a study on the role of listening and working memory in consecutive interpreting

PHENIKAA UNIVERSITYGRADUATION PAPER A STUDY ON THE ROLE OF LISTENING AND WORKING MEMORY IN CONSECUTIVE INTERPRETING Nghiên cứu về vai trò của kỹ năng nghe và trí nhớ trong phiên dịch nối

Background of consecutive interpreting

Consecutive interpreting (CI) refers to the process in which a skilled interpreter translates spoken words or messages from one language to another, typically after the speaker has completed a segment of their speech During this process, the interpreter listens attentively to the speaker and takes notes as necessary. Once the speaker pauses, the interpreter delivers the message in the target language This method facilitates a more deliberate and precise translation of the speaker’s words and intentions, necessitating interpreters to manage significant cognitive demands, including effective listening, memory retention, and rapid translation, thus making it a challenging and skill-intensive profession.

Interpretation plays a crucial role in facilitating political, cultural, and commercial interactions by eliminating language barriers in cross-cultural communication [1] Two primary modes of interpretation are consecutive and simultaneous, with consecutive interpreting attracting extensive research attention due to its prevalence in various contexts such as hospitals, legal courts, television settings, and work meetings [2].

In CI, interpreters perform a series of tasks to ensure effective communication. These tasks include listening to and comprehending the source language (decoding), retaining the information in working memory until it can be transformed into the target language (reformulation), and then verbally expressing the target language (encoding) [3] This entire process necessitates a range of intricate linguistic skills and cognitive functions, each competing for cognitive resources, thereby resulting in a considerable mental workload (MWL) [4], [5].

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Statement of the problem

Through consecutive interpreting, interpreters are often put under high cognitive demands Listening effectively to catch the information at a detailed level, holding this information in working memory accurately, and recalling it to produce coherent and accurate translations are important tasks Added to these are the facts that several streams of information have to be managed simultaneously; therefore, it becomes very important to know how listening and working memory capacities interact to influence interpreting performance.

Some of the everyday challenges an interpreter faces are the lack of deep understanding of both speakers' cultural background, the way tone is used to express a meaning in both languages, lack of preparation that familiarizes oneself with the terminology of the subject in question, and not hearing the speaker clearly.

Research Objectives and Research Questions

Specific aims of the Study

This study aims to focus on the role of listening skills and working memory in consecutive interpretation During consecutive interpretation learning and practice, students must hear and understand the source language before converting and conveying meaning to the target language This requires superior listening skills, along with the ability to process and store information temporarily in memory The objective of the thesis is to study the influence of listening and memory skills on students' ability to perform in learning situations and consecutive interpreting practice.

Research questions

The questions aim to explore the complex relationship between listening skills, working memory, and interpreting performance, focusing on cognitive needs and the strategies interpreters use.

1 How do listening skills and working memory impact the performance of consecutive interpreters?

2 How do interpreters perceive the role of listening and working memory in consecutive interpreting?

Significance of the study

This study, theoretically focuses on the role of listening skills and working memory in consecutive interpretation which help better understand the role of listening skills in consecutive interpreting, and providing insight into the influence of listening skills on students' ability to interpret.

Besides, this study aimed at pointing out the importance of memory in consecutive interpretation: By analyzing how memory affects the ability to convert information from the source language to the target language, research will help determine the role of memory in this process.

Understanding the role of listening and working memory in consecutive interpreting is crucial for developing effective training programs Insights from this study can help educators design targeted exercises to enhance these cognitive skills, leading to improved interpreter performance and more accurate translations.Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University

Scope and Limitation of the study

Third-year and final-year students majoring in Translation at Phenikaa University's Department of English participated in the study Notably, all participants shared the same academic program and learning environment, ensuring consistency within the research sample.

While the findings may provide valuable insights, the sample size and specific demographic might limit the generalizability of the results to other populations or professional interpreters.

LITERATURE REVIEW

The Nature of Consecutive Interpreting

Consecutive interpreting, as explicated by Jones [6], entails an interpreter listening to a complete segment of a speaker's discourse, or at least a significant portion thereof, and then reconstructing the speech with the aid of notes This method necessitates the interpreter to absorb an extended segment of speech in the source language, often utilizing notes as mnemonic aids rather than direct transcriptions The speaker delivers the entire speech continuously until the end, at which point the interpreter conveys the message in the target language.

In this interpretive mode, the speaker intermittently pauses, typically after several sentences, allowing the interpreter to translate the message into the target language This technique is commonly employed in various contexts, such as meetings, conferences, legal proceedings, and medical appointments, where immediate and precise translation is crucial Consecutive interpreting ensures detailed and accurate communication between parties speaking different languages, thereby guaranteeing that the message is effectively and precisely conveyed.

This form of interpreting is a demanding cognitive task requiring the interpreter to listen to the source-language message, retain its content in working memory, and then accurately render it into the target language, by Turković [17] It necessitates a delicate interplay between listening comprehension and working memory capacity, both of which are critical to the successful execution of interpretation tasks.

Research indicates that proficient interpreters exhibit superior listening skills, enabling them to process and understand incoming information efficiently.

Effective listening empowers interpreters to capture crucial information, identify subtleties, and predict upcoming content, essential for producing accurate interpretations Working memory serves as a vital temporary storage system, enabling interpreters to retain and process information during the interpretation process Notably, the capacity of working memory directly influences the interpreter's ability to store source-language content, make linguistic decisions, and generate target-language output in real time.

Studies have demonstrated that interpreters with higher working memory capacities tend to perform better in terms of accuracy, fluency, and overall interpretation quality The intricate relationship between listening and working memory in consecutive interpreting has garnered increasing interest from researchers in translation and interpreting studies By examining how these cognitive processes interact and influence each other during interpretation tasks, scholars aim to uncover the underlying mechanisms that drive interpreter performance.

Understanding the roles of listening and working memory in consecutive interpreting not only aids in the development of effective training programs for interpreters but also provides insights into broader issues related to language processing, memory functions, and cognitive workload management in multilingual communication settings This knowledge contributes to a deeper comprehension of the cognitive demands placed on interpreters and the strategies that can be employed to enhance their performance.

Consecutive interpretation is a mode of interpreting in which the speaker delivers a speech or speaks in segments while the interpreter takes notes by Rahmanpanah [18] Once the speaker has paused or completed their segment, the interpreter then reproduces the content for the audience Typically, the interpreter is

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University positioned near the speaker and uses a notepad and pen to jot down key points, only utilizing a microphone (if available) when it is their turn to speak This method involves the speaker articulating their thoughts in relatively large portions, which the interpreter subsequently translates orally Note-taking is a critical aspect of consecutive interpreting; interpreters must actively listen, analyze the speaker's message, make concise and effective notes to aid memory, and then deliver the speech fluently in the target language.

Consecutive interpreting requires exceptional cognitive abilities, including concentration, memorization, and multitasking Interpreters must listen intently, retain information, make notes, and deliver messages accurately They also need extensive linguistic expertise in both source and target languages, including vocabulary, grammar, idioms, and cultural nuances This combination of cognitive agility and linguistic proficiency ensures clear and precise communication.

Listening in Consecutive Interpreting

Listening is a fundamental skill in consecutive interpreting that underpins the accuracy, clarity, and effectiveness of cross-linguistic communication Through active listening, interpreters can capture the subtleties, emotions, and intentions embedded in the speaker's message, ensuring its precise conveyance in the target language Proficient listening skills enable interpreters to sustain coherence, adaptability, and precision in their interpretations, thereby facilitating clear and successful communication in diverse linguistic contexts.

Effective listening in consecutive interpreting encompasses more than just hearing the spoken words; it involves comprehending the underlying meaning, emotions, and intentions behind the message Interpreters must pay close attention to verbal cues, tone of voice, body language, and other non-verbal signals to accurately render the speaker's message This necessitates strong concentration, focus, and memory retention skills, allowing interpreters to process and retain information while awaiting their turn to convey it in the target language.

Listening is crucial in maintaining the flow and coherence of interpretation. Interpreters must carefully listen to the speaker's complete thoughts or ideas before interpreting them into the target language to ensure that the message is accurately conveyed Attentive and comprehensive listening helps interpreters avoid misunderstandings, omissions, or inaccuracies, thereby facilitating clear and effective communication between parties.

Moreover, listening in consecutive interpreting aids interpreters in adapting to different speaking styles, accents, and speech patterns By actively listening, interpreters can become familiar with the speaker's communication style and adjust their interpretation to accurately reflect the speaker's tone and intention. This flexibility and adaptability in interpreting contribute to smooth and seamless communication, enhancing understanding and promoting successful interactions. 1.2.2 Listening models and their relevance to interpreting

In the domain of consecutive interpreting, the consideration of listening models and their applicability holds significant relevance in understanding the cognitive processes underlying interpretation tasks Listening models, which encompass various theoretical frameworks and approaches to auditory perception, offer

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University valuable insights into how interpreters engage with spoken language input and process information during consecutive interpreting sessions.

One prominent listening model that bears relevance to consecutive interpreting is the top-down processing model According to this model, listeners utilize their existing knowledge, expectations, and context to comprehend incoming speech.

In the context of consecutive interpreting, interpreters rely on their linguistic proficiency, subject matter knowledge, and contextual cues to anticipate the speaker's message and facilitate comprehension By drawing upon prior knowledge and contextual information, interpreters can efficiently interpret the speaker's message and convey its meaning accurately in the target language.

Another pertinent listening model is the interactive model of listening, which emphasizes the dynamic interaction between the listener and the speaker In consecutive interpreting, this model underscores the active engagement of interpreters in the communication process Interpreters must continuously monitor the speaker's speech, respond to verbal and non-verbal cues, and adjust their interpretation accordingly to maintain effective communication By adopting an interactive listening approach, interpreters can establish rapport with the speaker, enhance comprehension, and ensure the accurate transmission of the message to the target audience.

In the constructivist approach to listening, listeners actively construct meaning by integrating incoming auditory stimuli with their prior knowledge and experiences In consecutive interpreting, interpreters engage in this process by synthesizing the speaker's message with their linguistic and cultural understanding They interpret the speaker's words, discern underlying meanings, and convey the intended message in the target language while considering cultural nuances and contextual factors.

Listening models offer valuable frameworks for understanding how interpreters engage with spoken language input and process information during consecutive interpreting tasks By applying principles from top-down processing, interactive listening, and constructivist approaches, interpreters can enhance their comprehension, adaptability, and effectiveness in conveying messages accurately in multilingual communication settings Further research into the application of listening models in consecutive interpreting can provide valuable insights into interpreter training, cognitive processes, and communication strategies in professional interpreting practice.

Overall, understanding and applying various listening models can help interpreters improve their listening skills, enhance comprehension of the speaker's message, and facilitate accurate and effective interpretation in consecutive interpreting settings By leveraging the insights provided by these models, interpreters can optimize their listening process, adapt to diverse linguistic contexts, and ensure clear and successful communication between parties speaking different languages.

1.2.3 Challenges in listening for interpreters

Listening difficulties, especially those experienced by consecutive interpreters, could impact the precision and effectiveness of their interpretation Interpreters need to get hold of nuances and minute details, dialects, different speaking rates, and distractors The difficulties that will be addressed can most frequently give rise to a gross deficiency in the quality of the interpretation and call for highly developed listening and cognitive skills on the part of the interpreter.

Note-taking while listening is a crucial skill in consecutive interpreting Interpreters must concentrate intently to identify important information for note-taking without missing vital details This requires a rapid assessment of incoming information to prioritize and capture the most relevant points Thus, successful consecutive interpreters possess strong listening and note-taking abilities, enabling them to effectively convey the speaker's message in a different language.

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University which some speakers talk is hard to keep up with, especially if the speaker is difficult to interrupt Moreover, if a speaker has forgotten that there is an interpreter present or does not pause, the challenge of capturing the message and interpreting it accurately is further complicated.

Premature or frequent stops in speaking can disrupt interpreter's comprehension, as they don't allow the interpreter to fully capture the speaker's message Simultaneous interactions between delegates can also distract the interpreter, hindering their ability to concentrate on the main speaker Moreover, when the speaker resumes speaking while the interpreter is still reviewing their notes, it can lead to confusion and misunderstandings.

Working Memory in Consecutive Interpreting

1.3.1 Definition and components of working memory

Memory refers to the ability to store and retrieve information It involves three categories: sensory storage, short-term memory, and long-term memory Sensory storage holds a limited amount of information for a brief period (0.25-2 seconds) Short-term memory has a capacity of approximately 7±2 units of stimuli In contrast, long-term memory has a vast capacity and can store information for extended periods, ranging from minutes to a lifetime Memory also consists of three phases: encoding (acquiring information), storage (retaining information), and retrieval (accessing stored information).

The interpreter needs a good short-term memory to retain what he or she has just heard and a good long-term memory to put the information into context [17]. Although three types of memories participate in the process of interpretation, in most cases, the interpreter is unconscious of the sensory stores, paying attention only to the short- and long-term memories In interpretation, short-term memory is the bridge between sensory stores and long-term memory.

Working memory (WM) is essential in consecutive interpreting, which entails listening to a speech in one language and then rendering it in another once the speaker has completed it This process is largely reliant on many aspects of working memory WM is a limited-capacity store for retaining information for a brief period while performing mental operations on that information, by Mcleod [20] Working memory is a multi-component system that includes the central executive, visuospatial sketchpad, phonological loop, and episodic buffer. Baddeley and Hitch introduced the Working Memory Model in 1974, which explains short-term memory as a multi-component system It is made up of three parts: the central executive, which regulates attention and organizes the phonological loop (which processes auditory information), and the visuospatial sketchpad Later, the episodic buffer was created to integrate information from

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University these systems and connect it to long-term memory This model suggests that short-term memory is dynamic and multifaceted.

Figure 1.3.1 Representation of the components that make up the Baddeley model of working memory The various parts are also presented over the relative brain areas hypothesized to mediate the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad (adapted from Redshaw, 2009)

The phonological loop is a component of working memory that temporarily stores and manipulates auditory information It comprises two primary elements: the Phonological Store, which holds verbal and auditory information for brief periods, and the Articulatory Rehearsal Process, which enables sub-vocal repetition of information to maintain it in the phonological store.

The phonological loop plays a crucial role in interpretation, aiding interpreters in holding onto segments of spoken language prior to processing and translation This auditory buffer allows them to retain and rehearse information, enabling its conversion into written notes Through the phonological loop, interpreters can effectively bridge the gap between spoken and written language, ensuring accuracy and clarity during interpretation.

The visuospatial sketchpad manages visual and spatial information It also consists of two components: the Visual Cache, which stores visual data such as

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University shapes and colors, and the Inner Scribe, which processes spatial and movement information and helps in the organization of visual and spatial data.

Note Organization: Effective note-taking involves organizing information spatially on the page The visuospatial sketchpad aids in creating and interpreting these visual representations.

Memory for Gestures and Visual Cues: Interpreters often rely on visual cues and gestures from the speaker to fully understand the message, and the visuospatial sketchpad helps process these non-verbal elements.

The episodic buffer integrates information from the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and long-term memory into a coherent episode It acts as a temporary storage system capable of holding multidimensional information. The episodic buffer allows interpreters to combine auditory and visual information with their existing knowledge to create a comprehensive understanding of the message Furthermore, it aids in grasping the context and nuances of the speech by integrating various types of information.

The central executive is the control center of working memory, overseeing attention and coordinating cognitive processes It acts as a conductor, orchestrating the activities of other working memory components to ensure efficient execution of tasks and decision-making.

It directs the interpreter's attention to the speaker while simultaneously monitoring notes and environmental cues, enabling interpreters to control their attention and switch between listening, note-taking, and interpreting tasks This function helps suppress irrelevant information and distractions, allowing interpreters to maintain focus on the task at hand.

To put it briefly, these elements of working memory interact dynamically rather than independently during consecutive interpretation: The raw visual and aural

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University data are provided via the visuospatial sketchpad and phonological loop. Contextual information is integrated with this facts through the episodic buffer. These procedures are monitored and managed by the central executive, who also makes sure that the best use of cognitive resources is made of attention The prior knowledge and abilities required for precise and cogent interpretation are provided by long-term memory Comprehending these constituents and their functions facilitates an appreciation of the cognitive intricacy involved in successive interpretations Skilled interpreters learn how to improve their working memory using various strategies such as chunking material, practicing active listening and note-taking procedures, and employing mnemonic devices.

1.3.2 Role of working memory in language processing

The role of working memory in language processing during consecutive interpreting is pivotal, as it enables interpreters to manage, manipulate, and transform information from one language to another in real-time Consecutive interpreting, unlike simultaneous interpreting, involves listening to a segment of speech, taking notes, and then rendering the speech in the target language after the speaker pauses This process relies heavily on various components and functions of working memory to ensure accuracy and coherence.

Here's an in-depth look at how working memory supports language processing in consecutive interpreting:

The phonological loop is vital for the temporary storage and manipulation of auditory information During consecutive interpreting, interpreters must hold spoken words and phrases in short-term memory long enough to understand and then translate them The phonological store captures the auditory input, while the articulatory rehearsal process helps maintain this information through subvocal repetition This dual mechanism allows interpreters to preserve the integrity of the original message while preparing to render it in the target language.

The visuospatial sketchpad supports the management of visual and spatial information, which is particularly relevant for note-taking during interpreting. Effective note-taking is not merely about writing down words but involves organizing information spatially on the page to create a coherent visual representation that can be quickly and accurately recalled The visuospatial sketchpad helps interpreters structure their notes in a way that mirrors the logical flow and emphasis of the original speech Additionally, interpreters often rely on visual cues from the speaker, such as gestures and facial expressions, to fully grasp the context and nuances of the message.

Training and Development

In consecutive interpreting, training programs are crucial for interpreter development, targeting the enhancement of listening and working memory skills Structured curricula and simulations replicate real-world interpreting scenarios, preparing interpreters to handle diverse and complex discourse These training methodologies aim to improve interpreters' proficiency and empower them to effectively convey messages in consecutive interpreting situations.

The strategies to improve listening form the core area of training for an interpreter: active listening, separation of essential and peripheral information, and reduction of cognitive load Indeed, research proves that these strategies will help interpreters to process effectively and retain with accuracy the spoken content - issues very important to interpreting cohesively and faithfully.

It will also explore various cognitive training techniques to enhance interpreters' working memory capacity Research on cognitive training packages reappraises mnemonic techniques, memory exercise, and mental rehearsal practices for their effects on lowering cognitive load in the course of interpreting tasks In this context, such interventions could significantly bolster interpreters' capacity to handle multiple streams of information simultaneously and maintain high interpretive quality even under pressure.

Feedback mechanisms are the most important factor in the development of interpreters Feedback from instructors, peers, and self-evaluation can help an interpreter find deficiencies in his/her listening and memory These steps provide interpreters with skill refinement through a continuous, iterative process, thereby promoting lifelong improvement.

This also applies to Continuing Professional Development (CPD) initiatives, which offer activities for interpreters to continually broaden and sharpen their cognitive skills over time Workshops, seminars, and online courses are a few of the many platforms which afford interpreters an opportunity to pursue continuous learning about new developments in methodologies and technologies related to interpreting.

Interpretation training has, therefore, gone a revolutionary mile into the future with technology integration Digital tools, interpreting simulation software, and virtual reality platforms duplicate real-life interpreting settings and create an immersive experience in learning, paving the way to get equipped with the

To successfully navigate diverse linguistic and cultural settings, interpreters must cultivate "situation-ability" and "resilience." These qualities empower interpreters to adapt to various scenarios, enhancing their ability to effectively communicate and bridge cultural gaps.

This cross-cultural competence and multilingual ability comprise two inseparable elements in the training of an interpreter Cultural and linguistic sensitivity enhancement strategies need to be used to enable interpreters to help bridge communication gaps and foster mutual understanding between different contexts.

Empirical studies confirm the efficiency of training interventions with regard to improving interpreters' listening performance, enhancing working memory capacity, and improving overall interpreting competence Since the skills trained actually transfer to authentic situations, real research findings actually prove the persistence of the effects of thorough training and development programs.

Synthesizing these insights into the Training and Development section of the literature review, subtle insight is gained into how the education of interpreters and their further professional development foster the cognitive competencies involved in effective consecutive interpreting It is on this base that the rationale for further research informed by this work can be optimized for training methodologies to better advance the proficiency of interpreters in the dynamic global setting.

Technology and Cognitive Support

Technological advancements have significantly enhanced consecutive interpreting by leveraging cognitive support theories This integration improves interpreters' cognitive abilities, enabling them to effectively listen and retain information in their working memory By understanding the interconnectedness between technology and cognition, practitioners can optimize interpreting techniques and improve overall performance.

The technological instruments designed for the training and practice of interpreters are highly important for simulating situations occurring in genuine interpreting environments Simulation software and virtual reality platforms can place interpreters in very real scenarios, modeling many of the complexities involved in live interpretations Using simulation tools, one is able to learn how

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University to handle cognitive demands and process speech during interpretation in real time toward accuracy and coherence.

Moreover, there will be the existence of cognitive support through the digital platforms, with features designed to enhance the listening capabilities of interpreters For example, speech recognition software assists in rendering spoken content that the interpreters can re-play and improve their interpretation of the message AI algorithms advanced the ability of speeches, giving feedback on pace and clarity, and cultural nuances in speech, to facilitate further skills development.

Other examples of technological innovations are assistive devices that reduce the cognitive burden in the course of interpretation tasks This is the case of mobile devices equipped with note-taking applications, which, together with glossaries and terminology databases, put information at interpreters' fingertips for the efficient management of complex discourses These tools act as cognitive props, allowing interpreters to be focused, hold their ideas, and render with ease accurate interpretations under pressure.

The fusion of cognitive theories and technology empowers digital solutions to transform interpreter education Cognitive science principles underpin the design of user interfaces and adaptive learning algorithms, catering to the intricacies of interpreter learning processes This synergy fosters personalized learning experiences, optimizing skill acquisition and long-term retention.

Furthermore, collaborative platforms and online communities are useful in exchanging information and learning from other practitioners worldwide. Interpreters can make use of virtual forums and webinars to contribute to best

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University practice experiences, share views on technological tools, and find innovative ways to satisfy certain cognitive challenges during interpretation.

Empirical studies prove how those technology-enhanced learning environments improve interpreters' cognitive skills and enhance interpreting performance. Specifically, results have shown that digital tools are both scalable and accessible to support interpreters representing different linguistic and cultural contexts, hence opening possibilities and opportunities for continuous professional development and adaptation in a fast-changing global environment.

Synthesizing the literature review at the juncture of these two lines of development in technology and cognitive support, a more complete understanding emerges of how digital innovations could promote and augment interpreters' cognitive workings This critical synthesis will go on to underpin future research endeavors that seek to optimize technological interventions for interpreters while continuing to advance the delivering education environment into an increasingly digitalized world.

Previous Studies

In exploring the intricate domain of consecutive interpreting, previous research has extensively examined the critical roles of listening skills and working memory These cognitive components are pivotal in ensuring the accuracy and efficiency of interpretation This section provides a synthesis of relevant studies that underscore the significance of these elements.

Research by Kopke and Nespoulous [7], Signorelli, Haarmann, and Obler [8], and others have highlighted the critical role of working memory and listening skills in interpreting performance These studies indicate that targeted training can enhance these cognitive abilities, thereby improving interpreting outcomes. Gile’s effort model on consecutive interpretation has been instrumental in understanding these dynamics His analysis revealed a complex interplay

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University between memory and note-taking, showing that comprehension, memory, and note-taking function cooperatively Gile also identified note-taking as a crucial auxiliary tool in consecutive interpretation [9] Lambert [10] emphasized the significance of effective listening for accurate interpreting, as it allows interpreters to grasp the full meaning, nuances, and emotional undertones of the speaker’s message.

The significance of working memory in interpreting has been affirmed by numerous studies Baddeley's model of working memory [11], which encompasses the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, and central executive, offers a framework for understanding how interpreters handle cognitive load Zhang [12] examined the role of note-taking and memory in consecutive interpretation, while Timarová, Čeňková, and Meylaerts [13] investigated the relationship between working memory capacity and interpreting performance Their findings suggest that interpreters with higher working memory spans tend to produce more accurate and fluent interpretations These conclusions are supported by Kopke and Nespoulous [7], who observed that professional interpreters exhibit superior working memory capabilities, enabling them to manage the dual tasks of listening and speaking during interpretation.

Recent studies have further explored the integration of listening and working memory in the context of interpreting Golmohammadi and Rostam [14] investigated attention and short-term memory under five noise conditions: quiet, closed offices, open-plan offices, control rooms, and industrial workplaces, taking task difficulty into account Their findings indicate that noise can distract cognitive performance in occupational settings, with the impact varying according to the type of noise and the nature of the task.

The concept of self-efficacy, introduced by Bandura [15], pertains to an individual's belief in their ability to succeed in specific tasks In the context of interpreting, self-efficacy influences interpreters' confidence in their skills and

Interpreters with higher self-efficacy, as indicated by Liu et al.'s research, tend to perform more effectively in consecutive interpreting tasks This is attributed to their increased confidence, which allows them to navigate the cognitive complexities of interpreting with greater proficiency.

Multitasking and language switching pose challenges in interpreting Seeber highlights the negative impact of multitasking on interpreting quality, as it can impair performance However, recent research suggests that skilled multitaskers are capable of handling the demands of interpreting more efficiently This finding warrants further exploration into the types of multitasking that enhance interpreting performance and those that hinder it.

In summary, previous studies underscore the critical roles of listening skills and working memory in consecutive interpreting These cognitive abilities are essential for interpreters to manage the complex tasks involved in accurately and effectively translating spoken messages The literature also highlights the importance of self-efficacy and the nuanced impact of multitasking on interpreting performance This body of research provides a robust foundation for understanding the cognitive demands of consecutive interpreting and informs the present study's exploration of these factors among 3rd and 4th-year students atPhenikaa University.

Gap in the Literature

Despite extensive research on cognitive demands in consecutive interpreting, particularly regarding listening skills and working memory, there are still unresolved issues.

First, the bulk of research to date remains at a very theoretical level with regard to listening and working memory, without explicating applications in real

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University interpreting situations That is, very little has been explored with respect to how cognitive theories might be translated into actual strategies for interpreters, with large gaps in how such skills are to be effectively developed and applied in practice.

It is also an entirely new area of research into which very few studies have been conducted: how technological innovation can eventually affect consecutive interpreting listening and working memory While a few studies have begun raising awareness about the potential benefits of simulation software, VR platforms, and assistive devices in this setting, there is a general lack of studies on how such technology may be systematically integrated into interpreter training programs for the training of improved cognitive skills.

Much of the literature, however, is focused on professional interpreters, with little or no regard for interpreting students or novice interpreters Understanding how such cognitive skills are developed from the very early stages of interpreter training to professional practice holds a key to effective design of educational intervention Longitudinal studies that trace the development of the skills of listening and working memory over time in interpreting students are particularly sparse.

Another aspect that has been paid little attention in the interpreting contexts is cultural and linguistic diversity Most studies are carried out either on a specific language pair or within particular cultural settings, therefore not generalizable. For example, understanding how various linguistic and cultural backgrounds influence listening capacity and the ability of working memory would give the insight into which aspects of those cognitive processes were universal and which context-bound.

Furthermore, the note-taking/listening interplay in consecutive interpretation remains underresearched Regarding the relationship with listening and working

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University memory, given that note-taking is one of the key skills, how it interrelates with other major components - for instance, how it influences and is influenced by the management of cognitive load and retention of information - remains vague This gap might be filled out by investigating how note-taking strategies substitute and complement listening and working memory in the process of interpretation.

Ultimately, current methodologies of research are fond of self-reported data, which may host biases and inaccuracies More objective neuroimaging studies or cognitive assessment tests should be conducted to gain in-depth information about how listening and working memory work together in consecutive interpreting.

By addressing these gaps through targeted research, the field of consecutive interpreting can advance towards a more thorough and practical understanding of cognitive processes This research finds application in the development of training programs and technological tools more attuned to helping interpreters reach high levels of accuracy and efficiency.

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study employs a quantitative research design to investigate the role of listening and working memory in consecutive interpreting An online survey and a face-to-face survey through questionnaires are conducted to collect primary data The sample for this study consists of third-year and final-year students enrolled in the Translation program at the Department of English, Phenikaa University This specific group was selected to ensure that participants have substantial training and practical experience in consecutive interpreting, making them suitable subjects for assessing the cognitive demands of this task At the end of the survey, 78 third-year students and 28 fourth-year students majoring in English at Phenikaa University participated in answering the questionnaire.

The primary objective of this research is to measure the subjective experiences and self-assessed competencies of interpreters in relation to listening and working memory By utilizing a structured questionnaire, the study collects quantifiable data on various aspects of interpreting performance, listening skills, and working memory The questionnaire includes statements that participants respond to on a Likert scale, providing a range of agreement levels from

"Strongly Disagree" to "Strongly Agree." This format enables the precise measurement of participants' perceptions and experiences.

By adopting a quantitative research design, this study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of listening and working memory in consecutive interpreting The systematic collection and analysis of data will contribute valuable insights into the cognitive processes involved in interpreting, ultimately informing training programs and enhancing interpreter performance.

Participants

The research subjects participating in the survey included over 100 students majoring in English Language at Phenikaa University, aged between 18 and 22 years old, irrespective of gender These students were enrolled in their 3rd and final years at Phenikaa University and were actively engaged in consecutive interpreting practice as part of their program curriculum.

These criterions ensured that all participants had undergone significant training and had practical experience in consecutive interpreting, making them suitable subjects for investigating the cognitive aspects of interpreting All participants provided consent after receiving an explanation of the purpose of the study In fact, 106 valid votes were collected for statistical analysis The survey tool was distributed to 2 subjects of students from the English Department participating at Phenikaa University, of which 73.6% of 3rd year students and 26.4% of 4th year students completed the survey.

Figure 2.2 The number of students majoring in Translation and Interpretation participating in the survey at Phenikaa University

1 After determining the scope of the survey within Phenikaa University with the participation of more than 100 students, the survey results were withdrawn after 15 days of giving the survey form on the student forums of the university, class groups, classmates, and through the form of direct

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University survey through the survey paper The demographic information collected included age, gender, number of years of experience in consecutive interpreting, and number of languages spoken fluently A total of 106 students participated in the study, with 78 third-year students and 28 final- year students, who had varying levels of interpreting experience and linguistic proficiency, ranging in age from 20 to 22 Thereby, 106 valid votes were obtained for statistical analysis Specific data on participants are clearly shown in the following table:

Survey participants Number of Survey

Proficiency in 2 or more languages 3 2,8

Years of experience inconsecutive interpreting

Students with less than 1 year of translation experience 39 36,8

Students with 1 year or more of translation experience 67 63,2

Table 2.2 Subjects and number of survey participants

Instruments

The survey was distributed directly to the participants both in paper form and electronically via the Internet (online) It was administered to over 100 students enrolled in the English Language program at Phenikaa University, aged between

18 to 22 years old, encompassing both genders These students were predominantly in their third and final years of study at the university The selection criteria for participants required them to be actively involved in the Translation program at Phenikaa University, specifically engaged in consecutive interpreting practice as part of their academic curriculum.

The survey instrument employed for data collection was a structured questionnaire designed to comprehensively evaluate different facets related to listening skills, working memory, and interpreting performance It encompassed

25 statements divided into five distinct sections: Listening Skills, Working Memory, Interpreting Performance, Self-Efficacy and Strategies, and Language Switching and Multitasking.

Each section of the questionnaire aimed to assess specific aspects:

1 Listening Skills: This section focused on gauging participants' confidence in recalling information, maintaining concentration, and how they perceived the impact of their listening skills on their overall interpreting performance.

2 Working Memory: Here, the questionnaire probed into the challenges participants faced in maintaining coherence during interpretation, managing cognitive demands, and their views on the benefits of training aimed at enhancing working memory.

3 Interpreting Performance: This part explored the difficulties encountered by participants in keeping up with speech pace, experiencing mental fatigue, and effectively conveying the intended meaning of speakers.

4 Self-Efficacy and Strategies: Participants were asked about their beliefs regarding the effectiveness of various strategies in improving their interpreting skills.

5 Language Switching and Multitasking: Lastly, this section evaluated the challenges related to switching between languages, multitasking, and maintaining the tone and style of the speaker across different languages.

Responses to the questionnaire were recorded using a Likert scale, ranging from

"Strongly Disagree" to "Strongly Agree," providing a nuanced understanding of participants' perspectives on each dimension assessed.

Procedure

The study was conducted over the course of a month Participants were first briefed about the study's objectives and the confidentiality of their responses. They were then provided with the questionnaire, which they completed in a controlled environment to minimize distractions The researcher was available to clarify any questions regarding the questionnaire items.

The study was conducted in two phases In the first phase, The participants were 3rd year students who were invited to complete the questionnaire This was conducted in person to ensure accessibility and convenience for all students. Participants were informed about the purpose of the study, assured of the confidentiality of their responses, and reminded that their participation was voluntary.

In the second phase, follow-up survey was scheduled with a subset of participants who are final-year students This was administered online, depending on the participants' preferences and availability The interviews focused on elaborating the responses given in the questionnaire, particularly regarding listening strategies, memory retention, note-taking techniques, and challenges faced during interpreting sessions.

All survey participants agreed after receiving an explanation of the purpose of the study In order to analyze and study the role of listening skills and short-term memory in continuous interpretation in real-life situations of translation students, the following methods have been used in the analysis process:

Document research method: Refer to specialized research works, books, newspapers, and journals on issues related to the topic From there, use the method of analysis, synthesis, classification, and systematization of theory to build a theoretical basis for the topic.

Practical research methods: Poll method, data collection method via Google Forms, and use of statistical software to synthesize and analyze data The team hopes that this method will bring analytical results that are suitable for the purpose of scientific research.

Raw survey data is cleansed by discarding incomplete or irrelevant responses Descriptive statistical analysis is then applied to the cleaned data using Microsoft Excel 2013 This analysis generates tabular and graphical representations of the results, facilitating the interpretation of the data.

Data Analysis

The data processing method includes methods of calculating percentages and averages to ensure the reliability of the evaluations on the topic Data were collected through the completed questionnaires, which were then compiled for analysis Each response was coded numerically to facilitate statistical analysis. The process ensured that all data were treated with strict confidentiality and anonymity In addition, the report also uses the research results of published research works related to the research content of the topic to facilitate statistical analysis The process ensured that all data were treated with strict confidentiality and anonymity.

2.5.1 Export and clean survey data

Surveys are conducted using Google's Online Forms application, which allows creators to save survey data as an Excel sheet with columns as the survey questions' names and rows as each audience's survey results At the same time, hard copies (paper questionnaires) are also broadcast live to survey participants. Data is retrieved and unsatisfactory data is removed, such as: not completing 100% of the survey, or recording the wrong survey subjects.

The data will be reviewed and adjusted to a common format to unify the measurement and statistics in the data processing step, specifically:

Adjust the Data for years of experience in translation to numerical form, rounding up to 2 decimal places.

Adjust the data on the number of fluent languages in accordance with the criteria and classification of English provided by the survey subjects.

Adjust the spelling and formatting for quantitative answers according to the standards of each question.

After the data is cleaned and supplemented to fully input the measurement values, the author uses the Pivot Table tool on Microsoft Excel to statistically calculate the data in the form of a table using calculations: counting quantities, calculating proportions, calculating averages, etc.

Tabular data is used to create charts to provide better visualization and information that is easier for readers to understand.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Results

In this section, the researcher presents the data obtained from the questionnaire, which explored various aspects of listening skills in consecutive interpreting The data is presented in a bar chart format, visually representing participants' responses across several statements regarding their listening abilities and the impact of working memory on their interpreting performance.

The chart below summarizes the responses to the statements in the Listening Skills section, with participants indicating their level of agreement on a Likert scale ranging from "Strongly Disagree" to "Strongly Agree."

Figure 3.1.1.1 Assessed confidence in recalling information, maintaining focus, and the perceived impact of listening skills on interpreting performance

Statement 1: Confidence in Ability to Recall Information: I am confident in my ability to accurately recall information while listening to a speaker.

The responses indicate a varied level of confidence among participants regarding their ability to accurately recall information while listening A substantial number of participants (approximately 20) strongly disagreed, while around 25 disagreed.

A significant portion of respondents (around 40) remained neutral, indicating neither strong confidence nor doubt However, there is a notable group (approximately 20) that agreed with the statement, and a smaller yet significant number (around 15) strongly agreed, reflecting a diverse range of confidence levels in recall ability.

Statement 2: Ease of Maintaining Focus and Concentration: I find it easy to maintain focus and concentration while listening to a speaker for an extended period.

The majority of respondents (close to 60) remained neutral about finding it easy to maintain focus and concentration during extended listening sessions Around

20 participants disagreed, while a similar number (approximately 20) agreed, and about 10 participants strongly agreed This distribution suggests that maintaining focus and concentration is a challenge for some interpreters but manageable for others.

Statement 3: Impact of Working Memory Capacity: My working memory capacity affects my ability to interpret consecutive speeches accurately.

Responses to the statement regarding the impact of working memory capacity on interpreting accuracy show that most participants (over 40) agreed that their working memory capacity significantly affects their ability to interpret consecutive speeches accurately Around 20 participants strongly agreed, underscoring the critical role of working memory in interpreting tasks A smaller number of respondents (approximately 15) were neutral, and very few participants disagreed, indicating general consensus on the importance of working memory.

Statement 4: Struggle to Remember Key Points: I often find myself struggling to remember key points of a speech while interpreting consecutively.

Interpreters commonly encounter challenges in retaining key points while interpreting speeches Data indicates that approximately 30 participants strongly agreed with the difficulty of remembering crucial information during consecutive interpreting A significant number (20) remained neutral, while a similar group (20) agreed A smaller proportion (10) strongly agreed, emphasizing the prevalence of this challenge among interpreters.

Statement 5: Belief in Improving Listening Skills: I believe that improving my listening skills would positively impact my consecutive interpreting performance.

A strong consensus emerged regarding the belief that improving listening skills would positively impact interpreting performance About 20 participants strongly agreed, and a similar number (around 20) agreed Around 20 respondents remained neutral, and very few disagreed or strongly disagreed, emphasizing the general belief in the value of enhancing listening skills for better interpreting outcomes.

The survey result of this section presents the findings related to the role of working memory in consecutive interpreting The data is derived from responses to five statements designed to assess various aspects of working memory,including coherence and cohesion in speech, cognitive demand management,reliance on memory aids, and the ability to distinguish between important and less important information.Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University

Figure 3.1.1.2 Evaluate the challenges of maintaining engagement, managing cognitive needs, and the perceived benefits of working memory training

Statement 6: Challenges in Maintaining Coherence: I often find it challenging to maintain coherence and cohesion while interpreting consecutive speeches.

The responses to this statement indicate a notable challenge among interpreters.

A significant number of participants (45) agreed, and 19 strongly agreed, indicating that maintaining coherence and cohesion is a common difficulty A substantial portion (33) remained neutral, suggesting a range of experiences Few participants (7) strongly disagreed, and only 2 disagreed, highlighting that while some interpreters manage well, a majority struggle with this aspect of working memory.

Statement 7: Confidence in Ability to Manage the cognitive demands: I am confident in my ability to manage the cognitive demands of consecutive interpreting.

Confidence in managing cognitive demands varied significantly among participants A majority (47) were neutral, reflecting uncertainty or variability in their confidence levels While 30 participants agreed, only 3 strongly agreed, suggesting limited strong confidence Conversely, 24 participants disagreed and

2 strongly disagreed, indicating that a considerable number of interpreters do not

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University feel confident in managing cognitive demands, which could impact their performance.

Statement 8: The Perceived Benefits of Working Memory Training: I believe that training specifically focused on working memory would benefit consecutive interpreting skills.

There is a strong consensus on the potential benefits of working memory training.

A significant number of participants (46) agreed, and 22 strongly agreed that such training would be beneficial A considerable portion (32) remained neutral, possibly reflecting uncertainty about the specific impacts of such training Very few participants (4 disagreed and 2 strongly disagreed) were skeptical about the benefits, indicating general support for targeted working memory training among interpreters.

Statement 9: Tend to Rely heavily on Notes or Memory Aids: I tend to rely heavily on notes or memory aids while interpreting consecutively.

The data reveals a high reliance on notes or memory aids among interpreters A majority (47) agreed, and 14 strongly agreed that they heavily depend on these aids A significant portion (35) were neutral, suggesting variability in reliance. Few participants (6 disagreed and 4 strongly disagreed) indicated low dependency on memory aids, underscoring the general trend of reliance on external aids to support working memory during interpreting tasks.

Statement 10: Difficulty in distinguishing between important and less important information: I often experience difficulty in distinguishing between important and less important information while interpreting consecutively.

The majority of participants (56 out of 65) found it challenging to differentiate between crucial and less important information Only a small number found it effortless (12 out of 65) This indicates that the ability to prioritize information can vary widely, with many individuals struggling to do so effectively.

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University indicating that while some interpreters can effectively distinguish key information, many struggle with this aspect of working memory.

This section presents the findings related to the interpreting performance of participants, based on their self-assessment of various aspects of consecutive interpreting The participants responded to statements concerning their ability to keep up with the pace of speech, experiences of mental fatigue, clarity and coherence in interpretation, confidence in conveying the speaker's intended meaning, and occurrences of mental blocks.

Figure 3.1.1.3 Explore the difficulties in keeping up with the speed of speech, mental fatigue, and the ability to communicate their intended meaning

Statement 11: Keeping Up with the Pace of Speech: I find it challenging to keep up with the pace of speech while interpreting consecutively.

Participants were asked to indicate the extent to which they found it challenging to keep up with the pace of speech while interpreting consecutively The responses reveal that a significant portion of participants (48) agreed with this statement, suggesting that many interpreters experience difficulty with maintaining the required pace Additionally, 24 participants strongly agreed, further emphasizing this challenge On the other hand, 22 participants were neutral, indicating neither agreement nor disagreement, while 9 disagreed and 7

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University strongly disagreed, showing that a smaller group does not find the pace as challenging.

Statement 12: Experiencing Mental Fatigue or "Burnout": I often experience mental fatigue or "burnout" after prolonged consecutive interpreting sessions. The responses to the statement about experiencing mental fatigue or burnout after prolonged interpreting sessions indicate that this is a common issue among participants A notable number of respondents (29) agreed, and 24 strongly agreed, highlighting the prevalence of mental fatigue Meanwhile, 42 participants remained neutral, suggesting variability in experiences of fatigue A smaller group (5 participants each) disagreed or strongly disagreed, indicating that some interpreters do not frequently encounter this problem.

Statement 13: Maintaining Clarity and Coherence: I am able to maintain clarity and coherence in my interpretation even when faced with complex or ambiguous speech.

Discussion

The findings of this study align with previous research that emphasizes the critical role of listening skills and working memory in interpreting Studies by Moser-Mercer (2000) [5] and Gile (1995) [9] have highlighted the cognitive load involved in interpreting tasks and the necessity of robust working memory to handle this load effectively Furthermore, the observed positive correlation between self-efficacy and interpreting performance aligns with Bandura's theory

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University of self-efficacy [15], which asserts that an individual's belief in their own abilities significantly influences performance outcomes.

However, this study diverges from some prior research through its detailed exploration of multitasking capabilities While certain studies, such as those by Seeber [16], suggest that multitasking may detract from the quality of interpreting, our findings reveal that individuals with proficient multitasking skills can more effectively handle the demands of consecutive interpreting This discrepancy indicates a potential avenue for further research into distinguishing between multitasking activities that are beneficial and those that are detrimental to interpreting performance.

This research has contributed enormously to increasing our current theoretical understanding of consecutive interpretation by revealing complex roles that listening skills and working memory play It is a development that enriches cognitive theories on the explanation of the cognitive processing and memorization done by interpreters in real-time scenarios Results show the interaction between auditory perception, language comprehension, and memory mechanisms in the process of interpretation The improved theoretical underpinning contributes much to a better understanding of the cognitive processes involved in interpretation and, more specifically, how interpreters can cope with the linguistic complexities while remaining accurate.

The study has very practical implications for both basic training and professional practice Identification of the listening process underlines the special need for

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University specific training designed to enable interpreters to grasp nuances in spoken languages Furthermore, understanding the impact of working memory on interpreting performance provides insights into ways to decrease cognitive load, improve coherence in interpretations, and reduce mental fatigue The knowledge is helpful in making pertinent and useful training programs that rely on effective listening strategies, effective memory techniques, and adaptive learning approaches.

The findings of this study bring to the fore the importance of continuous professional development for the interpreters In this respect, this paper requires continuous training in cognitive strategies and self-regulation techniques, along with reflective practice, to keep the proficiency and adaptability of an interpreter up to date The present research also invites interdisciplinary collaboration between cognitive psychology, linguistics, and interpreter education if a full understanding of interpreting skills and their cognitive underpinnings is to be forged.

This research connects theoretical advancements with practical implications for interpreter training and standards By examining the impact of listening skills and working memory on interpreting proficiency, it provides a foundation for informed pedagogical practices and professional guidelines It emphasizes the need for comprehensive Interpreter Education that integrates cognitive theories with practical performance skill development to enhance interpreting capabilities and meet the evolving communication demands across the globe.

For the future, this would be a significant area for longitudinal research to identify how interpreters' listening skills and working memory change over time. Research could therefore identify the developmental paths of these cognitive abilities and how they evolve through experience and practice in interpreting

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University environments Longitudinal evaluation from the interpreters might help in identification of the key factors that determine either improvement or decline in these critical skills.

Comparative studies would form another very promising line of investigation. They could include research on the relative effectiveness of different trainings toward the development of interpreters' listening skills and working memory. Investigations that compared traditional, classroom-based training to new technological interventions - for instance, virtual reality or AI-aided tools - would yield valuable data on which approaches measure up to others in giving better performances and managing cognitive load.

Cross-cultural studies will be useful in overseeing how cultural variables impact listening and working memory in interpreting These could be invigorated into various linguistic and cultural contexts if their influences were explored The present study would, therefore, show perhaps differences in strategies for cognitive processing by different interpreters from different backgrounds.

While the role of technology in the training of interpreters is still an extremely under-researched area, future research might investigate whether such tools could, in fact, contribute to the development of superior listening skills and working memory Experimental designs that show the effectiveness of virtual reality simulations or AI-driven feedback systems in enhancing cognitive skills and the performance of interpreters open up a wide array of new possibilities for innovative training methods.

More detailed, qualitative approaches, such as interviews or focus groups, could listen more to interpreters' subjective experiences and perceptions about the role of listening and working memory in their practice Remaining sensitive to how interpreters overcome these kinds of challenges - in particular, multitasking and

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University managing the cognitive demands - within real-world settings will firm up the base for more focused interventions and support mechanisms.

Research advancements in the intricate relationship between listening skills, working memory, and interpreting performance can enhance our understanding of interpreter competence This knowledge can inform the development of training programs and professional development pathways that foster interpreter resilience and proficiency across linguistic and cultural contexts By leveraging evidence-based insights, such research can contribute to the advancement of interpreter training and support their ability to navigate complex interactions effectively.

This research highlights the pivotal role of listening skills and working memory in consecutive interpreting Conducted among undergraduate students at Phenikaa University, the study offers valuable insights into the impact of these cognitive abilities on interpreting performance The findings contribute to the advancement of interpreting theory and inform educational practices, ensuring effective development of competent interpreters.

The results of the statistical analysis revealed several key findings:

Listening Skills: The data indicated a significant positive correlation between listening skills and interpreting performance Participants who reported higher confidence in their listening abilities tended to perform better in consecutive interpreting tasks This suggests that effective listening is crucial for accurate and coherent interpretation.

SURVEY ON THE ROLE OF LISTENING AND

Hello everyone! My name is Nguyen My Hao, a senior student of Faculty of English at Phenikaa University.

I am currently conducting a research project on "A Study on the Role of Listening and Working Memory in Consecutive Interpreting" by supervisor Hoang Van Hoat, MA Based on some research around the world, and my interest, I have developed the following survey questionnaire.

Your responses are confidential and your participation is voluntary Your insights will help the researcher understand the role of listening and working memory in interpreting.

Thank you very much for taking your time to fill out this questionnaire.

1 Please fill-up the form with the correct information and answer it reliably in accordance to the situations being stated

Years of experience in consecutive interpreting:

2 Please read each statement carefully and indicate the extent to which you agree or disagree with each statement by selecting the appropriate response on the Likert scale below

Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

1 I am confident in my ability to accurately recall information while listening to a speaker.

2 I find it easy to maintain focus and concentration while listening to a speaker for an extended period.

3 My working memory capacity affects my ability to interpret consecutive speeches accurately.

4 I often find myself struggling to remember key points of a speech while interpreting consecutively.

5 I believe that improving my listening skills would positively impact my consecutive interpreting performance.

6 I often find it challenging to maintain coherence and cohesion while interpreting consecutive speeches.

7 I am confident in my ability to manage the cognitive demands of consecutive interpreting.

8 I believe that training specifically focused on working memory would benefit consecutive interpreting skills.

9 I tend to rely heavily on notes or memory aids while interpreting consecutively.

10 I often experience difficulty in distinguishing

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University between important and less important information while interpreting consecutively.

11 I find it challenging to keep up with the pace of speech while interpreting consecutively.

12 I often experience mental fatigue or "burnout" after prolonged consecutive interpreting sessions.

13 I am able to maintain clarity and coherence in my interpretation even when faced with complex or ambiguous speech.

14 I am confident in my ability to accurately convey the speaker's intended meaning while interpreting consecutively.

"mental blocks" or moments of blankness while interpreting consecutively.

Section 4: Self-Efficacy and Strategies

16 I believe that practicing active listening techniques would improve my consecutive interpreting performance.

17 I feel confident in my ability to manage interruptions or disruptions while interpreting consecutively.

18 I often find myself mentally rehearsing or planning my interpretation while the speaker is still talking.

19 I believe that improving my vocabulary and knowledge in specific subject areas would enhance my consecutive interpreting skills.

20 I believe that practicing mindfulness or relaxation techniques would improve my consecutive interpreting performance.

Section 5: Language Switching and Multitasking

21 I am able to anticipate the speaker's next point or idea while interpreting consecutively.

22 I find it challenging to switch between languages while interpreting consecutively.

23 I believe that my ability to multitask affects my performance in consecutive interpreting.

24 I experience difficulty in maintaining the speaker's tone and style while interpreting consecutively.

25 I am able to effectively manage distractions while interpreting consecutively.

Thank you for participating in this study on consecutive interpreting Your insights will help the researcher understand the role of listening and working memory in interpreting. Your responses are confidential and your participation is voluntary.

EXPLAIN HIGHLY TECHNICAL TERMS IN THE QUESTIONNAIRE

Here is a list of the highly technical terms from the questionnaire along with explanations for each:

1 Working memory capacity: The amount of information that can be temporarily held and manipulated in one's mind This is crucial for tasks that require mental juggling of information, such as interpreting spoken language.

2 Interpret consecutive speeches: The act of translating spoken messages from one language to another after the speaker has paused This method requires the interpreter to listen, process, and then deliver the translation.

3 Coherence: The logical and orderly presentation of ideas in a speech or text In interpreting, maintaining coherence means ensuring that the translated speech makes sense and flows naturally.

4 Cohesion: The use of linguistic elements (like conjunctions, pronouns, and transitional phrases) to link sentences and paragraphs together Cohesion in interpreting involves making sure the translated content is well-connected and easy to follow.

5 Cognitive demands: The mental effort required to perform a task Consecutive interpreting involves high cognitive demands as it requires listening, processing, and translating simultaneously.

6 Consecutive interpreting: A method of interpreting where the interpreter listens to a segment of speech and then translates it during the speaker's pause. This contrasts with simultaneous interpreting, where the interpreter translates in real-time.

7 Memory aids: Tools or techniques used to assist in remembering information.

In interpreting, this could include note-taking or mnemonic devices to help recall the speaker's message.

8 Distinguishing: The ability to recognize differences between important and less important information In interpreting, distinguishing involves prioritizing key points to ensure accurate and relevant translation.

9 Interpreting performance: The effectiveness and quality of translation provided by the interpreter This can be influenced by factors such as accuracy, fluency, and clarity.

10 Mental fatigue: A state of tiredness resulting from prolonged cognitive activity In interpreting, mental fatigue can impair concentration and accuracy.

11 Burnout: A state of emotional, physical, and mental exhaustion caused by prolonged stress Interpreters may experience burnout due to the high demands of their work.

12 Clarity: The quality of being clear and easy to understand In interpreting, clarity is essential to ensure the audience comprehends the translated message.

13 Ambiguous speech: Speech that is unclear or open to multiple interpretations. Interpreters must navigate ambiguous speech to provide a precise translation.

14 Mental blocks: Moments when the mind goes blank, often due to stress or fatigue Interpreters may experience mental blocks, hindering their ability to translate effectively.

15 Self-efficacy: An individual's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations In interpreting, high self-efficacy can improve performance by boosting confidence.

16 Active listening techniques: Strategies used to fully concentrate, understand, respond, and remember what is being said Active listening is crucial in interpreting to accurately capture the speaker's message.

17 Interruptions or disruptions: Breaks or disturbances that interfere with the flow of interpreting Managing these is important to maintain the quality of translation.

18 Mentally rehearsing: The process of thinking through or practicing a task in one's mind before performing it Interpreters may mentally rehearse their translations to improve accuracy.

19 Mindfulness techniques: Practices that promote focus and awareness in the present moment These can help interpreters manage stress and maintain concentration.

20 Relaxation techniques: Methods used to reduce stress and promote calmness. Interpreters may use relaxation techniques to manage anxiety and improve performance.

21 Language switching: The process of alternating between two or more languages This is a key skill for interpreters, who must switch languages rapidly and accurately.

22 Multitasking: Performing multiple tasks simultaneously Interpreting often requires multitasking, such as listening to the speaker while translating and taking notes.

Tiêu đề	A Study On The Role Of Listening And Working Memory In Consecutive Interpreting
Tác giả	Nguyen My Hao
Người hướng dẫn	Hoang Van Hoat, M.A
Trường học	Phenikaa University
Chuyên ngành	English Language
Thể loại	Graduation Paper
Năm xuất bản	2024
Thành phố	Hanoi

Định dạng
Số trang	74
Dung lượng	790,95 KB