Chiên lược: leo thang: > Oxi mũi Mask không thở lại > oxi mũi lưu lượng cao HFNC >_ Thông khí tư thê nằm sắp PP >_ Trao đồi oxi qua mang ngoai co’ thé ECMO... OXI MUI LUU LUO'NG CAO HI
Trang 1Oxy liệu pháp trong điêu trị bệnh nhân suy hé hap do COVID-19
Ths.BS Bùi Thị Hạnh Duyên Trưởng Khoa Hồi sức -tích cực BVĐHYD
Trang 2Noi dung
" Cac phuong pháp cung cap oxi ở BN COVID-19 suy hô hấp
= Nguy cơ phát tán khí dung ở các dụng cụ cung cấp oxi
Trang 3Ta mién dich
P ^ LÁ
D) O A g " | s Pavan K Bhatraju et al, Covid-19 in Critically Ill Patients
in the Seattle Region — Case Series, Downloaded from nejm.org on April 2, 2020
Trang 4PHẦN LOẠI MỨC DO NANG CUA COVID- 19 LIEN QUAN DEN HO HAP
Trang 5Viêm HH trên cúm
phòng
+
Phòng bệnh nang/khoa ICU
Trang 6Phan loai COVID-19 theo SSC guidelines 11-2021
= COVID-19 nang
> Triệu chứng của viêm phổi: sốt, ho, khó thở, thở nhanh, và một trong những dâu hiệu sau:
Tân số hô hâp> 30I/phút
Tình trạng hô hấp nguy kịch (severe respiratory distress)
SpoO2< 90% với khí phòng
SSC guidelines T1-2021
Trang 7Phan loai COVID-19 theo SSC guidelines 11-2021
Trang 8Thoi diém cung cap oxi
= Đề nghị cung cấp oxi khi soO2 <94% = Khuyến cáo cung cấp oxi khi soO2<90%
Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines on the Management of Adults with Coronavirus
Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the ICU
Trang 9Mục tiêu spO2
= Lý tưởng 94-96% ở BN không tăng thán khí
» SoO2> 90%
= Chiên lược: leo thang:
> Oxi mũi Mask không thở lại > oxi mũi lưu lượng cao (HFNC)
>_ Thông khí tư thê nằm sắp (PP) >_ Trao đồi oxi qua mang ngoai co’ thé (ECMO)
Trang 10
e In adults with COVID-19, we suggest starting supplemental oxygen if the peripheral Spoz2 is < 92%, and recommend starting supplemental oxygen if Spo2 is < 90%
In adults with COVID-19 and acute hypoxemic respiratory failure on
oxygen,
Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines on the Management of Adults with Coronavirus
Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the ICU
Trang 11CAC DUNG CU CUNG CAP OXI
Trang 12Oxi mii Mask đơn giản | Mask thông thở lại
Nasal cannulas | Simple mask Non-rebreather Venturi
mask (NRB)
Trang 13Thở oxi mũi lưu Mặt nạ nguyên mặt lượng cao cho thở máy không
Trang 14Tho may khong xam Ilan (non-invasive
ventilation) Tho may xam Ilan (Invasive ventilation)
Trang 16
Dat duoc muc tiéu diéu tri
Nguy cơ lây nhiễm cho
NVYT cao
Chọn lựa điêu trị cần cân
nhắc giữa đạt được hiệu
quả điêu trị và nguy cơ lây
nhiễm cho NVYT
Trang 17Chọn lựa thiết bị cung cap oxi nào/BN Covid-19
= Tuy thuộc vào phương tiện bảo hộ/ mức độ bảo hộ cho NVYT tai BV dang co:
> Có đủ phương tiện phòng hộ cá nhân (PPE)? > Có phòng áp lưc âm
> Thiét bi y té dang có (thiêu máy thở )
>» Nhanluc cho hồi sức = Có 2 trường phái:
> Sử dụng các thiết bị cung cập O2 tốt nhất để tránh đặt NKQ > Hạn chê sử dụng các thiết bị cung cập O2 tăng nguy cơ lây nhiễm
Trang 18Các yêu tô ảnh hưởng mức độ phát tán khí ra xung quanh
= Khi dung (aerosol) kích thước hạt <†ùg
= Loai dung cu = Luu lwo’ng oxi
= MUtc dé t6n thuong phoi
= Nhiệt độ cơ thê
WHITTLE ET AL., JACEP Open 2020; l— 7.
Trang 19OXI MUI LUU LUO'NG CAO HIGH FLOW NASAL CANULA (HFNC)
Trang 20High flow nasal canula (HFNC)
> Optiflow (respiration)
> Nasal high flow
B Rochwerg _et al, Intensive Care Medicine volume 45, pages563—572(2019)
Trang 21High flow nasal canula (HFNC)
= Thiết bị không xâm nhập
= Cung cấp khí hít vào được làm âm và âm = Lưu lượng cao, có thê đến 50-60I/phút
= Cung cap FiO2 cao: 95-100%
= Trước đây: cho trẻ sơ sinh
= Hién nay: gia tang sw dung cho người lớn
= Flow cao: dap tng duo’c nhu cau thong khi (hit vao) & BN SHH cap
B Rochwerg et al, Intensive Care Medicine volume 45, pages563—572(2019) Jie Li etal, RESPIRATORY CARE APRIL 2020 VOL65 NO 4
Trang 22Fiiệu quá
của HIENG
cho BN SHH cap
YEAR IN REview 2019: HFNC For ADULTS
Table 2 Recommendations on the Utilization of HFNC for Different Diseases
Indication
Postextubation Planned extubation (low-risk patients): HFNC vs O, therapy
Postsurgery patients: HFNC vs O2 therapy High-risk patients: HFNC vs NIV
Preoxygenation before intubation: HFNC vs NIV Breathing support during endoscopy
COPD
Stable COPD
During exercise
COPD exacerbation Postextubation
HFNC = high-flow nasal cannula
QO» therapy = conventional oxy gen therapy NIV = noninvasive ventilation
Take Home Messages
‘Compared to O2 therapy, HFNC reduces the risk of intubation
Compared to O, therapy, HFNC reduces the risk of developing postextubation failure but does not decrease re-intubation rate
Controversial Compared to the use of HFNC or NIV alone, use of NIV for 48 h and HFNC use in the
NIV break might reduce re-intubation rate HFNC is superior to O2 therapy (but inferior to NIV) in avoiding intubation-related
complications Using a resuscitator bag or critical care ventilator to preoxygenate patients before mtubation might be more cost-effective
Effectiveness of preventing hypoxia durmg endoscopy: NIV > HFNC > O> therapy
Long-term (= 6 wk) use of HFNC can improve CO, retention for patients with stable
hypercapnic COPD, improve quality of life, and reduce COPD exacerbations HFNC may improve exercise endurance time if S,o, is maintained > 90% HFNC may be considered as an alternative to NIV in mild to moderate COPD, but
more robust evidence is warranted HFNC may be considered as an alternative to NIV to facilitate weaning patients with
COPD and stable hypercapnia from invasive ventilation, although more robust evi- dence is warranted
Jie Li etal, RESPIRATORY CARE APRIL 2020 VOL
65 NO 4
Trang 23High flow nasal cannula compared
with conventional oxygen therapy for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis
B Rochwerg'***’®, D Granton', D X Wang?, Y Helviz*, S Einav*°, J P Frat®”®, A Mekontso-Dessap*"?,
A Schreiber'', E Azoulay'*'?, A Mercat'*, A Demoule'*'® V Lemiale'”'?, A Pesenti'”'®, E D Riviello!?,
T Mauri'”:'® J Mancebo22, L Brochard?! and K Burns?!
Trang 24HFNC cho BN suy hé hap cap
= Không ảnh hưởng lên tử vong
= Giảm nhu câu thở máy xâm lân - giảm nhu câu đặt NKQ
; HH 0.85, 95% CI 0.74-0.99
> Giảm nguy cơ tuyệt đối 4,4%
= Giảm nhu câu lên thang điêu tri
> HH 0.71, 95% Cl 0.51-0.98
> Giảm nguy cơ tuyệt đôi 9,3%
B Rochwerg _et al, Intensive Care Medicine volume 45, pages563—572(2019)
Trang 25Meets Inspiratory Demands Decreases Oxygen Dilution Lighter =s More Compliance
Increased FRC
Dead Space Washout
H: Heated & Humidified - provides heated and humidified gas
I: Inspiratory Demands - can better meet elevated peak
inspiratory flow demands
F: Functional Residual Capacity - increases FRC likely via
delivery of PEEP
L: Lighter - More easily tolerable than CPAP or BiPAP
O: Oxygen Dilution = can minimize oxygen dilution by meeting flow
demands
W: Washout of dead spdce = provides high flow rates leading
to wash out of pharyngeal dead space (CO2 removal)
Frank J Lodeserto et al , High-flow Nasal Cannula: Mechanisms of Action and Adult and Pediatric Indications
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.3639
Trang 26On HiFlow
Oxygen Dilution
our 20
ee ee
liter/min at room dir (217),
then what 7 £102 do you think
minimize oxygen dilution only match, but exceed your patients inspiratory flow to NOT 457 and likely closer to
2i This phenomenon is known as oxygen dilution and
will occur if you don't meet
or exceed your patients
a ee
Trang 27Tang FRC (khí can chtrc nang)-PEEP
> Tạng người bệnh: béo phì, người lớn, trễ em
= PEEP trung bình tạo ra 3cmH2O
Frank J Lodeserto et al, High-flow Nasal Cannula: Mechanisms of Action and Adult and Pediatric Indications
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.3639
Trang 28HENC IN ADULTS
ltagaki Sztrymf Roca Stephan Schwabbauer Peters Lenglet Carratalas Perales
®
ad ao
8 studies Left: Difference of breathing frequency between comparative therapy and HFNC In all studies, breathing frequency with HFNC
was lower Right: Difference of P.co, Here, no statistically significant differences between the therapies are apparent
Masaji Nishimura, RESPIRATORY CARE * APRIL 2016 VOL 61 NO 4
Trang 29HFNC Standard O2 Risk Ratio Study or Subgroup Events Total Events Total Weight IV, Random, 95% CI
1.1.1 Low or Probably Low ROB Azoulay, 2018 150 388 170 388 74.8% 0.88 [0.75, 1.04] Frat,2015 40 106 44 94 20.0% 0.81 [0.58, 1.12] Makdee, 2017 1 63 0 65 0.2% 3.09 (0.13, 74.55] Subtotal (95% Cl) 557 547 95.0% 0.87 (0.75, 1.01] Total events 191 214
Heterogeneity: Tau? = 0.00; Chi? = 0.85, df = 2 (P = 0.65); ? = 0%
Test for overall effect: Z = 1.85 (P = 0.06) 1.1.2 High or Probably High ROB
Bell, 2015 0 48 1 52 0.2% 0.36 (0.02, 8.64] Jones, 2016 9 165 16 138 3.4% 0.47 0.21, 1.03] Lemiale, 2015 5 s2 4 48 1.3% 1.15 (0.33, 4.05] Rittayamai, 2015 0 20 0 20 Not estimable Subtotal (95% Cl) 285 258 5.0% 0.59 (0.31, 1.14] Total events 14 21
Heterogeneity: Tau* = 0.00; Chi? = 1.51, df = 2 (P = 0.47); I? = 0%
Test for overall effect: Z = 1.58 (P = 0.12)
Total (95% Cl) 842 805 100.0% 0.85 [0.74, 0.99]
Total events 205 235
Heterogeneity: Tau? = 0.00; Chi’ = 3.61, df = 5 (P = 0.61); l = 0% Test for overall effect: Z = 2.16 (P = 0.03)
Test for subgroup differences: Chi? = 1.26, df = 1 (P = 0.26), ? = 20.5%
Fig 3 Need for invasive mechanical ventilation
Risk Ratio IV, Random, 95% Cl
0.1 10 Favours [HFT] Favours [standard 02]
B Rochwerg _et al, Intensive Care Medicine volume 45, pages563—572(2019)
Trang 30HFNC Standard O2 Risk Ratio Study or Subgroup Events Total Events Total Weight IV, Random, 95% CI 1.5.1 Low or Probably Low ROB
Azoulay 2018 150 388 170 38§ 36.0X Frat 2015 4S 106 51 94 30.4% Makdee 2017 2 63 3 65 3.2% Parke 2011 3 29 12 27 6.8% Subtotal (95% Cl) 586 574 76.4% Total events 200 236
0.88 (0.75, 1.04) 0.78 (0.59, 1.04] 0.69 (0.12, 3.98) 0.23 (0.07, 0.74) 0.78 (0.59, 1.03] Heterogeneity: Tau’ = 0.03; Chi’ = 5.38, df = 3 (P = 0.15); P' = 44%
Test for overall effect: Z = 1.75 (P = 0.08)
1.5.2 High or Probably High ROB Bell 2015 2 48 10 52 4.5% Jones 2016 9 165 16 138 12.2% Lemiale 2015 8 s2 4 48 6.9%
0 Rittayamai 2015 20 0 20 Subtotal (95% Cl) 285 258 23.6%
Total events 19 30
0.22 (0.05, 0.94] 0.47 (0.21, 1.03) 1.85 (0.59, 5.74)
Not estimable 0.60 (0.20, 1.81) Heterogeneity: Tau’ = 0.63; Chi = 5.99, df = 2 (P = 0.05); F = 67%
Test for overall effect: Z = 0.91 (P = 0.36) Total (95% Cl) 871 832 100.0%
Total events 219 266
0.71 (0.51, 0.98) Heterogeneity: Tau® = 0.07; Chi® = 12.52, df = 6 (P = 0.05): F = 52%
Test for overall effect: Z = 2.07 (P = 0.04)
Test for subgroup differences: Chi’ = 0.20 df = 1 (P = 0.66) ? = 0%
Fig 4 Escalation of therapy forest plot
Risk Ratio IV, Random, 95% Cl
-
Favours [HFNC) Favours (Standard O2]
B Rochwerg _et al, Intensive Care Medicine volume 45, pages563—572(2019)
Trang 31Cac chi dinh sw dung HFNC
Trang 32Chong chi dinh
= Bat thường giải phẫu hay phẫu thuật vùng mặt, mũi hay đường dẫn khí
khiên sử dụng nasal canula không khít (không tương thích)
= Một số chuyên gia tránh sử dụng HFNC khi có phẫu thuật đường dẫn
khí trên
Heated and humidified high-flow nasal oxygen in adults: Practical considerations and potential applications - UpToDate
Trang 33Bién chteng
= Chuong bung
= Hit sac
= Barotrauma —Vi du tran khi MP (hiém)
>» Thap hon NIV va IV
Heated and humidified high-flow nasal oxygen in adults: Practical considerations and potential applications - UpToDate
Trang 34Các phụ kiện máy HFNC
`
ELLY tna ae
Ki
Trang 3535
Trang 36Cai dat Flow:
= 20-35L/ph (range 5-60L/phut}
= Tang flow dân 5-10L/phút khi:
- BN chưa giảm tần số thở/mức
độ khó thở
- SpO2 chưa cải thiện
Heated and humidified high-flow nasal oxygen in adults: Practical considerations and potential applications - UpToDate
Trang 37Cài đặt FIO2
= Tang FiO2 và flow rate dé đạt
spO2 mục tiêu
= Thuong tang Flow rate truéc dé
dat soO2 muc tiéu voi fiO2<60%
= Tang FiO2 cao hơn khi can dé
Heated and humidified high-flow nasal oxygen in adults: Practical considerations and potential applications - UpToDate
Trang 39Giảm dân hỗ trợ của HFNC
= Có thê chuyên oxi mũi lưu lượng thấp khi
> Flow rate < 20l/phút >» FIO2 <50%
Heated and humidified high-flow nasal oxygen in adults: Practical considerations and potential applications - UpToDate
Trang 40NGUY CO’ PHAT TAN KHI DUNG CUA CAC DUNG CU CUNG CAP OXI
Trang 42AGORA CORRESPONDENCE
High-flow nasal cannula for COVID-19 patients: low risk of bio-aerosol
dispersion
Trang 43Table 1 Summary of exhaled smoke dispersion distances with different oxygen devices
15 L/min
10 L/min 10 L/min
6 L/min
6 L/min
Dispersion distance, cm
17.2+3.3 13.0+1.1 6.5+1.5 11.2+0.7
95+06 246+2.2 39.7+1.6
Trang 44HFNC ở BN COVID-19: nguy cơ phát tán khí dung 2
¢ HFNC 6 BN COVID-19:
¢ Neuy co phát tán khí dung tương tự các oxy mask thường sử dụng khác ° C6 thé str dung mask phẫu thuật cùng lúc ở BN dang ding HFNC
° Trong khi các loại mask không thở lại, venturi thì không phối hop được
© C6 thé tranh duoc dat NKQ
In conclusion, massive numbers of clinicians have been infected during the COVID-19 outbreak, which has raised concerns around implementing aerosol-generating procedures Consequently, there appears to be a trend to avoid HFNC The scientific evidence of generation and dispersion of bio-aerosols via HFNC summarised here shows a similar risk to standard oxygen masks HFNC prongs with a surgical mask on the patient's face could thus be a reasonable practice that may benefit hypoxaemic COVID-19 patients and avoid intubation
2020