V DATA ANALYSIS 19

1 SWOT analysis on Quangninh women’s parti

economics sustainably in local

pation in developing

oe 23

1.1 Strengths of Quangninh women and women’s activities (S)

1.2 Weaknesses of Quangninh women and women’s activities(W) 23

2 Solutions to enhance women’s participation in developing economics

sustainably

1 To reinforce lead of Communist party of VietNam, to create a favorable

condition for women’s social work Error! Bookmark not defined.

2 To strengthen propaganda activities, education to widen women’sknowledge, skill and competence Error! Bookmark not defined.2.1 To renew contents, diversify propaganda forms, educate and canvasswomen Error! Bookmark not defined

Error! Bookmark not defined.

Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.1.1 To renew contents.

2.1.2 To diversify propaganda forms

2.2 Training and building report team with knowledge and paranoda skills.

Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.3 Doing cooperation in paranoda among local departments

Bookmark not defined.

3 To support women in developing economics, create employments and

increase income Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.1 Increasing quality and effectiveness of supporting activities to helpwomen reduce poverty sustainably, practise economy and expand production

Error! Bookmark not defined

3.2 Widen women’s knowledge on production and doing business; developing production with protecting environment., +.+ Error! Bookmark not defined 3.3 Vocational training, support to create employments for womel Error!

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3.4 To build a model of teamwork and cooperative; to support women’s CHIÍCFDFÏSCS e se SĂ5Ă2Ắ <6 9 110100 re Error! Bookmark not defined.

ies to help women build a prosperous, equal,

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4 To promote support activi

progressive and happy family

4.1 To hold propaganda activities, educate on family; widen knowledge, skills

.-Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.2 To lanch deeply and widely the campaign “To organize family with 5 NOand 3 CLEANESS” in all levels of Vietnam women’s Union with movement of

“All people build cultural life” Error! Bookmark not defined 4.3 To implement effectively project on family, especially achieve the targets

of Project “Train 5 millions of mothers bring up and educate children well" in

2010 - 2015 period Error! Bookmark not defined 4.4 To create family and social services to provide women’s and family’s

requirements steps by steps Error! Bookmark not defined

5 Propose and build policies; monitor and criticize on implementations oflaws and policies on gender equality Error! Bookmark not defined.5.1 Propose policies relating to women and gender equality in local Error!

Bookmark not defined.

5.2 Strengthen monitor and criticize on laws and policies on gender equality

Error! Bookmark not defined.

6 Increase the percentage of women in elective organizations, in leadership

and management Error! Bookmark not defined.

7 Train and develop female resources to develop socio-economics in

Quangninh province Error! Bookmark not defined.

VII CONCLUSIONS

1 Conclusions by the study.

2 Constraints of the study and Subsequent studiesError! Bookmark not

defined.

REFERENCES csessssssssssssscessenceneareeseesensenenseeees Error! Bookmark not defined.

I FOREIGN REFERENCE DOCUMENTS Error! Bookmark not defined.

II DOMESTIC REFERENCE DOCUMENTS Error! Bookmark not defined APPENDIX Error! Bookmark not defined.

I APPENDIX TABLE

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IV Analyse national and international commitment on gender equality

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II INTRODUCTION I.Reason to study

Over thousands of years of building and defending the country, women Vietnam

has made significant contributions in the nation’s history Role of Vietnam women is shown in heroically struggling traditions against foreign invaders, protecting nation;

being industrious, smart, creative in working, building and developing our country.

Vietnam women are important workforce on most of all working fields in society at the expense of appearances by men They keep preserving and promoting traditional cultural dentity In family, women play roles of mothers and the first teachers of their children, bring up them from childhood to mature period, educate them love to country, patriotism, common sense and be enthusiastic with working Vietnam women

create cultural values and remain them through many generations.

To evaluate Vietnam women’s roles in history of our country: “Vietnam is

considered as a fine briliant silk, embroided by women, both young and old ones ”",

said President Ho Chi Minh in his letter to Vietnam women on March 8, 1952.

During the revolutionary periods, under the lead of Communist Party of Vietnam, women have proved their abilities on all fields, greatly contributed to national

liberation achievement, construction and renovation of the country.

Quangninh is a coastal province in the north-west of Vietnam, with 14 districts,

county towns and cities; 186 communes, wards and towns Total province population

is 1.195.958 people, including 587.576 women (49,1%) Our province’s economical structure covers industry, service and agriculture Quangninh is one of the four largest tourist centers of Vietnam, with Ha Long Bay - A new world wonder; with largest coal industry in Vietnam; providing limestone, clay as raw materials for building materials production industries and production for domestic demands and export, importantly

contribute to develop province’s economy and GDP growth Quangninh is one of three

points of Regional economic triangle as a driving force in north of Vietnam (Hanoi —

Haiphong - Quangninh).

esident Ho Chi Minh with women’s liberation

Source: Quangninh Statistics Department year 2012

There are 318.162 Quangninh women above 18 years old, appropriate 27,8%total population in Quangninh province Women workforce is on all fields and

areas of national economy

For recent years, Quangninh women have participated actively and effectively,contributed many achievements on developing economy, culture, society, raisingliving standards, stabilizing public order in local Women’s roles and positions in

family and in society are more and more important.

Beside efforts and success, there are some shortcomings and restricts’ of

Quangninh women activities as follows:

- A part of women have limited knowledge and legal awareness

- With low education level and skills, women can not sastify the requirements of

society in CNH-HĐH process; that is why earnings of women working in industrial

zones and in minority and highland regions is especially low

- The rate of women leaders and managers in organizations, enterprises is low

and inappropriate with women’ strengths and potentialities

- Government has not paid much attention to research activities and creating

favorable policies for women; supervisions and social criticism on sexual equality of

advisory organizations are ineffective.

- Women approach method is put emphasis on protecting, caring, supporting but

not creating opportunities, encouraging them to prove their abilities and potentialities.

It is short of effective intermediary connections between women and authorities and

society.

Resolution of the provincial communist party conference on XIII session (Term 2010-2015) proposed: “To further promote comprehensive reforms; improve

efficiency of performance of political system Economic development stably in fast

speed Developing culture, society commensurate with economic development,

improving the quality of human resources to build Quangninh as dynamic economic

region in the northern of Vietnam, on important gateway for international economic

cooperation, to become an industrialized and modern province in 2015”.

To achieve these targets, efforts of all authority level and people in Quangninh

province, including women workforce are in need Then, we need to enhance women

> Report in Quangninh women meeting 10”, 2011-2016 term.

participation in all social fields so that women can prove their abilities and

potentialities and contribute more to sustainably developing economy process.

II Questions for this study

This study aims to answer questions as follows:

1 Which is participation level of women in sustainable socio-economic activities

in Quangninh province?

2 How women contributed to develop Quangninh economics and society?

3 How to enhance women’s participation in sustainable socio-economic activities

in Quangninh?

IIL Aims of this study

To find solutions to rise the participation regularly and effectively of all the class

of women in different fields of social life to develop the economy sustainably.

II REFERENCE FRAMEWORK

1 Theoretical model of the study: SWOT Model

- To analyze strengths and opportunities of women in present time and in the

coming years in different fields of social life such as: economics, politics, labor —employment, education, health, technical science, culture-information, family

- To analyze weaknesses and threads to women in demonstrating their roles and positions in society corresponding with women’s workforce, potential, strengths.

2 Access method in studying: explaining (based on law regulations, state’s current

policies to make analysis and evaluate real situation of women participation in fields of

social life in Quangninh province, to propose solutions so that women can contribute more in developing economics sustainably in local and in our country as well.

IV METHODOLODY AND DATA COLLECTING METHODS

1 Desk study: collecting legal documents, current policies on equality of sex;

reports of authority and relating organizations Based on these documents, to create a

system of argument and propose solutions so that women can contribute more in

developing economics sustainably in Quangninh province

2 Interview method: This method can be applied with personal interview with leaders in Quangninh province (Provincial committee of the party and people's committee leaders: 02 persons), some of departments (Department of education and

training, Department of labor — invalids- social affair, Department of planning and investment: 03 persons); party contruction committee (02 persons); provincial political

~ social organizations: 02 persons); leaders of districts and regions (06 persons )

evaluate women’s role and contribution and their opinion in women’s participation in

developing economics sustainably (both male and female) Total: 15 persons;

3 Survey method (using questionnaire): Questionnaire is designed to focus on solutions to rise women’s participation in develop economics sustainably (importance

level, needs of solutions, find more solutions).

- Number of questions: 90

- Participants: leaders in provincial office, departments, organizations in provincial

and district level: 30 sheets (10 sheets per level); officials in women’s union in

different level: 30 sheets; members of Women’s Union and other women officials and workers : 30 sheets.

4 Analysis, comparison and synthesis method: All these methods are flexibly

used to get exact results on both theory and reality in Quang ninh province to propose

solutions so that women can contribute more in developing economics sustainably in

the coming time.

justice, towards sustainable economic growth.

In year 1930, when Vietnam communist party was established, we defined that

“Sexual equalization” is one of ten most crutial tasks of Vietnam revolution The firstconstituition of Vietnam state in 1946 defines the civil rights, including equality in all

aspects of men and women Now, Article 52 - Constitution in year 1992 regulates:

“All citizens are equal in the eyes of the law”; Article 63 regulates in more detail:

“Male and female ns have equal rights on politics, economics, culture, society

and family It is forbidened from sexual discrimination activities or from offending

During the last decates, problem of sexual equality always present in Vietnam communist party’s guidelines, policies, laws of the State In year 1982, Vietnam approved Convention on Elimilation of all forms of discrimination against Women (CEDAW) Vietnam passed Gender Equality Law in 2006 and passed Law on Domestic violence prevention and control in 2007.

Gender Equality Law in 2006 regulates basic rules of sexual equality such as:

“Men and women are equal in all aspects of social life and family” (Item 1, Article 6)and “Gender equalization is responsibility of organizations, institutions, families and

individuals” (Item 6, Article 6).

The Resolution No.11-NQ/TW dated April 27, 2007 issued by Political Bureau

“On women’s activities in industrialization and modernization period’ present the

following concepts:

(1) One of the most important missions and targets of Vietnam revolution in newage is to prove women’s role and potentiality in industrialization and modernizationprogress, in developing and protecting our country, to level up women’s position and

to equalize genders in all aspects of politics, economics, culture and society

(2) Women’s activities should be designed for each individual in each region, to

promote ownership, potentiality, creativity and contribution ability in highest level of

all class of women, to bring about strength of national unity for country development;

at the same time, to take care of women in all aspects, ensure legal rights andlegitimate interests so that women have enough advantages to become good citizens,

employees, mothers and the first teachers.

(3) Building and cultivating female officer team well in both quantity and quality

is objective requirement and important strategy of Vietnam communist party

(4) Women’s activities are missions of all political system, society and each family.Among that, decisive factors are party committees, State management agencies in alllevels take main responsibilities, Vietnam Women Union is core with women subject

On December 24, 2010 Prime Minister issued Decision No.2351/QĐ-TTg

approving National strategy on Gender Equality in the 2011-2020 period National

strategy presents as follows:

(a) National strategy on gender equality is an important part of Economics —

Society development strategy, is a basic foundation of Vietnam Communist party’s

human development strategy Sexual equalization is one of basic factors to improve

living standards of each individual, each family and the whole society.

(b) To enhance the lead of each party committee, all levels of authority, to call

upon close coordination of political-social organizations, social organizations, administrative divisions instituitions, enterprises, individual, family and all the

community to participate in gender equalization Huy động tối đa mọi nguồn lực để

thực hiện có hiệu quả công tác bình đẳng giới.

The strategy presents general targets as follows: “Until 2020, basically, ensure real gender equality on opportunities, participation and enjoyment in politics,

economics, culture and society, to contribute to sustainable development”.

Specific targets of the strategy as follows:

* Target No.1: To enhance women’s participation in leadership, management, to

narrow sexual gap in potitics.

* Target No.2: To narrow the gap between genders in the fields of economics, labour, employment; to create a favorable conditions for poor women in rural area and

ethnic women to access economical resources and labor market.

* Target No.3: Improving the quality of female workforce resources, ensure equal

participation of genders in training and education.

* Target No.4: To ensure sexual equality in access to health care services.

* Target No.5: To ensure gender equality in culture and information.

* Target No.6: To ensure gender equality in family life, to prevent and control

domestic violence step by step

* Target No.7: To strenthen state management of sexual equalization.

1.2 The present study results define that gender equality promote sustainable

development of economics and society

On the world, there are many study results present: gender equality is a driving

+ National Strategy on Gender Equality in the 2011-2020 period, page 2

force to promote sustainable socio-economics development.

Sexual equality is fair and sound target of United Nation, also is a basic factor to ensure effective management on poverty reduction and economics development in

Vietnam Gender quality is one of the millennium development targets approved by all nations on the world, “Gender equality brings about richness and economics growth”,

“Gender equality is a driving force to promote economic growth speedily ns

At the Summit of the United Nations on sustainable development (Rio+20) took place in Rio de janeiro city, Brazil on June 20, 2012, UN Women (UN division on gender equalization and women empowerment) discussed main problems of women empowerment, creating favorable conditions for women to fully participate in

environment management and development; removing barriers to access and takeadvantages of production resources; financial resources for initiatives “On -site sideevents of Rio+20, it is pleased to see that Gender equality and women empowerment hasshown in written agreement of the Members Some nations have suggested more

empowerment to women for a sustainable development "6 Some conclusions, approved

at the summit: Building a green economy; create an instituitional framework forsustainable development, in which: private sector play an important role, “Empowermentwomen bring about high economic efficiency”, “Empowerment women is a key to

sustainable development’.

UN Women (United Nation division on gender equalization and womenempowerment) va United Nations Global Compact (United Nation division on Global

Compact) cooperated to create and edit a common initiative “Principles to empower

women” These principles have been summarized in international discussions andarguments On anniversary of International women’s Day, March 9, 2010 inNewYork, UN Women va UN Global Compact introduced these principles to

enterprises, organizations and governments.

On Vietnam entrepreneur’s Day October 23, 2012 and on Vietnam Women’sDay October 20, 2012, representatives of United Nation in Vietnam coorperate with

Source: National Committee for Vietnam Women’s progresson Novermber 09, 2009 Link:

hitp//www.ubphunu-nefaw.gov.vn/lang=V &tune=newsdt&eatid=272&newsid=218

According to Mrs Michelle Bachelet, Director of UN Women, link http://hoithpn.org.vn, Gender and

Development Forum.

` Suzette Mitchell, Representative of UN Women in Vietnam, Document “The principles of women

empowerment, Melia Hotel, Hanoi on September 26, 2012

Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Vietnam and Vietnam Women’s Union held ameeting to introduce the principles of women empowerment with common message

“Gender Equality is prosperity” và 7 basic principles as follows:

(1) Set the senior leadership principles on gender equality;

(2) Equal treatment of men and women in work; To respect, support women and

not discriminate between men and women:

(3) Ensure health, safety and no violence against both male and female employees;(4) Encourage education, training and career development for women;

(5) Develop enterprises, supply chains and marketing activities to promote

women empowerment

(6) Encourage gender equalization based on community initiatives;

(7) Have administrative methods and report of progress in gender equalization.

“The Women's Empowerment Principles are subtitled Equality Means Business because thefull participation of women benefits business, and indeed, all of us Informed by leading

businesses’ policies and practices from different sectors and around the world, the Principlesoffer a practical approach to advance women, and point the way to a future that is both moreprosperous and more fair for everyone”.

(GEOGR KELL, Executive Director of UN GLOBAL COMPACT Office)

“UN Women is partnering with the UN Global Compact to promote the Women'sEmpowerment Principles which offer a seven-step blueprint to empower women in the

workplace and the community This initiative is bringing to business the strong case of how

much women entrepreneurs and women-owned businesses contribute to the economy —reinforcing the realization among leading firms that empowering women is essential to theirgrowth, competitiveness and profits.”

(MITCHELL BACHELET, Executive Director of UN Women).

“Countries with high levels of gender equality have generally more competitive economy and

faster growth Moreover, women empowerment is an investment in the community and society

in general Conversely, in areas where women can not fully participate in political and

economic life, their development is not sustainable.”

(Quote Speech by Ms Suzette MITCHELL, Representative United Nation Women in Vetnam in the

event on introducing women empower principles and the signing of the Declaration of support of CEO)

It is time to invest in women, not in one or two years later when the economy recovers, not

until everything is stable afier laws and regulations in force but now For the growth of

economy of the country or business and maintaining competitiveness, it is necessary to begin

to appreciate the role of women in organizations”.

(GREG PELLERGRINO, The director of Public Sector in Deloitte's Global Industry)

World Development Report year 2012 on Gender Equality and development

published by the World Bank has a message: “Gender Equality and development isthat these patterns of progress and persistence in gender equality matter, both fordevelopment outcomes and policy making They matter because gender equality is a coredevelopment objective in its own right But greater gender equality is also smarteconomics, enhancing productivity and improving other development outcomes,including prospects for the next genderation and for the quality of societal policies andinstituitions Economic development is not enough to shrink all gender disparities —

corrective policies that focus on persisting gender gaps are essential.”*.

Gender equality plays an important role in development and is economical.Gender equality improves economic efficiency and other goals of development inthree ways Firstly, removing barriers that prevent women from having the same acess

as men to education, economic opportunities, and productive input can generate broad

productivity gains- gains all the more important in a more competitive and globalized world Secondly, improving women’s absolute and relative status feeds many other development outcomes, including those for their children Thirdly, leveling the playing field where women and men have equal chances to become socially and politically active, make decisions and shape policies — is likely to lead over time to

more representative and more inclusive, instituitions and policies choices and thus to a

better development path °

World Development Report year 2012 makes comments as follows'°:

- Misallocating women’s skills and talents comes at a high and rising economic

cost: Gender equality can have a large impact on productivity Women now represent

more than 40% of the global labour force, 43% of agricultural workforce and more

than half of the world’s university student For an economy to be functioning at its

potential, women’s skills and talents shoud be engaged in activities that make the best

use of those abilities.

- Women’s endowment, agency, and opportunities shape those of the next

generation: Greater control on household resources by women leads to more

* Rovert B.Zoellic- President of World Bank group, World development report 2012, page 2

° World Development Report 2012, page 3

World Development Report 2012, page 6

investment in children’s human capital, with dynamic positive effects on economic growth Evidence from a range of countries (such as Bangladesh Brazil, Cote

d'Ivoire Mexico, South Africa and United Kingdom) shows that: increasing the share

of household income controlled by women, either through their own earnings or cash

transfers, changes spending in ways that benefit children

- Increasing women’s individual and collective agency leads to better outcomes, instituitions and policy choices: Agency is about one’s ability to make choices and to transform them into desired actions and outcomes Women’s collective agency can be transformative for society It can shape the instituitions,

markets and social norm that limit their individual agency and opportunities Empowering women as political and social actors can change policy choices and make instituitions more representative of a range of voices Women’s greater public voices not only benefits women and children but can also benefit men In many rich countries, greater female participation in economic activity has combined with their increased representation in political leadership to reshape social views on balancing work and family life in general and to pass more family -friendly labor legislation.

Conversely, when men and women do not have equal chance to be socially and

politically active and to influence laws, politics and policy making, instituitions and

policies are more likely to systematically favor the interests of those with more

influence Instituitional constraints and market failures that feed gender inequalities

are less likely to be addressed and corrected, leading to their persistence In equality trap, may thus prevent generations of women from getting educated and taking up

economic opportunities on a par with men, reducing their ability to make informed

choices and to realize their potential as individuals

“The East Asia and Pacific region is vast and diverse, with large differences in economic and social progress ~ including toward gender equality In some ways,

women in the region are better positioned today than ever before to participate in,

contribute to, and benefit from development, but much more needs to be done,” said Andrew Mason, lead author of the East Asia Pacific Companion Volume “Evidence

shows that promoting gender equality in economic opportunities promotesdevelopment by raising income, promoting female empowerment and voice and

increasing women's access to political and legal institutions Eliminating inequality

of opportunity in economic participation could increase total growth in the region

by 7 to 18 percent This has large implications to poverty reduction So, women’s

economic empowerment is not only the right thing to do; it's the smart thing to do ".

In Vietnam, recent years, there are more and more researches and articles on the status of gender equalization, on solutions to promote implementing gender equalization to bring women chances to participate, to contribute more to society ,

family, build and develop country such as: Solutions to organize and implement the Law on Gender Equality by Gender Equality Department, Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Society; Evaluation of the implementation of the Convention on Discrimination in employment, occupation and salary between men and women workers for the same work by Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Society and International Labour Organization; “Labor policies under the perspective of gender equality” by the Institute of Labour Science and Social Affairs; Nguyen Thi Thanh Hoa (2011), Gender equalization for Vietnam women to actively participate in the formulation and development of the country, state management

2 The reality of women’s participation in developing economics, culture and

society in Vietnam and in Quangninh province

2.1 About gender equality in Vietnam

Vietnam has experienced tremendous changes on economics and society over the last years with the poverty rate declined from 58.1% in 1993 to 10% in 2012 and

become a low-middle income country Vietnam is highly appreciated for achieving Millennium Development Goals before year 2015 Vietnam has made remarkable achievements on gender equalization and narrowing gender gaps in education and health Expanded economic opportunities bring benifits for both women and men.

Vietnam has the highest proportion of women participating in the labor force in the region and the income gap is lower than many other Southeast Asian countries Vietnam women make up 51% of the population and 48.6% of the labor force, plays an important role in socio-economic activities However, existence of gender inequality in Vietnam affects participation and benefit of women in the development process Women’s average salary is only equivalent to about 75% of men’s one There is discrimination in planning, appointment and retirement age against women in favor of men.

Single women, ethnic women have high rate of poverty, benefit very little from the

economic opportunities; ethnic girls have low education level Women generally dovulnerable jobs such as: agriculture, hazardous occupations, general workers,

housemaids '!

2.1.1 Gender equality in politics

a Women in Vietnam Communist Party

Percentage of female members of the Communist Party of Vietnam has increased inrecent years In 2010, the proportion of female members was 32.8% This percentageincreased significantly since 2005, when number of women members accounted for only

20.9% In spite of the increase, the percentage of female members still much lower

percentage of male members Low percentage of female members will lead to lackness

of women candidates to take on leadership positions in state administrative agencies and

to be nominated as candidates in the elections, women’s voice in the directions and policies of the Party is not important Besides, the party select candidates in the recruitment and appointment prosess, thus men will decide who will be recruited and

appointed Statistics show that number of men joined the party more than women (Table

1, Appendix).

The Party Committee at central and local level, the percentage of women in the

decision-making instituitions of the Party is quite low (Table 2)

Table 2: — of women in Executive Committees in 03 recent terms

Source: Vietnam Women Union, 2011

Then, percentage of female representation in the Central Executive Committee and

the provincial Executive Committee did not increase in the last 03 terms At District

Documents at the lanching ceremony “Creative Women’s Day year 2013: Empowerment and improve

economic capacity of women” held by World Bank, UN Women and Vietnam Women Union on March 13,2013

1 Hanoi.

and Commune Executive Committee, the percentage increased slightly In commune party committee, percentage of female members is higher with more positions.

There is low percentage of women in decision-making divisions of the Party In 02 recent terms, rate of women participating in the Secretariat is 20%; in the Politburo the

proportion is 01 women of 14 members (7%) in the 2011-2016 term At the local level,

the percentage of women in important positions is low and not appropriate with the number of female members Percentage of female representation in the Executive

Committee is higher than in the Standing Committees There are more female Deputy

b Female members in National Assembly

In the Asia-Pacific region, Vietnam is ranked in high position with high proportion

of female members in National Assembly Over 12 terms, the role and position of women in the National Assembly of Vietnam has been confirmed and they has

contributed greatly to the development of our country However, the proportion of female members in the National Assembly is inapropriate with the proportion of

women in Vietnam population and in workforce Now, the proportion of female

members in the National Assembly is around 24.4%, less than the percentage in the last four terms (Chart No.1).

.n Munro (Senior technical Counselor, Cambridge ~ Vietnam female leader program: Improve women leading Capacity

in pub ic sector in the context of international economic integration EOWP): “Women's participation in leadership and

management role in Viemam”, page l3

This suggests that the National Strategy for women’s progress in Vietnam until

year 2010 which set the target of 30% of women in the National Assembly can not be achieved Moreover, the Party’s directives, resolutions, strategies and policies to increase the percentage of representation of women in politics is not really effective Chart : The proportion of women in National Assembly in terms

Percentage of women in National Assembly in terms

Source: Official Website of the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, List of Nationalities

Council and Committees of Congress, at http.//www.na.gov vn/tailieukyhop/LDQHvaNNI 3/dsachUB.htm

At the local level, there are 27/64 provinces and cities with the percentage of

female members in National Assembly above 30% In general, female members in

National Assembly mainly engaged in cultural and social activities, this rate ranges from 20-40% of the total number of committee members.

c Female members in People’s Council Female managers and administrators The percentage of women is lower in local People’s council, particularly, in the commune People’s Council, although this rate is higher in the term of 2011 than in the previous periods (Table 4).

The proportion of female leaders in all level of People’s council is quite low Most women leaders hold the position of Vice Chairman, only a very small percentage of women hold the position of Chairman of People’s Council In the 2004-2009 period, the proportion of women holding the position of Chairman of People’s Council is only 1.56% at provincial level, 3.92% at district level and 4.09% at commune level; while this ratio in Vice Chairman position respectively 26.56%: 19,64% và 10,619%)3,

ficial report by National Assembly on gender equality in 2009.

Table 4: Percentage of female members in People’s Council at provincial level,

district level and commune level in 03 recent terms

Provincial level 22.33 23.80

District level 20.12 22.94 24.62

Commune level 16.10 19.53 2171

Source: Office of the National Assembly, 2011

The percentage of women in central and local executive bodies is much lower

than in other elective offices During the period of 2007-2011, the proportion of women appointed in leadership positions from the ministerial level to the lower level (vice) are not as much as in the previous term For example: proportion of female ministers and equivalent reduced from 12% of the 2002-2007 term to 4.5%

of the 2007-2011 term; Female Deputy and equivalent reduced from 9.0% to 8.4%, Head of Department and equivalent reduced from 6% to 5,5%, Deputy and

equivalent reduced from 14% to 13,9%!4,

According to Ministry of the Interior '*, in Ministry and equivalent offices, the

number of women appointed, promoted in leader positions accounts for 23,49%; in Government offices this percentage is 24,81%; in general directorates and equivalent instituitions this percentage is 24,61%; In Departments and equivalent offices is 22,55%.

In provincial level, the percentage of women in leadership positions is averagely 18.95%; professional agencies under the district People’s Committee, women in leadership positions account for an average of 15.59%; branch office in provincial Departments, the percentage of women in leadership positions accounts for 12,84%.

The number of female members in People’s committee at all levels in the term of

2004-2009 increases The percentage of female members in provincial People’s committee accounts for 8,61%, 6,4% in district People’s committee, 3,99% in

commune People’s committee In the term of 2004-2009, in local, female Chairman of provincial People’s committee accounts for 3,12%, female vice chairman 16,8%; female Chairman of district people’s committee 3,62%, female vice chairman of

“Report no 1229/LĐTBXH-BĐG on April 17, 2009 by Ministry of Labour = Disables and society about implementations of

the national strategy on gender equality

* Report by Misnistry of Home Affairs to UBCVDHX attached with Document No.506/BC-BNV on February 27, 2009 on

\der equality in recruitment, planning and appointment of officials

district committee 14,48%, female Chairman of commune people`s committee 3,42%

va female vice chairman of commune people’s committee 8,84%.

Overall, the percentage of women in the executive, judiciary and elective organizations in local does not achieve the goals set out in the National Strategy for

the Vietnam women’s progress in 2010.

2.1.2 Gender equality in economics, labour — employment

Vietnam is one of the countries with the high percentage of women participating in economic activities Women play an increasingly important role in the national economy; participate more and more in non-agricultural sectors, particularly, high

technical industries '*.

According to Labor and employment survey in 2007 of the General Department ofStatistics, proportion of female workers account for 46% of number of employees inproduction and business; the number of female business owners account for 41.12%;percentage of female employees in household sector accounted for 49.42% Althoughthe statistics also showed that a high proportion of women do simple works (53.64%),but the proportion of women engaged in the areas that are considered as work of men(such as technical works or management) have also gradually increased Proportion offemale employees in mining field accounted for 31.1%, while men accounted for68.9%; the percentage of women engaged in science and technology is 34%; womenaccounted for 24.7% in management security, defense and social security fields.However, there are some jobs which are considered as women’s traditional works,women participation is still very high: female employees working in hotels andrestaurants account for 71.6%, while men account for 28.4%; in education, womenaccount for 69.2%; in health care and social aids, women account for 59,6%

In general, the gender structure in occupations shows that: men still account for ahigher rate in the group of workers, leadership, personal service, technical expertiseand military Women still account for a higher rate in the field of agriculture, small

business and officer.

According to the data of General Statistics Organization in 2011, women’s income

is 13% less than men’s income On the Survey of workers’ salary in enterprises by theVietnam General Confederation of Labour carried out in 2012 showed that: the salary

® Official report by National Assembly on gender equality year 2009.

of female workers are only 70-80% of the salary of their male colleagues while the income gap by gender on the world is 17% Besides, women are just employees while

management positions are mainly undertaken by men Labor survey report published

in 2012 showed: monthly average salary of women less than men in all state economic sectors, non-state economic sectors and foreign investment, even in fields with mainly female employees such as: health, social works, sales, women still get lower income

than their male colleagues.

2.1.3 Gender equality in education - training

There are many achievements in gender equality in Vietnam Education sector According to the Human Development Report 2011 of UNDP, Vietnam women’s

(above 25 years old) with educational level above secondary education were 24.7% compared with 28% of men Results of census on April 01, 2011 by the General Department of Statistics also showed that: men’s literacy rate (above 15 years old) is 96.2% and female’s literacy rate is 92.2% The educational gap between men and

women in education in our country, especially at the basic education level (primary

school, secondary school, high school) is not wide In college and undergraduate level,

The educational gap between men and women in education is narrowing, in year 2008

the percentage of female students account for 53,9% and there are more and more

female students getting highest result in entrance examinations.

In addition to these achievements, gender equalization in education and training have some constraints such as: ethnic girls and women in remote areas is far more

difficult to access to education and training than boys and men;

The proportion of women with high academic degrees is far lower in comparison

to males (female masters account for more than 17%, almost 30% doctors, Associate Professor: 11.67%, Professor: 5.1%)”, This situation affects women’s chances to be promoted on their career and contribute social and economic development, especially

to become leaders in the scientific research system and management of the country.

- On vocational training:

Compared with the period before 2005, the current training program has increased in both quantity and quality More disciplines are suitable for women Quality of

ˆ Ministry of Education and Trainning: Report No 123/BC-BGDĐT to UBCVDXH on February 27, 2009 on situation of

implementation of gender equality on education and training tield, page 10.

vocational training meets the requirements of the labor market In some disciplines,

above 90% students get a job after graduation (such as telecommunications,

transportation, garment industries) where the percentage of women is quite high The

number of skilled female workers has increased and the gap between men and women

is narrowed However, the rate of trained labor in Vietnam is quite low, the percentage

of trained female workers is lower than men The percentage of untrained female workers is 80.9%, almost 90% in rural areas, only 3.65% of rural female workers with certificates which limit employment opportunity in professional area with high

income’.

2.1.4 Gender Equality in health care

Along with the socio-economic development and higher living standards with modern

facilities on physical examination and treatment, people pay more and more attention

to health care Generally, quality of health care has been increasing for both men and

women and no gender discrimination in healthcare between men and women

Report by the Ministry of Public Health to evaluate the results of the Action Plan for the Progress of Women until 2010, basically, 7 proposed specific targets of women’s health care were completed such as: average life expectancy of Vietnam women reachs

72 year olds; the rate of pregnant women who get more than three times antenatal examinations is quite high, reduce the rate of maternal mortality in pregnancy; increase the percentage of women access to health services, control the rate of

pregnant women infected by virus HIV/AIDS; increase the rate of medical stations with midwives and doctors; ensure supply of drugs and medical facilities for safety of

motherhood and caring pregnancy

2.1.5 Gender Equality in family

Family is one of the basic institutions of society Along with social progress, there

are more and more facilities and favorable conditions to simplify housework in the family Although, patriarchalism, male chauvinism has gradually lost, but there is an

existing paradox: housework, raising children, taking care of all members of the family

are still considered women’s responsibilities and there is a perception that these

activities do not bring economic value.

_—_

* National Assembly Supervision report on gender equality year 2009

Sexual discrimination and male chauvinism are existing in family and somewhere in

society in different forms such as: prefer to have a boy than a girl, consider housework,

care of children as women’s responsibilities, sons have priority in property inheritance,

the concept of men as breadwinners, major decision makers in the family and men

play a major role in the social relations outside family.

Women's working time of women is longer than men’s: Although, it is regulated in law

that husband and wife are equal in all respects, discuss together and decide all

common issues, share all the work, and take care of children, their parents in reality,

men are still regarded as breadwinners who have the right to decide major issues and

are representatives in the community.

Housework, taking care of family members are often considered as women’s

responsibilities The conservative nature of the traditional division of labor by gender

still reserved in a Vietnamese family at different levels which has limited the

educational opportunities of girls, prevent women from participating in social

activities and from getting equal positions and income in comparison with to men.

The statistical results showed that the average working time of women is 13 hours per day, while men’s about 9 hours per day because women mainly do houseworks in

addition productions and social work '9 Therefore, women have little chance to

improve their personal qualifications, to take a rest or participate in social activities.

In the family, women have less chance to make decision than men: In spite of progress,

generally women have less dicision making power in housework than men a husband have more power to decide a number of things such as shopping, business, family relationships, and the wife usually have a voice in works such as use of contraceptive

methods, the children’s learning or houseworks

2.2 Women’s participation in sustainably economics development in

Quangninh

There are more than 318,162 Quang Ninh women over 18 years old, they account

for 27.8% of the population of the province Female workforce participates in all sectors of the national economy In the industrial sector, construction, female

employees are 50,500 persons in total employees of 170.400 persons (29.6%)

Vietnam Society and Science Instituition: Gender equality in Vietnam year 2007.

In agriculture, forestry, fisheries sector, female employees are 136,600 persons in

total employees of 271.000 workers (50.4%) In service sector, women employees are

103.920 persons in total employees of 182.000 employees (57.1%)

-In industrial sector, construction sector, women workers account for nearly 30%

(in the mining and processing industry; industrial production and distribution of electricity, gas, water; construction) Female workforce in this sector have contributed

to increase and stabilize province's industrial production value increase for the last 05

years average 15.8% per year

Agriculture, forestry, fisheries, women account for 50.4% of the sector’s

workforce The female workforce is actively involved in the restructuring of the season, the structure of plants and animals,applying science and technological methods, high-tech in production, to ensure food security, develop of livestock and poultry in farm with nature of goods, increase the value of seafood exports, increase

the percentage of forest cover and forest enrichment, promote province’s average growth of 6.7% / year in agriculture, forestry and fisheries; actively participate in the

new rural construction, develop economics, reduce poverty.

In service sector, women account for 57.1% of the workforce in: tourism, trade, hotels and restaurants, finance, credit, insurance, communications, transportation, warehouses Women are always dynamic in collecting market information, creating

and diversifying range of services to meet requirements in production, business and daily life, make an important contribution about 18,2%/year to added value of service

sector in Quangninh province.

Accounting for 79.6% of the human resources of Education and Training sector, female staff and teachers actively study, improve qualifications, positively reform comprehensively teaching and learning methods, make significant contribution in

building of the modern education environment, train and develop generations of

students comprehensively, prepare high quality human resources for Quang Ninh

province's future

Female medical staff, doctors, technicians in medical sector account for 67% of

the total sector’s employees Women always pioneer in studying to improve academic

qualifications, professional skills, improve medical ethics, apply modern advanced

a

Source: Department of Statistics year 2011

technology in medicine to treat and care for people’s health, make a significant

ontribution to the reduction of the natural growth rate of population in Quangninh

province, reduce the rate of malnourished children under 5 years old, increase people's

chance to access to health services upto 92% in 2010.

In culture, art, sports sector: female journalists, writers always explore, to be creative in art works and cultural activities, play positive contribution in orienting people’s thoughts, reflect the reality of life through the literary work of art, articles, and fight against negative situations, preserve national cultural identity, contribute to

maintain political order and safety society The female athletes, coach endure in professional technical training, explore new training methods to overcome difficulties

to achieve higher result in domestic and international sports tournaments.

In movement of building a family with “prosperity, equality, progress and happiness”, and social activities, Quangninh women are increasingly aware of their role and responsibilities in the family and in the community, they are actively involved

in charitable activities, implement the movement to build cultural life, new rural

construction, develop home economics, contribute significantly in reducing the

poverty, ensure social security.

“Party and provincial authority highly appreciated the active participation and the role of

all class of women in socio-economic development in Quangninh province for years We

also highly appreciate the positive advices on women 's activities of the Provincial Women's

Union Accounting for half the total population, without women's participation, our

province can not achieve development today "

Quote interviewed Mr Nguyen Duc Long, Deputy Secretary of the Party Committee, ChairmanProvincial People’s Council ofthe

In the five years (2007-2011) there are 6890 female officials were admitted to the

Party, accounting for 39.23% of the total new members Now, female party members

in the province are 22.612 persons over the total members of 76.824 persons,

accounting for 29.43% of the whole Party In the term of 2010-2015, the proportion of

female officials who participate in provincial and district committees increases over

the previous term There are two women over the total of 15 members, accounting for

13.3% (up 0] person over previous term) The number of female representatives in provincial and district People’s Council in the term of 2011-2016 is same as previous

term (See table 5).

Female key leaders of provincial departments, committees and provincial unions

account for 31.43%, basically unchanged in recent years while the number of key staff

increases in some committees, unions (Provincial Women Union, Labour Union,

Department of Education and training) However, in some industries, there are female

leaders previously who replace by male leaders after their moving to other positions or leave (In Department of Trade and Industry, Department of Health) Female managers

or deputy manager of departments or equivalent are 257 persons over the total number

of 830 persons, accounting for 30.96% (up 5.41% compared with the percentage in year 2009); female leaders and deputy leaders of district are 124 persons over the total

number of 495 persons, accounting for 25,5%.

Table 5: The percentage of women in Party Committees, Provincial People’s

Council, provincial deputies in National Assembly

Organizati| Party Committee People’s Council - National Assembly

| Rate Compared Rate Compared Rate | Compared with

From year 2007 to year 2011: the number of female civil servants with master and

doctoral certificates are 182 over 373, accounting for 49%; participate in training

political theory programs, state management, information technology, foreign

languages accounting for 48.5%; professional training programs 49.5% a

“In reality, current female staff are in all sectors In general, women showed

consciousness and high sense of responsibility, both dynamic and sensitive to innovation, positive study to improve qualifications and skills; preserve their virtue

and lifestyle, overcome difficulties in family, social prejudices, completed both of

2 ñ 3 22

their assigned tasks and the role of women and mother in the family.

» Department of Home Affairs, The Preliminary report of 3-year (2007~ 2012) implementation of Decree Resolution No

11-NÓ/TW on April 04, 2007 by Politburo on women’s activities in industrialization and modemization period

= Committee of Quang Ninh Province, the interim report of the r implementation Resolution 11-NQ/TW, dated May

22, 2012, page 10 Overall Assessment

2 Oo

In recent years, especially after the issues of Gender Equality Law and Decree

Resolution No 11-NQ/TW on April 04, 2007 by Politburo: “About women’s activities in industrialization and modernization period, Party and provincial authority pay increasingly attention in women’s and female staffs activities.

| “Be a provincial leader, a female officer, as well as a woman, | find that the

provincial women have much effort and a lot of progress in all fields Many poor

| women have overcome difficulties to escape poverty, get rich; many women civil

servants overcome the difficulties to study, improve qualifications Provincial

Women are much more confident Besides, in recent years, leaders in QUangninh

province are also very interested in women’s activities and the implementation of the

Law on Gender Equality ”

Quote interview Ms Vu Thi Thu Thuy, Deputy Chairman of People’s Committee, Director of Board For the

progress of women Committee.

V DATA ANALYSIS

1 SWOT analysis on Quangninh women’s participation on economic

development sustainably

1.1 Strengths of Quangninh women and women’s activities(S)

- The skill level of women is increasingly enhanced;

- Women's participation in all sectors of the provincial economy, contributing

actively to socio-economic development.

- The role and position of women in family, society are increasingly improved.

- The party leadership, the State of Vietnam (via text: laws, resolutions,

strategy ) pay more and more attention to women’s activities;

- Women’s Union - socio- political organization who representative to take care

and protect the legitimate rights and interests for women operates more and more

effectively and positively to support for women’s equality, progress and development.

1.2 Weaknesses of Quangninh women and women’s analysis (W)

- A part of women, especially in remote areas, remote areas, ethnic minority have

limit on qualifications, competence without self confidence, passive in life therefore they can not keep up with trends of development of the society.

- Sense of law observance of the part of women is low.

- With low education and skill, women also do not meet the requirements of

industrialization and modernization of the country; employment and income of women

in the industrial zones, remote regions, ethnic groups are difficult.

- Without self confidence, a part of women is passive in life, not actively

overcome difficulties; proportion of women participating in leadership, management in organizations, instituitions and enterprises is low and not appropricate with the

potential and strengths of women

~ There is a limit on capacity and qualifications of a part of women in Women’s Union

which do not meet the requirements and responsibilities of women in the new period.

- The performance of the Board for women’s progress in some areas is effective

enough without special policies, planned socio- economic development programs forwomen in local.

- Implementation of laws and policies on gender equality to protect rights and

legitimate interests of the women is not monitored regularly Advising and recommending activities on problem of social practices related to women of the

Women's Union to the Executive Committee in some areas are inactive and effective.

- Training and retraining of staff in somewhere is not suitable with planning anddemand.

1.3 Opportunities for Quangninh women in the comming time (O)

- Our country development created more opportunities for women to participate in economic development, working, increase income and improve the economic status in

the family and in society;

- Social development brings opportunities for women to improve their knowledge

on expertise, science, technology, foreign language, computer science, management level.

- Gender equality in the family, in society is increasingly improved.

- Provincial Party Committee and authority relating with women’s activities,

women's movement, female staff, support resources and coordination of the agencies and organizations in implementing the tasks of socio- economic development of

Quangninh province.

1.4 Threats for Quangninh women (T)

- The situation of lack of employment, low income, unstable women;

- Women have less chance to participate in learning to improve skills, career skills.

- The percentage of trained female in labor force is low, especially rural women,

middle age and ethnic women which can not meet the requirements of industrialization

and modernization period, and integration process.

- Percentage of women managers and leaders in organizations and enterprises is

low, does not correspond with potential female labor force

- The situation of domestic violence, trafficking, abuse of women, girls, women

offender status, social evils;

- A number of committees, administration, staff, members and people are not

fully aware of the role of women, women’s activities and gender equality, still prejudice, narrow-minded, unfair on evaluation women and female staff There is lack

of specific measures to implement the directives and resolutions of the Party on female staffs activities, not to create suitable conditions and environment, opportunities for female staff to promote the role, capacity, training and dedication.

- Women still have to spend more time for housework, family care The family

support social services to women and families are limited.

- Propaganda, dissemination and implementation of laws on gender equality is not

regular, continuous, without the involvement of many sectors, the percentage of the

people accessing and researching laws is low.

The implementation of gender equality in Quang Ninh is not much different from

the general situation in Vietnam.There is much work to do to a better gender equalization, so that women can contribute more in the construction and development of

Quang Ninh province.

In Quang Ninh, there is no similar study Women‘s Union has functions: Representatives take care, protect the rights and legitimate interests of women,

participate in building the Party and in authority management; unite and mobilize

women to implement guidelines and policies of the Party, policies and laws of the State; mobilize society to implement gender equality In which, to advise and propose policies

to better implementation of gender equality is one of the important tasks of the

Women‘s Union Being an officials in provincial Women's Union, the socio-political

organization in political system of province, I would like to do this study to contribute to better implementation of Gender equality law in Quangninh province and mobilize more

participation of women in economic development sustainably.

2 Solutions to enhance women’s participation in developing economics

sustainably

Through first five years of implementation of the Resolution No 11-NQ/TW on

April 27, 2007 by Politburo on:*Women’s activities in industrialization and modernization of the country”, at the conclusion of the 55-KL / TW dated January 18,

2013 by the Secretary of the Party Central Committee on continuing to promote the implementation of Resolution No 11-NQ/TW, Party Central Committee continued to

define: “Women’s activities are important issues, the responsibilities of the social and

political system in the period of industrialization and modernization of the country”

At the same time, party committees, authorities, agencies, organizations, unions

continue to thoroughly understand and organize the implementation of the tasks and

the solutions in Resolution

The result of research and synthesis of the 90 questionnaires showed that:

- Question 1: On solutions to enhance women ’s participation in economic development sustainably in Quangninh: 07 proposed solutions in research are neccessary in different levels (Table 6); “Very important” accounts for above 75%, the

others is “/mportant”, no answer of “Not important” The answers is that the number

of proposed solutions are appropriate, not propose new solutions, but also have some

ideas on each specific solution

- Question 2: Which Agencies, organizations take responsibility to advise and

recommend policy, to implement activities to enhance the participation of women in sustainable economic development: Questionnaires suggest 06 agencies / organizations related to advising, proposed policies on Gender Equality and organize women’s activities (see Table 7) The reviews (91.11%) evaluate the role of the Women’s Union is “very important” in advising and recommending policy and

implementation of women’s activities, to promote greater participation of women in

sustainable economic development This content is also consistent with the role, functions and responsibilitiesof Women’s Union and the women’s activities and

gender equality that are implemented by Women’s Union now.

However, a number of reviews of women at all levels, the Department of Planning and investment- organizations play a fundamental role in advising policies on gender equality is that the role of the Committee for Women’s progress in policy implementation

is not high This suggests the fact that the role of these agencies and organizations in

advising and proposing policies on Gender Equality and its effects on promoting the

implementation of policies on gender equality and strengthening the participation of

women in each agency and organization and social unit is not effective.

Table 6: Results of the questionnai

the participation of women in sustail

: Assessing the importance of solutions to enhance ble economic development in Quangninh province

| Quy Very important _| Important Not important

Content | 08) FNum [Rate — [Num [Rate [Number | Rate

"` | | ber |

| To reinforce lead of 1 23 | 25.5 7 | 7.78

| Communist party of VietNam, | 2 28 31.11 2 222 |

| to create a favorable condition A

| for women’s social work ki 33.33 k

Total 90.00 10.00.

[ To strengthen propaganda 1 25 27.78 5 5.56

activities, education to widen 2 23 25.56 7 7.78

women’s knowledge, skill and 3 26 28.89 4 444

To promote support activities 1 19 2111 ul 12.22

to help women build a 2 26 28.89 4 4.44

prosperous, equal, progressive 3 24 26.67 6 6.67

and happy family l :

Total 76.67 23.33

| Propose and build policies; 1 23 25.56 7 7.78

monitor and criticize on 2 25 27.78 5 5.56

| implementations of laws and 3 4 2661 6 661

| policies on gender equality l l

Train and develop female L1 | 24 | 2667 | 6 | 6.67 | |

resources to develop socio- 2 | 25 | 2778 | 5 | 5.56 | |

economics in Quangninh Lạ | 26 | 28.89 4 444 | Ị |

Total _ 83.33 16.67

condition for women’s social work.

1.1 The Party Committees (Department of Propaganda preside) in cooperation with media and communications agencies and Women Union enhance awareness of

the Party committees, authority, unions and the entire society on women’s position and

important role, on Party’s directions and polices, Government’s Laws on women’s

activities and gender equality, marriage and family Through media to popularize Vietnam women’s traditions, to appraise the good, to criticize the manifestation of

discrimination against women

1.2 Provincial Party Committee direct provincial Political School, local political

training centers improve awareness on gender equality of staff, students through theirtrainning contents.

1.3 Provincial Party Civil Affair Committee, People’s Committee direct the Board for the women’s progress and other departments at all levels build rules, regulations

and policies to specify the implementation of Resolution No.11, to effectively implement National Strategy on gender equality for the period of 2011-2020, National

Programme for gender Equality, Action Plan on gender equality in Quangninh

provincefor the period of 2011-2015, Family development strategies Vietnam until

2020, vision to 2030, Decree No.56/NĐ-CP on July 16, 2012 by government on

responsibilities of Ministry, departments, people’s committee at all levels in ensuring

participation of Vietnam women union in the state management as regulations, gender

mainstreaming in building policies on local socio-economic development to create a

favorable conditions for women to develop; particularly pay attention to the principles

of equality between men and women in planning, training, promotion, appointment,

retirement age, continue to adopt appropriate policies to improve living standards for

women in rural and remote areas, ethnic women.

1.4 Provincial Party Committee’s Personel Department guides the party

committees, departments, organizations, locals to plan officials female to achieve the targets on female leaders and managers staff which National Strategy on gender equality until 2020 define (rhe percentage of women in party committees at all levels

reach 25% or more, female deputies in National Assembly and People’ Couneils at all

levels from 35% to 40%, the agencies have 30% or more female officials, female leaders are compulsory, the percentage of new admited members every year reachs 40% or higher, the percentage of women in Provincial Standing Party Committee and

Standing People’s Committee in accordance with targets on gender equality).

1.5 Strengthen monitor regularly and periodically on implementation of policies

and laws on gender equality and organize the preliminary and final ceremony of

directives and resolutions of the Party and State on women and gender equality as

regulated

2 To strengthen propaganda activities, education to widen women’s

knowledge, skill and competence

2.1 To renew contents, diversify propaganda forms, educate and canvass women

2.1.1 To renew contents

2.1.1.1 Propagandize, educate political thoughts, revolutionary ideology, policies

and resolutions of the Party, laws and policies of the State Focus on the resolutions of

the Congress Party, Resolutions of the Executive Central Committee, Resolution of the

Party’ Congress “7o educate Vietnam Women's moral sense in industrialization and

modernization period”

2.1.12 Specify 03 essential stages in education propagation: (1) education on

politics, ideology, (2) education on moral sense and lifestyle (3) Education on cultural

behaviors - consciousness in maintaining and protecting the environment.

2.1.1.3 Promote propaganda and implementation of Movement of studying and

following the moral example of President Ho Chi Minh in women’s political, professional works (the female officials, workers, members) Building effective

models of “following” at each agency, organization, family and community.

2.1.14 Select propaganda content and build communicative materials, providing

information on culture, society, family which is consistent with psychological

characteristics of each target groups (women, the young, the elderly, ethnic women,

religious women, female workers )

2.1.2 Diversify forms of communication.

2.1.2.1 Combine methods, means of media apply modern technology in communication, use forms of communication with visual aids, mass media, art forms, mobile communications.

2.1.2.2 Implementation method of communication experience, communication

in reality, in specific cases, in each field; organize tours of traditional education,

learning experience.

2.1.2.3 Promote efficiency of communication in the form of women club tivities, building mobile communication groups; invest in media with visual aids,

images, tapes, disk ; and workshop activities to share experiences, information.

2.1.2.4 Encourage and promote the self-studying, exploiting documents

through the mass media, the Internet, books, newspapers, propaganda materials.

Launching the movement women access to information society, encouraging

women share information.

2.1.2.5 Use forms of communication which meet demands, perceptions and characteristics of each region, each group of women, modernize local media equipment to ensure provide timely information to women on the mountainous

areas, remote regions, border and island.

2.1.2.6 Invest in documentaty resources, books, newspapers to Women

Association, propose building classrooms, reading room at convenient locations in

community (house of culture, learning centers in community )

2.2, Training and building report team with knowledge and paranoda skills.

2.2.1 Strengthen the team rapporteurs, specially, rapporteur team in Women’s

Union from the provincial level to grassroots, build standards of rapporteur, lecturers

which meet the requirements of industrialization and modernization and international

integration period

2 Exploit of resources, projects, train professional propaganda skills, organize

media events, apply information technology; professional knowledge on society fora

team of rapporteurs and communicators at all levels.

Give priority to build reporter and communicators team in remote areas and

expand and establish a network of rapporteur on women’s movement.

2.2.3 Build regulations on activities, evaluation criteria of rapporteur at all levels,

hold periodic rapporteur conference to review, evaluate, praise and reward rapporteurs who have made outstanding achievements in their work.

2.3 Doing cooperation in paranoda among local departments

2.3.1, Women’s Union in collaboration with education sector to raise awareness,

social knowledge, life skills for youth, students; improve efficiency of education in family - school — Society Reviewing the situation of ethnic women aged from 18 to 40

years old in remote areas are illiterate Organize class to eliminate illiteracy, improving

education for women in order to achieve objectives of development and equality for

ethnic women.

2.3.2, Women’s Union in collaboration with cultural, Information —

Communication organizations to promote innovative forms of mass media, building Women’s Union website, Quangninh Women’s Newspaper, Channels of Quangninh Women Coordinate with the Vietnam Fatherland Front Committee to advocate

women and people have cultural lifestyle in communities, build new rural areas.

2.3.3 Women’s Union in collaboration with Health, Public Security, Justice, Border Guards organizations, the military commander to prepare materials, make propaganda of law and policies relating to the rights and legitimate interests of women

and policies of social security; knowledge on health care, social evil prevention

3 Support women in developing economics, create employments and

increase income

3.1 Increasing quality and effectiveness of ‘supporting activities to help women reduce poverty sustainably, practise economy and expand production.

3.1.1, Women’s Union mobilizes women, especially rural women, the remote areas

to promote internal resources to do business to escape poverty, make economic

development Annually, all levels of Women’s Union review poor households in regions

and plan to support, implement assistance methods to help poor women escape poverty

sustainably.

2

3.1.2 Mobilize women promote the spirit of solidarity, implement movement of

"Jfomen help each other develop home economics ”: “Women do business well”

3.1.3 Women’s Union at all levels continue to direct and strengthen and improve

credit operations such as support of female borrowers develop economics (trust fund trom Bank for Social Policies, Bank of Agriculture and Rural Development,

Microfinance programs, Women’s Fund for Economic Development)

3.1.4 Mobilize female members in communities and female civil servants,

employees practice saving since 5000VND to 10.000VND per month make funds for

lending women low-interest loans to develop production, business, overcome

difficulties.

3.2, Widen women’s knowledge on production and doing business; developing

production with protecting environment

3. Co-organized transfer of science and technology training course, restructuring

crop, livestock structures, plants, knowledge on capital management, starting a business

Focus on supporting disadvantaged areas

3.2. Support for consume of product output of female workers’ products.

3.2.3 Support women to restructure employment in accordance with the project,

development direction of the province.

3.2.4 Guide and support women to develop effective economic models, particularly,

model of agricultural production (livestock, crops) to ensure standards of cleanliness,

green Mobilize and guide women to access clean production technologies, create green

products, friendly with environment, ensuring human health.

3.3 Vocational training, support to create employments for women

3.3.1 Raise awareness on vocational training, labor market demands; orient and

counsel women on career, help women find jobs after graduation Focus on short-term training, associate with businesses, trade villages to provide vocational training courses.

3.32 Women’s Union closely coordinate with agencies to develop and implement the project “supporting women in vocational training and employment

period 2011 — 2015” in accordance with the actual conditions in local.

3.3.3 Raise training quality of Quangninh Women vocational training center,

upgrade the Centre for Women and Development in Quangninh province to meet the demands of female workers and labor market and provide family services, social

services.

3.3.4 Connect and unify mechanism for coordination with other departments,

agencies in imlementing targeted programs of vocational training and job creation.

3.4 To build a model of teamwork and cooperative; to support women's

emterprises

3.4.1 Women’s Union research and cooperate with other agencies build model to

evaluate current cooperative economic model, learn from experience and improve the model suit with actual conditions in local, focused on collaborative model in agricultural production, smal! business, keep rural environment.

3.4.2 Counsel, mobilize support activities to promote female entrepreneurers

develop and expand the network and improve activities of women’s entrepreneurship

club.

3.4.3 Raising awareness on social responsibility, ethics in the business of female

entrepreneurers Meet to honor women in economic activities, annually

4 To promote support activities to help women build a prosperous, equal,

progressive and happy family

4.1 To hold propaganda activities, educate on family; widen knowledge, skills

on organizing family life

4.1.1, To hold propaganda activities to train women raise awareness on their role

and position of the family, responsibility for building family, equip them with the knowledge and skills to organize family life in order build a happy family and

sustainable communities

4.1.2 Women’s Union and the cultural organizations hold Happy Family Day on Vietnam Family Day June 28 annually with activities such as: demonstration, media,

advice and competitions , forums, exhibitions

4.1.3 Strengthen organize educational activities, building family Continue to

improve knowledge of population and family planning work, situation of gender imbalance, reproductive health, nutrition, hygiene and food safety; crime andsocial evils prevention, HIV/AIDS prevention; law enforcement traffic safety and anti- women trafficking; prevention of domestic violence,

4.1.4 Improving the quality of building families in the community, build a new model: the club of Good parenting, Fairness in family

4.2 To lanch deeply and widely the campaign “To organize family with 5

NO and 3 CLEANESS” in all levels of Vietnam women’s Union with

movement of “All people build cultural life”.