Because, in performing its functions, the State from the central to the commune levels issues a legal framework to require pig farming households to comply with food safety when raising
Trang 1CENTRAL INSTITUTE FOR ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT
-*** -
NGUYEN VAN TON
STATE MANAGEMENT OF FOOD SAFETY IN PIG FARMING AT
Trang 2Supervisors: Assoc.Prof.PhD Chu Tien Quang Assoc.Prof.PhD Dao The Anh
Reviewer 1: ………
………
Reviewer 2 ………
………
Reviewer 3: ………
………
(Specify full name, academic title, and degree)
The thesis will be defended before the Institute-level Thesis Evaluation
Council meeting at
Central Institute for Economic Management
At … o’clock …on … /… / 2024
The thesis can be found at the library:
Central Institute for Economic Management Library National Library of Vietnam, Hanoi
Trang 3PREAMBLE
1 Reasons for selecting the thesis topic
In Vietnam, food from pig farming (PF) is considered as a traditional food for a long time, used by people every day, even as a product, a spiritual offering used in public holidays, weddings and many other religious and belief ceremonies With such an important role, food from pig farming products has become the main food in the lives of the majority of Vietnamese people and the pig farming industry has been encouraged by the State to develop, especially in recent years
Currently, the living standards of domestic consumers have increased, especially when Vietnam participates in free trade agreements, deeply integrates into the international market, the food safety (FS) in products from pig farming is increasingly concerned by domestic and foreign consumers and requires more stringent requirements to better ensure the health of consumers It can be said that controlling the food safety in pork products is considered the top priority of the livestock industry today Good management of food safety in the pork industry not only contributes to ensuring the health of consumers but also determines the competitiveness and reputation of the livestock industry in the domestic market and gradually exports
The causes of food safety loss in pork products are quite diverse, originating from many different stages, from the breeding stage, the slaughtering stage, the processing stage and the consumption stage However, the cause from the breeding stage is considered the most important because it is the origin of many forms of food safety loss today When pig farmers abuse banned substances to create lean meat and increase the weight of pigs, their residues will affect the final consumers and other stages (slaughtering, processing and consumption) in the livestock chain, which cannot be controlled Or when the pigs are sick and still transported for consumption, it will also affect the end consumer and other stages in the livestock chai, which are difficult to control Therefore, controlling the risks of food safety loss in the livestock stage
is a form to ensure the food safety in pig farming from a distance, from the source of influence and is of great concern to the countries around the world and Vietnam
Currently, food from pig farming in Vietnam mainly depends on household farming The output of pork raised from households accounts for 88.4% of the total pork output (General Statistics Office of Vietnam, 2024) However, the form of pig farming in households
is the form that causes the most food safety loss, because the form of pig farming in households is still mainly according to the traditional method, the barns, infrastructure and specifications of the barn are not guaranteed, one barn raises many different breeds of pigs, different age groups; there is no separate pen for new pigs, there is not enough space to isolate sick ones Furthermore, the farmers have limited awareness, especially knowledge about food safety; the ability to apply science and technology in pig farming is still poor; cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization are not done regularly and according to the correct process; care and feeding techniques are still mainly based on experience; ensuring requirements for disease prevention, detection, control, and biosafety are still poor Therefore, the pigs supplied
to households have many potential factors that cause the food safety loss In fact, in the recent past, many epidemics have occurred in the pork industry that had to be destroyed because if used, it would have a negative impact on the health of consumers, such as Porcine
Trang 4Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome - PRRS and African Swine Fever This forced destruction has caused great damage to pig farming households, and also causing costs for disease treatment and environmental pollution, especially in densely populated areas
These shortcomings can only be controlled and limited through the state management Because, in performing its functions, the State (from the central to the commune levels) issues
a legal framework to require pig farming households to comply with food safety when raising the pigs; the State builds a number of support policies to encourage the pig farming households to apply scientific advances, build infrastructure, purchase the equipment to help the farming process be better, without factors that cause the food safety loss; the State uses inspection and monitoring tools to guide, and also, impose the penalties when the pig farming households cause food safety loss Even agencies, departments, branches, sectors, and individuals coordinate with the local authorities at the commune level to review and make a list of pig farming establishments, households to sign the commitments, and propagate to people to understand the meaning of signing commitments on safe technology, not using banned substances in breeding However, in the process of implementing the State management functions on food safety in breeding, there are still many difficulties and problems such as the legal framework regulating the food safety in pig farming is not detailed and not complete; policies to support pig farming households in implementing regulations and conditions to ensure food safety are not many and not attractive; inspection and supervision are still limited
For the above reasons, the study of "State management of food safety in pig farming at
households in Vietnam" is necessary and meaningful
2 Contributions of the thesis
2.1 In terms of theory
The thesis has systematized a number of basic theories of state management on food safety in pig farming at the households In particular, the outstanding new point is to clarify the relationship between pig farming activities at the households and food safety requirements; Identify and explain clearly 4 main contents of state management and 3 groups
of factors affecting the state management of food safety in the chain including 04 basic stages
of pig farming at the households
2.2 In terms of practice
The assessment of the current status of state management of food safety in pig farming
at households is carried out synchronously on all 4 main contents of state management: building a legal framework on food safety in pig farming; building policies to support farming households in implementing the regulations within the legal framework on food safety in pig farming; building a state management apparatus on food safety in pig farming; and inspecting and supervising the compliance with the legal framework and support policies related to food safety in pig farming
Proposed solutions to improve the contents of state management of food safety in livestock farming in accordance with the new context, especially in conjunction with the documents and resolutions of the Party Central Committee on food safety, security in the new situation and on agriculture, farmers, and rural areas by 2030, with a vision towards 2045
Trang 53 Structure of the thesis
In addition to Preamble and Conclusion, the thesis includes the following 04 Chapters: Chapter 1: Overview of studies related to state management of food safety in livestock farming, pig farming at households and study direction of the thesis
Chapter 2: Theoretical basis and practical experience of state management of food safety in pig farming at households
Chapter 3: Current status of state management of food safety in pig farming at households in Vietnam
Chapter 4: Orientation and solutions to strengthen the state management of food safety in pig farming at households in Vietnam
Chapter 1 OVERVIEW OF WORK AND STUDY DIRECTIONS OF THE THESIS 1.1 OVERVIEW OF WORK AND IDENTIFICATION OF STUDY GAPS
1.1.1 Overview of works on the nature and role of state management of food safety in pig farming at households
It can be seen that the foreign studies suggest that the state support has a decisive influence on the success of ensuring the food safety in the production and consumption of livestock products in general and pork products in particular For example, livestock farming and processing of livestock farming products in Thailand, Costa Rica, etc
1.1.2 Overview of works on state management of food safety in pig farming at households
Developing a legal framework on food safety in pig farming at households
The studies show that: Laws – Policies on food safety are the focus of livestock development policies issued and implemented by the governments over the past decades in countries around the world However, there is still a large number of outdated Vietnamese standards that are neither accepted by other countries nor protect the interests of consumers This shows the difficulty of building a legal framework on food safety in pig farming, especially to meet the international market
Developing a policy to support the implementation of food safety regulations in pig farming
at households
The studies show that there is a need for support policies to link livestock activities; building barns; buying and selling materials and breeds; buying feed; preventing epidemics; consuming products; expanding scale; applying science and protecting the environment To do this, the state needs to strengthen the development and promulgation of many support policies
Developing a state management apparatus for food safety in pig farming at households
The studies suggest that the state management apparatus for food safety can be organized according to the following 3 models: (i) Model of a multi-state agency apparatus participating in food safety management (many state agencies participate in food safety management); (ii) Model of a single agency implementing state management of food safety; (iii) Model of a mixed apparatus of state agencies and non-state organizations participating in
Trang 6food safety management at each administrative level and each locality However, the studies have not yet specified the solutions or proposed specific relationships between local state authorities and livestock farmers, for example, in improving the quality of veterinary services and master planning for local livestock development; The farmers need to do a good job of isolating pigs, cleaning barns and should be proactive in pig breeding
Inspection of food safety in pig farming at households
The studies all agree that inspection and supervision are activities of development control, are activities of the State to promptly detect and handle the errors, blockages, failures, difficulties as well as opportunities for development The studies also agree that the inspection
of food hygiene and safety is fragmented and interrupted; Sanctions for violations of food hygiene and safety have not met the requirements of deterrence; There has not been an agency
to supervise food hygiene and safety at production sites However, the studies have not mentioned the enhancement of socialization and mobilizing the participation of farmers and people in inspection and supervision
1.1.3 Overview of studies on factors affecting state management of food safety in pig farming at households
Most studies have shown that there are many factors affecting the state management related to pig farming at households, including 2 groups of factors The factors from the characteristics of the farming household such as the available experience of the household; the level of training of households; the capacity of the farming household The factors from the state such as the availability of veterinary service infrastructure; financial resources to organize livestock management activities However, the studies have not shown that market characteristics and pressure from the consumers of pork products are factors affecting state management of food safety in pig farming at households at present
1.1.4 Study results inherited in the thesis
1) The State management of food safety in livestock farming in general and pig farming
in particular is very necessary and needs to be strengthened in the process of the livestock industry integrating deeply and widely into global trade created by FTAs
2) As the subject of food safety management, the State plays a proactive role, orienting and guiding the actors participating in the farming products chain to implement the food safety measures in pig farming
3) The contents of State management of food safety in the pig industry are quite diverse, which can be grouped into 4 main activities: promulgating legal documents regulating food safety; promulgating support policies to promote pig farming households to better implement legal regulations on food safety; building a state management apparatus to effectively implement food safety management in livestock farming in accordance with livestock farming conditions; inspect and monitor the implementation of legal regulations and policies
on food safety of pig farming households
4) Previous studies have identified many factors affecting food safety and state management of food safety in pig farming at households These factors can be divided into 3 groups, namely: Group related to the characteristics of state agencies (management entities); group related to the characteristics of livestock farming households (managed objects); and
Trang 7group related to the characteristics of consumers of livestock products
1.1.5 Gaps for further study in the thesis
Currently, there have been many studies on food safety in pig farming and state management of pig farming However, there have not been many studies on state management
of food safety in pig farming at households in Vietnam that have all 4 main contents of state management at the same time, including: building a legal framework; building support policies; building a management apparatus; and inspection and supervision of food safety The studies related to food safety and state management of food safety have been conducted many years ago, but there has been no study related to the new context when the whole country is implementing Resolution No 19-NQ/TW dated June 16, 2022 of the Party Central Committee on agriculture, farmers and rural areas by 2030, with a vision towards 2045 and Directive No 17-CT/TW dated October 21, 2022 of the Party Central Committee Secretariat
on strengthening food security and safety in the new situation
1.2 OBJECTIVES, OBJECTS AND SCOPE OF STUDY
1.2.1 Study objectives
General objectives
Based on the theoretical basis, the thesis evaluates the livestock situation, the current state of state management of food safety in pig farming at households to propose additional and complete solutions to strengthen state management of food safety in pig farming at households, thereby contributing to ensuring the health of consumers, contributing to promoting the livestock industry to develop in a sustainable direction, increasing domestic market share and exports
3) Propose the solutions to strengthen state management of food safety in pig farming
at households in Vietnam in the coming period
1.2.2 Study objects
The study objects are contents related to state management of food safety in pig farming
at households in Vietnam
1.2.3 Scope of study
Regarding study contents
Regarding management entities and managed objects: Management entities are the state
agencies related to state management of food safety in pig farming at households from central
to local levels; managed objects are households raising pigs (live pigs) in Vietnam
State management contents: Focus on studying 4 main contents of state management,
including: building a legal framework on food safety; building support policies to encourage the implementation of legal regulations on food safety; building a management apparatus for food safety activities; inspecting and supervising compliance with legal regulations and support policies on food safety in pig farming
Trang 8Scope of state management: Focus on 4 livestock activities at the households that are
closely related to the possibility of food safety loss
Scope of study space
Study on state management of food safety in pig farming at households is applied nationwide; focusing on surveying and collecting data in 4 localities including: Thai Binh province and Hanoi city (representing the North); Quang Nam province (representing the Central region); Dong Nai province (representing the South)
Scope of study time
Study on the current state management of food safety in pig farming at households in the period of 2016 - 2022; propose additional and complete solutions to strengthen state management of food safety in pig farming at households by 2030
1.3 STUDY APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
1.3.1 Approach and analytical framework
Study approach
Approach from the content of management; approach according to the livestock raising process of the managed object
Framework for analyzing the study problem
Study on state management of food safety in pig farming at households must first identify the shortcomings and obstacles in the 4 activities of state management; Moreover, analyze 3 groups of influencing factors to determine the level of influence of each factor on management, that is, find the causes of the shortcomings and difficulties of state management
to propose solutions to supplement and improve the contents of state management better
1.3.2 Methods of collecting information and data
Methods of collecting secondary information and data
Studies from scientific documents (books, magazines, theses, etc.)
Documents and reports of agencies and organizations implementing state management
of information security at the central and local levels such as: National Assembly, Government, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ministry of Health (Vietnam Food Safety Authority); General Statistics Office of Vietnam Along with that are reports of
4 localities selected for study: Hanoi, Thai Binh, Quang Nam and Dong Nai
Method of collecting primary information through household surveys
To clarify the current status of state management on food safety in pig farming at households in Vietnam and to have practical observations and surveys in some localities, specifically 04 localities including: Thai Binh, Quang Nam, Dong Nai and Hanoi Each province, city selected 2 districts for investigation The time of household survey was carried out in 2022 In the localities, the author of the thesis conducted the investigation through
Trang 9sending survey forms and in-depth interviews
Method of collecting primary information through in-depth interviews
The subjects of in-depth interviews were mainly state officials and civil servants working at central agencies and provincial, district and commune levels implementing food safety management in breeding in general, and pig farming at households in particular In addition, interviewing a number of experts and scientists with in-depth knowledge of food safety and state management in pig farming
1.3.3 Methods of information and data analysis
Method of description and logical interpretation
Method of comparative case analysis
Method of statistical analysis
Chapter 2 THEORETICAL BASIS AND INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF STATE MANAGEMENT OF FOOD SAFETY IN PIG FARMING AT HOUSEHOLDS 2.1 THEORETICAL BASIS OF STATE MANAGEMENT OF FOOD SAFETY IN PIG FARMING AT HOUSEHOLDS
2.1.1 Some concepts
Pig farming
Pig farming is understood as an economic and technical sector in the agricultural sector specializing in raising pigs for meat and derivative foods to serve the human interests
Food safety in livestock farming
Food safety in pig farming is a way to raise the pigs without residual toxic substances
or pathogens that adversely affect human health and life when using pork and derivative products when the pigs are slaughtered
by-State management
The state management is the State using its power according to legal regulations to intervene and regulate social relations and behaviors of each individual in the society to achieve certain pre-set goals
Households and livestock farming at households
Pig farming in households is when members of the same family organize to raise the pigs to have products such as live pigs to sell or slaughter for family use
State management of food safety in pig farming at households
State management of food safety in pig farming at households is the State's use of its power and tools to intervene in pig farming activities carried out by the households to minimize food safety risks during the farming process
2.1.2 Relationship between pig farming at households activities and food safety requirements
Building pig farms and infrastructure to serve pig farming and ensuring food safety
Barns and infrastructure to serve pig farming (food storage and processing areas, isolation, epidemic prevention and sanitation systems, environmental treatment; ventilation,
Trang 10heating and cooling equipment, feeding troughs, drinking troughs, etc.) are where the households raise pigs from when they are young until they are consumed Due to the characteristics of farming households, pig raising households are often weak in knowledge of designing, building barns and infrastructure serving livestock farming as required
Mixing and processing feed with ensuring food safety in pig farming at households
Mixing and processing feed (including providing drinking water) is a feeding activity for pigs to gain weight and develop Mixing feed and using drinking water suitable to the nutritional needs of pigs will help the pigs grow well and be healthy Therefore, when the preparation and mixing of feed is well managed during the process of raising livestock, it will contribute to ensuring food safety in livestock farming
Veterinary care, use of drugs and chemicals in preventing and treating diseases for pigs with ensuring food safety
The use of veterinary drugs and antibiotics in treating diseases arising during the process
of caring for pigs at pig raising households is necessary to ensure that the pigs grow and develop according to their natural biological capacity and that the farmers achieve the desired results However, improper use will cause harm to consumers' health, due to their residue in pork and by-products after slaughter, meaning that pork and by-products are not food safe
Forms of consumption of pigs for slaughter with ensuring food safety
Firstly, the household slaughters pigs themselves and sells pork and pig by-products to
the market
Secondly, the household transports pigs for slaughter (live pigs) and sells them at the
slaughterhouse
Thirdly, the household sells live pigs to traders (pig buyers) at the family's barns and the
traders transport and take them to slaughter
2.1.3 Characteristics and role of state management of food safety in pig farming at households
Characteristics of state management of food safety in pig farming at households
Firstly, the "chain" characteristics of state management of food safety in pig farming at
households; Secondly, the “biological” characteristics of state management of food safety in pig farming at households; Thirdly, the diverse characteristics of the organization of the state
management apparatus on food safety to adapt to different forms of pig farming in households
Roles of state management of food safety in pig farming at households
1) Contributing to ensuring the health of consumers of pork products;
2) Contributing to stabilizing jobs and income for pig farming households;
3) Contributing to the sustainable development of the pig farming industry
2.1.4 Contents of study on state management of food safety in pig farming at households
Developing a legal framework on food safety in pig farming at households
Studying mandatory regulations of the State on food safety related to pig farming activities in households to strictly prohibit and prevent the activities that can potentially cause food safety loss during the pig raising process
Issuing policies to support pig farming households in implementing legal regulations
on food safety
Trang 11Studying and reviewing all policy documents, identifying and assessing the adequacy
of support types and levels to identify limitations, obstacles and proposing solutions for adjustment and improvement
Building a state management apparatus on food safety in pig farming at households
Studying the functions, powers and tasks as well as studying the levels and stages of the apparatus Studying the apparatus helps identify limitations and shortcomings in the apparatus
to propose solutions to improve the apparatus, thereby contributing to better implementation of activities to prevent risks of food safety loss in pig farming at households in the coming years
Inspection and supervision of food safety in pig farming at households
Studying inspection and supervision activities is to study the level, content, form of inspection and supervision rounds and the results of inspection and supervision to identify shortcomings in inspection and supervision, thereby proposing solutions to improve in the coming period
2.1.5 Criteria for assessing the contents of state management of food safety in pig farming at households
Criteria for assessing the development of a legal framework on food safety in pig farming at households
Quantitative and qualitative criteria help identify and assess the levels of: i) Completeness and comprehensiveness of the law on food safety conditions that pig farming households must implement; ii) Clarity of the regulations on the responsibilities of state management agencies on food safety in pig farming at households that must be implemented; iii) The limitations and shortcomings of the content of legal documents on food safety compared to the current practical conditions of pig farming at households On that basis, the thesis proposes recommendations to overcome the shortcomings of the content of legal documents and the limitations and weaknesses in implementation
Criteria for assessing the policy development to support pig farming households in implementing law on food safety
Quantitative and qualitative criteria help the thesis identify and evaluate: (i) Current status of the completeness and comprehensiveness of policy documents in 03 groups: Orientation, Public investment, Legal-economic support for pig farming households in implementing law on food safety; (ii) Inadequacies in the content of policy documents to support households in implementing law on food safety On that basis, the thesis proposes recommendations to overcome the limitations and inadequacies of these 03 groups of policies
Criteria for assessing the development of a state management apparatus for food safety in pig farming at households
Quantitative and qualitative criteria help the thesis identify successes, especially shortcomings and limitations in the structure and human resources of the apparatus, thereby proposing solutions to improve the apparatus and human resources in the apparatus to better implement activities related to food safety in pig farming at households in the coming period
Criteria for assessing the inspection and supervision of food safety applied in pig farming at households
Quantitative and qualitative criteria help the thesis identify: (i) Positive and negative
Trang 12impacts of inspection, supervision and handling of households violating law on food safety; (ii) Successes and failures of inspection, supervision and handling of households violating law on food safety by the State management agency on food safety On that basis, the thesis recommends perfecting regulations on the organization and operation of inspection, supervision, and penalty levels to enhance the positive impact of penalty measures and promote successes and overcome failures in state management of food safety in pig farming
at households in the coming years
2.1.6 Factors affecting state management of food safety in pig farming at households
Factors from the characteristics of the management agency, analyzed in the following contents:
Attention in direction and leadership;
Level of ensuring the quantity and quality of civil servants performing state management;
Facilities and financial resources serving state management
Factors from the characteristics of pig farming households
Understanding and awareness of pig farming households; Financial resources of households; Characteristics of population distribution of households determine the location
of barns for livestock farming
Market factors and consumer characteristics
Market factors and consumer characteristics of food safety affect the State management
of food safety in pig farming at households in a way (mechanism) that puts pressure on State management agencies on food safety to guide and support pig farmers to implement food safety measures in their farming activities
2.2 EXPERIENCE IN STATE MANAGEMENT OF FOOD SAFETY IN LIVESTOCK FARMING IN SOME COUNTRIES
2.2.1 Experience of some countries in state management of food safety applied in livestock farming
Experience in issuing documents and implementing laws on food safety applied in pig farming at households;
Experience in developing policies to support livestock farmers in implementing regulations on food safety in livestock farming;
Experience in organizing the apparatus and resources for state management of food safety in pig farming;
Experience in inspection, supervision, and handling of violations of state management regulations on food safety applied in pig farming
2.2.2 Implications from experiences drawn from countries in state management of food safety applied in pig farming at households in Vietnam
Developing a legal framework for food safety in pig farming at households
The food safety management needs to follow the method of monitoring at each stage of the value chain, instead of post-auditing; The development of a legal framework needs to be internationally standardized, international standards are applied and applied directly; only those regulations that are not yet available internationally are built and supplemented;
Trang 13increase the detail and specificity for each applicable subject, reduce the amount of general regulations
Issuing policies to support pig farming households in implementing law on food safety
The type of support policy needs to be fully covered according to the needs of households in each livestock farming activity, from building barns; mixing feed for raising; using veterinary drugs and chemical antibiotics; to selling pigs for consumption The level of support of policies needs to be increased to match the level of investment in pig farming at households, currently households are gradually shifting from small-scale farming to large-scale farming
Building a state management apparatus for food safety in pig farming at households
Minimize the situation of dispersion, overlap, and conflict in the organization of the state management apparatus for food safety in the form of many different ministries and branches participating together; The state management agency for quality and food safety has
a streamlined, professional, highly responsible structure, and transparently enforces the law
on food safety
Inspecting, checking, supervising and handling violations of food safety in pig farming at households
Promote the role and significance of food safety prevention measures; Enhance the role
of people in participating in food safety monitoring and managing food safety risks; promote the role of internal monitoring and inspection, proactively detect disease sources, and minimize the use of banned and toxic substances in the process of pig farming at households
Chapter 3 CURRENT STATUS OF STATE MANAGEMENT OF FOOD SAFETY IN PIG
FARMING AT HOUSEHOLDS IN VIETNAM 3.1 CURRENT STATUS OF PIG FARMING AT HOUSEHOLDS IN VIETNAM 3.1.1 Scale and development trends of pig farming in Vietnam
Pig farming is one of the main activities of the livestock industry in Vietnam and is tending to develop more strongly over time By 2023, the whole country has about 25.5 million pigs, including pigs for meat, sows, and boars for breeding (General Statistics Office
of Vietnam, 2023) Of which, the number of pigs for meat is 21.7 million, accounting for about 88.2% (Department of Livestock Production, 2023) With this number of pigs for meat,
it is creating about 4.8 million tons of pork for sale
3.1.2 Situation of pig farming at households in Vietnam
According to the Department of Livestock Production, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, in 2023, the country currently has 2.3 million pig farming households;
of which the number of households raising from 1 to 9 pigs is mainly 1.9 million households, accounting for about 83.6%; the number of households raising from 100 pigs or more is only 12.6 thousand households, accounting for about 0.6%
3.1.3 Current status of contribution from pig farming at households
The growth value of Vietnam's livestock industry in 2023 reached 5.72%, with a revenue of more than 33 billion USD for the whole industry, contributing 26% to the