Topic environmental pollution by transport

Contents for discussing:Reason for choosing Chapter 1: IntroductionChapter 2: - The current situation of environmental pollution caused by transport; - Cause of environmental pollution f

BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC THƯƠNG MẠI

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4

REASON FOR CHOOSING THE TOPIC 5

CHAPTER 1.INTRODUCTION 6

1.1 General concept 6

1.1.1 The concept of pollution 6

1.1.2 Environmental concept 6

1.1.3 Concept of enviromental pollution 7

1.1.4 Vehicle concept 7

1.2 Definition of types of pollution 7

CHAPTER 2.INFLUENCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY TRANSPORT 8 2.1 The current situation of environmental pollution caused by transport 8 2.1.1 In the world 8

2.1.2 In Vietnam 16

2.2 Cause of environmental pollution from transport 17

2.2.1 Emissions 17

2.2.2 Particulate matter 18

2.2.3 Noise 19

2.2.4 Oil and waste 19

2.2.5 Light pollution 20

2.3 Effects of environmental pollution by transport 20

2.3.1 In the word 20

2.3.2 In Hanoi 21

CHAPTER 3.SOLUTIONS TO REDUCE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION FROM VEHICLES 23

3.1 Use of clean fuels for vehicles 23

3.1.1 Using LPG - a source of clean raw materials 23

3.1.2 Use of biofuels 24

3.1.3 Use electricity for vehicles instead of gasoline 24

3.2 Increase the use of public transport 25

3.3 Encourage people to use bicycles or walk 25

3.4 Develop policies, improve vehicle emission control 26

3.4.1 Low Emission Zones (LEZs) 26 3.4.2 Control and recall of used cars and subsidize new cars with less fuel consumption 27

MEETING MINUTES (1) - GROUP 5

Meeting format: online

1 Head of the team: Hoàng Đức Thịnh

2 Members:

Phạm Thị Sen

Bùi Thị Phương Thảo

Đào Thị Thanh Thảo

Nguyễn Phương Thảo

Hoàng Đức Thịnh

Vũ Thị Mai Thoa

3 Time

The meeting begins at 21:30 on February 2, 2024, and ends at 22:30 on February 2, 2024

4 Contents for discussing:

Reason for choosing

Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2: - The current situation of environmental pollution caused by transport;

- Cause of environmental pollution from transport;

- Effects of environmental pollution by transport

Chapter 3: Solutions

Recorder

Phạm Thị Sen

The discussion of English 01 of group 05 with the topic "Evironmental pollution bytransport" is the result of the dedicated guidance of the lecturer and the relentless efforts,solidarity and support of the group 05

Through this, our group of 05 would like to express our sincere thanks to lecturerNguyen Thi Thuy Hanh for guiding, communicating as well as providing materials sothat we can successfully complete our discussion

Nhóm 05 – Đại học Thương mại

REASON FOR CHOOSING THE TOPIC

Environmental pollution is becoming one of the biggest and most urgent problemsglobally Among the many causes of infectious pollution, traffic plays an important andespecially notable role Associate Professor, Dr Nguyen Van Son - Institute ofOccupational Health and Environment also said that transportation is the leading cause ofincreased air virus pollution in urban areas, contributing 70% of the total amount of dustand gas emitted into the atmosphere

Economic and population growth is leading to a large amount of utility traffic inmajor cities This creates a significant pressure on the environment, as the amount ofemissions and other pollutants from these utility vehicles increases significantly

In Vietnam, PM2.5 concentration in Hanoi is currently 21.9 times higher than thevalue according to WHO's annual air quality guidelines No PM2.5 PM2.5 at City HoChi Minh City is currently 16.4 times higher than the value according to WHO's annualair quality guidelines This urban area is facing the problem of toxic air quality, directlyaffecting public health Not only is there dust and smoke, but it also contains toxicsubstances from mechanical exhaust, all of which contribute to environmental pollution Therefore, the decision to choose the research topic "Environmental pollution astraffic" is not only a concern for environmental issues but also an awareness of theimportance of the impact of public transport vehicles Community health and theecosystem is also an opportunity to offer practical solutions, contributing to building ahealthy and solid living environment for future generations

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 General concept

1.1.1 The concept of pollution

Pollution is the destruction of the environment by dirt and harmful waste Pollutioncomes in many forms such as smoke from factory chimneys, emissions from vehicles,toxic chemicals, etc It is often called external influence when studying the industrialproduction research process and is considered a price to pay for growth

For humans, the human living environment is the combination of physical,chemical, biological, and social conditions that surround and affect the life anddevelopment of each individual and human community The term "Environment" is oftencommonly used as the "Environmental" issue of the times, a country's "environmental"strategy, "environmental" degradation, etc., which implies the living environment of acountry human

Human living environment is the vast universe Including the solar system, theEarth system is the part that directly and most clearly affects human life.

1.1.3 Concept of enviromental pollution

Environmental pollution is a phenomenon in which the natural environment ispolluted by introducing polluting chemicals into the natural environment, and at the sametime the physical, chemical and biological properties of the environment are changed,causing harmful effects to human health and other organisms

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines environmental pollution as thetransfer of wastes or materials into the environment to levels that are likely to harmhuman health and biological development or reduce their quality habitat

1.1.4 Vehicle concept

Mean of transportation are vehicles that move and travel publicly on roads Roadvehicles include all vehicles such as cars, motorbikes, tractors, trailers, and semi-trailers.pulled by cars, tractors, etc Two-wheeled, three-wheeled motorbikes, mopeds includingelectric motorbikes and other similar vehicles

1.2 Definition of types of pollution

Air pollution caused by transportation vehicles is typically the emission of

pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter(PM), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from vehicles' exhausts These pollutantscan have detrimental effects on both human health and the environment

Traffic noise pollution refers to the excessive or unwanted sound generated by vehicles, including cars, trucks, motorcycles, buses, and trains, as they move through the

transportation network This noise can disrupt communities, affect human health, anddegrade the environment

Light pollution from transportation vehicles refers to the excessive or

unnecessary illumination produced by headlights, streetlights, and other lighting systems

on vehicles This type of pollution can disrupt ecosystems, affect wildlife behavior, andinterfere with astronomical observations

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CHAPTER 2 INFLUENCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL

SPECIFIC DATA THAT TRANSPORT VEHICLES GIVE OUT

The following table compares the emissions of different means of transport forpassenger transport in Europe:

Total GHG from transport in the European Union

The following table compares the emissions of different means of transport inpassenger transport in Europe:

transportation

PassengerMedium

Emissions (g CO2 /(km* passenger )

Aviation emissions vary depending on the length of the flight To cover longdistances, longer flights are a better investment given the high energy costs of takeoff andlanding than very short flights, however due to the nature of their length inevitably willuse more energy CO2 emissions from air travel range from 0.24 kg CO2 per passengermile (0.15 kg/km per passenger) for short flights to 0.18 kg CO2 on per passenger mile(0.11 kg/km per passenger) for long flights

Researchers are raising concerns about the increasing mobility of society globally,associated with frequent and frequent air travel and its environmental and climateimpacts This threatens to undo gains in aircraft efficiency and their operations Climatescientist Kevin Anderson raised concerns about the growing impact of air transport onclimate in an article and a presentation in 2008 He pointed out that even if annual growthrate of air passengers in the UK and with the government's target of reducing emissions

in other energy-using sectors, by 2030 aviation will cause 70% of allowable CO2emissions of the United Kingdom

Worse still, aircraft emissions at stratospheric altitudes have a larger contribution toradiative forcing than emissions at sea level, due to the influence of several greenhousegases in the emissions, in addition to CO2 Other greenhouse gases include methane(CH4), ozone-producing NOx [O3], and water vapor Overall, in 2005, the radiationforcing caused by aviation amounted to 4.9% of the total anthropogenic radiation forcing

on the Earth's heat balance

Trucking

- Car

The proportion of trucks produced in the United States has tripled since 1975.Although vehicle fuel efficiency has increased in each class, the overall trend toward lessefficient vehicles is offset some of the benefits of better fuel economy and reducedpollution and carbon dioxide emissions Without switching to SUVs, energy use per unit

of distance could decrease by more than 30% compared to the period 2010 to 2022.When burned, unleaded gasoline produces 8.91 kg of CO2 per gallon, while dieselproduces 10.15 kg Ethanol-derived CO2 emissions are ignored by international

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agreements, however, gasoline containing 10% ethanol would only be considered toproduce 8.02 kg of CO 2 per gallon The average fuel economy of new light vehicles sold

in the US for the 2017 model year is about 24.9 MPG and emits about 0.36 kg of CO 2per mile The Department for Transport's MOBILE 6.2 model, used by regionalauthorities to model air quality, uses a fleet average (all cars, old and new) of 20.3 mpggenerates about 0.44 kg CO 2 per mile

In Europe, the European Commission has implemented a regulation that from 2015all newly registered cars will not emit more than an average of 0.13 kg CO 2 per km (kgCO2/km) The target is that by 2021, the average emissions of all new cars are 0.095 kgCO2 per km

- Bus: On average, city buses emit 0.3 kg CO2 per passenger mile (0.18 kg/km perpassenger) and long-distance buses (>20 miles, >32 km) emit 0 08 kg CO2 perpassenger mile (0.05 kg/km per passenger) Road and transport conditions vary, sosome carbon calculations add 10% to the total distance of the trip to account forpotential traffic jams, detours and stops that may arise born

Rail

On average, passenger trains and subways emit 0.17 kg CO 2 per passengermile (0.11 kg/km per passenger) and long-distance trains (>20 miles, >32 km) emit0.19 kg of CO2 per passenger mile (0.12 kg/km per passenger) Some carboncalculations add 10% to the total trip distance to account for detours, stops and otherissues that may arise Electric trains contribute relatively less to pollution becausepollution occurs in power plants that operate much more efficiently than dieselengines

Pollution is another direct result of railways on the environment Railways canpollute the environment due to what they carry Railway pollution exists in all threestates of matter: gas, liquid and solid Air pollution can occur from cars carryingmaterials such as iron ore, coal, soil or aggregates and exposing these materials to theair This can release nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide orhydrocarbons into the air Liquid pollution can come from railways contributing torunoff into water supplies, such as groundwater or rivers, and can come fromdumping fuels such as oil into water supplies or onto land or discharging human wasteunhealthy way

The road transport industry is contributing around 20% of the UK's total carbonemissions each year, with only the energy sector making a larger contribution, around39% Road transport is a significant consumer of fossil fuels and associated carbonemissions – HGV vehicles account for almost 20% of total emissions

Emissions from ships have a much more significant environmental impact;Many ships travel internationally from port to port and are not seen for weeks,contributing to air and water pollution during their journey

Discharges of wastewater into water bodies can come from many sources,including wastewater treatment facilities, wastewater from livestock operations, andvessels These wastes have the potential to degrade water quality, adversely affect theaquatic environment and increase risks to human health Environmentally, this causesspecies to go extinct and harms the environment and local businesses

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2.1.2 In Vietnam.

CURRENT SITUATION OF AIR POLLUTION FROM TRAFFIC

Vietnam is no exception and is also facing many impacts from environmentalpollution caused by vehicles, similar to many countries around the world AlthoughVietnam has unique features in its cultural and geographical context, air pollution,noise pollution and traffic congestion are also affecting the quality of life and health

of the community copper The increased use of personal vehicles, motorbikes andcars, along with the expansion of transport infrastructure, has largely contributed tothis problem Large urban areas such as Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City are facing asudden increase in vehicle traffic and increased pressure on environmental pollution According to Associate Professor - Dr Nguyen Van Son of the Institute ofOccupational Health and Environment, emissions from vehicles are the leading cause

of increased air pollution in urban areas, accounting for 70% of total dust andemissions into the air environment In addition, fine dust, soot, due to the process oftransporting volatile chemicals, garbage and construction materials, also contribute

to increasing pollution

Analytical results from many environmental impact assessment reports showthat dust pollution occurs in most large cities in Vietnam Even in some big cities likeHanoi City and Ho Chi Minh City, this situation has become more serious at analarming rate There are times when the average amount of dust in the air is 200 - 300times higher than the allowed standard Not to mention, the emission of many types oftoxic emissions such as CO, CO2, NO2, black smoke, from vehicles makes airpollution even more serious In major urban areas like Hanoi has the second-worst airquality in Southeast Asia after Pasarkemis in Indonesia, according to a 2022 annualsurvey by IQAir, a Swiss air purifier manufacturer