DEVELOPMENT OF IN-POND FLOATING RACEWAY TECHNOLOGY FOR INTENSIVE FARMING OF MARINE FINFISH Project title: Intensive in-pond floating raceway production of marine finfish Project code: CA
Trang 1DEVELOPMENT OF IN-POND FLOATING RACEWAY
TECHNOLOGY FOR INTENSIVE FARMING OF MARINE FINFISH Project title: Intensive in-pond floating raceway production of marine finfish
Project code: CARD 062/04 VIE
Author: Hoang Tung, School of Biotechnology, International University,
Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Email:htung@hcmiu.edu.vn
Project Implementing organisations:
Vietnamese organisation: Nha Trang University, Khanh Hoa
Vietnamese Project Team Leader: Dr Hoang Tung
Australian Organisation: Queensland Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries Australian Personnel: Mr Michael Burke
SUMMARY
CARD project 062/04 VIE entitled ‘Intensive in-pond floating raceway production of marine finfish’ was conducted from August 2005 through August 2007 aiming to develop the larval rearing and nursery capacity of marine finfish production in Vietnam through the use of accessible, cost effective and environmentally sustainable technologies After two year of implementation, both components of the project are all successful, achieving the expected outputs, including trial of in pond floating raceways with systems management, water quality management and waste remediation to grow-out marine finfish to market size; and capacity building for Nha Trang University.
The final production trial at BIARC (Australian component) was to evaluate the suitability of raceways for extended grow-out of fish to 1.5 kg that confirmed fish husbandry (feeding, monitoring, harvesting) is easily managed in raceways either as a nursery system, as an intermediate grow-out system, or as an on-growing system At the same time, research into water remediation strategies was also completed Bio-flock technology was found to be the most promising technology to progress towards zero water discharge under Australian conditions.
For the Vietnamese component the trial on zero-discharge system and trials on cobia and groupers were all conducted successfully Growth performance and survival of the Malaba grouper in the floating raceways were outperformed that in any other nursing system Mortality was, however, still high with cobia due to parasite infection in previous nursing stage Dissemination of technology to farmers has been conducted various manners, including organization of workshops and exhibition booth, scientific publications, oral presentations at national and international conferences, temporary provision of floating raceways to local farmers for testing, provision of free-of-charge consultation for interested companies or individuals, incorporation of project outcomes into lecture notes for graduate and undergraduate aquaculture programs at Nha Trang University and production of a technical guideline and movie clip These activities have brought the project results to the users.
According to FAO (2009) Vietnam ranks No.3
worldwide in term of aquaculture production
Thus, Vietnam should further develop its
aquaculture industry to meet the increasing
seafood demand of both domestic and export
markets, and to improve the economics of coastal communities Recent evaluation showed that the production of farmed marine fish reached only 5% of the target of 20,000 metric tons by 2010 set by the government for the 2001-2010 national aquaculture development program (Dr Phạm Anh Tuấn, personal communication) The shortage of
Trang 2quality fingerlings at large sizes has been
considered as one of the major barriers for
marine fish farming in Vietnam, not to
mention significant reduction of purchasing
power due to the recent global economy crisis
During 2000-2005 many projects were
conducted on the development of technologies
for artificial propagation of high-value marine
fish species such as barramundi (Lates
calcarifer), groupers (Epinephelus spp.) and
cobia (Rachycentron canadum), resulting in
some remarkable successes (Le Xan 2005,
Nguyen Van Su 2005) As a result the
production of marine fish fingerlings increased
significantly, meeting partially the demand of
local fish farmers Fingerling size was,
however, not large enough for direct stocking
for grow-out in sea cages or coastal ponds
Low survival in the early stages of farming
was typically reported Advanced nursing of
fish fingerlings to 10 to 12 cm total body
length in indoor facilities is costly and cannot
produce huge numbers of fish due to
limitations of both nursing area and capital
investment Meanwhile, advanced nursing of
fish in earthen ponds was not effective and
associated with many difficulties in feeding,
husbandry and health management
To address these constraints our CARD project
062/04 VIE entitled ‘Intensive in-pond floating
raceway production of marine finfish’ was
conducted between 2005-2007 The project
was financially and technically supported by
the Collaboration for Agriculture and
Development Program (CARD), Bribie Island
Aquaculture Research Center – QDPI&F
(Australia), Nha Trang University (Khanh
Hoa, Vietnam), Grobest Imei Vietnam, and
Khanh Hoa Fisheries Promotion Center The
CARD VIE062/04 project adopted the
operational principles of in-pond floating
raceway which have been successfully tested
in the USA (Masser & Lazur, 1997), Germany
(Gottschalk et al 2005) and Australia (Collins
& Hoang Tung, unpublished) in order to (i)
design and construct in-pond floating raceways
using local materials, (ii) conduct
farming/nursing trials on high value species
and (iii) develop and introduce the established
technology to the local aquaculture industries
In-pond floating raceways are basically similar
to elongated rectangular tanks which can be made of different materials such as aluminium, molded plastic or wooden frame and HDPE plastic sheet They are either self-floating or supported by a pontoon installed in the reservoir pond Water is continuously circulated through the raceway by airlifts This type of pumping has been considered as an effective means for moving water when pumping head is low In addition, incoming water is enriched with oxygen in the airlifts Together with high water exchange rate it allows high densities of farmed fish in the raceway, e.g 70 - 100 kg/m3 In-pond floating raceway is also convenient for the farmers to handle and manage Observation on feeding, health and behavior of the farmed fish, grading and harvesting are all easily conducted as fish are concentrated in a small volume of water Thus, labor cost can be reduced by 50% Predation is effectively excluded since the inlet, outlet and surface of the raceway are covered with net If treatments are needed for the farmed fish, farmers can turn the raceway into a ‘close’ tank by temporarily ceasing the operation of airlifts and blocking the outlet Thank to this remarkable advantage, prophylactic treatment for fish is highly effective and economical Previous trials in the USA, Germany and Australia also showed that feed efficiency of fish cultured in floating raceways is significantly improved compared with other farming systems Feed cost and waste from the system are reduced by approximately 30%
Generally, floating raceways have many advantage over the traditional nursing systems and should be introduced extensively However, the application of this technology is limited by unreliable electricity supply and high electricity cost in the developing countries Thus, the focus of our CARD VIE062/04 was different for Australia and Vietnam The Australian component aimed to develop grow-out technology using in-pond floating raceways to improve overall management and reduce labor cost The Vietnamese component focused on advanced nursing of marine finfish fingerling in order to meet the urgent demand for large fingerlings and to overcome the limitations of high capital
Trang 3investment and high operation costs by fast
turn-over rate that is usually achievable in
fingerling production
After two years of implementation (August
2005 - August 2007) both components of the
project are all successful, achieving the
expected outputs, including capacity building
for Nha Trang University This report presents
the obtained results of the project with more
emphasis on the SMART floating raceway
system and the advanced nursing technology
developed by the Vietnam component
The CARD project 062/04 VIE ‘Intensive
in-pond floating raceway production of marine
fish’ is considered as an R&D project rather
than a pure research one with the following
specific activities
2.1 Design in-pond floating raceway for
grow-out of marine finfish in Australia,
trial operation and evaluation
Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) and
whiting (Sillago ciliata) were used as the
model species for trials in Australia from 2005
– 2006 Based on the biology of these species
and production targets, two types of floating
raceways were designed and constructed: 3.6
m3 for nursing grow-out of whiting to the size
of 60 g/individual and 20 m3 for grow-out of
Mulloway to the size of 2,000 g/individual Six
raceways were made by wooden frame and
2-mm HDPE canvas The raceways were placed
in a grow-out pond of 1600 m2 (40*40 m), 2 m
deep and lined with 2-mm HDPE The
duration of trials was up to 18 months
Ridley’s Aqua-Feed Native Fish Diet (low
sinking, granular size of 1 - 3 mm and 4 - 6
mm) was used to culture whiting Mulloway
were fed with the floating and sinking Ridley’s
Aqua-Feed Barramundi Diet feed with granule
size of 4 – 10 mm Feeding rate was adjusted
daily depending on the recorded actual
consumption by fish, weather condition and
water quality Regular recording of the
important data on water quality, feeding
amount, growth rate and survival was
conducted to evaluate the efficiency of system
(see the milestone reports 2 & 4, Burke &
Tung 2006 for more details)
2.2 Design in-pond floating raceway for advanced nursing of marine finfish in Vietnam, trial operation and evaluation
The component conducted in Vietnam focused
on advanced nursing of marine finfish fingerlings from 2 – 4 cm to 10 – 15 cm body length Abandoned shrimp ponds due to virulent diseases along the central coast of Vietnam were targeted Fiberglass was selected as the material to build floating raceway This material makes the raceway light, solid and more durable thus enhancing its mobility, convenience for transportation and installation, ease in cleaning The raceways are named SMART, an abbreviation
of Sustainable Mariculture Technology Based
on the biology of the model species; requirement for water exchange rate and waste discharge, hydraulic dynamic principles and the results of previous studies the CARD VIE062/04 has designed and tested a system consisted to six SMART-1 raceways 3-m3 working volume each in the first year (2005– 2006) The tested species included red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.), barramundi (Lates calcarifer) and mangrove jack (Lutjanus argentimacus) The SMART-1 raceways were attached on a pontoon constructed with wooden frame and 200-L plastic drums All were placed in a reservoir pond of 2000 m2, 1.7 m deep The duration of each trial was about three to four weeks (Lu The Phuong 2006) Water in the pond was circulated by portioning the pond with plastic sheet in the middle and using a 2-hp paddle wheel No water exchange was conducted during eleven months of different trials Water quality, feed amount, growth rate and survival of fish were periodically monitored for evaluation (for more details see Burke & Tung 2006) Based
on the analysis of SMART-1 performance, the second version SMART-2 (6 m3, self-floating) was designed, manufactured and tested in the second year of the project This was to improve productivity up to commercial scale
In the second year more trials on nursing barramundi (Lates calcarifer), Malaba grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus) and cobia (Rachycentron canadum) were conducted simultaneously with the trial on zero-exchange water system (for more details Burke et al 2007)
Trang 42.3 Investigate on the potential of building
the zero-exchange in-pond floating
raceway system for nursing marine
finfish
The trials were conducted at Bribie Island
Aquaculture Research Centre in Australia and
at Khanh Hoa Fisheries Promotion Center in
Vietnam during the second year of the project
In Australia fish were cultured in floating
raceways placed in a reservoir pond
Discharged water was treated by biofloc
technology and seaweed In Vietnam marine
fish fingerlings were nursed in SMART
floating raceways placed in a reservoir pond
stocked with giant tiger prawn (Penaeus
monodon) and red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.)
No water exchange was conducted during the
trial period (for more details see Burke et al
2007)
2.4 Dissemination of technology to farmers
The dissemination of research outcomes and
technology was conducted in various manners,
including organization of workshops and
exhibition booth, scientific publications, oral
presentations at national and international
conferences, temporary provision of floating
raceways to local farmers for testing, provision
of free-of-charge consultation for interested
companies or individuals, incorporation of
project outcomes into lecture notes for
graduate and undergraduate aquaculture
programs at Nha Trang University and
production of a technical guideline and movie
clip
2.5 Capacity building for Vietnamese staff
This activity was conducted by sending one
junior lecturer to Australia for short-term
training, supporting and supervising two MSc
students, organizing relevant seminars for staff
of the Faculty of Aquaculture – Nha Trang
University and Khanh Hoa Fisheries
Promotion Center and get them involved in
project activities where appropriate
3.1 Design in-pond floating raceway for
grow-out of marine finfish in Australia,
trial operation and evaluation
The structure of floating raceway used in BIARC is relatively simple (see Burke & Tung 2006) The supporting frame is made by waterproof treated wood and is floated by
200-L plastic drums The body of the raceway is made of 2 mm thick HDPE, hung on the pontoon by rust-proof pins The airlift system installed for the 20m3 grow-out raceway consists of eighteen Ø90-mm PVC pipes that results in a pumping rate of more than 1500 L/min It takes circa 13 minutes to completely exchange the raceways with new water For the nursing raceways the airlift system consists
of four Ø90-mm PVC pipes Pumping rate is
350 L/min or 14.5 minutes to complete 100% water exchange The air compressor system is operated automatically by a Center Management System (CMS) that can control temperature, pressure and air flow The standard pressure is maintained at 36 Kpa Automatic feeding machines are used
Fig 1 Floating raceway 20 m 3 for grow-out marine finfish in Australia and the harvested whiting
Trial on grow-out of whiting was successful at
a density of 70 kg/m3 (see Burke & Tung 2006) After 9.5 months the farmed fish reached 88.9 g from 5.5 g at stocking Standing biomass increased from 26 kg/m3 to 70 kg/m3
in nearly eleven weeks Food conversion ratio was estimated at 1.8 The harvested whiting were well accepted by customers when placed
in local supermarkets Retail price for whiting
as whole or fillet was $ 10/kg and $ 24/kg, respectively Trial on Mulloway showed that this species can be reared at densities up to 100 kg/m3or two metric tons per a 20 m3 raceway Standing biomass increased from 15 kg to 100 kg/m3 in eleven months of culture Fish weight was 500 g/individual and 1000 g/individual
Trang 5after 9 months and 14 months, respectively
FCR was 1.6 on average More importantly,
the trials demonstrated that husbandry
(feeding, observation, grading, health care) and
harvesting in raceway were highly convenient
for all culture stages from nursing to grow-out
3.2 Design in-pond floating raceway for
advanced nursing of marine finfish in
Vietnam, trial operation and evaluation
The raceways were designed and tested
successfully with two versions SMART-1 and
SMART-2 They were placed in a 2000-m2
reservoir pond The pond was partitioned by a
plastic wall right in the middle of the pond
This helped directing water to flow around the
pond with the aid of a 2-hp paddle wheel
(Figure 2) Detailed design of the system is
presented in the Milestone of the project 2&4
(Burke & Tung 2006) and in the publications
of Phuong (2006), Tung et al (2007) The
operational volume of SMART-1 is 3 m3
(Figure 2) Water flow through the raceway is
circa of 350 L/min, equivalent to 700% water
exchange in one hour SMART-1 design
helped circulate water within the raceway as
expected, facilitating waste collection and
allowing high densities of nursed fish (up to 80
kg/m3at harvest)
Fig 2 System arrangement
Fig 3 SMART-1 floating raceway
A few drawbacks were, however, identified
with the design of SMART-1 version The
raceways were attached to the supporting
pontoon thus reducing its mobility and making cleaning difficult The buoyancy of the pontoon remarkably depended on the numbers
of workers working on it, causing negative impact on efficiency of the airlift system There was no waste collector for SMART-1 although the accumulated wastes at the end of the raceway could be easily siphoned out once
a day (Burke & Tung 2006; Tung et al 2007) These drawbacks were well addressed in the second version SMART-2 (Hoang Tung & Khanh 2008) The operational volume of SMART-2 is six m3, double that of SMART-1
It is self-floating, i.e requires no supporting structure Its light weight (400 kg) allows easy transportation and installation The raceway could be put immediately in operation after placing in a reservoir pond (Figure 4) The airlift system can be easily installed and removed for cleaning Surface water of the reservoir pond is used to exchange with the raceway rather from lower layers as for SMART-1 Hence, SMART-2 can be placed in relatively shallow ponds, i.e with water depths between 100 and 120 cm, without no contamination of the dirt from the pond bottom SMART-2 also has a simple waste collector at the end of the raceway, making it more convenient and effective in cleaning than SMART-1
Fig 4 Floating raceway version SMART-2
Paddle wheel
Partitioned wall
Floating raceways
Monk
Air compressors Air line
Walkway
Trang 6The nursing trials using SMART-1 and
SMART-2 floating raceways both obtained
good results In addition a protocol of using
Grobest shrimp pellets manually coated with
vitamin mix and squid oil was successfully
developed and applied This improved
profitability significantly while ensuring the
quality of nursed fish If applied properly the
nursing protocols recommended by Tung et al (2009) can result in 85%, 90-95%, 60% survival after 40-45 days of nursing for barramundi, grouper and cobia, respectively
In addition, production cost is significantly lower than that for advanced nursing in tanks, ponds or cages (Tung et al 2008)
Table 2 Fingerling size and production cost of marine fish nursed in SMART floating raceway
(at the market price in 2008)
3.3 Investigation on the potential of
developing a zero-exchange system for
growing/nursing marine finfish
The trials on water treatment using biological
methods was conducted in Australia with three
elements (a) evaluating the waste collector
installed in raceway; (b) using seaweed
Asparagopsis armata to remove nutrients from
discharged water and (c) applying biofloc
technology for pH control and waste treatment
Results showed that the tested waste collector improved waste collection by 16% compared to the conventional method that allows discharged water overflow through the raceway outlet This solution made it possible to direct discharged water from the raceway to the treatment pond It also found out that the concentration of phytoplankton and suspended solids should be reduced to promote the development of Asparagopsis armata in the waste treatment system Organic waste should also transformed into inorganic nutrients for the seaweed Biofloc technology applied for treatment of discharged water was demonstrated to be a highly promising solution for development of a zero-exchange culture system (Burke et al 2007) The associated bacteria eliminated most of dissolved organic nutrients after 12 hours when 30 g of C/l was added A zero-exchange culture model was then proposed and needs to be further studied for practical application (Figure 6)
Fig 5 Design of the waste collector A plastic
screen will be used to prevent fish from escaping.
Trang 7Fig 6 Outline of the zero-exchanged system with a separated bio-flocs module
In Vietnam the attempt to integrate advanced
nursing of marine fish in floating raceways
with farming tiger prawn (5 prawns/m2) and
red tilapia (0.25 fish/m2) was conducted
Growth rate and survival of Malaba grouper
nursed in this raceway system was
significantly higher than every nursing models
at the experimentation time However, lower
survival rate was recorded for cobia in raceway
due to parasite infection in hatchery (Burke et
al 2007) Water quality in the integrated pond
was good and stably maintained during the
four months of trial with no water exchange
During that period of time, seven batches of
fish were nursed including barramundi,
grouper and cobia All trials had good results with relatively high profitability Growth rate and survival of Malaba grouper nursed in raceway at a density up to 1,700 fish/m3 were high (Table 3) The nursed fish accepted Grobest prawn pellets coated with squid oil very well Thus, feed cost was reduced by 80% compared to the popularly used pellet supplied
by INVE Result on cobia was not as good as for barramundi and Malaba grouper Survival was quite low Examination showed that fish might be infected with the so-called “spring parasites” (Nguyen Quang Huy - RIA1) in the hatcheries before stocking in the raceways
Table 3 Results on nursing barramundi and grouper Malaba in the in-pond floating raceway
Fingerling size at release(cm) 2.0 ± 0.1 2.3 ± 0.8 5.2 ± 0.4 6.3 ± 0.5 Fingerling size at harvest (cm) 6.2 ± 1.1 8.4 ± 1.0 11.0 ± 0.7 6.9 ± 0.4
* Data obtained on the 7thday of the batch, 2 days before fish death due to unexpected failure of the airlift system on Ausgust 5th, 2007
The cultured prawns reached 30 g or more at
harvest Survival, however, was relatively low
due to heavy predation by barramundi escaped
from the raceways Another drawback of this
trial was that the inoculated Artemia to graze algae and provide additional live food for fish fingerlings did not develop as expected Nevertheless, this primary trial prepared the
Screen
Air jet to provide oxygen and to mix water
Periodically removing accumulated sludge
Banana prawn stocked at low density with no feeding – prawns will feed on flocs
Clean supernatant back to culture pond
Paddle
wheel
Pond
Discharged water rich in nutrients pumped to the treatment pond
Floating raceways
Added water
to
compensate
evaporation
Trang 8ground for further development of a more
sustainable integrated culture system that
requires no water exchange and imposes
minimal impact on the environment (for more details see Burke et al 2007)
Fig 7 Clockwise, from above to below (a) feeding cobia (b) good feeding activity, (c) cobia and
(d) Malaba grouper at harvest
3.4 Dissemination of technology to farmers
In collaboration with Khanh Hoa Fisheries
Promotion Center, CARD VIE062/04 Project
had organized three workshops for local
farmers, one exhibition booth at the Asian
Pacific Aquaculture 2007 Conference in Hanoi
which attracted special attention of many
participants in Vietnam and abroad The results
the project were published as technical and
milestone reports, several presentations at
international conferences in the US and
Vietnam, one article in the Advocate magazine
and two scientific papers in the Fisheries
Science & Technology Journal (2007, 2009);
two scientific papers proceedings of local
workshops; two MSc theses of Luu The
Phuong and Ngo Van Manh, and some
undergraduate theses After the completion of
the project information dissemination has been
continually conducted via the ViFINET
Aquaculture Conference in December, 2008
and Best Aquaculture Practices Workshop
organized by CARD in July, 2009 in Nha
Trang With additional support from the
CARD program the project will publish a technical manual (in Vietnamese and English)
in 2010 and establish a floating raceway model
at the International University – VNUHCM for training students and interested farmers These activities altogether have resulted in the application of this newly developed technology
to a number of interested companies in Phu Yen, Khanh Hoa, Ba Ria Vung Tau, Ben Tre provinces and other countries such as Malaysia, the USA, Singapore and Australia The research team in Vietnam had been awarded the Second Prize in the Science & Technology Innovation Competition in 2007
by the Khanh Hoa People Committees
3.5 Capacity building for Vietnamese staff
Through the CARD VIE062/04 the project staff of Nha Trang University have had opportunities to collaborate with Australian colleagues to study and successfully develop
an advanced nursing system for marine finfish During the project, one junior lecturer was sent
to Australia for a 3-month training course; one
Trang 9technical staff of the Khanh Hoa Fisheries
Promotion was get involved in research;
several training courses and information
exchange were organized; two MSc students
were sponsored and supervised to conduct
thesis research related to in-pond floating
raceway At the present both of them are
serving the fisheries sector in Vietnam: one is
a lecturer of Nha Trang University, Faculty of
Aquaculture and the other is an officer of
Quang Ninh Department of Agriculture and
Rural Development V.L.I.R program in
Belgium awarded the project secretary, Ms
Banh Thi Quyen Quyen a scholarship to
undertake MSc study in aquaculture thank to
her academic performance and research
experience Ms Quyen obtained her MSc
degree with distinction in 2009 and is now
serving Nha Trang University as a lecturer
The CARD VIE062/04 project has been
successful in developing a cost-effective
technology for growing and for advanced
nursing of marine finfish using in-pond
floating raceways This innovative
technology allows the production of large
number of quality fingerlings at relatively
low costs and is considered adoptable by
farmers in both Australia and Vietnam Its
achievements in network creation,
scientific publication and capacity
building for Vietnamese staff are
considered remarkable
The results of CARD 062/04 VIE Project
should be further promoted with support
from the Ministry of Agriculture and
Rural Development of Vietnam It is
important that this advanced technology is
transferred to companies and farmers in
different parts of Vietnam helping
develop mariculture
As the labor cost and thus production cost
is generally low in Vietnam the
fiberglass-made SMART raceways should
be further improved in design and
manufacture that could eventually result
in a module-based commercial products
for export
Floating raceway has great potential for application to the farming of other important aquaculture species such as including the spiny rock lobsters, marine finfish, ornamental fish or incorporating into an integrated farming system that requires no water exchange R&D works related to these potentials should be strongly endorsed and supported by relevant agencies
REFERENCE
1 Burke M., Russel B., Collins A & Hoang
T (2007) Intensive in-pond floating raceway production of marine finfish In: Book of Abstracts, World Aquaculture Society Annual Meeting, 26 February – 2 March 2007, San Antonio, Texas, USA
2 Burke M., Hoang Tung & Willet D (2007) CARD VIE062/04 Project -Milestone Report No.5 CARD Program, MARD, Hanoi
3 Gottschalk T., Füllner G & Pfeifer M (2005) Möglichkeiten der Einführung neuer Fischarten als Objekte der Aquakultur in Sachsen Aufzucht von Hybrid-Streifenbarschen in einer ‘In-Teich-Kreislaufanlage’, Schriftenreihe der Sächsischen Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft Heft 14 – 10 Jahrgang 2005
4 Masser M.P & Lazur A (1997) In-pond raceways Southern Regional Aquaculture Center, SRAC Publication No 170
5 Le Xan (2005) Results of research on reproduction and culture some species of marine and brackish fish in Vietnam in recent years, orienting for coming researches In: Proceedings of the Conference on research and application science and technology in aquaculture Agriculture Publishing House, Ho Chi Minh city, pp 541-549 (in Vietnamese)
6 Luu T Phuong (2006) Application float raceways to nurse barramundi (Lates calcarifer Bloch, 1790) from 2 – 8 cm total length MSc thesis, University of Agriculture No 1, Ha Noi (in Vietnamese)
Trang 107 Ngo Van Manh (2008) Effects of stocking
density, size, feed types and feeding
regime on fingerlings of barramundi
(Lates calcarifer Bloch 1790) nursed in
in-pond floating raceways MSc thesis,
Nha Trang University, Vietnam (in
Vietnamese)
8 Ngo Van Manh & Hoang Tung (2009)
Effects of feeding frequency on growth,
survival and food conversion ratio of
fingerling barramundi (Lates calcarifer
Bloch 1790) nursed in floating raceways
Journal of Fisheries Science and
Technology 01/09: 23-30 (in
Vietnamese)
9 Nguyen V Su (2005) Developing
tendency of marine fish reproduction
technology Journal of Fisheries 3: 28-29
(in Vietnamese)
10 Hoang Tung, Collins A., Burke M (2007)
CARD VIE062/04 Project - Milestone
Report No.2&4 CARD Program, MARD,
Hanoi
11 Hoang Tung, Burke M., Willet D (2008)
CARD VIE062/04 Project - Milestone
Report No.8 CARD Program, MARD,
Hanoi
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CARD VIE062/04 Project - Milestone
Report No.9 CARD Program, MARD,
Hanoi
13 Hoang Tung, Huynh K.K (2008)
Advanced nursing of seabass using
International Aquaculture Workshop, Can
Tho Dec 2008
14 Hoang Tung, Luu T P & Huynh K.K
(2007) Trials of advanced nursing of
barramundi Lates calcarifer in in-pond
floating raceways Journal of Fisheries
Science and Technology 01/07: 12-18 (in Vietnamese)
15 Hoang Tung, Huynh K.K., Banh T.Q.Q, Nguyen D.M & Burke M (2007) Use of floating raceways for marine finfish fingerling production and potential for the development of an integrated farming system In: Proceeding of IMOLA Symposium, Hue 19 – 20 April, 2007, pp
1 – 14 Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry
16 Hoang Tung & Burke M (2007) Floating raceways provide options for marine fish fingerling production Global Aquaculture Advocate Jul-Aug: 54-55
17 Hoang Tung, Burke M, Huynh KK, Banh TQQ & Nguyen DM (2007) Using floating raceway technology to integrate marine fish nursing with shrimp farming In: Book of Abstracts, p 318 Asian Pacific Aquaculture 2007 Conference in Hanoi, Vietnam
18 Hoang Tung, Nguyen DM, Collins A & Burke M (2007) Nursing marine fish in coastal ponds using floating raceways In: Book of Abstracts, p 818 Aquaculture
2007 Conference, San Antonia, USA
19 Hoang Tung, Burke M & Huynh KK (2009) Mass production of quality marine fish fingerlings by in-pond floating raceways In: Proceedings of the BAP Workshop, p.1-12, July 2009 in Nha Trang CARD Program, Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development of Vietnam