semantic and syntactic attributes of serial verb constructions in vietnamese

This project aims to conduct an in-depth investigation of serial verb constructions henceforth SVCs in Vietnamese, a unique linguistic phenomenon that allows for the compact encoding of

LITERATURE REVIEW

Theoretical background

The fundamental goal of this section is to analyze the unique grammatical characteristics of Vietnamese subject-verb-complement (SVC) structures This involves a thorough examination of co-verbs' functions, word order, and other syntactic features By exploring these elements, we aim to deepen our understanding of the underlying structure and properties of SVCs in Vietnamese.

1.1.1.1 Clark's analysis of co-verbs

Clark's seminal analysis, as articulated in his 1975 work, offers a foundational elucidation of the operational dynamics of co-verbs within the framework of SVCs. Within linguistic discourse, a co-verb is a specialized form of verb that collaborates with another verb to convey intricate actions or processes Clark's scholarship underscores the pivotal role that co-verbs play, particularly in Southeast Asian languages like Vietnamese, in the construction of SVCs In the context of Vietnamese SVCs, co-verbs typically function as auxiliary or secondary verbs, imparting specific semantic nuances to the overall meaning of the construction. They conventionally precede the principal verb and establish a cohesive syntactic unit with a noun phrase Furthermore, it is noteworthy that coverbs can often be rendered into English as prepositions, emblematic of their distinct grammatical role within SVCs Clark's analytical framework illuminates the nuanced interplay between coverbs and principal verbs, underscoring their collective contribution to the articulation of a diverse spectrum of events This analytical perspective furnishes a structural scaffold for comprehending the intricacies of SVCs, accentuating the substantive influence of coverbs in shaping the meaning and functionality of these constructions.

However, Clark's investigation primarily centers on the potential combinations of particular categories of verbs, including dative, locative, and beneficial verbs, with other verbs Nonetheless, the current study requires a more thorough examination that encompasses both the semantic and syntactic aspects of the constituent elements that contribute to this combinability In particular, closely examining the interaction between verbs and their counterparts reveals the unique characteristics that define SVCs within the Vietnamese linguistic framework.

From Clark's theoretical framework outlined above, the hypothesis is posed:

Hypothesis 1: Co-verbs play a vital role in Vietnamese serial verb constructions semantically and syntactically, which shape the meaning and function of these multi-verb phrases.

1.1.1.2 Patterns of serial verb constructions (Naomitsu, 1981)

The comprehensive investigation of the various patterns influencing the generation of SVCs and their unique importance is the focus of Naomitsu's (1981) work This research provides useful insights into the way verbs are combined in SVCs and provides a systematic framework for understanding the syntactic architectures at play Analyzing Naomitsu's patterns helps us understand how different verb combinations are used by speakers to express complex occurrences This meticulous research clarifies the underlying rules governing the structural composition of SVCs and makes it easier to spot recurrent syntactic configurations within them As a result, Naomitsu's patterns act as a crucial foundation for the classification and in- depth research of SVCs, offering a crucial tool for linguists investigating grammar and syntax.

Naomitsu's examination of SVCs reveals their unique syntactic features, including distinct word order, agreement, modification, and coverb usage This analysis highlights the specific syntactic frameworks peculiar to SVCs, contributing to a nuanced understanding of grammatical intricacies Moreover, deciphering these syntactic characteristics enables the identification of patterns and variations in SVC formation, laying a solid foundation for future linguistic research.

SVCs and their syntactic properties are effectively analyzed by Naomitsu.However, it might also look at comparative viewpoints with other languages that have SVCs, study pragmatic and regional variances, and further explore semantic nuances A wider background for the development of SVCs in Vietnamese would also be provided by looking at the historical development of SVCs The comprehension of Vietnamese SVCs would be improved by incorporating these factors.

Based on the theoretical framework presented by Naomitsu, the following hypothesis is proposed:

Hypothesis 2: There are fundamental syntactic rules governing how verbs combine in Vietnamese serial verb constructions.

1.1.2.1 Cognitive linguistics as a theoretical framework

The application of cognitive linguistics in the analysis of SVCs has proven pivotal in elucidating the intricacies of their semantic attributes Pioneered by eminent linguists such as Ronald Langacker (1987) and George Lakoff (1987), cognitive linguistics posits that language is profoundly intertwined with human cognition, contending that linguistic structures are rooted in cognitive processes, drawing upon conceptualizations derived from commonplace experiences Within the framework of SVCs, this paradigm facilitates a comprehensive investigation into how speakers mentally process and conceptualize information pertaining to complex events It recognizes that the structure and meaning of SVCs are molded by cognitive mechanisms, including categorization, image schemas, conceptual metaphors, and prototypes Through the application of cognitive linguistics, researchers gain valuable insights into how speakers employ cognitive resources in the construction and interpretation of SVCs This approach unveils the underlying cognitive principles that govern the selection and combination of verbs within SVCs, ultimately contributing to a more profound understanding of their semantic attributes.

The project effectively employs cognitive linguistics to elucidate the semantic attributes of SVCs However, a potential research gap lies in a more detailed exploration of how specific cognitive mechanisms, like categorization,image schemas, conceptual metaphors, and prototypes, directly influence the formation and interpretation of SVCs in the Vietnamese context A more in-depth analysis of these processes, especially their impact on verb selection and combination within SVCs, could provide a nuanced understanding of the cognitive foundations shaping SVC semantics in Vietnamese Investigating potential variations in cognitive processing among different groups of Vietnamese speakers or across contexts could further enrich our understanding of this interplay.

Talmy's work in 2000 introduces the pivotal concept of an event within the framework of cognitive linguistics, bearing substantial relevance for comprehending SVCs According to Talmy, an event constitutes a cognitive entity representing a distinct segment of reality, delineated by discernible boundaries and imbued with attributes akin to those of an individual entity This conceptual framework enables a nuanced examination of actions, processes, and changes as discrete cognitive units. Within the context of SVCs, Talmy's conception of an event offers invaluable insights into the amalgamation of verbs to depict complex actions or processes It establishes a theoretical foundation for comprehending how speakers conceptualize and articulate events through the syntactic and semantic structures of SVCs By recognizing events as fundamental units of meaning, researchers attain an elevated understanding of the semantic intricacies underlying SVCs in Vietnamese Talmy's extension of the event concept through the introduction of macro-events holds substantial significance in the examination of SVCs Macro-events are organized as gestalts, delineating a relational framework between the principal event and the co- event The co-event serves as a complementary event, encompassing facets such as manner, purpose, and causality, thereby contributing additional layers of semantic depth Within Vietnamese SVCs, macro-events assume a pivotal role in the conceptualization and articulation of events They facilitate the incorporation of supplementary information or alternative perspectives, thereby augmenting the overall semantic richness of the construction A discerning grasp of the import of macro-events provides deeper insights into the nuanced meanings conveyed by SVCs, thereby illuminating the intricacies of linguistic expression.

While Talmy gains an in-depth insight into the concepts of event and macro- events in understanding SVCs, providing concrete examples or case studies demonstrating their application in actual SVCs, as well as considering potential variations across contexts, would further enrich the analysis This would bridge theoretical concepts with real-world linguistic manifestations, offering a more comprehensive understanding of SVCs in Vietnamese.

According to Talmy's theoretical framework, the following hypothesis is put forward:

Hypothesis 3: The application of cognitive linguistics, specifically Talmy's conceptualization of events and macro-events, as an analytical lens for Vietnamese serial verb constructions will uncover the intricate cognitive mechanisms shaping how speakers mentally construct and encode complex events through multi-verb phrases.

Research investigating the perspectives of native Vietnamese speakers on serial verb constructions (SVCs) forms a crucial component of this study Utilizing qualitative and data analysis, researchers like Le Binh Thanh (2015), Nguyen Van Khang (2012), Do Ba Khang (2019), and Nguyen Thi Minh Tam (2020) have explored the motivations, conceptualization patterns, cognitive underpinnings, and cultural influences behind SVC usage These studies employ methods such as interviews, surveys, and ethnographic observations to delve into the cognitive processes and cultural frameworks that shape Vietnamese speakers' employment of SVCs in expressing complex events.

1.1.3.2 Influence of culture on SVCs construction

The construction and utilization of SVCs are not solely influenced by linguistic principles but are profoundly impacted by cultural nuances Scholars like Nguyen Thi Thanh Binh (2018) explores how cultural aspects influence the formation and use of serial verb constructions in Vietnamese; Le Huu Khoa (2014), Hoang Van Van (2017), Nguyen Thi Thao (2019), and Pham Van Hanh (2020) have extensively studied the interplay between language and culture in the Vietnamese context This section scrutinizes how cultural values, social hierarchies, and traditional practices influence the choice and formation of SVCs It delves into how speakers draw on cultural norms and shared experiences to convey complex events, illuminating the intricate relationship between language and culture in the construction of SVCs.

Cognitive linguistics offers a robust framework for scrutinizing the cultural dimensions of SVCs When coupled with cultural studies, this approach allows for a discerning examination of how linguistic expressions both reflect and contribute to cultural norms and practices Eminent researchers in this field, including Pham Van Dong (2019) examines how conceptual categorization and cultural frames influence the semantics of Vietnamese serial verb constructions, highlighting their intricate relationship with embodied cognition , Nguyen Thi Thu Ha (2017) investigates the intersection of cognitive linguistics and culture by analyzing Vietnamese serial verb constructions, revealing how cultural models shape linguistic conceptualization and representation; Nguyen Van Dat (2020) adopts a cognitive linguistic approach to examine Vietnamese serial verb constructions, revealing how cultural worldviews shape their semantics By analyzing these constructions, the research unveils the intricate interplay between language, cognition, and cultural conceptualizations, offering insights into the embodied nature of linguistic meaning In the study of Tran Thi Thao (2015), she explores how cultural influences shape Vietnamese serial verb constructions, demonstrating the interplay between language, thought processes, and cultural conceptualizations through an empirical cross-cultural study.

In short, these studies have made significant contributions By applying cognitive linguistics, we uncover the intricate interplay between language and culture, thereby achieving a nuanced comprehension of how SVCs are embedded within broader cultural contexts Through the collective endeavors of these scholars, this section aspires to offer a comprehensive exploration of the cultural and conceptual foundations underpinning Vietnamese SVCs By bridging the divide between linguistic analysis and cultural studies, we attain a holistic understanding of howSVCs concurrently reflect linguistic structure and cultural identity within theVietnamese linguistic framework.

Previous study

1.2.1 Semantic aspects of serial verb constructions in Vietnamese

Nguyen's 2015 study significantly advances the understanding of serial verb constructions in Southeast Asian languages, with a primary focus on Vietnamese. Employing a meticulous approach, Nguyễn delves into the semantic intricacies of SVCs across Vietnamese, Thai, and Cambodian Through detailed analysis, the study reveals the subtle variations in how verbs are serialized in these languages, emphasizing the linguistic versatility inherent in SVCs However, while Nguyễn provides valuable insights into the semantic dimensions, the study does not extensively address the syntactic aspects of SVCs On the other hand, Tran's 2017 contribution complements this gap by shifting the analytical lens to syntax Trần meticulously examines the role of specific collocations in the serialization of verbs within Vietnamese SVCs, offering a comprehensive exploration of the structural intricacies Together, these studies provide a more nuanced and multifaceted understanding of SVCs by combining detailed semantic and syntactic analyses, thus contributing to a holistic comprehension of this linguistic phenomenon in Southeast Asian languages.

In the 2020 study by Lê, a comprehensive exploration of Vietnamese serial verb constructions is conducted Lê adopts Talmy's cognitive framework as a methodological foundation to meticulously analyze the conceptualization of events and macro-events within Vietnamese SVCs The study delves into the cognitive processes at play, offering valuable insights into how speakers mentally organize and represent complex events through the structure of SVCs The results shed light on the cognitive underpinnings of linguistic choices in expressing events In contrast, Phạm's 2022 study takes a cultural perspective to further illuminate the intricacies of Vietnamese SVCs Employing a cultural lens, Phạm investigates how cultural factors influence the selection and structure of verbs in SVCs The study reveals the nuanced ways in which cultural elements shape linguistic choices,enriching our understanding of the interplay between cultural influences, semantics,and linguistic structures in the expression of complex events However, it's worth noting that while Phạm contributes significantly to the cultural aspect, the study may not delve extensively into other linguistic dimensions, leaving room for further exploration Together, Lê and Phạm's studies provide a multifaceted analysis,combining cognitive and cultural perspectives to enhance our comprehension of the complex interrelationships within Vietnamese SVCs.

Conceptual framework

The conceptual framework for this study encompasses a comprehensive exploration of both semantic and syntactic attributes within Vietnamese SVCs Drawing on key concepts from linguistic theories and the specific features highlighted in the content, the analytical framework is designed to dissect and analyze the intricacies of these constructions The content of the conceptual framework is summarized in table 1.1 below.

- Typology of verb-framed vs satellite- framed languages

- Verb-framed languages express path in main verb, manner in adjuncts.

- Analyze if Vietnamese SVCs encode path in main verb.

- Examine adjunct phrases for manner.

- Analysis of syntactic and semantic properties of SVCs.

- Categorization of locative and dative coverbs.

- Analyze syntactic and semantic features of Vietnamese SVCs

- Examine locative and dative coverbs.

- Analyze syntactic and semantic features of Vietnamese SVCs.

- Examine locative and dative coverbs.

- Apply coordination and embedding analysis to Vietnamese SVCs.

- Categorize Vietnamese SVCs as nuclear or core.

- Determine if SVCs behave as single or complex events.

Summary

This chapter examines Vietnamese serial verb constructions across multiple dimensions including syntax, semantics, cognition, and culture It outlines seminal theories from Talmy, Clark, and Naomitsu that form the conceptual framework for analyzing features like coverbs, event conceptualization, and single versus complex event representations within SVCs Three key hypotheses are posed - first, that coverbs play a vital semantic and syntactic role within SVCs as vector verbs;second, that there are underlying combinatory principles governing verb serialization patterns; and third, that applying cognitive linguistics and Talmy's event theory will uncover the cognitive mechanisms shaping SVC semantics It summarizes previous studies on SVC semantics and syntax as well as cognitive and cultural perspectives The current study aims to build on these works through an integrated approach combining detailed analysis of syntactic characteristics,examination of semantic properties like manner and posture SVCs, application of cognitive linguistics focused on event and macro-event conceptualization, and investigation of Vietnamese cultural elements influencing SVC formation and use.This multidimensional analysis seeks deeper insight into the linguistic complexity encompassed within Vietnamese SVCs.

METHODOLOGY

Research methods

The project utilizes a diverse approach to gather data in order to thoroughly investigate SVCs The following methods are employed:

The present study utilizes qualitative research methodologies, specifically linguistic and cognitive linguistic analyses, to investigate Vietnamese SVCs The linguistic analysis places its emphasis on the examination and examination of the syntactic and semantic components of SVCs, with the objective of comprehending the structural and semantic functions of these creations The analysis pertains to the examination of the organizational structure and semantic contribution of verbs inside SVCs to complicated occurrences In addition, this study incorporates a cognitive linguistics framework, employing theoretical perspectives to examine the cognitive processes involved in the conceptualization of intricate events as conveyed by serial verb constructions in the Vietnamese language The present framework explores the cognitive processes and mental representations employed by Vietnamese speakers in the construction and interpretation of intricate language structures The objective of this research is to utilize cognitive linguistic theories in order to elucidate the fundamental conceptualizations that impact the development and comprehension of SVCs within the Vietnamese-speaking population.

To investigate Vietnamese serial verb constructions (SVCs), this study employs quantitative methods such as corpus analysis and statistical metrics The corpus analysis involves collecting authentic Vietnamese texts containing SVCs from diverse sources The gathered corpus allows for the identification and examination of SVC occurrences in natural language contexts Statistical metrics are then employed to quantify the frequencies and patterns of various SVC types in the corpus This methodical approach facilitates the enumeration and classification of SVC structures, offering insights into their prevalence and diversity in actual Vietnamese communication The quantitative approach aims to provide empirical evidence on the usage patterns and prevalence of SVCs in Vietnamese language settings.

The thesis primarily focuses on performing a descriptive analysis of sequential grammatical structures in Vietnamese The author methodically delineates many facets of these systems, encompassing syntactic qualities, semantic properties,conceptual foundations, and cultural dimensions Descriptive linguistics serves as the methodological basis for detecting, categorizing, classifying, and explaining various types of sequential verbal structures based on their structural and functional features The analysis provides a description of many subclasses of these structures,such as locative, dative, method, sequential, resultant, and others It emphasizes the unique characteristics of each subclass The descriptive orientation is effectively illustrated through the use of dense explanations and numerous authentic examples.The objective is to offer a thorough depiction of the Vietnamese linguistic phenomenon of interest, rather than advocating for theoretical models or theories.

Research design

The study focuses on gathering a wide range of written and spoken Vietnamese texts in order to particularly identify examples that contain serial verb constructions This compilation contains an extensive variety of sources, such as literary works, verbal dialogues, web information, and numerous genuine materials.The primary goal is to carefully extract SVCs from these texts in order to thoroughly assess their structural and semantic properties The research seeks to encompass the wide range of linguistic expression in Vietnamese by collecting texts from diverse sources and contexts This comprehensive method guarantees a meticulous examination of the utilization of SVCs in various communication domains, facilitating a nuanced comprehension of their usage patterns and linguistic characteristics within the Vietnamese language.

To provide a thorough portrayal of linguistic diversity, it is important to rely on genuine sources such as literature, newspapers, transcripts of conversations, and web content The many origins of these materials provide a wide range of linguistic patterns used in Vietnamese communication The research seeks to explore various registers and contexts by utilizing genuine materials It intends to capture the complexity and subtleties of the usage of serial verb constructions in written, spoken, formal, and informal settings An inclusive approach allows for a comprehensive analysis of linguistic differences, offering valuable insights into the diverse ways in which SVCs are expressed in the Vietnamese language.

The researcher follows these steps for the data collection.

The research utilized various stories and novels by renowned Vietnamese authors, categorized as VS (Vietnamese stories) and VN (Vietnamese novels) The samples were organized into two categories based on coverb types: locative and dative Table 3.1 provides a summary of these coverb samples Each sample, whether containing verbs or prepositions, may appear multiple times but conveys distinct meanings.

SVCs in Vietnamese Types of coverbs Number Directional components Number

Lo ca tiv e ve rb s Inner locative Verbs 134 Directional verbs 10

Outer locative Verbs 42 Directional prepositions

D at iv e ve rb s Dative-Goal verbs 50 Goal 38

Data collection and analysis involve various analytical frameworks and statistical tools The data analysis technique employs sequential stages to examine the data, revealing patterns and insights These stages guide the researcher through the data, ensuring thorough investigation and meaningful results.

The study utilizes the frameworks proposed by Clark (1975) and Naomitsu (1981) to provide a comprehensive syntactic analysis of serial verb constructions The existing frameworks provide a foundation for classifying and analyzing the syntactic structures that are present in SVCs in the Vietnamese language.

The study intends to comprehensively categorize the structural arrangements of verbs within SVCs by employing Clark's and Naomitsu's frameworks This analysis explores the syntactic interactions and combinations of verbs inside these constructions The research aims to discover repetitive patterns, syntactic principles, and structural variations found in SVCs by using recognized language frameworks. This technique enables a thorough comprehension of the intricate syntactic intricacies and structures that are typical of SVCs in Vietnamese. b Semantic Analysis

A main focus is on analyzing the semantic features and patterns of complex events given by various verbs inside serial verb constructions The purpose of this investigation is to discover how different verbs contribute to the semantics of complicated events within these formations The study intends to reveal the intricate ways in which distinct verbs within SVCs express specific parts of complicated events by investigating the semantic properties and relationships among verbs.

2.2.2.2 Cognitive Linguistics Approach a Conceptual Analysis

A conceptual analysis entails investigating the cultural and cognitive elements that influence the use and comprehension of serial verb constructions in Vietnamese.The purpose of this study is to discover how cultural factors and cognitive processes determine how SVCs are used and interpreted in the Vietnamese linguistic environment The study aims to uncover the underlying conceptual frameworks and mental representations that influence the production and interpretation of SVCs among Vietnamese speakers by investigating these cultural and cognitive factors. b Talmy's Model Application

Utilizing Talmy's (2000) framework involves applying it to conceptualize macro- events and understand the interplay between primary and supporting events within serial verb constructions This application seeks to utilize Talmy's model to define the overarching events and determine the correlation between the primary event and auxiliary events inside SVCs The research aims to use Talmy's framework to clarify the hierarchical structure and relationships between events in these constructions This will provide insights into the organization and interaction between distinct activities or processes expressed inside SVCs in Vietnamese.

- Annotation Scheme: Developing an annotation scheme for linguistic features and cognitive aspects relevant to SVCs.

- Coding Procedure: Coding and categorizing data based on syntactic structures, semantic attributes, and cognitive implications.

Integration of Linguistics and Cognitive Science: Combining linguistic analysis with insights from cognitive science to interpret the findings and derive conclusions.

- Researchers can leverage Microsoft Excel 2013 for statistical calculations like quantity, frequency, and percentage evaluations.- Excel's functionality extends to data visualization through the creation of charts, effectively presenting the analysis results.

This tool is the most basic instrument within this category, and it proves to be highly advantageous in the process of data collection This tool facilitates the identification of all instances of motion inside each narrative or literary work For instant, by inputting the verb "đến" into the search function, the researcher is able to find all instances of this verb within each story.

Figure 2.1 Finding the word “đến” with Foxit reader

Summary

The chapter takes a comprehensive look into Vietnamese serial verb constructions. The qualitative technique employs linguistic and cognitive linguistic studies of syntactic and semantic components to comprehend SVC structural and semantic functions The quantitative method employs corpus analysis and statistical metrics on authentic Vietnamese literature to quantify and analyze SVC occurrences for empirical conclusions The descriptive method examines sequential grammatical structures, focusing on syntactic, semantic, and cultural factors To comprehensively investigate linguistic terms, the research strategy emphasizes data collection from multiple sources Data analysis with Microsoft Excel and FoxitReader employs linguistic and cognitive linguistic techniques.

SERIAL VERB CONSTRUCTIONS IN VIETNAMESE

SVCs of locative verbs in Vietnamese

Clark's influential research (1975) explores the complex notion of the locative connection, which primarily focuses on the spatial direction of the state or event conveyed by verbs This work makes a noteworthy contribution to our comprehension of how language conveys spatial information Fillmore's work (1968: 22) introduces an important differentiation between inner and outer locative verbs. The first group imposes a very strict restriction on the context of location, typically combined with directional statements that are included in the verb phrase This suggests that inner locative verbs possess a high level of proficiency in accurately identifying spatial relationships within a limited context Conversely, outer locative verbs have a less strict need for the locative context They are commonly linked to unidirectional phrases that go beyond the limitations of the verb phrase Outer locative verbs possess the ability to describe occurrences or conditions with a wider spatial range.

Building upon this theoretical foundation, Platt's exhaustive examination (1971: 30-3) enhances the comprehension of locatives He establishes a detailed and subtle categorization system that is founded on the concept of distances Platt categorizes English into two separate degrees of location Each category correlates to distinct spatial arrangements and contextual subtleties, offering a more detailed comprehension of how information about location is represented and communicated in the English language By adopting a multidimensional approach to the study of locatives, we can enhance our understanding of how language represents spatial information Additionally, this approach provides a useful framework for evaluating and interpreting locative events in various linguistic situations.

- Inner locative: the agent is not usually located at the location indicated.

- Outer locative: the agent is usually located at the location indicated.

The number of SVCs of locative verbs in Vietnamese obtained in Appendix 2 and Appendix 3.

Inner locative verbs convey restricted spatial meanings within the verb phrase Directional particles are commonly associated with these verbs, such as "lên" (to ascend), "xuống" (to descend), and "vào" (to enter) These particles precisely encapsulate the spatial orientation of the action.

(to enter), and ra (to exit), etc to specify relational configurations The table 3.1 summarizes the sum of inner locative verbs combining with the directional verbs to constitute the SVC of inner locative.

Table 3.1 SVCs of Inner Locative Verb

Locative Verbs Directional Verbs Distribution Frequency

134 lên 116 86.56 xuống 124 83.58 vào 121 90.29 ra 95 70.89 qua 106 79.10 sang 108 80.59 lại 71 52.98 về 63 47.01 đến 113 84.32 tới 116 86.56

3.1.1.1 Inner - locative SVCs of lên/xuống

The inner locative of serial verb constructions with lên (to ascend) expresses the upward movement of the subject from a lower to a higher position and conversely xuống(to descend) To illustrate this point, consider the following example:

(3.1) Hắn vác súng chạy lên nóc nhà.

(He ran up onto the roof with a gun.)

(VN02-15) Here the verbchạy (to run) which belongs to the class of inner locative verbs, with the sense of distributing something evenly over an area combines with lên (to ascend)- is the directional verb that provides additional detail about the direction of the action - in this case, upward movement Thus lên helps specify the upward directionality of the action of chạy towards the roof This constitutes a bounded space, enclosed within the verb phrase chạy lên The agent (the subject) is not present within this space but stands outside performing the action ofchạy.

(3.2) Chúng tôi bụm nó trong tay mang ra thả xuống mé nước.

(We cupped it in our hands and brought it out to release down the water).

In this example the verb thả (to release) in this description denotes the act of releasing an object, while the verb xuống (to descend) serves as a secondary verb, denoting the downward direction of the object's movement The subject ischúng tôi

(we), and the act of releasing the object and its downward descent occur together. The termthả xuống(to release down) refers to the act of lowering an object from a higher position to a lower one, specifically into the water.

3.1.1.2 Inner - locative SVCs of vào/ra

When used as a locative verb in Vietnamese serial verb constructions, the word vào (to enter) serves as a directional verb complementing and enriching the semantics of the main verb It also invariably indicates an inward motion direction into a particular physical space or area Specifically, vào denotes entry into an enclosed region or location For example: treo… vào (hang… into),bỏ vào (put… into),móc vào(hook… into),quấn vào(wind around… into)… On the contrary, the serial verb construction consisting of a locative verb and the directional verb ra (to exit) indicates an action that starts inside an interior location, as denoted by the locative verb, and moves outward, as indicated byra Let's consider the following examples:

(3.3) …,lấy bã ném vào một cái cột đèn

(He took the mud and threw it at a lamp post)

In this SVC, we focus the analysis on two main components: The main verbném(to throw) means that use hands, legs or strength to fling/propel the dirt forcefully The second verbvào(into) indicates the direction of némaction is inward the lamp pole. ném is an active verb showing the doer carrying out the throwing action andvào is an additional verb specifying the destination direction of the throwing action. Therefore,ném vào is a serial verb construction in Vietnamese - expressing one key action and indicating the motion direction of that action.

(3.4) Không biết đó là thứ gì mà họ mang ra chợ bán.

(I don't know what was that they brought to sell at the market)

In this example, mang is the main verb, indicating the action of transporting goods, while ra serves as a secondary verb, specifying the movement of the items from inside to outside The subject of both actions is họ The phrase mang ra describes the act of transporting merchandise from inside to outside the market for selling.

3.1.1.3 Inner - locative SVCs of qua/ sang

When the word qua/ sang is used as a locative verb in serial verb constructions, it functions to indicate the direction or change of direction of the action to the right side or the other side, such as liếc qua (to look ) quay sang (to turn) , lại sang(to come back), băng sang/ băng qua (to cross/to go over ) So when used as a component serial verb, qua/ sang specifies the directional orientation of the action denoted by the main verb, forming expanded verb phrases.

(3.5) Nhìn sang bên tay phải không thấy bà vợ yêu quý đâu cả.

(Glancing to the right, he did not see his beloved wife anywhere.).

In the Vietnamese serial verb construction "nhìn sang," "nhìn" (look) indicates the agent's visual perception, while "sang" (toward) specifies the direction of the gaze "Nhìn" conveys the primary action, and "sang" modifies its directional aspect, forming a composite verb phrase that encapsulates both the action and its lateral orientation.

3.1.1.4 Inner - locative SVCs of lại/về

Serial verb constructions containing lại/về (to return/back) are used to complement the main verb with backbound directionality Specifically, lại/về indicates the motion pathway or state change of returning or moving back towards the original position or point of departure, example quay lại (to turn back), trở lại ( to return), dời về (to move back),mang về(to bring back), kéo về(to pull back),hướng về ( to face towards) Shortly, lại/về semantically denotes the reversal orientation back to the source location or reference point of key actions.

Examining the serial verb constructionquay lại(to turn back) in the given statement: (3.6) Văn Minh dẫn bà khách quay lại cái tủ kính ở phía sau lưng.

(Văn Minh guided the female guest to turn back to the cabinet behind them)

In the sentence, quay (to turn) functions as the main verb, meaning the motion of turning/pivoting one's body towards a particular direction It denotes the key action executed by the subject Lại (back) serves as the secondary verb indicating back- bound directionality, specifically signaling the return orientation back to the original point of departure In other words, it specifies that the motion vector is in the reversing path back to the starting location To sum up, quay conveys the core action of bodily reorientation performed by the agent, while lại modifies and enriches this by showing it is a turning back in the opposing direction towards a reference place from initial occurrence.

3.1.1.5 Inner - locative SVCs of đến/tới

SVCs of dative verbs in Vietnamese

According to Clark (1975) and White (2003), dative verbs are important for identifying the beneficiary or experiencer of an action Dative verbs can be categorized into two main types based on their argument structure requirements: to- dative verbs which require both a theme argument and a target argument (e.g cho

(to give), bán (to sell)), and for-dative verbs which require a theme argument and a benefactive argument (e.g mua (to buy)) Prominent examples of dative verbs in Vietnamese includecho(to give),bán(to sell), andmua (to buy).

In the domain of dative coverbs in Vietnamese, the grammatical subject is associated with a group of verbs that have an inherent objective feature encoded lexically Another group of stative verbs allows for an optional object to be included. Clark provides a detailed classification of dative coverbs into two main types - Agentive-Dative-Goal verbs (A-D-G) and Agentive-Dative-Source verbs (A-D-S). This revised categorization gives a more comprehensive framework for understanding the intricate interplay of semantic and syntactic properties of dative constructions in Vietnamese Overall, dative verbs denote actions that benefit a recipient, can be split into subclasses based on argument requirements, and their precise classification sheds light on the nature of dative constructs in Vietnamese grammar and semantics The number of dative verbs collected in the data is shown in Appendix 4 The table 4.3 summaries of SVCs including the number of dative verbs and the number of dative verbs occurring in the Agentive-Dative-Goal and the Agentive-Dative- Goal structures.

Table 3.3.SVCs of Dative Verbs In Vietnamese

Dative verbs Directional components Distribution Frequency

Agentive-Dative-Goal (A-D-G) verbs in Vietnamese are ditransitive verbs that take a direct object and an indirect dative object, which represents an animate recipient or beneficiary of the action This subclass of verbs encodes the transfer of an entity (direct object) from an agent (subject) to a specific goal or recipient (indirect dative object).

(3.16) Tôi đã gửi cho chị ấy một cái thư

In the sentence, cái thư (a letter) is the theme or direct object being transferred, while chị ấy (her) is the goal or indirect dative object - the recipient of the cái thư.

Semantically, A-D-G verbs exhibit agentivity, denoting the willful initiator of the action They also often convey directionality or motion, like the path of transfer. Additionally, they encode spatial information about the context Most importantly, the dative component profiles a recipient/beneficiary, while the direct object is the endpoint or target of the action, such as in an example:

(3.17) Nhẫn trao cho ông già một dúm thuốc lá

(Nhẫn gave the old man a handful of tobacco)

In this sentence, ông già (old man)highlights the animate goal who benefits, while một dúm thuốc lá(handful of tobacco) is the endpoint being awarded Therefore, A- D-G verbs uniquely profile both the recipient/goal and the transferred entity through their double object construction, while conveying agentive and spatial semantics. This makes them a distinct subclass of ditransitive verbs in Vietnamese.

In the first scenario, a notable linguistic phenomenon occurs where many dative verbs exhibit a tendency to undergo serialization with another dative verb,especially cho (to give) (in example 3.18), forming coverbs like bán cho (to sell to give), gửi cho (to send to give) and so on These complex coverbs not only convey intricacy but also encapsulate a multifaceted event They encompass both the experiential dimension of the agent, emphasizing the initiator's actions and experiences, and the ultimate destination of the recipient, highlighting the recipient's involvement This interaction between agent and recipient underscores the nuanced interplay of roles and perspectives within the event structure.

(3.18) Mình kể cho cậu nghe

In the second case, a dative verb combines with a directed verb like đến (to come), đi(to go), forming coverbs like such asđến(to come),lại(to return), đi(to go), qua

(to cross), and ra (to exit) These coverbs intricately encapsulate a complex event, integrating the agent's experiences and the directional aspect This construct provides a refined representation of the agent's actions and experiences, interwoven with the specific directionality, a series of coverbs is formed, such as đem đến (to bring to come), mang lại (to bring to return), khiêng đi (to carry to go), and phát ra(to emit to exit), among others Let observe the example:

(3.19) Bác Đảo đem cơm đến cho Lượng và Phán.

(Mr Đảo brought food to Lượng and Phán)

In this sentence, the interaction between the agent's actions and specified direction not only enriches the semantic content but also provides a comprehensive perspective of the event as a cohesive whole.

In short, these complex verbal constructions highlight the dynamic interplay between the agent, recipient, actions, experiences, and directionality within an event's structure.

Agentive-Dative-Source (A-D-S) verbs in Vietnamese express actions with three distinct roles: an agent performing the action, a dative recipient towards whom the action is directed, and a source indicating the origin of the action These verbs, as studied by Clark (1975), capture the nuances of actions that originate from specific sources and are directed towards specific recipients, enriching the language's expressive capabilities.

Syntactically, A-D-S verbs take an agentive subject, along with a recipient marked by the dative case cho, and a source marked by the ablative preposition từ

(from) Semantically, they encode the thematic roles of agent, recipient, theme, and source within a single compact verb complex Common A-D-S verbs in Vietnamese include mua(to buy), nhận (to receive), lấy(to take),thu(to collect), cướp (to rob), andăn cắp(to steal).

According to Clark, these A-D-S verbs denote actions associated with 'taking' When used in combination with locational verbs like “ở” (to stay/be located), they "typically exhibit a marked location" (Clark 1975) For example, serial verb constructions such as mua…ở (to buy…form), nhận…ở (to receive…from), and lấy ở (to take…from) situate the events spatially within a salient location Consider the example:

(3.20) Em cũng lùng mua cho anh ít cá ngựa ở Nha Trang.

(I will also try to buy some seahorses for you from Nha Trang)

Here, the A-D-S verb mua (to receive) combines with the locational verb ở (at) to indicate both the receptive event as well as its physical context, underscoring “the intricate interplay between actions and their respective locations” (Clark 1975). Alternatively, A-D-S verbs productively fuse with source verbs like từ (from) to highlight the origin point of the transfer event Constructions such as mua từ (to buy from), nhận từ (to receive from), lấy từ (to take from), and cướp từ (to rob from) encapsulate the action along with its source (Clark 1975) For example: (3.21) Con xin mẹ bát cơm ạ.

(Child asks mother for a bowl of rice -Please give me a bowl of rice, mum!)

Agentive-Dative-Source (A-D-S) verbs in Vietnamese efficiently encode request events with minimal grammatical markers The verb "xin" denotes the request, while "mẹ" indicates the mother as the recipient and the implied source of the requested "bát cơm" (rice bowl) The phrase "mua cho" is an example of how A-D-S verbs combine with dative verbs, capturing both the buying event and the transfer of the purchased item to the recipient These verbs offer a concise and effective way to convey complex event structures and semantic nuances by consolidating agents, goals, sources, and locations within a single morphosyntactic frame.

Summary

In this chapter, analysis of serial verb constructions (SVCs) in Vietnamese demonstrates the pivotal syntactic and semantic role of coverbs Locative coverbs like lên(to ascend) andxuống (to descend) specify spatial orientations while dative coverbs like cho (to give) and ở (to stay) situate transfer events Directional and aspectual coverbs shape motion chains and trajectories Together they transform verbs into intricate space-time representations within compact multi-verb phrases. Moreover, coverbs compositionally and logically bind predicates by governing argument structure, sharing participants, and connecting components Examination of inner locative, outer locative and dative SVCs reveals coverbs frequently combine with verbs to indicate paths, positions, and role interplay Analysis strongly confirms coverbs critically shape meaning and grammar architectures inVietnamese SVCs as an efficient linguistic encoding strategy Their capacity for semantic fusion and event integration warrants further research In essence,Vietnamese leverages the dual semantic-syntactic capabilities of coverbs to sculpt compact serialized verbal artworks that integrate multiple facets into cohesive event representations Detailed investigation of this intricate form-function interface is necessary to fully comprehend the constraints optimizing verb serialization.

SYNTAX AND SEMANTICS OF SVCs IN VIETNAMESE

The syntax of SVCs in Vietnamese

Naomitsu's 1981 work conceptualizes a sentence as a sequence of components including both noun phrases (NPs) and verbs (V) Specifically, he points out that the structure NP0 V1 (NP1) V2 (NP2) allows for various syntactic interpretations. Naomitsu identifies two main types: (1) coordination, whereby constituents are placed at the same syntactic level; and (2) embedding, in which one constituent is hierarchically subordinate to another This dual approach sheds light on the intricate nature of sentence construction and its potential for diverse syntactic analyses In essence, Naomitsu's framework unpacks the multiplicity of meanings enabled by SVC configurations in Vietnamese through a systematic examination of phrasal coordination and subordination within a sentence His study sets the groundwork for unraveling the complexity inherent in SVC syntax and their role in Vietnamese grammar and sentence formation.

Serial verb constructions depict a sequence of acts or simultaneous events related to a single subject Structurally, they consist of two or more verbs coordinated with the same subject, forming a single predicate describing multiple subevents The meaning of the SVC is determined by the semantic connection between the conjoined clauses, which can indicate either sequential actions or concurrent states The syntactic frame of SVCs may obscure the temporal relationship between the verbs, but close analysis of the embedded sentences reveals whether they represent discrete sequential episodes or overlapping simultaneous scenarios.

(4.1) a Anh ấy mở thư xem

( He opened the letter and read it)

(VS02 - 44) b Một người đã đứng dậy bước ra cửa.

(A person stood up and walked out the door)

(VS02 - 73) c Chúng ta sẽ ăn uống với nhau.

(We will eat and drinktogether)

(VN01-70) Examples (4.1a) and (4.1b) illustrate the predominant interpretation, in which two distinct events are carried out by the identical subjects These events are perceived as forming a cohesive, incorporated event Nevertheless, an alternate parsing permits the examination of these events as two distinct incidents, accomplished by introducing the coordinating conjunction và (and) between them For example, the sentence (4.1a) can be analyzed as 'Anh ấy mở thư xem '(He opened the letter and read it), and the sentence (4.1b) as ' Một người đã đứng dậy và bước ra cửa' (A person stood up and walked out the door) In example (4.1a), the subjectanh ấy(he) participates in two distinct events, which occur one after the other in a clear chronological order.

On the other hand, example (4.1c) represents the interpretation referred to as (ii), which includes two simultaneous events: ăn (to eat) and uống (to drink) These composite situations occur concurrently, with the participation of the same topic. Unlike examples (4.1a) and (4.1b), the events in (4.1c) cannot be easily separated into distinct incidents, even when the coordinating conjunction và (and) is introduced. This discrepancy highlights a fundamental difference in both the structure and meaning of this specific construction.

In Vietnamese, serial verb constructions typically involve two or more verbs conjoined without an overt coordinating conjunction like "and" These verbs share a single subject and form a sequence of actions or situations related to that subject. Examples: "ăn uống" (eat drink), "mở xem" (open see) Where as in English, consecutive actions are often connected by the conjunction "and" If there is no conjunction, the two verbs are typically understood as synonymous or describing the same action Examples: "open and read", "stand up and walk out".

In Vietnamese, the distinction between sequential actions and simultaneous situations depends on the semantics and context of the verbs within the SVC structure In English, this distinction is often clearer based on the presence or absence of a coordinating conjunction between the verbs.

Embedding in serial verb constructions refers to the syntactic integration of one clause within a matrix clause Rather than retaining independance, the embedded clause exhibits tight interlinkage with the dominant clause that houses it This fusion transpires through relative clauses, adverbials, or noun/verb phrase complementation that functionally nest a subordinate proposition within the main one Serial verb formations originate from conjoining two underlying sentences at a deep level Their surface realization coalesces these once separate pieces into a unified structure wherein one clause appears firmly embedded in the other’s fabric. The extensive possibilities for tactical embedding foreground the complex interworking of phrasal elements that enables the composite predicate system defining serial verbs Multifaceted semantic-structural intricacies emerge from how embedding causes two sentences to coalesce into a single grammatical unit with one clause embedded in the syntax and semantics of the other.

When sentences are embedded within a noun phrase, they have the ability to function as complements for both the subject (also known as SNP complementation) and the object (also known as ONP complementation) Additionally, they can function as complements for both the subject and the object The occurrence of this phenomenon highlights the plasticity of sentence embedding within the syntactic structure It enables the creation of sophisticated grammatical formulations that incorporate subject and object complements within the framework of a noun phrase. a Subject NP complementation

Subject NP complementation in Vietnamese syntax refers to when an independent, self-contained clause assumes the role of the subject within a sentence This autonomous clause serves as the focal point functioning as the sentence's grammatical subject Structurally, the independent clause precedes the remainder of the sentence Additionally, complementizers likeviệc/điều ấy( what ) orthì/là( to be) can be incorporated to emphasize nuance The flexible usage of these complementizers highlights the complex interplay between syntax and semantics in Vietnamese Consider the following example:

(4.2) Trẻ em đọc sách quan trọng lắm.

(It is very important for children to read books).

Example (4.2) can be clearly divided into two separate parts from a syntactic perspective: Trẻ em đọc sách and quan trọng lắm The former is a self-contained statement that has the ability to act independently Alternatively, the latter, which is very important, can be replaced with either a nominal phrase such as việc ấy (or điều ấy) quan trọng lắm, or a subject complement like thì quan trọng lắm This illustrates the versatile syntactic function ofquan trọng lắmwithin the phrase.

As a consequence of this structural relationship, the first constituent acts as a subject and essentially serves as a noun phrase for the second constituent The complicated interaction between the elements involved leads to two possible interpretations, such as in example (4.2), which further complicates the examination of its syntax.

(4.2a) Việc (or điều) quan trọng lắm là trẻ em đọc sách

‘What very important is that children read books’

(4.2b) Trẻ em đọc sách thì quan trọng lắm

‘Children read books, which is very important.’

In Subject NP Complementation, an independent clause functions as the subject of a sentence, denoted by "việc ấy (ormà)" or "điều ấy (or mà)." The complementizer "thì (or là)" indicates 'to be.' These complementizers are used to introduce the subject matter and allow for flexibility in sentence structure, highlighting the intricate interplay between syntax and semantics.

Object NP complementation involves embedding sentences where the verb takes an object noun phrase complement This section is dedicated to examining the process of embedding sentences, with a special focus on cases where verbs use O NP complementation This discussion is categorized into two distinct groups: (i) verbs that can optionally include complementizers; and (ii) verbs that don't require the usage of complementizers When verbs have the option to use complementizers, it is important to analyze a particular group of verbs This encompasses, but is not restricted to, verbs such as biết (to know), nghĩ (to think), hỏi (to ask), tin (to believe), nói (to say), hối tiếc (to regret), and others An in-depth examination of these verbs is crucial for comprehending their syntactic patterns An illustrative example can be found in example 4.3, which functions as a tangible case for subsequent examination and discourse This extensive inquiry seeks to offer a detailed comprehension of the complex interactions of complementation inside sentence forms that involve these verbs.

(4.3) Sao cô biết mợ con có con?

(How did you know my aunt has a child?)

(VS01-34) The use of complementizers rằng or mà (that) in this sentence simplifies its division into distinct components The original sentence contains the main verb biết

(to know) which requires a noun phrase as its complement The following statement serves as a noun phrase and acts as the object in the sentence form This structure is referred to as O NP complementation, denoting its unique syntactic function By employing this analytical methodology, one can achieve a more sophisticated understanding of the complex interaction between syntactic elements This strategy is extremely beneficial for analyzing and clarifying complicated linguistic structures. Regarding example (4.4), an alternate formulation can be expressed in the way that follows:

(4.4) Sao cô biết rằng mợ con có con?

(How did you know that my aunt has a child?)

Regarding verb phrase (VP) complementation, it is crucial to note that the element 'S' always falls within the hierarchical scope of 'VP,' leading to the distinction between intransitive and transitive VP complementation categories In Vietnamese grammar, intransitive VP complementation allows for the inclusion of either a verb phrase or an active sentence after the passive forms "bị" and "được."

Semantic properties of Vietnamese SVCs

In Vietnamese, the verb phrase is followed by an adverbial sentence, a unique grammatical construction that highlights the language's complexity This adverbial phrase serves to elaborate on the action, providing details about its manner, reason, and outcome It is a distinctive feature that contributes to the nuances and intricacies of Vietnamese grammar and syntax.

Manner verbs in Vietnamese are verbs that indicate the precise manner or method in which an entity moves, typically requiring some type of displacement( examples include vẫy(to wave),đi nước kiệu (to amble), nảy(to bounce), bò (to crawl)) The Vietnamese language includes a wide range of manner verbs, and a complete list can be found in the given appendix Manner SVCs are a prominent characteristic in Vietnamese grammar These combinations often involve the combination of a manner verb with another verb The initial verb delineates the modality in which an activity is executed, whereas the subsequent verb signifies the actual activity A sentence with a subject-verb-complement structure consists of two key elements: a main verb and an auxiliary verb Primary action verbs denote actions carried out using physical means and methods, such as đi bộ(to walk), vỗ tay (to clap), orbơi (to swim) In contrast, non-primary verbs lack specificity in terms of the means or mode of execution, as exemplified by verbs such as đi (to go), luyện tập (to practice), ornghĩ(to think) The activities denoted by these two verbs are performed by the same entity, taking place concurrently at the same position and moment. Nevertheless, they are relevant to separate facets of the identical overarching occurrence.

Vietnamese manner SVCs serve a dual purpose: they encapsulate various facets of an event, which are intrinsically intertwined Essentially, they coalesce to present a comprehensive portrayal of a singular complex occurrence The initial action in this structure is perceived as the means by which the subsequent action is executed Simultaneously, the latter action is apprehended as the goal or objective of the former action This linguistic phenomenon is exemplified by concrete instances.

(4.14) Lão Ba Ngù vẫy tay hỏi

( Mr Ngù waved a hand and asked)

In this sentence, the verb vẫy tay (to wave a hand) is a manner verb, while hỏi (to ask) is the main verb vẫy tay (to wave a hand) specifies the precise manner in which the action hỏi (to ask) is carried out - in this case by waving a hand It provides detail on how hỏi (to ask) is executed The two verbs denote concurrent sub-events happening at the same location While asking, he is simultaneously executing that ask through the specific means of waving his hand vẫy tay (to wave a hand) depicts the manner of execution of hỏi (to ask) The two verbs combine to create an elaborate depiction of a single complex event - his asking by waving his hand.

Manner serial verb constructions in English involve a sequence of verbs where the second verb typically describes the manner or means by which the action denoted by the first verb is carried out Let see example "He went walking along the beach." Here, "walking" specifies the manner of the action "went." The manner SVCs in English provides vivid descriptions of how actions are performed, adding detail and imagery to the expressions The second verb in the construction typically takes on an adverbial function, modifying the first verb and specifying the manner or means of the action.

Manner SVCs exhibit distinct structural differences between English and Vietnamese in their expression of the manner or method of an action Vietnamese employs a unique construction that seamlessly integrates the manner verb with the main verb, creating a compact and expressive linguistic form In contrast, English often employs separate clauses or adverbial phrases to convey the manner aspect In Vietnamese, manner SVCs typically consist of a manner verb followed by a main verb, where the manner verb specifies the precise way or method in which the main action is carried out For example, in "Lão Ba Ngù vẫy tay hỏi" (Mr Ngù waved his hand and asked), "vẫy tay" (to wave a hand) describes how "hỏi" (to ask) is performed This compact structure effectively conveys complex events within a single sentence English, however, often relies on separate clauses or adverbial phrases to express manner The equivalent of the previous example would be "Mr. Ngù asked by waving his hand" or "Mr Ngù waved his hand while asking," separating the manner from the main verb.

Moreover, Vietnamese's rich manner verb vocabulary allows for vivid descriptions of how actions are performed, like "đi nước kiệu" (to amble), "nảy" (to bounce), and "bò" (to crawl), which lack direct English equivalents In English

Manner SVCs, the second verb typically describes the manner or means of the action denoted by the first verb, as in "He went walking along the beach," where

"walking" specifies how "went" is performed These constructions provide detailed descriptions of actions.

Sequential serial verb constructions (SVCs) are multi-verb syntactic structures consisting of two main verbs that refer to separate physical actions carried out in sequence by a single participant The first verb depicts the preliminary act while the second represents the intended primary action and goal Common verb types found in sequential SVCs are motion verbs paired with action verbs (e.g đi… lấy (to go…to take) , nhảy múa (to jump- to dance), đến …ăn (to come-to eat)) Consider an example:

(4.15) Nhớn vào nhà cất mọi thứ đồ đạc.

(Nhớn came into the house to put all the belongings).

In this sentence, vào (to come) expresses the direction, while cất (to put) is the intended purpose and main action The two acts are performed in quick succession by Nhớn to achieve his goal of retrieving the things The tight spatial and temporal linkage between the sequential activities is what distinguishes this construction.

Sequential SVCs concisely capture a sequence of related actions executed by a single participant within one clause These constructions feature two primary verbs: the first represents an initial physical act, while the second conveys the intended primary goal This structure enables compact encoding of complex action sequences.

According to Aikhenvald (2006), sequential SVCs in English typically involve a sequence of verb phrases, where "the component verbs describe separate events in a sequence, without any overt marking of coordination or subordination".Let see an example cited in Aikhenvald’s study "She came, saw him, and left." This can be expressed as a sequential SVC in English: "She came saw him left." In this example, the three verbs "came", "saw", and "left" are juxtaposed without any overt coordinating conjunctions, creating a compact representation of the sequential events.

Likewise, Muysken and Veenstra (1995) describe sequential SVCs in English as "a sequence of verbs expressing separate events, without any overt marker of coordination or subordination" They provide the following example:

"Manny cooked, ate, and did the dishes." This can be expressed as a sequential SVC:

"Manny cooked ate did the dishes."

It can be seen from the examples, sequential SVCs in Vietnamese and English exhibit a semantic difference in their expression of sequential events In Vietnamese, these constructions seamlessly integrate sequential actions into a single clause, conveying a cohesive and unified event sequence The compact structure enables a holistic representation of the sequential events as a conceptually integrated whole In contrast, English sequential SVCs often employ separate clauses or coordinating conjunctions, which can fragmentize the representation of the sequential events This separates the individual actions, potentially portraying them as more distinct and disconnected, rather than as a unified sequence. Consequently, the Vietnamese construction lends itself to a more integrated and cohesive semantic interpretation of the sequential events, while the English structure may promote a more compartmentalized and sequential perception of the individual actions This semantic nuance highlights the expressive capabilities of the two languages in conceptualizing and conveying complex event sequences.

Resultative serial verb constructions refer to compound verb structures expressing two subevents occurring in immediate sequence to indicate a resultant progression.

As conceptualized by Nguyen Phu Phong (2016), the first subevent represents an initial triggering action, while the second subevent conveys a resultant condition or progression influenced by the first action Despite denoting separate event facets, their combination encapsulates a complex singular occurrence with an inherent sequential order Let consider the example

(4.16) Tôi đá ngã thằng dế kia.

In this sentence, the verbđá (to kick) signifies the triggering action andngã (to fell) indicates the guy’s ripped resultant state Although conveying distinct events, the subevents fuse to create an intricate ripping sequence initiated by the tearing This resultative sequencing integrates the exertion of force on an object and its progression after this force.

Nguyen Phu Phong highlights that the second verb in Vietnamese can convey distinct resultative aspects, including progressed states or completed effects These subevents are interconnected, forming a complex whole Furthermore, focusing on end results showcases Vietnamese grammar's ability to emphasize the endpoints of events, revealing a language-specific cognitive pattern.

Summary

This chapter conducts an in-depth examination of the syntactic and semantic properties of serial verb constructions in Vietnamese Syntactically, it leverages Naomitsu's framework to analyze Vietnamese sentences as coordination and embedding of noun phrases and verbs Coordination conjoins clauses to depict a subject's actions, while embedding subordinates one clause within a matrix clause via relative clauses, adverbials, or complementation Complement structures embed sentences within noun/verb phrases Grammaticalization alters verbs' meanings or categories Complement-taking verbs require subsequent verb complements, unlike non-complement constructions expressing coherent events.

Semantically, it explores five SVC types: manner, sequential, resultative,posture, and directional Manner SVCs integrate style and action verbs SequentialSVCs combine distinct subevents into unified representations Resultative SVCs highlight causal event progressions Posture SVCs fuse body positions and activities.Directional SVCs amalgamate motion manner and path Overall, Vietnamese SVCs exhibit a cognitive tendency to compactly integrate distinct situational facets like manner, path, posture into dense conceptual gestalts depicting multidimensional events This showcases language's role in complex event construal, substantiating cognitive linguistics frameworks regarding macro-event integration and conceptualization patterns across syntactic serialization.

This research examines Vietnamese serial verb constructions using cognitive linguistics and Talmy's event conceptualization framework It poses three hypotheses: 1) coverbs play a vital combined semantic-syntactic role within SVCs as vector verbs governing meanings, argument structure and verbal linkage to enable compact event representations; 2) Fundamental syntactic principles enable and constrain multi-verb amalgamation through extensive phrasal/clausal coordination and embedding, imposing structural unity that fuses components into integrated macroevent depictions; 3) Applying cognitive linguistics will reveal cultural-cognitive tendencies for construing events in an elaborated, multidimensional manner integrating facets into tight semantic-temporal bounds, selectively foregrounding certain elements in line with cultural biases.

After reviewing literature on SVC syntax, semantics and conceptual factors, it analyzes locative and dative coverbs demonstrating their semantic enrichment and syntactic direction of compact multi-verb phrases Clear regulations are revealed enabling subject action coordination and clausal complement subordination under common predicates Examination of five SVC types shows integration of manner, action, path, posture and result verbs into single cohesive event representations.

Extensive evidence confirms all hypotheses - coverbs play a pivotal role binding serialized constructions; combination principles impose unity across forms and functions; applied cognitive analysis provides enhanced perspective on the mental shaping of intricate event packaging at the thought-language-culture nexus embodied in Vietnamese grammar.

The implications of this project on Vietnamese serial verb constructions span across various domains, including translation, linguistic study, and language pedagogy.

- It provides a deeper understanding of how Vietnamese expresses complex events through SVCs, which differs from English and other languages This knowledge can assist translators in accurately and appropriately translating to or from Vietnamese.

By elucidating the grammatical foundations and semantic subtleties of SVCs, this article empowers translators with a deeper understanding of their nuances The intricate interplay of syntax and meaning in SVC sentences is unveiled, allowing for precise interpretation and translation This linguistic analysis provides invaluable insights into the interplay of structure and meaning, equipping translators with the tools to navigate the complexities of SVC usage effectively.

- It sheds light on the intricate relationship between language, cognition, and culture among Vietnamese speakers, as reflected in their conceptualization and expression of complex events.

- It elucidates the structural and semantic principles underlying SVCs, contributing to the development of grammatical and semantic theories for the Vietnamese language.

- It provides empirical evidence of linguistic diversity in event expression and conceptualization, encouraging linguistic theories to account for language- specific constructions and patterns.

- Understanding the complex nature of SVCs can inform the development of effective teaching materials and methodologies for learners of Vietnamese.

- It offers comprehensive knowledge about the usage, rules, and semantics of these constructions, enabling learners to grasp a crucial grammatical feature of the Vietnamese language.

- By comprehending how Vietnamese expresses events, learners can better acquire and articulate the language in a natural and native-like manner.

In short, this project holds significant implications for translation, linguistic study, and Vietnamese language pedagogy, providing valuable insights into the intricate interplay between language, thought, and culture among Vietnamese speakers It paves the way for a deeper understanding of the complex relationship between form, meaning, and cognition within the Vietnamese linguistic landscape.

Limitations and - Recommendations for future research

This project primarily relied on the descriptive insights derived from Vinay and Darbelnet's (1996) concept of "more freedom" in translation, which allows for greater flexibility in transitioning from the source language to the target language. However, within the realm of applied linguistics, the utilization of this "freedom" should be accompanied by a more comprehensive theoretical framework to guide the translation process effectively Although the researcher aimed to adopt an

"equivalent" approach in translation, the absence of a well-defined theoretical foundation poses a limitation to the project This constraint arises from time constraints, which prevented the researcher from incorporating a robust theoretical framework into the project’s design Consequently, future research could address this limitation by integrating relevant translation theories, thereby enabling a more in-depth exploration of the intricate interplay between language and translation within the domain of applied linguistics By incorporating a solid theoretical underpinning, subsequent studies can provide a more holistic and nuanced understanding of the complex dynamics involved in translating between languages, particularly in the context of Vietnamese and its unique linguistic features.

The employed analytical methods also impose certain constraints regarding the phenomena explored in the study Future studies may utilize more diverse methodologies including experiential data or social cultural research methods to provide alternate perspectives.

Expanding the scope of SVC analysis is crucial to enhance its generalizability Future studies should explore a broader spectrum of text types, linguistic registers, regional dialects, and socio-cultural contexts to capture the diverse SVC usage patterns across various communication settings.

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No Titles of stories Authors Code Year

1 Những ngày thơ ấu Nguyên Hồng VS01 1938

2 Dấu chân người lính Nguyễn Minh Châu VS02 1972

3 Cánh đồng bất tận Nguyễn Ngọc Tư VS03 2005

4 Dế mèn phiêu lưu ký Tô Hoài VS04 1941

5 Tuổi thơ dữ dội Phùng Quán VS05 1968

6 Ông già và đấu sĩ Trần Văn Thước VS06 1998

No Titles of novels Authors Code Year

1 Số đỏ Vũ Trọng Phụng VN01 1936

2 Sóng ở đáy sông Lê Lựu VN02 1994

4 Mùa lá rụng trong vườn Ma văn Kháng VN04 1982 locative

Verbs Lên Xuống Vào Ra Qua Sang Lại Về Đến Tới

Dịch √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Đâm √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Đáp √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Đổ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Đóng √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Đỗ √ √ √ √ √ √ Đuổi √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Đưa √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Verbs (bên) trái (bên) phải Trên Dưới Gần Xa Trong Ngoài Trước Sau

Chìa √ √ √ √ √ Đáp √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Đặt √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Đậu √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Đến √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Đi √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Đỗ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Cướp √ Đá √ Đem √ Đòi √ Đưa √