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MACADAMIA – A PROMISING START TO A NEW HIGH VALUEAGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY FOR VIETNAM Project title: CARD 037/05VIE - Establish nurseries and training to effectively propagate high quality

MACADAMIA – A PROMISING START TO A NEW HIGH VALUE

AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY FOR VIETNAM

Project title: CARD 037/05VIE - Establish nurseries and training to effectively propagate

high quality trees and trial plantation models of Macadamia in 3 provinces of North Vietnam

Code of the project: CARD 037/05 VIE

Authors: Prof Hoang Hoe1, Martin Novak2and Kim Wilson2

Project Implementing organisations:

1

Center for Environment, Tourism and Development, Vietnam

2

Subtropical Farm Forestry Association, Australia

1 Introduction

The enthusiastic and far sighted support from

key members of the Vietnamese government

particularly that of Vice Prime minister of the

time Mr Cong Tan who introduced macadamia

to Vietnam and Minister Bong, contributed

greatly to the overall success of the project and

the developments in the industry to date The

Vietnamese project director, Prof Hoang Hoe,

through his vision and dedication, has brought

the project to a successful conclusion Several

years of careful planning and preparation and 5

years of project implementation by the

professor, with assistance from the Australian

project director Martin Novak and by

Australian Macadamia Society (AMS) Chair

Kim Wilson, have culminated in outcomes that

significantly enhance the development of a

macadamia industry in Vietnam

The project has been made possible through

the support of the Australian and Vietnamese

government under framework of the

(http://www.card.com.vn) and by the hard

work and collaboration of all of those

involved, including the enthusiastic farmers, the agency partners, the CARD program team, and also the private enterprises

The project, spanning 5 years has helped to bring all the stakeholders together to work toward a sustainable high value macadamia industry for Vietnam Beneficiaries have included farmers, nursery and farm staff and workers, technicians, extension staff, state and private companies, government agencies, other businesses and households

The activities of the project have gained support from the Provincial governments and People’s Committees of 5 provinces of Vietnam including Hanoi, Hoa Binh, Lang Son, Ba Vi, and Dak Lak

5 Macadamia training workshops have been held in these 5 provinces There has also been training and new technology presented to field staff in all of the relevant agencies in these provinces The workshops involved presenters from Australia, China, Thailand and Vietnam, who have contributed significantly to this training and technology transfer stemming from researchers recommendations

A focus to strengthen the capacity of a new

demonstration nursery and 3 existing nurseries

involved in growing macadamia by way of

participatory workshops and infield training,

has been maintained throughout the duration of

the project In addition to this technical

assistance select varieties and equipment, has

been provided to FSI and WASI also

This capacity building has been achieved by

way of:

 Collaborative preparation of technical

information and training material

 Delivery of information, and training at

workshops and in the field

 Delivery of seed and graft stock of at

least 17 best bet Varieties

 Delivery samples of nursery

equipment, including grafting planes,

tape, wounds dressing, propagation and

potting mix, and potting bags

 Establishment of 2 new demonstration

nursery based on Australian nursery

practice Encouraging investment from

the private sector and by ensure

adequate supply of quality grafting

stock of suitable varieties

 Preparation and delivery of nursery

business plans, records and monitoring

systems

The project has facilitated the trial of 14

varieties of macadamia in 4 different provinces

including Ba Vi, Hoa Binh, Dak Lak and Lang

Son This has involved the design and planting

of 4 trial plots in these provinces

The project has provided seed and graft wood

of 17 varieties, to the demonstration nursery,

the 4 project partnered research nurseries, as

well to FSI and WASI In addition to this the

project has provided nursery equipment

including grafting planes, graft wounds

dressing, samples of potting bags and

information via DVD video, CD and hardcopy

Craig Hardener (CSIRO) and Kim Wilson

(AMS) principally undertook the design of the

trials Both have extensive experience with

variety trials in Australia Dr Kha FSI and Prof

Hoang Hoe provided review of the design

The project team has also facilitated the

development of a Macadamia Association of

Vietnam, which will help coordinate the sustainable long term development of the industry, including the planning of research priorities and an industry development strategy

The project has been promoted via the public media, including national and regional TV, magazines, newspapers and a media seminar This has helped to promote the objectives of the project specifically and the benefits of a macadamia industry for Vietnam in general

2 Research contents and methods

The project focused on 3 aspects of research; firstly macadamia variety selection trials, secondly nursery production options of quality macadamia trees and thirdly a developmental strategy for a new macadamia industry for Vietnam

2.1 Established 3 variety trials and reviewed existing trials of Forest Science Institute (FSI) and Central Highland Agriculture Forestry Science & Technology Institute (WASI)

14 macadamia varieties have been selected for the projects 3 variety trials These include 10 best bet varieties from Australia and 4 from China They include 264, 344, 741, 849, 816,

842, 814, A4, A38, A16, based on variety trials from Australia Guy Yan1, 695, 788, OC were selected from China

The trials sites were initially established in 3 provinces including Ba Vi, Hoa Binh and Lang Son in the subtropical northern parts of Vietnam in 2007 and 2008 In 2009 an additional 2 have been established in Dak Lak,

as it became evident due to the trials of FSI and WASI that the central tablelands was the most promising region to grow macadamia in Vietnam

FSI planted the first macadamia seedlings at

Ba vi in 1993-4 Over the past 7 years they have established trials to test varieties, 900,

856, 842, 246, 344, 800, 788, 816, H2, NG8,

OC, Daddow, 741 and 849 in 16 trials in 6 provinces These trials range in age from 4-7 years just old enough for early analysis in

relation to kernel They have been collecting a

range of data of survival, growth, flowering

and fruit production

From 2002-2009, WASI has imported five

varieties originating from China (H2, 508, OC,

814, 344), 6 varieties originating from

Thailand (H2, 508, 246, 344, 741, 660), 8

varieties derived from Australian and has

grown at the Institute on an area of 1.5 ha, the

density is 400 trees/ha to conduct research

The selection criteria include; the yield, nut

quality and the ability to grow

2.2 Nursery options for quantity and

quality production of macadamia

trees

The capacity of existing nurseries in terms of

quantity and quality has increased, over the 5

years of the project, producing over 330,000

seedlings (2008-30,000 trees) and 10,000

grafted trees of 10–17 varieties Nursery

production data has been progressively

collected and a spreadsheet analysis model has

been prepared and updated for nursery data

and financial returns

The principal 3 commercial nurseries have

produced and sold some grafted trees at prices

ranging from 30–55,00 VND per tree

(2008-30-40,00 VND) and a small quantity have

been utilised in trials and pilot plantings Data

on volume is far more readily available than

data on quality, which continues to be mostly

determined by survival at this point in time

The new private sector nurseries run by

Vinamaca Co have raised the standards both in

quality and quantity setting a benchmark for

the rest of the industry The demonstration

nursery at Yen Thuy, supported by this project,

continues to grow quality seedlings and grafted

trees However, the focus of potential

sustainable development has turned towards

the central highlands so it was decided to send

grafted trees to Dak Lak and establish

demonstration nurseries there

2.3 A developmental strategy for a new

macadamia industry for Vietnam

This project has worked towards the formation

of a Macadamia Association of Vietnam,

which will play a key role in managing

developmental issues particularly in helping to balance the interests of the industry and all its stakeholders

An interim committee involving government and private sector stake holders, has been formed in Dak Lak and a Constitution is being drafted based on the AMS

3 Research results and discussions 3.1 Established 3 variety trials and reviewed existing trials of Forest Science Institute FSI and WASI

Trials will need to be 6-7 years old before data can be analysis to provide early indication of the performance of varieties based on kernel, the key criteria

 Van Linh Station – variety trial

Density – 7m x 4m, 14 varieties, 5 trees / variety (3 monitored), Replicated 4 times Trees required: 14 varieties x 5 x 4 = 280, Buffer trees = 108, Total 388 trees

Total area = 1.1 ha

 Progress as at October 2008:

0.62 Ha Planted March 2007, 5m x 4m

= 500 trees / Ha 312 trees fully planted Recording growth every 3 months, Recorded trial layout & varieties Trees require more fertiliser

 Progress August 02,2010:

Trial plot 1: 47 trees of H2 + 741(planted in 2003) 7 years old: growing well, spacing 3mx3m too dense ( H=5m, ) harvest 120kg NIS (2009) estimate 150 kg NIS ( 2010) Trial plot 2: planted in Nov.2007 trees growing well ( 60%) H2, 5M-3,0M, 40% trees look not so good, there are some trees have a few early fruit (3 years-old) fruit mostly size big

 Ba vi Station –variety trial

Density – 7m x 4m, 14 varieties, 10 trees / variety (8 monitored), Replicated 4 times Trees required, 14 varieties x 10 x 4 = 560, Buffer trees = 102, Total 662 trees

Total area = 1.85 ha

 Progress as at October 2008:

85 Ha Planted January 2007, 4m x

2.5m = 1000 trees / Ha, 825 trees fully

planted Recorded trial layout &

varieties, Recording costs

 Progress at January 14,2010

Trials plot 1: 240 trees of 19 varieties(

from Australia & China), 5-6 years-old,

look good H= 6-7 M All varieties

show Green leaves Harvested in

October 2009, total fruit 250 Kg, 119

Kg NIS [Compare with the trial plot of

farm of Mr Thu in Krong nang Dak

Lak, 6 years old trees, total harvested

600 Kg of NIS Indicates that

difference in the climate, has

significant influence

Trial plot 2: 2007 planted 1000 trees,

now H=2-3m, 50% of trees good, the

rest not so good smaller and poorer

color for all varieties

Trial plot 3: Jan 2008 they planted 2

Ha ( 660 trees) in Bavi, look about

50% trees good H=2-2,5 M, green

leaves

 Progress at March 2010:

Plot 2: 1 ha planted 2007 & flowering

Plot 3: 600 trees planted 2008 half do

not look healthy at this time 2009 crop

400 trees produced 250 kg NIH 119

NIS used for seed nut Flowering time

was in April 695 had lots flowers

Overall not much nut set due to lacked

of water & nutrition Collecting data on

nut yield, measure flowering and fruit

7 trees died in trial plot 3 Fertiliser 1kg

NPK x 2 pa will do not yet done Plus 5

-10 kg organic manure

 Progress at July 2010:

There are some early fruit on the trees

of trial plot 3 after a good flowering in

March –April (2008 planting)

 Yen thuy –variety trial.

Density – 7m x 4m, 14 varieties, 10 trees /

variety (8 monitored), Replicated 4 times

Trees required, 14 varieties x 10 x 4 = 560,

Buffer trees = 128, Total 688 trees

Total area = 1.9 ha

 Progress as at October 2008:

Yen thuy trial plot, planted Spring

2008 Trees look good new flush

 Progress as at July 2010:

Newly planted 02 ha of trial plot (Yen

1 ha, Duc 1 ha) (600 trees)

 Vinamaca Co – Additional New 2009

Macadamia variety trial

Village: Ka Mang, Commune: Deliza District: Krongnoang Province: Dak Lak Total area 1.3ha including trial plot buffer trees fully fenced Transplanted from Yen Thuy Nov 2009 360 grafted trees most tagged

 FSI- variety trials

Research indicates that a number of varieties are performing well in Vietnam The key findings are included in the full report as follows:

- In Dong Hoi (Quang Binh) varieties,

OC, 741, 816 246 grow well and the bearing fruit rate is high

- In Krong Nang, Dak Lak, varieties 842,

800, 849,246, 741 and OC grow well and the bearing fruit rate is high

- In Mai Son, Son La, varieties OC and

246 grow well and are capable of bearing fruit

- In Drakpao, Dak Nong, varieties 816,

OC, NG8, MC2 and A800 grow well

- In Dai Lai, Vinh Phuc, varieties 816,

246, OC, A800 and Daddow grow well

- In Ba Vi bear buds from December to the following February Flowers bloom from March to April, bearing fruits from the end of April to June, fruits ripe and fall from December to November The length of flowers is from 11.1 to 21.6 Number of flowers is

226 to 453, bearing fruits rate is 0.02 to 1.6 % Radiance of fruits is from 2.8 to 3.2 cm

- There are differences in the blooming time, so it is necessary to grow the varieties with same blooming time together This makes it easier for trees

of different varieties to inter-pollinate

and increase bearing fruits rate For a

high-productive garden we should grow

trees of different varieties together:

(900, 856, 842, 246, 344); (800, 788,

816, H2); (NG8, 800, 856, OC,

Daddow, 816); (741, OC, Daddow,

816, 849)

 WASI – variety trials

Findings include the following:

- Macadamia imported from China after

6 years have been growing well All the

varieties can produce flowers and

fruits Percentage of flowering plant of

all the varieties is 100%; currently three

varieties have high rate of flowering

and producing fruit are H2, 508 and OC

- Initially OC is seen as a quite suitable variety with the ecological conditions

in Dak Lak It has high potential yield, large seed size, less pest and in particular, the balanced canopy; it is also solid, drought-resistant and well adapted to the weather conditions in the Central Highlands

- The macadamia from Thailand after more than 3 years of planting have been growing well There is currently

no pest risk

3.2 Nursery production options for quality macadamia trees

Macadamia nurseries technical data 30 April 2010

Organization

Technical data

Lang son (March 2008)*

Long Phuong (Yen Thuy)

Khan Khina (Ba vi)

Vina-maca (Dak lak)

No of Varieties VN 3

No Varieties Thai 4

*Note: NERFSE has stopped nursery production and purchases seed and trees from China most of

which are sold to farmers in central highlands.

Long Phuong Company is responsible for the

establishment of the new demonstration

nursery at Yen Thuy It now found joint

venture partners and established Vinamaca

Co., which has set up much larger nurseries in

Daklak totalling approximately 250,000

seedlings, and 3000 grafted trees this year to

date Ba vi nursery has also expanded

production significantly from 7000 seedlings

and 1000 grafted trees in 2008 with a success

rate of 65% to 80,000 seedlings and 15,000

grafted trees and success rate of 75% in 2010

Lang son has scaled back on nursery

production because of nut set problems in the

region due to high humidity and moist

conditions during flowering However the

center is using its knowledge with macadamia

propagation and its strong relationship with Chinese researchers to obtain quality seed and scion wood for plantation requirements in Vietnam particularly for the central highlands

3.3 A developmental strategy for a new macadamia industry for Vietnam.

The interim committee of the Macadamia Association and the project team are developing an industry strategy, guidelines and priorities Recommendations include:

 Form a Macadamia Association of Vietnam to help implement the following recommendations.

 Form a research and development committee to facilitate and prioritise

research and help coordinate research

bodies and activities.

 Develop strategies to overcome cash

flow issues for farmers.

 Develop a macadamia tree database.

 Membership fee structure needs to be

set and other financial support needs

to be identified to assist the industry.

 The association needs to represent all

stakeholders of the industry,

government and private and both will

need to support this development It

is envisaged that MARD will be the

key supporting government agency.

 The association needs to develop

guidelines for nursery accreditation

such as that of the South African

model rather than the long-term

accreditation of varieties.

 Collaboration should be maintained

with Australia, China and Thailand.

An industry promotions strategy developed by

a committee needs to be designed

4 Conclusions and recommendations

4.1 Conclusions

This projects principal aim was to assist the

start of a commercial macadamia industry in

Vietnam in order to improve the income flow

of the farmer and the rural sector The general

feeling is that it has been successful in

achieving this aim

Vietnam now has a macadamia industry in its

early phase of development There are over

350,000 macadamia trees of suitable quality

and varieties, in the nurseries Most of these

nurseries now have the capacity to expand

their production of quality trees There are a

range of macadamia trials in 12 provinces and

several hundred hectares of commercial

plantations being established by smaller

farmers and large commercial enterprises, with

preparations under way for hundreds more to

be established Financial modelling undertaken

by the project indicates good returns for both

nurseries and plantations In addition to all this

the country now has a large commercial

processing plant near Ho Chi Minh city and

another planned for Thai Binh in the north of the country

It is too early to provide recommendations with regard to suitable macadamia varieties for Vietnam It takes 6 to 7 years before meaningful data is available and 15 to 20 years before varieties can be fully assessed as to sustainable production of good quality kernel Certification of varieties cannot be made until the research has run its course It needs to be noted that varieties are not certified anywhere else in the world Certification of nurseries is underway in South Africa and under consideration in Australia This is something that MARD and the Macadamia Association need to consider very carefully However, the varieties chosen for the 3 project trials are considered by the project team to have shown promise at this stage They include 842, 741,

246, 814, 816, 849, 344, A4, A16 and A38 from Australian and QN 1, 695, 788 and O.C from China

After 5 years of project implementation and research activities of FSI and WASI, it has become evident that there is high potential for macadamia plantings in some regions, especially central highland areas and to some extent in the north west of the country

4.2 Recommendations

 Continue research in the performance of macadamia varieties particularly in regards

to quality and yield of kernel

 Continue research into the cost effective establishment and maintenance of macadamia orchards

 Continue education and training of farmers, plantation managers, extension staff and technicians

 Form a macadamia association of Vietnam and implement recommendations detailed

in the section 3.3 above

REFERENCE

CARD Project Milestone Reports 3, 6, 11, 12 & 13 reports & attachments http://www.card.com.vn Macadamia :

- Macadamia and potential of planting in

North of Vietnam ( by Nguyen Cong

Tan-Agricultural Publishing House 2005)

- Growing Macadamia in Australia.

Agricultural Publishing House 2003- Le

Dinh Kha interpreted

- Macadamia Grower’s Handbook (Giáo trình

người trồng Măc ca)

- Macadamia problem solver & bug identifier

- Macadamia varieties handbook

Hardner C, McConchie CM 2003 The future of

macadamia genetic improvement in

Australia. In: 2nd International Macadamia

Symposium 2003 pp 85-89 Australian

Macadamia Society, Lismore Australia.

http://www.macadamias.org

Hardner C 2002 Progress in MC98009: Rootstock

Evaluation for the Australian

macadamia industry. Australian Macadamia

http://www.macadamias.org

Stephenson RA, Gallagher EC, Winks CW, Firth D

1993 The breeding, selection and development of new macadamia cultivars for the Australian industry Final

report, project MC014 Horticultural Research and Development Corporation,

Australia http://www.macadamias.org

Supattra Supamatee, et al 1992 Early performance

of Australian and Hawaiian Macadamia Cultivars

in Thailand Department of Agriculture, Bangkok,

P Allan, 2001 Macadamia Cultivar Evaluation at Pietermaritzburg and Identification in South Africa

Horticultural Science, University of Natal, South Africa, allan@nu.ac.za