Báo cáo nghiên cứu khoa học " IMPROVEMENT OF EXPORT AND DOMESTIC MARKETS FOR VIETNAMESE FRUIT THROUGH IMPROVED POST-HARVEST AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT " potx

IMPROVEMENT OF EXPORT AND DOMESTIC MARKETS FORVIETNAMESE FRUIT THROUGH IMPROVED POST-HARVEST AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Project title: Improvement of export and domestic markets for Vie

IMPROVEMENT OF EXPORT AND DOMESTIC MARKETS FOR

VIETNAMESE FRUIT THROUGH IMPROVED POST-HARVEST AND

SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT

Project title: Improvement of export and domestic markets for Vietnamese fruit through improved

post-harvest and supply chain management

Project code: CARD 050/04 VIE

Authors: Nguyen Duy Duc1, R J Nissen3, Nguyen Minh Chau2, Nguyen Ngu1, Vu Cong

Khanh1, San Tram Anh1, Ngo Van Binh1, Tran Thi Kim Oanh1

Project Implementing organisations:

1

Sub-Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Post-Harvest Technology (SIAEP)

2

Southern Fruit Research Institute (SOFRI)

3

Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (DPI & F)

The fruit industry in Vietnam has a great

potential and plays an important role in

agricultural production In 2003, Vietnam

exported US$43 million of high value fruit to

high-income countries and imported US$14

million of fruit and vegetables Vietnam is

experiencing difficulties in competing with

other Asian nations in export markets and its

own domestic market, especially with China

and Thailand Ford et al., (2003), suggested the

competitiveness of Vietnamese fruit industries

were failing due to poor, unstable product

quality, no quality standards, poor post harvest

technologies and pre-harvest practices, lack of

group co-operative marketing structures and

little information about supply chains, prices

and customers needs This suggests that

Vietnam’s horticultural industries require

substantial development to be globally

competitive

This project will address constraints by

engaging with key Vietnamese stakeholders

from research institutes (SIAEP and SOFRI)

and local farmers in the mango and pomelo

industries in Southern Vietnam This project

will take total supply chain network into

account This project focused on where

significant benefits are to be gained in the

pre-harvest, post-harvest and marketing sectors

This project will alleviate weaknesses in the

supply chain and improve the capacity of stakeholders involved in pre-and post-harvest technologies affecting product quality consistency Highly–specialised, targeted training programs, appropriate for institutions and industry stakeholders will be provided in supply chain management and planning, pre-and post-harvest technologies

methodology

2.1 Contents

 Cat Hoa Loc mango, Cat Chu mango, Nam Roi pomelo and Da Xanh pomelo were selected to conduct research

 A strategic analysis of the mango and pomelo horticultural industries supply chains in Vietnam

 Mapping and identifying strengths and weaknesses in existing domestic and export chains for mango and pomelo, with particular emphasis on determining consumer preferences and needs, and feeding results back to farmers

 Selection of the key stakeholders and identification of key pre-and post-harvest and cultural constraints

 Developing improved export and domestic supply chains for mango and pomelo

 Setting up of new supply chains,

improved farmer groups/organisations

for marketing mango and pomelo

 Pre and post-harvest capacity building of

mango and pomelo farmers

2.2 Methodology

2.2.1 Manuals developed

2.2.2 Pomelo study

2.2.3 Mango study

a) Hot water dip treatment

b) Control low temperature in all supply

chains

c) Set up three different value/supply chains.

This was done to demonstrate to the CARD

project participants (farmers to retailers) the

affects each supply chain product flows had on

fruit quality Three different value/supply

chains were trialled These were:

• Traditional supply chain (no change in

technology or supply chain practices)

• New supply chain (new improved

pre-and post-harvest technologies pre-and hot

water treatment)

• Metro Cash and Carry cool supply chain

(New improved pre- and post harvest

technologies, hot water treatment and

cool supply chain): For the Metro Cool

Supply Chain fruit were transported from

the pack house in Cai Be, Tien Giang

Province by air conditioned van

(20-25oC) to Metro warehouse where the fruit

were temporary placed in the Metro

warehouse cool room at 5-10oC for 6-8

hours The fruit were then transported to

the supermarkets by a cold truck before

6:00 am of the next day, and displayed

for sale at 20-25oC Fruits were collected

from the supermarkets and placed in a

cool room (20oC) at SIAEP laboratory

until fruit ripened

d) Mango ripening by using ethylene

• Ripening chamber structure:

The dimension of repining chamber is Length x Width x Height = 2800 x 2500 x 2600 mm; volume of 18,2m3 with tight-close door There

is one fan at upper ceiling to blow the air inside the chamber The floor of ripening chamber is covered by pallet

• Operation principle of ripening chamber;

- Washing: mango after harvest were transported direct to the laboratory in the same day Use clean water 0,2% hypochlorite sodium to wash mango before treatment

- Mango then was put into plastic tray

in the order and kept a clearance enough to allow a fan blow ethylene air contact equally with the mango fruit surface

- During treatment, the repining door must be tightly closed to avoid the air leakage

- Repining treatment is about 24 hours and temperature should be maintained about 280C

- Check the content of CO2 by CO2 measurement apparatus In case its content is increased over 5%, slowly open the door chamber within 10-15 minutes, then close it again Normally open the door once every 12 hours

- Use Ethylene 100ppm dosage for ripening process by using ethylene regulator The selection of mango with the similarly weight, size is advised to get uniform color after treatment

- After repining, open the door chamber, mango were transferred to other room to storage at temperature

of 280C within 24 hours before distribution

e) Compare the effective of bagging and non-bagging methods

2.2.4 Pre- and post- harvest capacity building

of mango and pomelo farmers

 Orchard layout and design for mango

and pomelo

 Canopy management for pomelo and

mango

 Pest and disease control for mango and

pomelo

2.2.5 Post- harvest capacity building of

mango and pomelo farmers

 Development of harvesting poles

 Maturity indicators

2.2.6 Training activities

3.3.1 Developed technical and field guide

pre-harvest manuals based on GAP

These manuals were written in Vietnamese

for Vietnamese farmers Specific subjects

covered were:

 Mango Cultivation Handbook

 Mango Pest Control Handbook

 Mango Disease Control Handbook

 Pomelo Cultivation Pest and

Disease Control Handbook.

Manuals covering pre-harvest training and

were provided:

 Best practice manual for mango

(Mango Information Kit)

 Mango and citrus orchard design

 Citrus training and pruning manual

 Farmer citrus training and pruning

manual

 Using chemicals (A chemical

handling and safety manual)

 Citrus pest and disease manual

 Integrated pest and disease

management (IPDM) system for

pomelo

 Mango pest management manual

 Improving mango harvest systems

Manuals covering post-harvest training covered:

 Optimising harvest quality in mangoes

 Mango postharvest manual

 Cat Hoa Loc mango quality guide, Cat Chu mango quality guide, Nam Roi pomelo quality guide and

Da Xanh pomelo quality guide

 Ripening room design Manuals covering supply/value chain development and improvement covered:

 Introduction to value supply chains

 Developing food value supply chains

 Understanding and monitoring quality flows

 Principles of supply/value chains

 Supply/value chian analysis

 Developing supply/value chains

 Developing strategic plans

 Developing action plans

 Developing new improved horticultural supply/value chains

 Supply/value chain management of fresh product quality and food safety

 Understand supply/value chain and product quality

 Processes used to manage fresh product quality and food safety

 Handling and transporting of fresh produce along a supply chain to maintain produce quality and

deliver safe produce to the

consumer

 Marketing and focus group

training

 Designing Training Workshops for

mango and pomelo growers in

Vietnam

 Socio-economic analysis of mango

and pomelo supply chains in

Vietnam

All manuals were provided to farmers,

collectors, traders, wholesalers, retailers

and exporters who attended the CARD

Project training workshops.

These manuals are one measure to ensure

sustainability of this project These

manuals are a way of ensuring long-term

project impacts Manuals are of then used a

source of reference material for SOFRI and

SIAEP staff as well as the local mango and

pomelo farmers On several of the farm

visits in the Mekong Delta, farmers would

bring out their manuals, proudly displaying

them and discuss various aspects they have

read or need help with in trying to

implement on their farms.

Results from experiments indicated that fruit treated with Citra Shine Special Wax had an increased the shelf life The increase was about

2 weeks compared to the control and Vacuum Wrapping treated fruit The change from green

to yellow was about one week later for the Citra Shine Special Wax and Vacuum Wrapped treated fruit compared to the Control treated fruit This delay in colour change may have some effect on the supply chains operating in the Mekong River Delta in southern Vietnam

by allowing traders, collectors, packing agents and wholesalers to hold fruit back from marketing for about a week

Vacuum wrapping and moisture condensation inside the wrapping also played a significant role in increasing the incidence of disease Fruit that are vacuumed wrapped, or have a special anti-transparent applied must have no physical damage to the surface of the skin Fruit must also be sanitised thoroughly to eliminate any possible disease infection before applying postharvest treatments This is especially critical for fruit destined for export due to quarantine requirements of importing countries and developing a reliable trade mark and reputation for Vietnamese pomelo fruit

Day

1 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77

0

10

20

30

40

Control Citra Shine Special Vacuum Wrapping

Days

0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Control Citra Shine Special Wax Vacuum Wrapping

Figure 1 Comparison of percentage moisture loss

in Nam Roi Pomelo fruit between control, Citra

Shine Special Wax and Vacuum Wrap treatments

Figure 2 Comparison of the average taste evaluations for the Control, Citra Shine Special Wax and Vacuum Wrapping Treatments for Nam

Roi Pomelo

3.3 Mango outcomes

temperature control

Keeping mango fruit cool along the supply

chain in the high humidity and high temperature

conditions in Southern Vietnam significantly

reduces fruit weight loss by 35% to 61% and

extended shelf life by a minimum of 4 days

Combinations of new fibreboard packaging,

hot water dip treatment, plastic crate

packaging and cooling the fruit along the

supply chain significantly reduced disease

infestation by 55% to 93% respectively.

As with most fruit, mangoes are best ripened at the wholesale market end of the chain This will allow the fruit to travel along the chain in a hard green state reducing handling damage and disease development Mangoes should be ripened at 18oC to 22oC as these temperatures will allow the fruit to develop maximum colour, flavour, texture, taste, and limit the loss of Vitamins If these temperatures are maintained along the supply chain, fruit will still be in a high quality state and capable of being sold at the highest market prices

Days

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Traditional New Metro

Days

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

0 20 40 60 80

100

Traditional supply chain New supply chain Metro cool supply chain

Figure 3 Comparison of the percentage of fruit

weigh loss rate in for the Traditional, New and

Metro Cool Supply Chains

Figure 4 Comparison of the percentage of the fruit affected by disease for the Traditional Supply Chain, New Supply Chain and the Metro Cool Supply Chain

Development of new cool supply chain

systems, packaging and disease control

methods to extend shelf life of Cat Hoa Loc

mango in Southern Vietnam must be a key

initiative of Government and Institutes to

ensure farmers in the Mekong Delta remain

economically viable.

3.3.2 Mango ripening by using ethylene

 Colour: the colour of samples used

ethylene treatment were more

yellow after two days ripening than

controlled samples, which looked

still green after 4 days storage.

 Hardness: the hardness of controlled samples are still rather high (3,47-4,5 Kg/ cm2) while the hardness of treated samples are reduced significantly (1,02 Kg/ cm2).

 Degrees Brix: Brix level of ethylene treated samples was increased (from 40-80% after 3-4 days of treatment) compared controlled samples.

3.3.3 Compare the effective of bagging

and non-bagging methods

Bagged fruit were only sprayed once with

pesticides (before bagging), while non-bagged

fruit were sprayed a further seven times This

bagging method provides to consumers a

chemical free, safe product An 87% reduction pesticides costs was achieved using fruit bagging Table 1 below show 10% to 20% increase in fruit quality achieved using fruit bags across all fruit grades Table 2 below, show the price received in VND/kg for each fruit grade for bagged and non-bagged fruit

Table 1 Comparison of fruit grades, bagged fruit versus non-bagged fruit

Table 2 Comparison of prices per fruit grade for bagged fruit versus non-bagged fruit

(VND/kg)

% change

Comparing production costs of fruit bagging on

one Cat Hoa Loc mango tree to one tree that

was not bagged was 231 200 VND vs 128 000

VND Comparison of income from one Cat

Hoa Loc mango tree with bagged fruit versus

one tree where the fruit were not bagged was

2 573 000 VND vs 1 824 800 VND Profit

earned from one Cat Hoa Loc mango tree that

was bagged was 2 341 800 VND compared to a

non-bagged tree of Cat Hoa Loc 1 696 800

VND These studies found that fruit bagging

during the May to August period could

significantly increase incomes by 27%, lifting

socio-economic standings

3.3 Pre-harvest capacity building of

mango and pomelo farmers

3.3.1 Orchard layout and design for mango

and pomelo

How to change from a mixed farming system

orchard to a monoculture blocks of trees (trees

total farm orchard received excellent support from all the groups This process is in line with GAP processes in Vietnam Due to economics

of doing such redesign of their orchards; it will take considerable time to implement, as farmers still have to generate a living from their farms Two forms of change were highly acceptable to the farmers These are:

 gradual tree removal and replacement planting to an GAP system orchard design

 gradual lopping of large trees (reducing tree height) The implementation of canopy management and pruning practices to increase fruit quality by allowing:

o greater light penetration into the canopy

o better spray penetration (This will give greater control of pests and

diseases thereby reducing effects on

fruit quality and help reduce chemical

costs and application costs)

o all the crop to be harvested (reducing

pests and disease pressures)

Many pomelo and mango farmers are now

planting monoculture blocks of trees to ensure

they can obtain GAP accreditation For

example, Hoang Gia Company has planted

monoculture blocks of pomelo (about 600 trees)

in the Binh Minh District The Viet Hung

Company has also planted about 180 hectares

of mango Mr Hung an orchardist and director

of the Viet Hung Company has about 15000 m2

of orchard or 480 mango trees planted at a

spacing of about 6 m x 6m About 50% of the

area is the mango variety Cat Hoa Loc, 40%

Cat Chu, and the remaining 10% others

varieties Keow Savoey of Thailand, Kensington

of Australia, and the Taiwanese variety

Tuong-elephant and Thom of Vietnam Trees are kept

to a manageable height of less than 4 metres via

canopy management techniques such a pruning

and training, tree lopping and top-working trees

to new varieties

3.3.2 Canopy management for pomelo and

mango

Correct canopy management procedures for

pomelo is difficult to achieve in Vietnam due to

farmers having to constantly remove branches

and limbs due to infestation of Huanglongbing

(greening disease) It is hoped that newly

established orchards trees will be pruned to the

desired tree shape to facilitate the effectiveness

of sprays for pests and diseases and improve

light interception and ultimately fruit quality

following GAP for Vietnam

For mango, the very large, old trees with a

single stem would also prove difficult to prune,

but discussions held at SOFRI with staff and

farmers devised a system for gradual pruning

and training of trees Many growers are still

very hesitant or uncertain about the effects of

pruning very old and large mango trees This is

a cultural factor that has to be addressed in

Vietnam Other projects conducted by the

Australian team in northern Vietnam have found that farmers of stone fruit trees (peach and plum) and persimmon trees will not prune their trees because they fear they will die It has taken over 6 years and many demonstrations to convince these farmers that trees can be lopped, stumped or pruned without dying Many farmers are not easily convinced unless they see it demonstrated on their own orchards

The demonstration orchard set up by EMU Vietnam at Cam Rang in Khanh Hoa Province have been successfully topped and pruned for several years Also Mr Hung’s orchard at the

My Xuong commune, Cao Lanh district, Dong Thap Province also demonstrates that mango trees can be managed by topping, pruning and training to increase light interception and improve fruit quality

3.3.3 Pest and disease control for mango and pomelo

Best practice systems and implementation of GAP are based on good IPM and IDM strategies to reduce chemical usage and contaminants, enabling the producer to provide

a quality assured product for his customers and finally the consumers

For example: The main diseases affecting mangoes during the postharvest phase, develop from infections that occur in the field and then remain latent until the fruit ripen Disease may also develop as a result of wound infections that occur during the harvesting and postharvest handling of the fruit Applying chemicals at late fruit development stages in field or during the postharvest phase increase the risks of chemical contamination and may void quality assurance standards Therefore, correctly identifying the disease and the chemical that will control the disease and correct application (rate and timing) early in the field is the safest, avoiding contamination, health and safety issues and voiding quality assurance standards Anthracnose is a fungus that affects most parts

of the mango tree It grows on leaves, young shoots, flowers and fruit The fungus spreads

from spores that are produced on dead twigs,

branches and leaves These spores are spread

by water splash onto new growth Infection on

the flowers and young fruit can cause severe

flower and fruit drop, but on larger fruit the

infection can lie dormant until the fruit starts to

ripen, when the fungus develops into large

black areas Infection can be controlled by

protectant sprays during flowering This limits

the control measures that may have to be taken

during the postharvest phase This GAP

practice also significantly reduces production

costs

An example for citrus is the monitoring of pests

and diseases By correctly designing and

opening up orchards, not planting too close,

increasing light interception and carrying out

canopy management will significantly assist in

the management of diseases as phytophthora

and huanglongbing (citrus greening disease)

Opening up the orchard provides less

favourable conditions for the psyllids which

spread the disease Discussions with

huanglongbing disease specialists indicated that

inter-planting with guava may reduce the

incidence of huanglongbing disease and

prolong the tree life by disrupting the psyllids

movements due to volatiles released from the

guava trees

Where pomelo fruit hang together on the tree

and mature, they usually develop disease where

they touch each other It was proposed to

farmers, where fruit hang in doubles that one

fruit be removed early to avoid diseases

building up on the fruit This process will

increase the number of marketable fruit per tree

thereby increasing yield and farm gate returns

3.4 Postharvest capacity building for

mango and pomelo farmers

After training, Mango groups have initiated

new harvesting procedures and process to

ensure quality standards and GAP are adhered

to For example:

o Mango fruit are harvested in the morning, but on occasions when rain or other crop management factors intervene, fruit may

be harvested at any time of day

o Harvesting poles are used to harvest the fruit from the ground and from high up in the tree canopy

o All fruit are harvested with long stems (up to 10 cm if possible) and placed into paper-lined baskets

o Paper is also placed between each layer

of fruit in the baskets to protect fruit from sap burn or rub marks

o Harvested fruit stems are usually cut to 2

cm in length and placed on wire trays with stem down to allow sap to ooze

o Fruit are left on the ground for approximately 2 hours then wrapped in newspaper and placed into 20 kg baskets

o Mango branches, paper or banana leaves are used to cover fruit in these baskets whilst in the field

3.4.1 Development of harvesting poles

Harvesting poles have scissors and are used to cut fruit from the branches and a soft cloth bag attached to catch the fruit (Figure 5) All fruit are now harvested with long stem 15 to 20 cm

in length if possible This system replaces the old harvesting pole with cutter blade (Figure 6) with a net to catch fruit Another earlier method used was a picking pole with a looped wire to pull or snap the fruit from tree branches (Figure 7) Fruit were caught in a cloth bag suspended underneath the picking pole The last two systems were reported to increase the incidence of sap burn, downgrading fruit from class 1 to class 3 Growers reported that net bags are too rough and damage the skin of the fruit Soft bags also have problems, sap adheres to the material, builds up, and causes sap burn and abrasion damage on the skin of the fruit

Figure 5 New mango harvesting system using

scissors to cut the fruit from the tree.

Figure 6 Old system that uses blades to cut mango fruit

from trees whilst catching fruit in a net.

Figure 7 Old system where fruit is pulled from tree

branches and caught in a cloth bag suspended

underneath.

Figure 8 New mango harvesting systems, cutting fruit from trees branches using scissors and cloth bag to catch

fruit.

3.4.2 Maturity indicators

Fruit are harvested when:

 length of time from flowering to

harvest maturity, 84 days

 fruit change from a dark green colour to

light green colour

 fruit shape is full

 shoulders of the fruit are full and fruit

beak has filled out

 no visible line down the centre of the

fruit

3.5 Training activities

Sixty three workshops were conducted during

this project, to train 677 farmers and 124

collectors and wholesalers (not included other

participants in supply chains) In-field,

participatory action learning workshops provided a better understanding of how improvements to the mango and pomelo supply/value chains operating in Southern Vietnam Forty four manuals and workbooks were developed and used in the CARD Project and 24 reports which10 papers published in international journals and workshops were produced covering

A strategic analysis of the mango and pomelo supply/value chains operating in southern Vietnam was completed by SIAEP and SOFRI staff, farmers, collectors, traders, wholesalers, exporters and retailers

This strategic analysis process, in manual form was provided to both SIAEP and SOFRI staff to use for development of future fruit and vegetable supply/value chains Strategic plans workshops were also held in villages with

mango and pomelo growers and with collectors

to discuss supply chain maps, the SWOT

analysis and strategic plans developed at

previous workshops and to adjust and obtain

input from a wider cross section of

farmer/growers Action plans were also

developed based on the agreed vision, goals and

future direction for both the mango and pomelo

CARD project participants

New supply chains were developed with Metro

Cash & Carry and various high value retailers

in TP Ho Chi Minh City for mango and

pomelo This project was not involved in the

business to business negotiations but assisted in

developing good agricultural practices (GAP)

and quality assurance systems

In 2008, the Cat Hoa Loc Mango Group sold

about 700kg to 1 tonne of Cat Hoa Loc grade 1

fruit to Metro Cash & Carry Vietnam Ltd., as a

trial shipment using a new developed

supply/value chain This fruit sold from 55,000

to 75,000 VND/kg This is about double to

triple the normal price At the end of the

CARD Project, a contract was signed with

Metro Cash & Carry to supply 5 tonne of fruit

They also supply about 70 tonnes of mango in

2009 and 100 tonnes of mango in 2010 for

processor in Ho Chi Minh city to Japan market

They use the ripening procedure developed by

this project and their main products is frozen

fresh-cut to supply Japanese company

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