Báo cáo nghiên cứu khoa học " Extension and Farmer Adoption " pptx

Milestone 8: Extension and Farmer Adoption Deliverables: • Training materials for extension worker training • Assessment of impact and appropriateness of training for extension workers

Milestone 8: Extension and Farmer Adoption

Deliverables:

• Training materials for extension worker training

• Assessment of impact and appropriateness of training for extension workers and growers and survey of 2005 trainees to determine use of training material and uptake by growers

• Quality specifications for at least 3 crops developed with assistance from Marketing Companies

Training materials for extension work

In addition to the training materials produced for the workshops in Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh, Dalat and Can Tho (previously supplied), several factsheers for extension officers have been developed by the team:

• Greenhouse tomato production

• Greenhouse cucumber production

• An economic analysis of greenhouse tomato and cucumber production

• An introduction to hydroponic systems

• what protected cropping systems have been trialled in Vietnam

• what are the current recommendations

• ideas on how to develop systems that are economically viable

• retaining quality from farm to market

This publication will provide a resource that can be updated as technology and systems continue to change in Vietnamese horticultural production systems (It is hoped that any remaining project funding can be used to publish this)

In addition to this IAS has conducted a series of Farmer Field Schools (and developed materials for) looking at the safe production of vegetables (Appendix 2)

Assessment of impact and appropriateness of training

Participant surveys were undertaken for the Can Tho and Dalat workshops (Dalat survey workshop results attached as not previously supplied in earlier milestone – Appendix 3)

To evaluate the effectiveness and impact of farmer and extension training activities several case studies were also undertaken Some have been reported in a previous milestone (5) where we reported on how:

1 Research and extension personnel had developed low tech hydroponic systems and utilised these systems in their research activities They are also called apon to give advice to companies such as Hanoi Seed Company who are looking to improve their hydroponic and greenhouse systems

2 Mr Nguyen Hong Phong, Vegetable farmer and seedling producer, Lam Dong province, has applied what he has learnt from project activities including:

• In-country training

• Australian study tour

• On-going advice provided by project staff

In this milestone Dr Vinh (IAS) provides a further update (Appendix 3) on changes that Mr Phong has made since our previous milestone (also included) We can now see that not

Mr Pham Van Dung (IAS) also interviewed 3 further farmers in Lam Dong province to find how the training in 2006 had impacted their production practices Nguyen Van La (Phu Thinh - Kim Dong), Nguyen Van Khoi (Tan Tien – An Duong) and Nguyen Van Chuyen (Quy Nhat – Nghia Hang) were interviewed in August 2008 to determine what they had applied form the training courses in 2006

They were asked about how the project had helped them produce cucumbers or tomatoes and in particular what knowledge they had gained Their responses were that they had learnt about:

-safe vegetable production

-using plastic mulch

-how to graft tomatoes

-what varieties have pest and disease resistance and how this can improve yield and reduce pesticide usage

-how to apply IPM

-postharvest management of their crop

They were also asked what technologies they had applied The most common changes that had taken place were:

-using plastic mulch

-using improved varieties

They had also reduced their pesticide usage Previously some growers had been spraying 15-20 times/crop but they had reduced this to 3-5 times/crop

When asked why they had made these changes, the growers responded that:

-improved their return

-reduced pesticide usage

-improved yield and quality

Ideally we would have undertaken a more extensive survey of the 2006 training

participants, but as no baseline data was collected, the results would be hard to interpret Also in the 2006 workshops, the number of farmers participating was relatively small, but this was rectified with the 2007 program

Appendix 1 – Fact Sheets

GROWING TOMATOES IN A

GREENHOUSE

This is a technique that summarises

the results of a research sub-project

titled “Research on ability of groing

tomatoes under polyethylene house

in Lamdong“ implemented by IAS

in co-operation with Gosford

vegetables & flowers research

Institute, Australia (Project 004/04

VIE)

It is a new technique, high effect

The technical will be required

material facilities:

1 The polyethylene house: The

house frame are made of steel, rafter

are bamboo, roof is made of

polyethylene, gutter are made of

corrugated iron; arris is 4m in height,

the top of the house is 5.7m in

height, the roof of the house are

alternate and 0.7m in height The

house surrounded by polyethylene

0.5m in height from ground, 0.5m to

2.7m in height by net with mesh

2mm, from 2.7m to 4m in height by

polyethylene The columns of house

are made of steel which fixed stakes

in the ground 0.5m in deep and pour concrete 0.3m in height with 10cm in diameter Between the stakes 7m in distance, block house 3m in long

2 Trellising sytem (ø = 3mm) have designed inside the house 2m in height from ground

and parallel; two lines 0.5m in distance and the same as the tomatoes bed on the ground

3 Irrigation system: 1 tank 2000 liter, 1 filter and drip irrigation with output about 1.5-1.7

L/ hour/hole

- The tank of water 3m in height and set up with filter, drip irrigation

- On the bed set up two lines 0.4m in distance

4 Muching plastic on the bed before transplanting and make holes to grow

PROCEDURE OF TOMATOES GROWING TECHNIQUE

1 Seed

Tomato varieties with promising characteristics such as good growing ability, high

with 70-80 tons/ha Beside these two varieties, Clarance and Labell, imported from

Australia, can be reached high potencial productivity about 300-400 tons per ha

months, then they were ground

and put into holes of trays with

moisture enough for good

germination of seeds

b/ Sowing: Seeds were sown into

holes by hand or special machine

(one seed into one hole), then

seeds were covered with a thin

layer of media Trays containing

seeds were aranged into a block,

then they were covered with

canvas to stimulate germination

After 3 to 5 days, the seeds were

germinated totally and trays were

arangred on nursary to taking care them Seedlings were irrgated 1-2 times per day, depending upon the moisture of the media After 25-27 days of sowing, seedlings have 4-6 leaves, and then they were grafted with the rootstock of bacterial wilt resistant tomato 10-

12 days after grafting, seedlings can be grown in the polyethylene house

The seedlings which grow in the polyethylen house are healthy plants

4 Transplanting and taking care

a/ Prepare land, fertilizer

- Tomato usually like pH 5,5-7,5 (suitable of pH 6,0-6,5) If the land is acid soil then could add more lime before cultivated

- The land were plough and clean weeds; made bed 1,2m in wide, 15-20cm in heigh, 30cm in gutter

25 Fertilizer: Amount of fertilizer for 1 ha grow tomatoes (to get yield about 150tons/ha)

- Cow dung: 40-50 tons

- Urea (46%N): 900-950kg

- Supper phosphate (16% P2O5): 850-900kg

- Potassium sulphate (62% K2O): 800-820kg

Put down basic fertilizer all cow dung, supper phosphate and ¼ potassium sulphate

on the bed side 10-15cm in deep and mixed Amount of other fertilizer will be use for irrigation in next periods

b/ Transplanting and taking care

Transplants per ha will from 23.000 (40cm x 60cm)

Trellising sytem for tomatoes

- Trellis is a steel 20cm length that have 2 hooks Nylon strings were rewinded into the trellis with the 8m length

- The nylon strings were replaced stake that to be hung with two lines 0.5m in distance and the same as the tomatoes bed on the ground

- The nylon string were rewinded the main stem of tomatoes When the stem of tomatoes reached to 2m in heigh, 20cm of nylon string are took down by rotation of the hooks to make tomato plant fall down a little Taking down every 4-5 days

- Fertigation

+ 15 days after transplanting applied additional fertilizer by fertigation: 1time per week, 15 minutes per time 3kg urea and 2kg postassium sulphate were soaked and filtered that diluted with concentrate about 0,5% for fertigation

+ 35 days after transplanting will have increase number of time for fertigation: 5 days per time, 15 minutes per time

5 Plant protection

a/The main of insect and diesease

In nursary: Concerning to damping-off (Pythium or Rhizoctonia) and to used pesticide

with ½ concentrate of recommended on label of the product

Leaf miner (Liriomyza tripholia): controlled by Ofunack, Trigard, Netoxin…

Damping-off (Pythium or Rhizoctonia): controlled by Benlat C, Rovral, Ridomil,

TopsinM

In Polyethylene house

Insects: little to occur:

Leaf miner (Agromyza): controlled by Vectimec, Trigard, Polytrin…

Thrip (Thrips spp.): controlled by Supracide, Polytrin, Actara, Oshin…

Aphids, white fly (Bemisia sp): controlled by Regent, Confidor, Actara, Mosfilan, Oshin…

Diseases: There are some disease pests of tomato including bacteria, fungi, and viruses

TYLCV: controlled by Confidor, Mosfilan, Actara, Oshin…

Early and late blights (Alternaria solani and Phytophtora infestans respectively) have

similar problems as with potato Both are controlled with fungicides

Rhizoctonia solani spp: controlled by Anvil, Validacin, Tilt, Monceren

Notice: should be change the pesticide to useful and high effect

Bacterial wilt: controlled by using grafted seedling

b/ IPM

* Cutural: Colection, remnants were destroyed after havest Plough, applied additional lime (600-650kg/ha) Crop rotation were best menthod by lettuce, leaf vegetables,

* Biological: Should be used biology pesticide such as Bt, V-Bt, Pheromone, Neem, Fungicide: Trichoderma, Validacin,

6 Harvest:

The fruirt apperance were redden colour that can be havest Using scissor cut between peduncle of single fruirt or a cluster that arranged in plastic container

GROWING CUCUMBER IN A

GREENHOUSE

This is technique summarises results of a research project entitled “Research on ability of groing cucumber under polyethylene house in Lamdong“ implemented by IAS in co-operation with Gosford vegetables & flowers research Institute, Australia (Project 004/04 VIE)

It is a new technique, high effect The technical will be required material facilities:

1 The polyethylen house: The house frame are made of steel, rafter are bamboo, roof is

made of polyethylen, gutter are made of corrugated iron; arris is 4m in height, the top of the house is 5.7m in height, the roof of the house are alternate and 0.7m in height The house surrounded by polyethylen 0.5m in height from ground, 0.5m to 2.7m in height by net with mesh 2mm, from 2.7m to 4m in height by polyethylen

The columns of house are made steel which fix stakes in the ground 0.5m in deep and pour concrete 0.3m in height with 10cm in diameter Between the stakes 7m in distance, block house 3m in long

2 Trellising sytem (ø = 3mm) have designed inside the house 2m in height from ground

and parallel; two lines 0.5m in distance and the same as the cucumber bed on the ground

3 Irrigation system: 1 tank 2000 liter, 1 filter and drip irrigation with output about 1.5-2l/

hour/hole

- The tank of water 3m in height and set up with filter, drip irrigation

- On the bed set up two lines 0.4m in distance

4 Muching plastic on the bed before transplanting and make holes to grow

PROCEDURE OF CUCUMBER GROWING TECHNIQUE

1 Seed

Cucumber varieties with promising characteristics such as good growing ability, high productivity good quality, pest tolerance were chosen Curently, cucumber varieties grown commonly in Lamdong province are TN 140 which yield up to 30-32tons/ha Beside these two varieties, Status and Tohoku, which are varieties from Australia, can be reached high potencial productivity about 100 tons per ha

b/ Sowing: Seeds were sowing into holes by hand or special machine (one seed into one hole), then seeds were covered with a thin layer of media Trays containing seeds were aranged into a block, then they were covered with canvas to stimulate germination After 3

to 5 days, the seeds were germinated totally and trays were arangred on nursary to taking care them Seedlings were irrgated 1-2 times per day, depending upon the moisture of the media After 10-15 days of sown, seedlings have 4-6 leaves, cucumber can be grown in the polyethylen house

The seedlings which grow in the polyethylen house are healthy plants

4 Transplanting and taking care

a/ Prepare land, fertilizer

- Cucumber usually like pH 5,5-6,8 (suitable of pH 6,0-6,5) If the land is acid soil then could add more lime before cultivated

- The land were plough and clean weeds; made bed 1,2m in wide, 15-20cm in heigh, 30cm in gutter

25-Fertilizer: Amount of fertilizer for 1 ha growing cucumber (to get yield about 50tons/ha)

- Cow dung: 35-40 tons

- Urea (46%N): 300-350kg

- Supper phosphate (16% P2O5): 350-400kg

- Potassium sulphate (62% K2O): 250-300kg

Put down basic fertilizer all cow dung, supper phosphate, 1/10 amount of urea and 1/5 amount of potassium sulphate on the bed side 10-15cm in deep and mixed Amount of other fertilizer will be use for irrigation next period

b/ Transplanting and taking care

Transplants per ha will have from 23.000 (40cm x 60cm)

Trellising sytem for cucumber

- Trellis is a steel 20cm length that have 2 hooks Nylon strings were rewinded into the trellis with the 8m length

- The nylon were replaced stake that to be hung with two lines 0.5m in distance and the same as the cucumber bed on the ground

- The nylon were rewinded the main stem of cucumber When the stem of cucumber reached to 2m in heigh, 20cm of nylon string are took down by rotation of the hooks to make tomato plant fall down a little Taking down every 3-4 days

+ 35 days after transplanting will have increase number of time for fertigation: 5 days per time, 15 minutes per time

5 Plant protection

a/ The main of insect and diesease

Nursary: Concerning to damping-off (Pythium or Rhizoctonia) and to used pesticide with

½ concentrate of recommended on label of the product Both are controlled with Benlat C, Rovral, Ridomil, Topsin M

Leaf miner (Liriomyza tripholia): controlled by Ofunack, Trigard, Netoxin…

Polyethylene house

Insects: little to occur:

Aphids (Aphis cracivora Koch): controlled by Confidor, Actara,

Thrip (Thrips spp.): controlled by Supracide, Polytrin, Actara, Oshin…

Aphids, white fly (Bemisia sp): controlled by Regent, Confidor, Actara, Mosfilan, Oshin…

Diseases: There are some disease pests of cucumber including bacteria, fungi, and many viruses

Cucumber Mosaic Virus: The plant is stunted and foliage is mottled followed by occasional wilt and death of leaves It is vectored by aphids and the cucumber beetle are controlled with Confidor, Mosfilan, Actara, Oshin…

Downy Mildew: (Pseudoperonospoa cubensis) is high in pickling cucumbers because

they are planted at such high densities Yellow and brown spots appear on the upper leaf surface, with a purplish mold on the underside It is wind borne so it is practical to use resistant varieties Notice: should be change the pesticide to usful and high effect

b/ IPM

* Cutural: Colection, remnants were destroyed after havest Plough, applied additional lime (600-650kg/ha) Crop rotation were best menthod by lettuce, leaf vegetables,

* Biological: Should be used biology pesticide such as Bt, V-Bt, Pheromone, Neem, Fungicide: Trichoderma, Validacin,

6 Harvest:

The fruirt apperance were deep green colour that can be havest Using scissor cut between peduncle of single fruirt or a cluster that arranged in plastic container and to transport for makets, supper makets

ECONOMIC EFFECT OF GROWING TOMATO AND CUCUMBER

ON GROUND AND ON MEDIA UNDER POLYETHYLEN HOUSE

In collaboration with The Gosford Vegetables & Flowers research Institute, Australia, Vegetable Reaserch Department, Institute of Agricultural Sciences for Southern Vietnam has conducted an experiment titled “Research on ability of groing tomatoes and cucumber under polyethylene house in Lamdong“ This is an activitiy belongs to Project of 004/05 VIE funded by CARD Program

The results of experiment showed that:

- Tomatoes grown on the ground gave a benefit of 48,211,000VND, meanwhile tomato grown on media gave a loss of 23,276,000 VND per 1000m2

- Similarly, cucumber grown on the ground gave a benefit of 25,560,000VND meanwhile cucumber grown on media make a loss of 5,475,000 VND per 1000m2

The main reasons are that price of media is high and the management of nutrition in hydroponics was not so good as lacking of experience

Table1 Benefit of 1000m 2 of tomato grown on ground in Lam Dong province Vietnam, 2007

8 Nylon for mulching roll 2 500,000 1,000,000

9 Grafted seedlings seedling 2700 380 1,026,000

Table3 Benefit of 1000m of tomato grown on media in Lam Dong province Vietnam,

4 Nylon for mulching roll 2 500,000 1,000,000

5 Grafted seedlings seedling 2700 380 1,026,000

II Labour person/day 140 50,000 7,000,000

IV Annual depreciation (2) (plastic house and facilities) 5,000,000

TT Item unit Quantity Price Cost

TYPES OF HYDROPONIC SYSTEMS

Tank culture

Tank culture is the simplest form of hydroponics Plants are suspended by a cover over a tank of complete nutrient solution Some tank systems require aeration of the nutrient solution (Figure 1)

Figure 1 Aerated tank culture

In one type of system described by Kratky (2004) the solution is still and plants are supported by substrate within a small netted or perforated pot (Figure 2) The bottom of the pot is immersed in the nutrient solution which supplies the plant with nutrients and water through capillary action The nutrient solution level drops as it is used by the crop until 10% of the original solution is left The crop is then harvested or terminated

Figure 2 Still tank culture

Four main concepts encapsulate still tank culture:

• Exposure to air and high relative humidity is important for the upper part of the root system

• Drying out of roots must be avoided

• The lower part of the root system should gather water and nutrients

• The nutrient solution level can either be maintained or lowered but cannot be raised (otherwise aeration of roots is reduced)

Advantages of tank culture:

• Simple to set up and manage

• No pumps or electricity required

• Very efficient in water and nutrient use

• Only an initial application of nutrient solution is required

Disadvantages of tank culture:

• Not as suitable for long crops

• High quality water is needed, as the salts increase in concentration, as the solution

crop, and constructed to provide a constant flow rate of solution down each gully Pooling

of the nutrient solution along the gully also needs to be avoided To maintain adequate aeration along the gully, the length ideally should be less than 30 metres and the slope steep enough to allow a good flow rate of solution As the gully length increases, a steeper slope

as a ‘run-to-waste’ system

Figure 4 Substrate culture

Substrates in Vietnam

Vietnam has local sources of coir, peat and other products such as sugar cane waste, peanut husks, rice husks, and volcanic rock Hydroponic tomato and cucumber crops have been successfully grown in Vietnam using combinations of these products Providing that the crop is well managed, many products and combinations of products can be used as a growing medium However, it is important to understand that products differ in their characteristics For example over time, peat is difficult to rewet when compared with coir and other products Vietnamese peat also has the ability to strongly fix phosphorus Such characteristics are not a problem when taken into consideration in the irrigation and nutrition program

Advantages of flowing and substrate culture:

• Suitable for long crops

• Lower quality water can be used if a run-to-waste system is used, or if nutrient solution is changed frequently

• Root zone solution can be fine tuned

Disadvantages of flowing and substrate culture:

• Setup can be expensive and require a continuous supply of electricity

• These systems can be inefficient in water and nutrient use when nutrient solution is not reused

• Waste nutrient solution is produced

• A high level of technical knowledge is required

NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT OF HYDROPONIC SYSTEMS

It is important to have at least a basic understanding of the nutritional requirements of plants, and of chemistry, in order to make up and manage hydroponic nutrient solutions Plants require large amounts of the macronutrients: nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S); in comparison to the micronutrients: chlorine (Cl), iron (Fe), boron (B), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and molybdenum (Mo) This is reflected in the concentrations of macronutrients and micronutrients that are found in typical hydroponic nutrient solutions

Preparing the nutrient solution

For those new to hydroponics an easy option is to buy and use a prepared hydroponic fertiliser Alternatively, a fertiliser mix can be made up with individual chemical compounds, according to a nutrient recipe The nutrient solution is made to the concentration required for immediate use by the crop, or it is made up into two concentrated stock solutions for convenience

If buying a prepared hydroponic fertiliser, it is important to ensure that it contains sufficient calcium and magnesium The hydroponic solution specialist Rick Donnan recommends that the content of calcium should be as much as, or up to 30% less than, the amount of nitrogen present Magnesium needs to be at a content of about 20-30% of the amount of calcium present Additionally he recommends avoiding fertilisers that contain urea, or those that have over 10% of total nitrogen in the ammonium form