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Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development Milestone Report 7 Improvement of export and domestic markets for Vietnamese fruit through improved post-harvest and supply chain management

Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development

Milestone Report 7

Improvement of export and domestic markets for Vietnamese fruit through improved post-harvest and supply chain

management

CARD Project 050/04VIE

Milestone Report 7

Date December 2008

Table of Contents

1 Institute Information 2

2 Contact Officer(s) 3

3 Project Abstract 4

4 Executive Summary 4

4.1 Introduction & Background 5

4.2 Implementation Highlights 6

4.3 Strategies for improved supply chains of selected fruits 6

4.3.1 Post-harvest training manual and mango post-harvest physiology manual 6

4.3.2 Quality assurance manuals 8

4.3.3 A complete set of promotional material including training aids for farmer training programs 9

4.4 Small holder Benefits and Capacity Building 14

4.5 Publicity 15

4.6 Project Management 18

5 Report on Cross-Cutting Issues 19

5.1 Environment 19

5.2 Gender and Social Issues 21

6 Implementation & Sustainability Issues 21

6.1 Issues and Constraints 21

6.2 Options 22

6.3 Sustainability 23

7 Next Critical Steps 23

8 Conclusion 24

1 Institute Information

markets for Vietnamese fruit through improved post-harvest and supply chain management

Engineering and Post-Harvest Technology (SIAEP)

Industries and Fisheries (DPI & F)

Dr Peter Hofman

Mr Brett Tucker

Mr Roland Holmes

2 Contact Officer(s)

In Australia: Team Leader

Organisation Queensland Department of

Primary Industries and Fisheries (DPI & F)

In Australia: Administrative contact

(Emerging Technologies) Fax: +61 07 3346 2727

Organisation Queensland Department of

Primary Industries and Fisheries (DPI & F)

In Vietnam

Organisation Southern Sub-Institute of Agricultural

Engineering and Post-Harvest Technology (SIAEP)

3 Project Abstract

Design, development and production of a mango post harvest training manual and postharvest physiology manual completed in July 2007 by the Australia CARD project team Postharvest training workshops were also designed and conducted during July-August 2007 These workshops align with the proposed project activities 3, 5 6 7, 8, 9, 11, 12 and 13 and with project milestones 4,

7 and 9 and further build upon the CARD Project strategic plans developed in April 2006 for mango and pomelo cooperatives in Southern Vietnam

Development of quality manuals took some time especially using a consultative action learning approach as agreement on quality levels acceptable to farmers, collators, wholesalers, traders, SOFRI and SIAEP institute staff members involved in the project One manual was developed for Cat Hoa Loc Mango variety and two manuals for pomelo, one manual for Da Xanh and one for Nam Roi

As part of the promotional material and training aids for this CARD project, over 40 manuals were developed and provide to the mango and pomelo farmers and to SIAEP and SOFRI staff These were provided in hard copy format and electronic format These manuals cover areas such as:

• Introduction Value/Supply Chains

• Principles of supply chains

• Developing supply chains

• Supply chain analysis

• Developing Strategic Plans

• Developing Action Plans

• Developing new improved Supply Chains

• Mango Physiology and Postharvest Technology to improve supply chains

• Optimising Harvest Quality of Mango

The fruit industry in Vietnam has a great potential and plays an important role in agricultural production In 2003, Vietnam exported US$43 million of high value fruit to high-income countries and imported US$14 million of fruit and vegetables Vietnam is experiencing difficulties in competing with other Asian nations in export markets and its own domestic market, especially with China and Thailand This suggests that Vietnam’s horticultural industries require substantial development to be globally competitive Vietnamese consumers are demanding safer and higher quality fruit This project has identified key pre-and post-harvest technology gaps that reduce product quality, safety and consistency Targeted training programs are focusing on the total supply chain and are providing benefits by helping to implement quality management systems and GAP systems at the village level providing greater employment for the farming community This project embraces the five CARD strategies for rural development; and in particular; strategies to increase production and competitiveness of agricultural systems; reduce poverty and vulnerability, and increase stakeholder participation whilst ensuring sustainability

• Improving Mango harvest Systems

• Mango Ripening Room Design

• Supply Chain Management of Fresh Product Quality and Food Safety

• Marketing and Focus Groups

• Designing training Workshops for Farmers

• Socio-economic Analysis of Supply Chains

• Mango and Pomelo Orchard Design

• Integrated Pest and Disease Management for Mango and Pomelo

• Citrus Problem Solver

• Citrus Pruning and Training

• Using Chemicals

A consultative and participatory action learning approach was used to empower the rural poor and supply chain participants in the decision making processes The agreed directions in the strategic and action plans for both mango and pomelo CARD project participants (SIEAP, SOFRI staff and the mango and pomelo farmers) helped develop their skills via these workshops that aligned to the CARD Project objectives

The Objective, Reflective, Interpretative, and Decisional (ORID) system was used to evaluate the effectiveness of farmer training schools and workshops conducted during this CARD Project Analysis of all workshops conduced showed the averages for all workshops conducted were:

• 70% of workshop participants thought workshops were of the right time length

• 70% of all participants understood concepts very well

• 100% of participants indicated that information presented was new to them

• 80% of participants indicated that information provided would be very useful to them to develop new supply chains

4.1 Introduction & Background

Ford et al., (2003) analysed the competitiveness of fruit industries in Vietnam and identified:

• poor unstable product quality

• no quality standards

• poor post harvest technologies

• poor pre-harvest practices

• lack of group co-operative marketing structures

• little information about supply chains, prices and customers needs

Stakeholder/beneficiary analysis of fruit crops in the Mekong delta showed that both mango and pomelo (with plantings of 33 000 ha and 9 000 ha, respectively) are very important fruit crops in Southern Vietnam The objectives of this CARD project 05/04 VIE are to:

• Improved pre-harvest technologies to produce high quality mango (integrated pest management, integrated crop management, fruit fly control, maturity indices, reduced pesticide residues, better environmental and human health etc)

• Improve mango and pomelo post-harvest technologies (eg, cool chain management, packaging, post-harvest dipping, ethylene ripening, waxing, washing and wetting agents, quality assurance)

• Improve quality standards and quality assurance programs for mango and pomelo The approach and methodologies developed for these crops through this project will be applied to other fruits and vegetables

• Map current supply chains to domestic and selected export markets, with particular emphasis on determining consumer preferences and needs, and reporting results back

CARD Project Milestone 7:- strategies for improved supply chains of selected fruit comprises a complete set of promotional material:- including training aids for framer training programs; and promotional awareness material, such as:

• Post-harvest training manual

• Mango Post-harvest Physiology manual

• Quality assurance manual for mango and pomelo

4.2 Implementation Highlights

4.3 Strategies for improved supply chains of selected fruits

4.3.1 Post-harvest training manual and mango post-harvest physiology

manual

Development and design of a mango post-harvest training manual and post-harvest physiology manual for Vietnam was undertaken by the Australian team in April to July 2007 (See Appendix A for post-harvest training and physiology manual and session notes) Post harvest training workshops were designed and conducted during July-August 2007 These workshops align with the proposed project activities 3, 5 6 7, 8, 9, 11, 12 and 13 and with project milestones 4, 7 and 9 and further build upon the CARD Project strategic plans developed in April 2006 for mango and pomelo cooperatives in Southern Vietnam

SIAEP and SOFRI Staff members in train the trainer workshops were conducted then key growers participated in four farmer school workshops during July 2007 These 2 day workshops involved

“participatory action learning” and “farmer training farmer” processes to develop solutions to improving pre-, post-harvest and supply chain management impacts on mango and pomelo fruit quality Employing such a process allows this CARD project to obtain wider support from a cross section of participants This consultative and participatory action learning approach is designed to

empower the rural poor and supply chain participants in the decision making processes Based on the agreed directions in the strategic and action plans for both the mango and pomelo, the CARD project participants (SIEAP, SOFRI staff and the mango and pomelo farmers) develop skills via workshops aligned to the CARD Project objectives

The Objective, Reflective, Interpretative, and Decisional (ORID) system was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the eight farmer training schools and workshops conducted in September-October

2007 and January-February 2008 Vietnamese farmers and SIAEP and SOFRI staff were surveyed at the completion of each workshop

Summary analysis of the workshops for September-October 2007 and January-February 2008 using the ORID system showed:-

• workshop length:- 70% of participants found that the workshops were of the right time length with the remaining 30% indicating that they were too short These participants indicated workshops should be between three to 5 days in length

• trainees understanding of concepts:- 50% of participants understood the concepts very well, with the remaining 50% understanding concepts well

• new information:- the pre-and post-harvest management workshops, all participants indicted that some of the information presented was new to them

• usefulness of information provided:- 86% of participants indicated that the information would be very useful in working with other professionals and growers to develop new supply chains, whilst the remaining 14% indicated that all the information would be useful

• trainees use of materials:- 83% of participants indicated that training methods used and information provided would be used by them, while the reaming participants indicated that they would us this information in some form to develop new supply chains Some feared that they would not be able to implement high end technology components (graders packaging etc., that were implemented in Australia) These fears were soon laid to rest with simple grading technologies explained and demonstrated in the training workshops held in January –February 2008

• trainees confidence in using techniques and methodology:- 90% of participants indicated that their confidence would improve with further training

• cultural barriers:- 63% of participants indicated they were unsure if cultural barriers would limit use of new supply chain systems, they indicated their may be some cultural barriers in implementing new methods, whilst 37% were indicated there are cultural barriers for post harvest technology inputs

• trainers’ knowledge:- 100% of participants believed that the trainers were very good

• fulfilling trainees’ expectations:- 50% of participants indicated that their personal expectations with the workshops and their needs were highly satisfied The remaining 50% had their expectation satisfied

A copy of Small-Scale Postharvest Handling Practices: A Manual for Horticultural Crops (4th

Edition) by Lisa Kitinoja and Abel A Kader was supplied in both printed and a Vietnamese version

in electronic format

4.3.2 Quality assurance manuals

Since mapping and conducting the SWOT analysis of the mango and pomelo supply chains developing quality assurance manuals for the new value/supply chains was undertaken and completed The action plans and the setting of responsibilities for SIAEP and SOFRI staff and supply chain participants enabled identifying key fruit quality characteristics to be included in the quality assurance manuals Determining fruit quality levels acceptable to farmers, collectors, wholesalers, traders and retailers for pomelo and mango were undertaken These activities align with the proposed project activities 3, 5 6 7, 8, and 11 and project milestones 4, 7 and 9

After consultation with SIAEP, SODRI, the Vietnamese farmers, collectors, wholesalers, traders and retailers participating in this CARD project, it was decided that two quality manuals be developed for pomelo and one for mango One quality manual for each of the two pomelo cultivars

“Nam Roi” and “Da Xanh” and one quality manual for the mango cultivar “Cat Hoa Loc” were developed (See Appendix B)

Studies on pomelo cv “Nam Roi” and “Da Xanh” and mango cv “Cat Hoa Loc”, “Ghep” and “Cat Chu” were carried out and data collected on fruit quality characteristics and market requirements and characteristics reported on in CARD progress reports for Milestones five and six Workshops

on manual development and consultation were carried out with farmers, cooperatives, wholesalers and retailers in July-August 2007, September 2007, January 2008 and July 2008 to construct and develop these quality assurance manuals In January-February 2008 an overview of the draft copy

of the Cat Hoa Loc mango Quality Guide was shown and discussed with Metro Cash and Carry Le Thi Minh Trang, Quality Assurance Manager and Stephane Maurin, Divisional Manager–Fresh Food to determine their needs and input These activities align with CARD project Milestone 4 and activities 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 and with focus on further development of “Metro” type supply chain as suggested by the CARD PMU in their MS6 appraisal report

Some of the mango and pomelo cooperative members indicated that the standards may be too strict Further workshops and consultation and amendments to manuals alleviated many of these fears farmers and cooperative members had The standards used in the mango manual were based on the Vietnamese CODEX Standard 18

Using the ORID analysis system, the six workshops for 2007 and 2008 to development of quality manuals were evaluated and findings were:-

• workshop length:- 90% of participants indicated the workshops were the right time length with the remaining 10% indicating that they were too short These participants indicated workshops should be between 4 days in length

• trainees understanding of concepts:- 70% participants understood the concepts very well, with the remaining 30% understanding concepts well

• new information:- for the orchard management workshops, all participants indicated that information presented was new to them

• usefulness of information provided:- 75 to 86% (with an average 79.5%) of participants indicated that the information would be very useful in working with other professionals and growers to develop new supply chains, whilst the remaining 20.5% indicated that all the information would be useful

• trainees use of materials:- 82% indicated this information was very useful to them with the remaining 18% indicating the information provided would be used by them

• Information used to develop their new supply chains:- 100% of participants indicated that these manuals would be used to develop their supply chains

• further training would improve confidence in using the concepts and manuals :- in the first workshops 90% indicated they needed further training This dropped as to 50% as more workshops were conducted

• cultural barriers:- 30% of participants indicated that there may be some cultural barriers in implementing new methods, whilst 50% were unsure and 20% believed there were no barriers for using quality manuals

• Trainers’ knowledge:- 91% of participants believed that the trainers were very good whilst the remaining 9% of participants believed trainers were good

• fulfilling trainees’ expectations:- 77% of participants indicated that their personal expectations with the workshops and their needs were highly satisfied The remaining 23% had their expectation satisfied

4.3.3 A complete set of promotional material including training aids for farmer

training programs

For each training workshop conducted during this CARD project, a set of manuals and training aids were developed and provided in electronic and printed formats for both trainers and participants Reference material was also provided in both electronic and printed formats All material provide can be found in electronic format material on the attached CD ROM Material supplied align with the project activities 3, 5 6 7, 8, 9, 11, 12 and 13 and with project milestones 4, 7 and 9 Material supplied built the capacity building for both SIAEP and SOFRI and mango and pomelo farmers in Southern Vietnam and build upon the CARD Project strategic and action plans developed in April

2006 for mango and pomelo cooperatives in Southern Vietnam Analysis of all the workshops for

2006 to 2008 using the ORID system showed the manuals and printed material supplied for this CARD project showed:-

• new information, 65% to 85% for trainers (SIAEP and SOFRI staff)

• new information 85% to 100% for farmers of pomelo and mango

Promotional material, training aids, developed and produced by DPI&F and provided were:-

4.3.3.1 Introduction to Value Supply Chains

1 Workshop 1:- CARD Project start Up Workshop (Workbook)

2 Workshop 2:- Part 1:- Introduction to Food Value Chains (Workbook)

3 Workshop 2:- Part 2:- Developing Food Value Chains (Workbook)

i Workshop 3:- Value Chain Analysis:- (Manuals and Workbooks)

ii Process Outline iii Section 1:- Interview Techniques and Questionnaires Design

iv Section 2:- Survey, Questionnaires Design and Interview Techniques

1 Example Questionnaires for supply chain analysis:

a Growing Environment (Regional extension Officer Questionnaire)

b Farmer Cultural Practices (Farmer Questionnaire)

c Crop Harvest (Farmer Questionnaire)

d Pre-harvest Treatments (Farmer, Collector, Trader, Retailer Questionnaires)

e Size and Grading (Farmer, Collector, Trader, Retailer Questionnaires)

f Packaging (Farmer, Collector, Trader, Retailer Questionnaires)

4 Workshop 4:- Quality Flows:- (Manuals and Workbooks)

i Section 1:- Monitoring Quality via Sequential Sampling of Mango Down The Length of The Supply Chain

ii Section 2:- Identifying Mango Problems and Disorders in the Value Chain

4.3.3.2 Principles of supply chains, developing supply chains, supply chain analysis

developing strategic plans and action plans

1 Process outline for developing supply chains (Manuals and Workbooks)

2 Workshop 1:- Overview of processes for principles for value/supply chains supply chain analysis and developing strategic plans

3 Workshop 2: Supply chains analysis and process analysis, action plan development

4 AFFA Workbook

5 Process analysis sheets

4.3.3.3 Developing new improved horticultural supply chains

1 Session plan and outline of workshops

2 Developing new improved horticultural supply chains (Manuals and Workbooks)

a Introduction

b Why develop new supply chains?

c Market research

d Building a marketing strategy

e Chain development- bring it all together

3 Workshop 1:- Developing new improved horticultural supply chains Part A

4 Workshop 2:- Developing new improved horticultural supply chains Part B

5 Mango and Citrus Orchard design (Manual and Workbook)

6 Workshop 3: Developing Mango and Citrus Orchard Designs

7 Developing Quality standards

4.3.3.4 Mango physiology and post harvest technology, mango harvesting and field

handling and socio-economic analysis and development (Manuals and

Workbooks)

1 Key production practices affecting postharvest quality of mangoes (Manuals and workbooks)

2 Mango physiology

a Fruit ripening and quality loss

b Causes of quality loss

3 Mango postharvest practices and technologies

a Harvesting and field handling

b Pack-house operations and practices

c Ripening and storage

d Transporting

e Know your customer requirements

f Postharvest treatments

g Sanitation

4 Mango postharvest physiology (Workbook 1)

5 Mango postharvest technology (Workbook 2)

6 Ripening room design and setting up a ripening system for mangoes (Manual)

7 Optimising harvest quality in Mangoes ( Manual)

8 Improving Mango Harvest systems (Workbook)

4.3.3.5 Supply chain management of fresh product quality and food safety (Manuals and

Workbooks)

1 Supply chain management of fresh product quality and food safety Understand supply chain and product quality

i Understanding what product quality is

ii Types of food safety

iii Causes of quality loss after harvest

iv Internal factors that affect produce quality and food safety controls

v External forces, political, economic, regulatory and social forces

2 Workshop 1 – Processes used to manage fresh product quality and food safety (Workbook)

3 Handling and transporting of fresh produce along a supply chain to maintain produce quality and deliver a safe produce to the consumer (Manual and Workbook)